PART II.—SUPREMACY

Three times, after the East India Company had become supreme in India, its dominion was exposed to serious danger of overthrow. The Afghan war, dictated by mistaken policy, and badly carried out, led to the greatest disaster in Anglo-Indian history, though it was redeemed by subsequent successes. The Sikh military power, built up by an able ruler, and disciplined by European officers, went very near to defeating British armies in pitched battles. The mutiny of the Bengal sepoys turned against England the main instrument of her previous conquests.

In the course of a long reign Runjeet Sing had become by far the most powerful Indian prince since Hyder Ali. The Khalsa, as the Sikh commonwealth was styled, was full of zeal for its creed, a reformed Hindooism. The race was hardy and vigorous, and Runjeet Sing, taking into his service many French and other adventurers, had given his army a discipline and cohesion never before approached by any oriental troops. He had conquered several provinces from the Afghans, though not uniformly successful against them, and by carefully respecting the prejudices of his people had won complete ascendancy at home. Though naturally he looked with no favour on the growth of the British power, he had the wisdom to discern its vast strength, and sedulously cultivated friendly relations with it, which the Calcutta government was very willing to maintain. One of the subsidiary purposes of the ill-advised Afghan war was to assist Runjeet Sing in increasing his dominions at the expense of the Afghan monarchy. The real determining motive was however the same which led to the equally ill-judged Afghan war of 1878-9, dread of the advance of Russia in central Asia.

In 1837 Persia, largely under Russian influence, tried to wrest Herat from the Afghan monarch, Dost Mahommed, but the attempt failed, chiefly through the energy of Eldred Pottinger. The Afghans, fanatical Mahommedans, and bitterly hostile to foreigners, only asked to be let alone. Their country is very mountainous, and difficult of access, much of it barren, and the outlying parts occupied by lawless predatory tribes. With a little assistance from India, they would have afforded then, as later, a most effectual barrier against a Russian advance. Dost Mahommed would have welcomed an English alliance, chiefly to protect him against Persia. Lord Auckland however, the governor-general, persuaded himself that Dost Mahommed was not to be trusted, and determined to replace him by a pretender who had, as the event showed, no partisans in Afghanistan. Armies were sent to invade the country by more than one route, as from the nature of the case was inevitable, and occupied it without serious resistance. Then the difficulties began. Shah Sujah, the British puppet, had no capacity and could establish no power. Almost every imaginable blunder was committed by the English authorities at Cabul, both civil and military: the envoys were murdered, the army was to all intents and purposes placed in the hands of the revolted Afghans to destroy at their pleasure. The government of India was slow to perceive the absolute necessity of retrieving by vigorous measures our lost credit, and of avenging those who had been treacherously slaughtered. Lord Ellenborough, who succeeded Lord Auckland, was less incompetent to deal with the crisis, though his policy was by no means faultless. In 1842 Afghanistan was again occupied by armies, this time well and boldly led; and then the puppet was withdrawn, and Dost Mahommed resumed his throne. The net result of the whole war was to inspire in the Afghans a feeling of active dislike towards the English, which had hardly existed before, and to diminish the elements of order and civilisation, and therefore the chances of resisting Russia in case of need, in a state always barbarous and a prey to violence.

What might have happened if Runjeet Sing had lived to hear of the disaster at Cabul, whether his fidelity to the English alliance would have been proof against the temptation to strike for Sikh supremacy in India, it is not pleasant to conjecture. He however died when the first invasion of Afghanistan was progressing, and his death was followed by virtual anarchy in the Punjab. Rulers and ministers in rapid succession rose to power by violence or intrigue, and were deposed and murdered by similar means. Every revolution made the Sikh army more and more powerful in the state, more and more conscious of its own power. The soldiers were admirably brave, and capable of enduring enormous fatigue, nor had their discipline been impaired by their political preponderance, with its consequent high pay and license of violence. Man for man they were superior to any other natives of India, and little, if at all, inferior to English soldiers. Strong in religious zeal, they believed it to be their mission to expel the foreigners, and establish, throughout northern India at least, a purified Hindoo empire. The Sikhs were well provided with artillery, on which they placed their main reliance, and trained in all the methods of European warfare: though slow to attack, they defended intrenchments with extraordinary determination. Altogether they were an enemy such as the East India Company had never yet encountered. Fortunately for England, they had no really skilful generals, and they were, at any rate in the first war, led by men who were only anxious for their own personal advantage: from the soldiery they had practically bought their offices, and might be overthrown by them at any moment. At the best these chiefs calculated that a war with the English, if unsuccessful, would bring them under less exacting masters, if successful, might lead to indefinite possibilities. Their conduct, on more than one occasion, warrants the belief that they deliberately sought to destroy their own men.

Sir H. Hardinge, who succeeded Lord Ellenborough as governor-general, was an experienced and capable soldier: he saw that a Sikh war was probably inevitable, and brought troops up within easy distance of the frontier, while avoiding such a concentration as would provoke immediate attack. On December 11, 1845, the Sikhs crossed the river Sutlej, the virtual frontier: Sir John Littler, who commanded the only British force in the immediate neighbourhood, boldly marched out of Ferozepore and offered battle, though they had five times his number. His confident attitude impressed the Sikhs; their nominal commander-in-chief, who desired to commit them as deeply as possible, represented to them that it would be much more glorious to encounter and defeat the governor-general, and they followed the insidious advice. In a few days the English commander-in-chief, with a portion of the army that was concentrating, drew near. Misinformed as to his numbers, and urged on by leaders who desired their destruction, the Sikhs did not march with their whole force to meet him at Moodkee, but sent a detachment of barely his strength, all arms included, and very weak in the most important, infantry. Sir Hugh Gough showed on all occasions impatience of everything but direct attack in front. Forming his infantry in line he advanced, regardless of the Sikh artillery in their centre: his cavalry by a brilliant charge broke the superior Sikh horse which threatened his flank, and the Sikh infantry, greatly outnumbered, were inevitably forced back with the loss of most of their guns, though they never were routed. This experience of the quality of his enemies ought to have taught Sir Hugh Gough wisdom: had it done so, the unnecessary loss of several hundred men might not have been too dear a price to pay. Three days later (December 21, 1845) the available forces were concentrated, and moved to attack the Sikh army, which had entrenched itself to await him. Their position was, to use the words of Gough's own despatch, "a parallelogram of about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, including within its area the strong village of Ferozeshah—the shorter sides looking towards the Sutlej and Moodkee, and the longer towards Ferozepore and the open country." The governor-general, who had joined the army, intimated his readiness to serve under Gough. Whether the battle would have been less rashly fought if he had commanded in chief, cannot be known; certainly Gough, whose courage was magnificent, but who had no idea of using skill to save resort to sheer force, brought the army to the verge of overwhelming disaster.

The short December day was nearly over before the troops were ready to begin the attack. The plan of the battle was of the simplest. Littler, on the left, was to assail the west face of the Sikh position; Wallace on his right, the south-west corner and part of the south face, Gilbert on the right, the south-east. Between Gilbert and Wallace was massed nearly all the artillery, of which Gough in his impatience made very little use. Against Littler the Sikhs had, as it happened, their heaviest artillery, as well as overwhelming infantry; and his attack was decisively repulsed. Wallace carried the intrenchments opposite him, but remained exposed to the fire of the enemy, who had only been driven back. Gilbert succeeded to about the same extent, but as darkness came on retired a few hundred yards, and there remained, ready to renew the action with daylight. The reserves were brought up just before dark; the 3rd dragoons charged a battery and silenced it, and then swept through the Sikh camp, dealing destruction as they passed, but suffering heavily. Sir Harry Smith's division of infantry forced its way into the heart of the Sikh position, but being attacked in the dead of night was obliged to retire some distance. So qualified a success was practically a defeat; Gough was no doubt fully determined to renew the struggle, but it is hard to see why further efforts should have been decisively successful, if the Sikhs had been properly commanded. They however had really no general: the nominal commander, Tej Sing, was watching Ferozepore with 10,000 men. The chief minister, who was with the main army, desired for his own sake the destruction of the soldiery whom he could not control. Hence when day dawned, the Sikhs had no coherence or definite purpose, and allowed themselves to be driven from Ferozeshah almost without resistance. Tej Sing and his division were by this time near enough to have restored the action, and perhaps to have won it, for the English ammunition was exhausted. But the traitor contented himself with a mere demonstration, and then fled, leaving his troops to take care of themselves.

The moral effects of this battle were considerable: it showed that the English were not invincible. Though they had been ultimately victorious, it was because the Sikhs abandoned the contest, not by their own prowess. The origin and growth of beliefs is always difficult to trace, nowhere more so than in India; but it is at least credible that the mutiny of 1857 may have been encouraged by the discovery that the success of the white men was not inevitably decreed by fate. Gough thought it necessary to wait for several weeks, while heavy guns were brought up, before resuming active operations in person. Meanwhile the Sikhs, feeling themselves more or less in the ascendant, crossed the Sutlej with a considerable force, and Sir Harry Smith was sent to protect Loodiana. At Aliwal (Jan. 28, 1846) he completely routed his enemies and drove them back over the Sutlej. This victory led Golab Sing, who was playing a very important part in Sikh affairs, and was aiming at his own aggrandisement, whether in hostility to the English power or by agreement with them, to open negotiations, which elicited from the governor-general the intimation that if the Sikh army were disbanded, he would leave the Sikh monarchy standing. The army however was its own master, and bent on continuing the war for the predominance of their faith.

When at length Gough's artillery arrived, the Sikhs were occupying a position at Sobraon, analogous to that at Ferozeshah, but weaker in that the intrenchments were in parts very badly constructed, and disadvantageous in that the Sutlej flowed behind it, though adequately bridged. On Feb. 10, 1846, Gough moved before daylight to the attack, and by the help of a fog had his artillery in position and his troops formed in front of the enemy before they were seen. Again his impatience would not wait for the cannonade to do its work effectually: the delay of seven weeks since Ferozeshah was rendered virtually useless. The right being the weakest part of the enemy's intrenchments, the plan was that the British left should deliver the real attack, while feints were made by the centre and right. The Sikhs however reinforced their right so strongly that the assailants could make scarcely any impression. Gough seeing this, ordered the infantry of his centre and right to attack in earnest. They suffered heavily, and recoiled for a moment, but they had relieved the left, and gradually the whole British line pressed the Sikhs back. Tej Sing again set the example of flight, and in crossing the bridge broke the centre of it. Whether this was a deliberate piece of treachery or not, it was fatal to the Sikh army, which, fighting desperately to the last, was cut to pieces or driven into the Sutlej. This victory was decisive: the Sikhs submitted to terms which, while leaving the child Dhuleep Sing nominal Maharajah, made the British resident virtual ruler of the Punjab, from which moreover the eastern provinces were ceded to the East India Company. Cashmere also, which was to be ceded in lieu of a large war indemnity, was sold to Golab Sing, who paid the sum which the Sikh government had promised—a transaction indefensible in principle, and mistaken in policy.

Peace seemed to be so well assured in the Punjab that Sir Henry Lawrence, the first resident at Lahore, went to England for his health without misgivings. His successor, a man of less penetration, was profoundly convinced that no trouble was to be apprehended; yet all the time the Sikh army and nation were cherishing the purpose of making another effort for independence, if not supremacy in India. The mischief began at Mooltan, an important and well fortified town in the extreme south of the Punjab, where in the spring of 1848 two English officers were murdered by the soldiery. Whether Moolraj, the governor of Mooltan, instigated the deed, is doubtful; but he cast in his lot with the perpetrators. It is suggested that this rising was part of a wide scheme, and intended to compel the English government to undertake a difficult siege at the worst period of the year. The new governor-general counted it the proper business of the Sikh government to put down what was, formally at least, a rebellion against them. The old commander-in-chief, Lord Gough, doubted the feasibility of reducing Mooltan in summer. Their hand was however forced by Lieut. Edwardes, political officer of a neighbouring district, who raised some native levies, and marched on Mooltan. He was presently joined by a small force under General Whish, and by another of Sikhs despatched from Lahore. The latter presently went over to Moolraj, whereupon General Whish perforce abandoned the siege till he could be reinforced, but remained in the neighbourhood. Successive revolts and defections making it plain that the Sikhs as a nation were resolved on war, Lord Gough collected an army, and crossed the Sutlej in November. He was short of numbers until Mooltan should fall, and was intended only to observe the Sikh army and prevent its attempting any offensive movement. His inveterate habit, however, of rushing at the enemy, regardless of every consideration except the hope of inflicting an immediate blow, showed itself immediately. The Sikh commander, who had no great skill, was of his own accord quitting a strong position at Ramnugur. A reasonable man, who was not completely master of the situation, would have been glad to let him thus throw away an advantage. Gough must needs attack him with infantry, and lost several hundred men in compelling the enemy to do what he was already doing without compulsion. A month later, when changing circumstances rendered it expedient that active operations should be attempted without waiting any longer for Whish, he indulged the same propensity in a most wanton manner.

The Sikh army were posted near Chillianwalla, on the river Jhelum, their front covered by a thick belt of jungle. It was suggested to Lord Gough that he should move so as to place his right obliquely across the enemy's left flank; if this were done, the enemy's line could be enfiladed by artillery, the left driven in on the centre, and the whole army routed.[96] The jungle in front of the Sikhs, which prevented them from making a forward movement, greatly facilitated this manœuvre: if Gough had adhered to his plan, they could only have escaped defeat by retreating. It was afternoon (Jan. 13, 1849) before the English army came within reach of the Sikhs, and the intention was to halt for the night, and engage next morning. The Sikh general, however, either merely to do what mischief he could to the enemy, or, as has been suggested, with the deliberate intention of provoking Gough to attack, pushed forward some guns and opened fire, to which the English artillery replied. Neither party could really see the other for the intervening jungle, and the comparatively innocuous cannonade might have been ignored. Lord Gough's fighting temper was roused, and he did precisely what the enemy could have desired: he ordered his infantry to make a direct attack. The dense jungle, in one part nearly a mile in depth, naturally broke up the order of the troops. On the left one brigade of Sir Colin Campbell's division reached the hostile guns, but was overpowered and driven back. The other brigade, under Campbell in person, found itself almost surrounded; for the Sikhs being considerably superior in number, their right extended beyond the British line, and part of it was able to close upon Campbell's flank and rear, though the rest was kept in check by the cavalry on the extreme British left: he however obstinately maintained his ground. The infantry of the right wing under Gilbert was somewhat more successful, thanks in some measure at least to the brilliant services rendered by Dawes' troop of horse artillery. The cavalry however of the right wing were badly defeated. Lord Gough ordered forward his last reserve to fill the gap between Campbell and Gilbert: and after a severe struggle the infantry line succeeded in forcing the Sikhs back, and establishing themselves beyond the jungle. By this time the cavalry of the right wing had re-formed and had been reinforced from the left; there was daylight yet left for a charge, which, pushed home upon the Sikhs, who were already giving way and disordered by hard fighting, might perhaps have been decisive. Gough however did not see, or would not use, the opportunity, and went forward in person to the infantry. They were in a sense victorious, but the enemy was not routed, and might resume the action. There was neither food nor water within reach. It was deemed necessary to withdraw from the hard-won field to Chillianwalla, abandoning the wounded and the captured guns, that could not be removed in the dark. To do this was virtually to acknowledge defeat, though fortunately the Sikhs had lost so severely that no evil consequences followed. A braver soldier than Gough never lived; but few battles are recorded in which the general showed himself more incompetent than at Chillianwalla, none in which the blunders of the commander were better redeemed by the courage of the soldiers.

More than a month of comparative inaction followed. The Sikh army was largely reinforced, and used every effort to tempt Gough to another battle before he could be joined by the troops now set free by the fall of Mooltan. Gough however either had at length learned prudence, or yielded to the counsels of others, and steadily refused to fight until it suited him. On February 21 took place the final battle of the campaign, in front of the town of Gujerat. The Sikhs occupied a position of no strength, for the two streams on their right and left were at that season easily passable anywhere. They might easily have found a better position in the immediate neighbourhood: but nothing could have saved them from defeat, unless Lord Gough had reverted to his favourite tactics. The British army was very superior in artillery; probably no army of anything like equal numbers had ever before been so strong in this arm, whether for the weight of metal, the number of guns, or the precision of fire. The Sikhs understood artillery well, and trusted to it greatly; and they would be naturally all the more impressed by finding the preponderance against them.[97] The plan of attack was simply that after the Sikh artillery had been silenced, the infantry should advance, and that Sir Colin Campbell on the left should turn the right of the Sikhs, this being the flank by which their line of retreat could be most effectually threatened. This programme was in the main carried out, though Gough's impatience ordered the infantry forward a little too soon. But for this hardly any of the infantry need have been seriously engaged. The Sikhs resisted with their usual bravery, but were ultimately forced to abandon the field; and their retreat was converted into a rout by the English cavalry and horse artillery. A few days later the remains of the army laid down their arms, and the Sikh nation submitted. After due deliberation the British government determined to annex the Punjab. The administration of the new province was entrusted to the best men in India, headed first by Henry and then by John Lawrence, with the result that eight years later, in the terrible strain of the Mutiny, the Punjab was a main source of strength. The Sikhs, who had been the most dangerous enemies of British rule in India, won over by good government, and largely by the personal influence of the Lawrences, became our most faithful and valuable supporters.

The history of the Indian Mutiny must be written either at length, or in the briefest possible way. In the whole region of the Ganges, between lower Bengal and the Punjab, the sepoys with few exceptions revolted, and murdered in most cases their English officers. The English, isolated in small bodies, defended themselves as best they could, with the obstinacy of their race, and the determination of men who felt that surrender, while certainly disgraceful and injurious to the general cause, gave no certainty of rescue for their own lives. In most important places, as for instance in Lucknow, they held their ground: in a few, as in Delhi, the rebels gained complete possession. The people generally, alive to the advantages of British rule in ensuring peace and good government, but unable to understand their masters, and especially their holding the balance even between Hindoos and Mahommedans, remained on the whole passive. The native princes, whose territory, roughly speaking, bounded on the south the disturbed region, remained generally faithful to England, notably the great Mahratta princes, Holkar and Sindia, though the adopted son of the last Peishwa, whose succession the British government had refused to acknowledge, was naturally a bitter enemy. Had they all made common cause with the insurgents it is hard to see how the empire could have been saved, even though the Punjab needed no troops, and the Madras and Bombay sepoys remained on the whole true to their colours. Gradually as more and more British soldiers became available, the revolt was crushed out, though not without great exertion and much time.

The point on which the largest amount of attention was concentrated was Lucknow, the capital of Oude. The annexation, a measure rendered absolutely necessary by the scandalous oppression of the king, had been too recent for even Sir Henry Lawrence to have won over the population, who furnished a very large proportion of the rebel sepoys. Hence the difficulty of forcing the way to the capital was exceptionally great, and it had to be done three times. The original garrison was but small, the 32nd regiment and about 500 native soldiers who remained faithful. There were many English women and children shut up with them. They had no real defences, inadequate supplies, and almost no servants, and it was the hottest season. After Sir Henry Lawrence was killed, Colonel Inglis of the 32nd held the command, and proved himself fully capable of making the most of his very meagre resources. At the outset it was expected that they could hold out for about a fortnight: it was eighty-seven days before Havelock was able to force his way to Lucknow, and then it was only to reinforce, not to rescue. The heroic endurance of those long weeks cannot be described in sober prose: no English reader can wish to see it attempted, with Tennyson's noble poem in his memory. Havelock had had long and severe fighting in the neighbourhood of Cawnpore, before he could even begin to advance towards Lucknow. At the last moment General Outram was sent to supersede him, the government apparently thinking, most unreasonably, that it was Havelock's fault that more had not been achieved. But Outram, the 'Bayard of India,' would not rob Havelock of the credit: in his first and only general order issued on joining the little army, he announced that he waived his superior rank, and would accompany the force in his civil capacity as the new chief commissioner of Oude. Havelock and Outram forced their way into Lucknow on September 28, when Outram of course assumed the chief authority. His first idea was to withdraw, but he found that transport could not be provided for the women and children and the large number of sick and wounded. He therefore resolved to await relief from Sir Colin Campbell, which could not be very long in coming. Campbell however was hampered by many difficulties before he could leave Cawnpore: and it was not till November 17 that he fought his way into Lucknow. The storming of the Secunderbagh, a fortified palace in the outskirts of the city, and of the Shah Nujeef, a mosque near it, are among the most sensational feats authentically recorded. They could not be better told than in the admirable narrative of Mr. Forbes Mitchell, then a sergeant in the 93rd Highlanders, which played a conspicuous part in the relief. This time the garrison was withdrawn, for Campbell had not men enough, if he occupied Lucknow in force, for the critical operations which awaited him around Cawnpore: but the gallant Havelock died, worn out, before the retreat began. Outram remained in a fortified position at the Alumbagh not far from Lucknow: and after disposing of other duties Campbell returned to make a final end of the Lucknow rebels. This time the forces available were large, the operations could be conducted in a methodical way without undue waste of life, and the work was done effectually.

More important in its moral effect, more remarkable as an instance both of political and military audacity, was the reconquest of Delhi. The imperial city had but a small force of sepoys stationed in it, when the mutiny broke out at Meerut, forty miles off. Many of the mutineers hastened to Delhi, flying, it would seem, from the expected vengeance of the English troops at Meerut, who however were detained inactive by the hopeless incapacity of their general. The Delhi sepoys rose at the news, and slaughtered all the English in the city: those who lived outside fled as best they could. Lieutenant Willoughby, in charge of the great magazine, defended it for some time, aided by eight men only; and then blew it up, and a thousand rebels with it. The ancient capital, with all its resources, was for the time lost: and the mutineers proclaimed the restoration of the Mogul emperor, who, old and blind, resided in the palace, though this did not mean his assumption of any authority. The supreme importance of recovering Delhi was obvious, but it was not till three weeks after the outbreak that General Barnard, who had become commander-in-chief by the death of General Anson, marched for Delhi, ordering all that could be spared from Meerut to join him. Wilson with the Meerut force had to fight his way, and after his junction with Barnard a considerable battle had to be fought; but on June 8 the army established itself in the old garrison cantonments, on a long ridge which looks down on the city from the west and north-west. It was obviously far too small to besiege Delhi in any real sense. It could furnish visible evidence that England had not abandoned the idea of reconquest, but it could do no more without reinforcements and a siege train, unless by a direct and immediate assault. Some of the ardent spirits in the army strongly urged General Barnard to hazard an assault; and if he had done so, he might very possibly have succeeded; for the odds against him were not much greater than when Delhi was taken three months later, and the moral effect of prompt audacity is always great, especially in India. He however thought the consequences of failure too disastrous to be risked without a greater chance of success. Consequently Delhi became more and more the focus of the mutiny, to which streamed all rebels not already in organised bodies: and its fall was a greater material blow to their cause. This however can hardly be set against the value of an early proof that the British could and would re-establish their power. It requires an extraordinary man to realise that the risk of failure is no greater because the result of failure will be ruinous, and to run the risk with a full determination not to fail. Had Nicholson, or Havelock, or Edwardes, been in command before Delhi, the risk would have been faced. Barnard however was not an extraordinary man: the early opportunity once let slip, nothing could be done but hold on. The rebels, daily gaining in number and possessing unlimited stores of ammunition, made repeated attacks. The British army, though invariably successful in their encounters, and slowly gaining more and more ground, could not in any sense be said to besiege the city: they were not far from being themselves beleaguered. Moreover no help could come except from one quarter. The whole mass of the revolted territory lay between Delhi and Calcutta. The means of conquering Delhi must be furnished, if at all, from the Punjab.

England has never been better served than by the men who at the crisis of the mutiny governed the Punjab and adjoining provinces. The country was full of disaffected regiments, but they were nearly all disarmed without mischief: where material force to compel obedience was lacking, the calm assumption of irresistible authority answered nearly as well. Nowhere did the mutineers obtain the superiority, though a certain number made off towards the rebel ranks at Delhi. After a little observation of the temper of the Sikh population, Sir John Lawrence took the bold step of enlisting them by thousands, to take the place of the Mahommedan and Hindoo mutineers. The Sikhs had found the new government just: they saw its attitude of perfect confidence in its own strength, and they served it as devotedly as they had followed Runjeet Sing. Not only did Lawrence win the Sikhs to remain peaceful themselves, and keep down the elements of disorder on the borders, thus setting free the English regiments; he was able also to contribute thousands of Sikh troops of all arms to the recovery of Delhi. The delay increased his difficulties, for it weakened the belief in English invincibility. Regiments mutinied that had hitherto remained quiet: the wild tribes of the frontier, the non-Sikh parts of the population, were in a ferment. Lawrence however held firmly to his conviction that Delhi was the paramount consideration: he even despatched to Delhi the "movable column" which had been organised in the first days of the mutiny to meet emergencies. This force was commanded by John Nicholson, possibly the greatest of the many heroes of Anglo-Indian story, and he became the soul of the besieging army.

On the arrival of the siege train early in September all felt that the crisis was come. Archdale Wilson, who had succeeded to the command on Barnard's death, was still doubtful of success, but he yielded with a good grace to bolder counsels. From the nature of the case nothing could be done but to batter those portions of the walls which were within reach from the English position, and then assault. After a few days' bombardment breaches had been made in the northern walls, one in the water-bastion close to the north-eastern angle, one near the Cashmere gate, which were deemed sufficient. On September 14 the attack was made in four columns; it was not supposed that the whole of the great city, swarming with desperate men, could be conquered at once, but if a firm footing were once gained within the walls, the rest of the work might be done gradually. One column under Jones was to storm the water-bastion, another under Nicholson, the breach near the Cashmere gate: a third under Campbell was to blow in the Cashmere gate, while Reid with the fourth was to take the suburbs on the western side of the city, and make for the Lahore gate, in the middle of the western face. The two first columns advanced first, and both were successful in making good their footing within the walls. While Nicholson was fighting his way house by house onwards, Jones turning to the right made his way along the walls. It would seem as if in the confusion all parties had lost their bearings, or else Jones should apparently have taken the Cashmere gate in flank, and saved the obvious risk of blowing it in. Ultimately, Jones found himself on the west side of the city, near the Lahore gate, but did not attempt to seize it, his rendezvous with Nicholson being at the Cabul gate further north, to which he retired. This waste of a chance was not of as much importance as it might otherwise have been, for Reid's attack failed for want of guns, with which the enemy were well provided. He himself was struck down, and all his men could do was to hold firmly the extreme end of the previous position. When Nicholson at length was able to force his way to the Cabul gate, and meet Jones, the enemy was in great strength there, and it would perhaps have been better policy to be content with what had been gained on that day. Nicholson however pushed forward towards the Lahore gate, and was mortally wounded while attempting the impossible. Meanwhile the Cashmere gate had been blown in: two engineer officers, with three sergeants and a bugler, were told off for this most difficult of military duties, for it requires not merely courage to face almost certain death, but perfect coolness to deal with the unexpected. Both the officers were badly wounded, two of the sergeants were killed, the third barely escaped being crushed in the explosion, but the powder was fired, and the gate blown to pieces. Campbell had no difficulty in entering the city, but he also failed to penetrate far. The day of the storm closed with no more success than to have taken possession of the northern edge of the city, and this at a cost of 1200 men, besides Nicholson, who was worth all the rest. The first blow however was really decisive: the rest of the city had to be conquered piecemeal, but the heart of the resistance was gone. The old Mogul emperor, who had for three months been the puppet of the mutineers, was taken prisoner. His sons were shot without trial by Hodson, commander of a famous regiment of irregular cavalry, a deed for which Hodson, who acted on his own responsibility, has been very strongly condemned and as warmly defended. Terrible severity was at first employed in punishing the rebels at Delhi, for which there was the excuse that nowhere had helpless women and children been so brutally murdered. There were some who even wished to destroy the city, as an example. Thanks to Sir John Lawrence, however, humane counsels prevailed, and the peaceful inhabitants of Delhi, who had been grievously ill-treated by the mutineers, returned to their homes.

The effect of the fall of Delhi was not as great as it would have been had Barnard stormed the place in June: but it put an end to the strain in the Punjab, and followed as it soon was by the relief of Lucknow, marked the definite turn of the tide. From that time onwards it was visible to all India that the English rule would be restored. The mutineers still fought on, but in fury and despair rather than expecting success. Great as was the danger at the outset, narrow as was the margin between the English in India and total destruction, the mutiny ended in strengthening our hold in the country, besides furnishing the most vivid testimony in all history to the maxim that nothing is impossible, while life remains, to those who have courage and coolness.

APPENDIX

BATTLES DESCRIBED

Agincourt October 25 1415 Albuera May 16 1811 Alma September 20 1854 Assye August 23 1803 Balaclava October 25 1854 Bannockburn June 24 1314 Barnet April 14 1471 Blenheim August 13 1704 Busaco September 27 1810 Chillianwalla January 13 1849 Crecy August 26 1346 Dunbar September 3 1650 Edgehill October 23 1642 Evesham August 4 1265 Falkirk July 22 1298 Ferozeshah December 21 1845 Flodden September 9 1513 Fontenoy May 11 1745 Gujerat February 21 1849 Hastings October 14 1066 Inkerman November 5 1854 Lewes May 14 1264 Marston Moor July 2 1644 Minden August 1 1759 Naseby June 14 1645 Oudenarde July 11 1708 Plassy June 23 1757 Poitiers September 19 1356 Quebec September 13 1759 Ramillies May 23 1706 Salamanca July 22 1812 Sobraon February 10 1846 Stamford Bridge September 25 1066 Talavera July 28 1809 Tewkesbury May 4 1471 Towton March 29 1461 Vittoria June 21 1813 Waterloo June 18 1815

BATTLES MENTIONED

Aliwal 1846 Almanza 1707 Argaum 1803 Aspern 1809 Atherton Moor 1643 Auberoche 1345 Cambuskenneth 1297 Cauveripak 1752 Cheriton 1644 Corunna 1809 Courtrai 1302 Crevant 1423 Culloden 1746 Dettingen 1743 Douro 1809 Falkirk 1746 Formigny 1451 Fuentes d'Onoro 1811 Fulford 1066 Halidon Hill 1333 Herrings 1429 Homildon 1402 Jena 1806 Landen 1693 Laswaree 1803 Leuctra B.C. 371 Ligny 1815 Maida 1806 Malplaquet 1709 Marengo 1800 Moodkee 1845 Mortimer's Cross 1461 Nevil's Cross 1346 Newbury 1643 Newbury 1644 Northampton 1460 Patay 1429 Porto Novo 1781 Preston Pans 1745 Quatre Bras 1815 Ramnugur 1848 St. Alban's 1461 Schellenberg 1704 Steinkirk 1692 Stow-on-the-Wold 1645 Thermopylae B.C. 480 Toulouse 1814 Turin 1706 Verneuil 1424 Vimiero 1808 Wakefield 1460 Worcester 1651 Wynendael 1708

SIEGES

Almeida 1810 and 1811 Badajos 1811 and 1812 Burgos 1812 Calais 1346-47 Ciudad Rodrigo 1812 Delhi 1857 Gloucester 1643 Harfleur 1415 Herat 1838 Lille 1708 Lucknow 1857 Mons 1709 Mooltan 1848 Orleans 1428-29 Oxford 1645 Quebec 1759 Sebastopol 1854-55 Stirling 1314 York 1644

FOOTNOTES:

[1] There was doubtless learning in Northumbria, but it was altogether monastic, and limited to that one kingdom.

[2] The famous story of Harold having sworn unconsciously on all the relics in Normandy, is told by the Norman writers in many different forms, more or less inconsistent with each other, and some of them demonstrably incorrect; and it is impossible to discover the truth. That William accused Harold of perjury all over Europe, and that no answer was attempted, is evidence that something of the sort had happened. As Professor Freeman points out, the absolute silence of all the English chroniclers implies that they did not know how to meet the accusation. Harold must have taken some such oath, under some form of coercion, and so have given his enemy an advantage; but obviously it would have been a greater crime to keep such an oath than to break it. Obviously too, on any version of the story that is not self-refuted, William's conduct was far more dishonourable than Harold's.

[3] Professor Freeman's great History of the Norman Conquest contains a very minute discussion of every point of detail, and a narrative framed by laboriously piecing together the statements which on careful comparison he deems most correct. Much of this is very valuable, though there is at least one important point in which his account cannot be right. Much of it is more or less wasted labour, because it involves giving a precise meaning to expressions in the authorities which were probably used loosely. The main outlines are clear enough, the details are at least partially conjectural, and inferences based on physical facts are a safer guide, so far as they go, than interpretations of the inconsistent and perhaps unmeaning language of monkish writers.

There is also the Bayeux Tapestry, which has been reproduced by Mr. Collingwood Bruce, and which for costume and arms is invaluable: but from the nature of the case it is a very poor guide in determining the tactics of the battle. To rely on it for such purposes, as Professor Freeman and others do, seems to me as unreasonable as to deduce a military history of the battle of Agincourt from Shakespeare's _Henry V._, as put on the stage.

[4] A vehement controversy has raged since Professor Freeman's death regarding the accuracy of his narrative, the point most strenuously disputed being his statement that Harold's front was protected by a solid wooden barrier. It is maintained in opposition that there was nothing but the wall of interlaced shields familiar to both Saxons and Danes. Without entering into the controversy, I content myself with saying that while the weight of testimony seems to be in favour of some kind of obstacle having been erected, I am satisfied, for the reasons given in the text, that there cannot have been anything like the massive structure described by Professor Freeman.

[5] It must have been later in reality; since sunrise, the whole Norman army had marched seven miles, had halted, and had then been arrayed in order of battle, and this on October 14. Moreover, such a battle could not have lasted nine hours, and it certainly ended at dark.

[6] This suggestion is not based on any direct statement, but it seems to be the only way in which the archers could have aimed effectually. If they had been behind the horsemen, shooting over their heads, the arrows would have been as likely to strike Normans as Saxons.

[7] Harold's tomb was shown at Waltham down to the date of the dissolution of the abbey. There is no positive information on the point, but there seems no reason for rejecting the explanation that William afterwards allowed the corpse of Harold to be removed to Waltham. It is at least much more probable than that a falsehood should have been allowed to pass unchallenged.

[8] This word, which is of course French but was adopted in English with the same signification, definitely means a body of men, originally mailed horsemen, drawn up together; but it implies nothing as to their formation or strength. The usual practice was to form three; the vanguard, which became ordinarily the right when in line of battle; the rearguard, which similarly became the left; and the main battle or centre. In the Latin chroniclers the equivalent term is generally _acies_, which occasionally leads to some confusion in interpreting their statements, as the classical sense of _acies_ is order of battle, as contrasted with _agmen_, order of march.

[9] It is suggested that this was a waggon, such as was habitually used in Italy at an earlier date, and occasionally at least in England (as at the battle of the Standard), to carry to battle the standard of the town. The earl's standard certainly floated over it, and attracted prince Edward's attention: and from the account given of the prisoners being shut up in it, it would seem to have been very substantially built. Montfort however would hardly have travelled in such a waggon, and certainly the royalists imagined he was in it. There is no reason except the silence of the chroniclers why there should not have been both a _carroccio_, and also Montfort's own carriage.

[10] As he had not been crowned at Rome he had no right to use the imperial title.

[11] The name itself may very possibly be derived from the event.

[12] There are the remains of an ancient bridge at this spot, where so many of the fugitives from the battle were cut to pieces that the meadow bears the name of Dead Man's Eyot: but there is no mention of a bridge in the authorities, so that probably the bridge was built later.

[13] Here again I have given the account which seems to me most probable, after study of the ground and of the authorities. Professor Prothero, in his _Life of Simon de Montfort_ (p. 339 note), gives the different possibilities, and comes to a conclusion differing from mine on one point only.

[14] Philip IV. was playing the same game, over-asserting his claims as feudal suzerain over Guienne.

[15] A map showing all this part of Scotland will be found at p. 147.

[16] The first victory of the pike was gained by the Flemings at Courtrai, five years later.

[17] All accounts agree in representing the English numbers as more than double the Scottish, with an enormous superiority in men-at-arms, the most important item.

[18] The use of the crossbow was solemnly condemned by the Lateran Council of 1139: no reasons were given, but presumably it was thought that the cross-bow neutralised the natural, and therefore divinely intended, advantage of superior strength.

[19] There is a statute of Henry VIII. which forbids practising at any less distance.

[20] The so-called Salic law had never been heard of till Philip V. evolved it for his own purposes a few years before: but the principle of exclusive male succession is a natural one for a feudally organised nation to adopt.

[21] Louis VII. of France had it is true married the heiress of Aquitaine and ruled the province for a few years, but only in her name: and she soon repudiated him, to marry Henry II. of England.

[22] This is said by Froissart to have been done on the advice of Godfrey of Harcourt, who was certainly one of the king's most trusted officers during the campaign, habitually leading the advanced guard.

[23] He was in the county of Ponthieu, which had been the portion of Margaret of France, second wife of Edward I. He was not descended from her, but from Eleanor of Castile: there does not however seem to have been any provision for Ponthieu being inherited by Margaret's children.

[24] _Herse_ has another and less familiar meaning, which still better corresponds to the formation indicated—the stands used in churches for seven candles, the centre one forming the apex, and those at the sides gradually lower.

[25] This theory is so far as I know novel, and I put it forward as a suggestion for what it may be worth. It explains, I venture to think, the extraordinary success of the English tactics, and it contradicts no ascertained facts. Every one who knows a little about drill will see that in this formation the archers would be able to change the direction of their shooting with perfect ease, and without interfering with each other. The archers cannot have been on the flanks of the whole line only, or their arrows, long as the range was, would not have told across the whole front. They could obviously move with ease and rapidity, and it is quite possible that they may have formed a line in front of the dismounted men-at-arms, when no attack was impending, as for instance to encounter the Genoese, and have fallen back to the _herse_ when the knights were seen preparing to charge.

[26] There is no need to insist on the picturesque detail of the rain which fell just before the battle having wetted the strings of the cross-bows, while the English kept their bows under cover. It may well have been true: but the range of the long-bow was always greater than that of the cross-bow.

[27] It is convenient to use this word for those who were fighting in the English cause: but as a matter of fact two-thirds of the Black Prince's men-at-arms were from among his Gascon subjects, and the _servientes_ therefore in about the same proportion. The archers doubtless were all, or nearly all, English: there is no trace of the long-bow except in English armies.

[28] I am indebted for these details, except so far as they are from my own observation, to Colonel Babinet, a retired French officer living at Poitiers, who has published in the _Bulletin des Antiquaires de l'Ouest_ a very elaborate memoir on the battle, which he has kindly supplemented by private letters. His study of the topography has been most minute, and his conclusions about it, so far as I can judge, are entirely sound. If there were many investigators as patient and careful, historians would find many battles less perplexing. Every one who attempts to understand the battle of Poitiers must feel grateful to Colonel Babinet, even if he does not accept all that gentleman's views as to the course of events.

[29] The Chandos Herald was in the service of Sir John Chandos, one of the Black Prince's best officers. The herald was not apparently present, but he obviously must have had every means of knowing about the battle, in which Sir John fought; he did not, however, publish his rhymed narrative till some thirty years later. Froissart, who was nineteen years old in 1356, devoted his whole life to the work of his history; he was familiar with courts, if not with camps, indefatigable in acquiring information, but not critical. He too had ample opportunities of learning all about the battle of Poitiers, at any rate from the English side. The manuscripts of Froissart, however, vary greatly, which casts a certain doubt over the trustworthiness of such details as are not given identically in all. Baker was a clerk of Swinbrook in Oxfordshire: the last words of his chronicle were written before the peace of Bretigny in 1360, so that he was even more strictly contemporary than Froissart. Several passages in his history, in which he makes very definite statements about the tactics of the long-bow, prove that he, or his informant, understood military matters well. None of them can have seen the ground, and therefore no stress need be laid on minor inaccuracies of description. Mistakes about the names of actors in the drama might easily be made: all that can be said is that the writer who has made fewest errors has a slightly better claim to general credibility. None of them can be deemed likely to have deliberately misrepresented, or to have been totally misinformed about the ground-work of the whole story. Yet there is the fact, that their narratives are substantially contradictory. Critical ingenuity may no doubt patch up some sort of superficial reconciliation between them, but it can only be superficial. Under these conditions I have no alternative but to follow the narrative which seems to be most in accordance with the known facts. I am not ignorant of the difficulties involved in this course, but my plan does not admit of a full discussion of every point that might be raised. On the whole I incline to discard the Chandos Herald, the more so because none of the less detailed narratives support him, and as between Froissart and Baker, to prefer the latter. My account of the actual battle will therefore follow the chronicle of Baker of Swinbrook, in all matters in which he and Froissart are completely at variance.

[30] According to Baker, the prince began this movement _cum cariagiis_, to which, however, there is no further reference. It is obviously possible that the prince may have wished to get the baggage out of the way, and therefore started it towards the Gué de l'Homme, and that he shifted his troops in order to cover this from the French. If so, this would be the element of truth in the Chandos Herald's narrative; but it does not in any way remove the essential contradiction between the Chandos Herald and the other authorities.

[31] Froissart calls him Thomas lord of Berkeley, a young man in his first battle, and says he was son of Sir Maurice Berkeley, who died at Calais a few years before. Thomas the then lord of Berkeley, and elder brother of that Sir Maurice, was in the battle, but he was a man of over fifty, and he had his son Maurice with him for his first campaign. That Baker should be right, and Froissart wrong, on a point peculiarly within Froissart's province, is a striking incidental testimony to Baker's trustworthiness.

[32] The name was derived from Bernard Count of Armagnac, the duke's father-in-law, who gave the party most of its energy.

[33] _Henry V._ Act iv. Scene 3. Shakespeare has introduced the incidents told by the English authors with much accuracy, but has gone quite wrong as to the persons concerned. The wish was expressed by Sir W. Hungerford, not by the earl of Westmoreland, who was in England. Henry's chaplain makes the king's words more pious, if less poetical; and the piety was certainly in keeping with his character.

[34] Comparatively recent plantations slightly obscure the ground, making minute accuracy impossible: but the general character of the field, and its main details, are quite clearly to be seen.

[35] The numbers of Henry's original force can be closely computed from original documents; and there exists also part of a list of the gentlemen present at Agincourt, with the numbers of their contingents. Estimating from the latter, the total number of combatants was far below 10,000.

[36] _Boulevard_ is the technical name for a kind of earthwork used in the early days of cannon. It was a sort of terrace, protected by a parapet, on which cannon could be planted as an outer defence to a fortress, and might be of any shape. The technical name for the small forts which the English gradually erected round Orleans is _bastide_.

[37] The formation of a fortified post by means of the camp-waggons was a fundamental part of the tactics of John Zisca, the long successful leader of the Bohemian insurrection a few years earlier. The _lager_ which is a feature now well known of African warfare, is the same thing in principle.

[38] This is of course not the first instance of a siege approximating to the modern type. The siege of Harfleur already mentioned was in fact more like a modern siege than that of Orleans.

[39] Sir Edward Creasy goes so far as to place the relief of Orleans among the fifteen _Decisive Battles of the World_.

[40] The Beauforts had been duly legitimated by Parliament, but Henry IV., in confirming this to his half-brothers, had inserted words in his charter which barred their succession to the throne. The strict legality of the latter act can hardly be maintained: but it is plain that no one dreamed of preferring the Beauforts to the house of York.

[41] In Chapter II. I abstained from giving the numbers at Hastings, because there seem to me to be no adequate materials for forming a trustworthy estimate: but it is scarcely possible that the armies which fought at Hastings can have been within many thousands of the total given by chroniclers for Towton.

[42] It is possible that the numbers are exaggerated, but there is no reason for thinking so except the smallness of the battle-field; and if so the exaggeration was on both sides alike, for it is certain that the Lancastrian numbers preponderated. The Yorkist force is given at 49,000 by the authorities who put the Lancastrians at 60,000, both totals being given before any fighting had taken place. What losses had been incurred at Ferrybridge we are not told, and we can only guess at the strength of the Yorkist rearguard: but the numbers with which the battle began cannot have been very far from seven to four.

[43] Sir John Ramsay, in his generally valuable work, _Lancaster and_ _York_, places Warwick's line along the high-road, where there is every reason to believe that there was no hedge at all in the fifteenth century, for the amazing reason that "from that position he could take the king's troops in detail as they came out of the narrow street of Barnet," which ended in the open heath half-a-mile off. It is true that he adds, "but Edward always laughed at Warwick's strategy," by which presumably he means tactics. Since all that Edward knew of Warwick's tactics was that he had inspired, or at least shared in directing, the bold and skilful tactics of Towton, he must have been very easily amused.

[44] This fact alone is sufficient to disprove the Yorkist falsehood that while Warwick had 30,000 men, Edward had but 9000.

[45] The numbers are not very clearly given, but the accounts seem to indicate no great disparity, with the advantage, if any, to the Lancastrians.

[46] Sir John Ramsay must have seen the ground in winter, if he was able to obtain a view of the whole position. In summer the trees, which are none of them ancient, intercept a great deal. I should be inclined to think that the Lancastrian line faced nearly south instead of parallel to the modern road, as he places it: otherwise he seems to me to have worked out the topographical details very well.

[47] Curiously enough the earliest cannon seem to have been breechloading. This mode of construction was however abandoned after a time, either because the movable pieces did not fit properly, or because they could not be made strong enough to stand the strain when gunpowder came to be thoroughly explosive, in favour of muzzle-loading. In modern warfare, until after the Crimean War, cannon were mere metal tubes, with a touch-hole by which they were fired. Things have moved fast since then. Of the millions of men now under military service, how many have a clear idea of what "spiking a gun" meant?

[48] I use this phrase for convenience' sake, to mean the shot discharged by every kind of hand firearms until the introduction of the rifle.

[49] This especially held good of the heavy plate armour which was introduced in the fourteenth century, and grew heavier and heavier. There seems to have been hardly any chain mail which a clothyard arrow could not pierce.

[50] There had been many Scots in the service of Gustavus: and this fact made the Scottish intervention in the English civil war more weighty than it would otherwise have been.

[51] It is significant of the superior importance of the cavalry in the seventeenth century that the lieutenant-general, second in command, led the cavalry, the infantry being under the major-general, third in command.

[52] The letter is rather confused, but it can hardly bear this meaning, though it undoubtedly authorised fighting a battle.

[53] Switzerland need not be forgotten, but Switzerland could under no circumstances have wielded the European influence exerted by English ideas, backed by the vast power, military, naval and commercial, of the England of Marlborough, and Chatham, and Nelson.

[54] Hodgson, an officer who was in the battle, says that Cromwell sent four regiments to circle round the enclosures of Brocksmouth House and fall on the enemy's right flank. Such a manœuvre was hard to work accurately in the dark, but if successful was bound to be decisive. The evidence is good: but this very decisiveness makes me hesitate to believe that Cromwell himself, to say nothing of other narrators, could have described the battle without mentioning so important a fact.

[55] Quoted from Cromwell's despatch to the Speaker.

[56] The Margrave of Baden helped to drive Marlborough to this extreme haste: he had claimed the chief command on the junction of the armies, and had with difficulty been induced to agree that it should be exercised by himself and Marlborough on alternate days. The Margrave was far too cautious to storm the Schellenberg: Marlborough had therefore to attack that evening or to wait two days, which would have been too late.

[57] This devastation is always regarded as a blot on Marlborough's fame, and is in marked contrast to his usual humanity. The practice was dying out, in obedience to the dictates of opinion, but it was not yet, as it would be now, an outrage on international usage.

[58] The village which gives its name to the battle is properly called Blindheim: but the spelling in the text has been adopted in English ever since Marlborough's day.

[59] The famous lines of Torres Vedras are the only instance in more modern times of such a method of defence proving successful, and they could not, from the nature of the case, be turned, and were never assailed. The system on which the eastern frontier of France is now defended is an instance of the same thing on the greatest possible scale. There the flanks abut on neutral countries, and cannot therefore be turned without violating the neutrality of either Belgium or Switzerland. What it would cost to break through such a line cannot be calculated, for it would depend on the effect, as yet untried, of modern scientific developments in explosives, electric communication and the like: but it can hardly be doubted that it could be done, if the assailant were willing to pay the price.

[60] A map in which Marlborough's Belgian campaigns can be followed, will be found at p. 234.

[61] The duke of Burgundy was associated with Vendôme, in accordance with the vicious method which Louis XIV. frequently adopted. It was assumed that the young and inexperienced prince would be entirely guided by the veteran general: but it occasionally happened that the prince developed a will of his own, and then the veteran was helpless. How far Burgundy interfered before the battle, how far Vendôme's well-known sluggishness except in action was responsible for the French being thus surprised, is not quite clear: it will be seen that in the actual battle Burgundy, by his alternate hesitation and rashness, largely caused the French defeat.

[62] General Webb, who commanded the escort, beat off with great skill and courage a very superior force: Marlborough, who disliked Webb, in his despatches made so very little of this exploit, which in fact sealed the fate of Lille, that it was even said he had wilfully given Webb inadequate numbers, in order to expose him to destruction. Thackeray makes effective use of this in _Esmond_.

[63] This account of Wolfe's death is quoted from Parkman's _Montcalm and Wolfe_, on which most interesting work the foregoing narrative is based. There are several versions of Wolfe's dying words, but Parkman, after comparing the evidence, accepts that given above.

[64] Had Wellington's base of operations been Cadiz instead of Lisbon, every step in advance would have pushed the French nearer to their base, and therefore would have rendered the conditions of supply, etc., increasingly favourable to them. A successful advance from Portugal on Madrid cut off the whole south from easy communication with France, without which they could not long maintain their ground.

[65] He was only created Lord Wellington after the battle of Talavera, but it is convenient to use the familiar title all through.

[66] All the quotations in this and the following chapter are from Napier.

[67] This is the battle which, in a school-book I once saw, was described as a glorious victory won by 29,000 French over 90,000 English and Spaniards.

[68] Maida and Vimiero were real defeats, but the numbers engaged were insignificant. Aspern was a great and bloody battle, in which the French on the whole got the worst of it, but it was hardly a distinct Austrian victory.

[69] The exploits of Craufurd, with the light division, acting as Wellington's advanced guard, are the subject of some of Napier's best writing.

[70] The disastrous Walcheren expedition, which started while the battle of Talavera was being fought, had wasted a large part of the military strength of England. Sent as it was after Napoleon had forced Austria again to sue for peace, and badly conducted, it was an inevitable failure. This being the case, it is of course true that the men and material would have been more usefully employed in the Peninsula. But it is by no means equally clear that the original idea was faulty. Had even a smaller force, energetically led, been despatched to the same point two months earlier, when Napoleon was still absorbed in remedying his failure at Aspern, the consequences might have been enormous. At the very least it could have ruined Antwerp for purposes of naval construction; and Napoleon deemed Antwerp, "a pistol pointed at the heart of England," so valuable that in 1814, when almost at the last gasp, he broke off negotiations for peace rather than cede Antwerp.

[71] King Joseph was indeed declared commander-in-chief in March 1812, but the marshals disputed his authority, and denounced his plans as unwise. Their criticisms were not unreasonable, but "one bad general is better than two good ones."

[72] Belgium had been for over twenty years annexed to France. Holland had been entirely under French influence almost as long, and annexed to France for six years. Hence the people were either partisans of the French, or in great dread of them.

[73] In fact this proportion is in some sense far too high. Many of the English had never seen a shot fired, and though they stood on the defensive with admirable steadiness, it is at least doubtful whether they would have been effective for manœuvring.

[74] During the interval the duke of Wellington attended the famous ball at Brussels given by the duchess of Richmond. It is always a pity to spoil a romantic story; but the idea derived from the beautiful description in 'Childe Harold,' and probably still believed by the majority of those who have not studied the history, that the first intimation of the French advance was given by the sound of distant cannon heard at the ball, is contrary to all the facts. Wellington, having given his orders, went to the ball in order to prevent alarm spreading in Brussels: there was no firing during the night, none in fact, that could have been heard at that distance, till the following afternoon.

[75] The duke's father had also been killed in battle against Napoleon, at Jena. After Quatre-Bras the Brunswick troops wore black uniforms with skull and crossbone badges, in token of mourning, until their young duke came of age.

[76] This would doubtless have happened if the whole of Ney's nominal command had been united. Napoleon however seems to have expected that Quatre-Bras would not be held by any serious force.

[77] The mention of Liège shows how vague the Emperor's ideas were at the moment; it is hard to see how Wellington, known to be moving straight north on Brussels, could take a position to cover Liège.

[78] This regiment was commanded by Marbot, whose memoirs attracted so much attention when published in 1891.

[79] Those who say that Waterloo was lost by Grouchy's fault have to get over the fact that Napoleon took no steps, till it was far too late, to summon him thither. The emperor knew that Wellington was standing to fight, Grouchy could only guess. Suppose Gneisenau's suspicions had been realised, and Wellington had retreated, and the cannon had been Napoleon attacking Blucher _viâ_ St. Lambert, Grouchy would, by crossing the Dyle, have lost the chance of annihilating the Prussians.

[80] Wellington is said to have told the story of his midnight ride about twenty years afterwards, _à propos_ of his famous horse Copenhagen. He was not the kind of man to invent such a story, and his well-known reticence about Waterloo would fully account for the incident remaining unknown. On the other hand its intrinsic improbability is so great, that it can hardly be accepted without cogent evidence. The testimony however is altogether at second-hand, though quite precise enough to warrant belief in an ordinary way; but it is obviously reasonable to require something more for a story which would sound scarcely credible if told of any commander-in-chief, and is specially at variance with Wellington's cool and prudent disposition.

[81] This was entirely untrue in fact, as we have seen, but if the troops at Hal had been on the field it would have been nearly true. Napoleon could only have guessed, as the ground concealed a great part of Wellington's army: this is not one of the deliberate falsehoods of which he was only too commonly guilty.

[82] It is impossible to conjecture what put this idea into Ney's mind, as the English army had bivouacked in very nearly the order of battle, and had therefore not moved in the morning.

[83] It must be remembered that the range of the musket was very short, so that the bullets could hardly do mischief in neighbouring squares if they missed the cavalry.

[84] Readers who are curious in mendacity should read in Napoleon's Correspondence the bulletin dated Lâon, June 20, 1815, in which the battles of Ligny and Waterloo are reported.

[85] Napoleon's Egyptian expedition is no real exception: it reached its destination, but the battle of the Nile rendered it a total failure.

[86] It was said that Captain Nolan, the aide-de-camp who bore the order, and who was well known from his writings to be a firm believer in the power of cavalry to perform the most impossible feats, answered Lord Lucan's objections by putting on the written words an interpretation which Lord Raglan did not intend, and that Lord Lucan was stung by implied imputation on his courage. Nolan however was shot dead at the first moment of the charge, and there was consequently no means of knowing what he could have said in his own defence.

[87] On the other side of the Tchernaya are some conspicuous remains of ancient walls known as the ruins of Inkerman: from these the allies, who found it convenient to have names for all portions of the ground they were concerned with, named the opposite portion of the plateau Mount Inkerman.

[88] It is not suggested that the French general at the outset, or later, evaded his due share of the common duty: it is one of the evils of a divided command that if a mistake is made in such a matter, as may easily happen from imperfect information, obstacles to remedying it arise from motives on both sides which are in themselves perfectly reasonable.

[89] _Decisive Battles of India._

[90] Englishmen in India made many mistakes at one time or another, but there was always some one at hand to redeem the blunder, or else they were saved by the reputation for audacity and invincibility due to previous successes. They were guilty of many wrongful acts, but the sufferers were the native princes whom they dispossessed: it is probably no exaggeration to say that the rule of the English at its worst was better than the best government of any native princes.

[91] Colonel Malleson, in his _Decisive Battles of India_, gives a very clear account of this remarkable feat, as well as of other similar battles, which must be here passed over.

[92] In memory of this great victory the 39th bears on its colours the motto "Primus in Indis."

[93] Sindia, Holkar, Bhonslay, are family appellations, but they serve to identify three of the chief Mahratta states better than the individual names of the successive rulers.

[94] It is said that Wellesley had no information that the Kaitna was fordable there, but that he inferred it from the fact of there being another village opposite Assye, and no sort of bridge.

[95] The parallel is singularly exact between the conduct of the three great Mahratta princes in 1803-4 and that of Austria, Russia and Prussia in 1805-6. The two former made war on Napoleon, trying in vain to induce Prussia to join them: after they had been decisively defeated at Austerlitz, Prussia alone attacked the conqueror, with the natural result of being still worse beaten at Jena.

[96] This method of attack in oblique order, or in échelon, is by some writers treated as a great discovery, attributed to Frederick the Great of Prussia. He certainly won by these tactics his most conspicuous victory, Rossbach: but the method itself is in the nature of things, as soon as generals begin to use their brains; it is but one way of bringing superior force to bear on a vital point.

[97] There is a story that Major George Lawrence, then a prisoner, communicated to his brother, and so to the commander-in-chief, the surprise which the Sikh officers had expressed to him at the small use made of the English artillery in previous battles. This may be true, but there is no need to suppose that this influenced the battle of Gujerat: any officer of ordinary judgment would have done at all times what Gough did only in his last battle.

INDEX

Abbeville, ford of Somme at, 60

_Acies_, order of battle, 30 — why necessarily a line, 175 — mediæval use of word, 30

Afghan war, its cause, 305 — failure of, 306

Agincourt, battle of, 5, 87 _sqq._

_Agmen_, order of march, 30, 175

Albuera, battle of, 211

Aliwal, battle of, 310

Alma, battle of, 272

Almanza, battle of, 169

Almaraz, bridge on Tagus, 223

Almeida, fortress on Portuguese frontier, 206, 216 — taken by Massena, 207 — re-taken by Wellington, 211

America, rivalry of England and France in, 179, 183 — War of Independence, 194

Angus, E. of, before Flodden, 120

Arapiles hills at Salamanca, 224

Archers, Norman, at Hastings, 25 — at Falkirk, 44 — at Bannockburn, 48, 49 — formation of, for defence, 62 — at Crecy, 63 — at Poitiers, 76, 77 — at Agincourt, 90 — at Verneuil, 93 — at Towton, 108 — at Flodden, 126 (_See also_ Long-bow.)

Arcot, Clive's defence of, 295

Argaum, battle of, 303

Armagnac faction in France, 81, 92

Armies, standing, begin at end of Middle Ages, 129 — — none in England in Civil War, 129 — — feeling against, in England, 151 — — become necessary, 152

_Arrivall of King Edward_, 113

Artillery, developed before hand firearms, 115 — long of little use save in sieges, 116 — gave supremacy to crown, 116 — at siege of Harfleur, 82 — — Orleans, 97 — — Sebastopol, 286 — at Minden, 185

Artillery at Alma, 272 — at Gujerat, 314 — Sikhs strong in, 307 — earliest was breechloading, 115

Aspern, battle of, 205

Assye, battle of, 302

Atherton Moor, battle of, 132

Auberoche, battle of, 56

Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of India, 306

Audacity often the best policy: — at Oudenarde, 171 — at Talavera, 203 — at Balaclava, 278 — with Orientals, 290, 302

Axe, main weapon of English at Hastings, 21

Babinet, Col., his memoir on battle of Poitiers, 71_n_

Badajos, position of, 206, 218 — surrendered to French, 210 — sieges of, 211, 218

Baden, Margrave of, in Blenheim campaign, 157

Baillie, Scottish general at Marston Moor, 137

Baker of Swinbrook, 75_n_ — his account of Bannockburn, 47, 49 — — Crecy, 62 — — Poitiers, 76

Balaclava, flank march to, 274 — battle of, 276

Balliol, John, K. of Scotland, 41

Bannockburn, battle of, 4, 48 — consequences of, 50 — compared to Crecy, 67

Barbour, his life of Bruce, 47

Barnard, Gen., at Delhi, 318

Barnet, battle of, 111

_Bastide_, 93_n_

Battle Abbey, 23

Battles, nature of interest in, 1 _sqq._ — locality of, how determined, 4 — mediæval meaning of word, 30_n_ — cannot be understood if isolated, 3 — lessons from, 6

Bavaria, Elector of, in Blenheim campaign, 157

Bayeux tapestry, 20_n_

Bayonet, invention of, 116

Bedford, Regent, 92

Belgian troops in Wellington's army, 240 — at Quatre Bras, 243 — at Waterloo, 254

Bengal, conquest of, 299

Berar, rajah of, 301

Beresford, Gen., at Albuera, 211

Berkeley, Sir M., at Poitiers, 77

Berwick, captured by Edward I., 43 — James duke of, 169

Black Prince at Crecy, 64 — his raid through France, 68 — takes position at Poitiers, 70 — negotiates for peace, 74 — leads final charge in battle, 78 — his death, 79

Blake, Spanish general at Albuera, 211

Blenheim, French position at, 159 — scheme of allies for attacking, 161 — details of battle, 162 — importance of victory, 164

Blucher, marshal, in Waterloo campaign, 239 — co-operation with Wellington, 245, 249, 263 — defeated at Ligny, 246 — retreats on Wavre, 247 — his personal zeal, 259

Bohemia, John K. of, at Crecy, 64

Bosquet, Gen., at Inkerman, 283

_Boulevard_, 91_n_

Bretigny, treaty of, 78

Britons, conquered by Romans, 9 — — by Saxons, 10

Broglie, D. of, at Minden, 184

Bruce, Robt. K. of Scotland, 46 — his tactics at Bannockburn, 47 — his exploit before the battle, 48

Brunswick, D. of, killed at Quatre Bras, 244

Brussels, in Waterloo campaign, 243

Bulow, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 242, 259, 262

Burgos, siege of, 227

Burgundy, John D. of, murdered, 92 — Philip D. of, sides with English, 92 — — abandons them, 99 — Charles D. of, helps Edward IV., 109 — Louis D. of, at Oudenarde, 170

Busaco, battle of, 208

Cabul, 306

Cadogan, Gen., at Oudenarde, 171

Calais, siege of, 64 — Henry V. marches for, 82

Calcutta, Black Hole of, 296

Cambuskenneth, battle of, 42

Campbell, Sir Colin, at Balaclava, 275 — at Chillianwalla, 313 — at Gujerat, 314 — relieves Lucknow, 316

Cannon. _See_ Artillery

Captal de Buch at Poitiers, 77

Cardigan, E. of, at Balaclava, 277

Cardinerie, La, on field of Poitiers, 70

Cathcart, Gen., killed at Inkerman, 282

Cauveripak, Clive's victory at, 296

Cavalry, mailed. _See_ Men-at-Arms — cannot stand on defensive, 73 — most important arm in 17th century, 130 — at Edgehill, 131 — at Marston Moor, 138 — at Naseby, 143 — element of weakness in line of battle at Blenheim, 160 — — at Minden, 185 — not properly used after Ligny, 247 — French, at Waterloo, 260 — Russian, in Crimea not used, 274 — English, at Balaclava, 277, 278 — Mahratta, 300

Challenge to single combat sent by William I., 22 — — Henry V., 82 — to fight a battle sent to Henry V., 83 — — to James IV. of Scotland, 120

Chandernagore, 297

Charleroi, 242

Charles VI. of France, 81, 92

Charles I., precipitated civil war, 129 — at Edgehill, 131 — besieges Gloucester, 132 — drives Essex into Cornwall, 140 — mismanages Naseby campaign, 142 — takes refuge with Scots, 144 — executed, 145

Charles II. begins standing army, 151

Cheriton, battle of, 133

Chillianwalla, battle of, 312

Chroniclers, mediæval, their weak points, 16, 19, 20_n_, 32, 47, 72, 113

Church supported William the Conqueror, 14

Churchill, Gen., at Blenheim, 162

Ciudad Rodrigo, position of, 206 — sieges of, 207, 216

Civil War, peculiar character of, 128 — local division of parties in, 130

Clausel, Gen., at Salamanca, 226

Clifford, Ld., at Towton, 104

Clive, Robert, founded English power in India, 295 — sent to recover Calcutta, 296 — allies secretly with Meer Jaffier, 297 — wins Plassy, 299

Cnut divided England into earldoms, 11

Colborne, Col., at Waterloo, 262

Column, definition of, 176 — English, at Fontenoy, 181 — _versus_ line. _See_ Line

Combination of different arms at Hastings, 25 — at Falkirk, 45 — at Crecy, 61, 73

Conquest, when impossible, 46

Contades, marshal, at Minden, 184

Coote, Eyre, at Plassy, 297

Cornwall, Essex driven into, 140 — Rd. Earl of, at Lewes, 31

Corunna, battle of, 198

Courtrai, battle of, 45

Craufurd, Gen. R., marches to Talavera, 202 — on the Coa, 206_n_ — at Busaco, 208 — killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 217

Crawford, L., parliamentary general, 134

Crecy, battle of, 61 _sqq._ — novelty of tactics, 61 — an epoch in art of war, 67

Cressingham, killed at Cambuskenneth, 42

Crevant, battle of, 92

Crimean war, state of Europe before, 268 — general causes of, 267 — material novelties in, 286 — results of, 287

Cromwell, Oliver, at Edgehill, 130 — forms Ironsides, 133 — at Marston Moor, 138 — urges Self-denying Ordinance, 141 — his raid round Oxford, 142 — at Naseby, 144 — sent to invade Scotland, 145 — held in check by Leslie, 145 — retreats to Dunbar, 146 — wins battle, 149 — at Worcester, 150

Cross-bow, condemned by Lateran Council, 51_n_ — encouraged by Richard I., 51 — no match for long-bow, 63 — -men, Genoese, at Crecy, 63

Cuesta, Gen., at Talavera, 201

Culloden, battle of, 183

Cumberland, D. of, at Fontenoy, 181 — at Culloden, 183

Cutts, Gen., at Blenheim, 162

D'Albret, Constable of France, at Agincourt, 89

Danes, invade England, 10 — mode of fighting of, 10 — conquer England under Cnut, 11

Daventry, Charles I. at, 143

Defences, artificial, at Hastings, 21 — — at Poitiers, 74

Delhi, mutiny centred at, 317 — siege of, formed, 318 — storming of, 320

D'Erlon, Gen., on day of Quatre Bras, 245 — at Waterloo, 258, 261

Dettingen, battle of, 181

Dhuleep Sing, 311

Discipline, definition of, 288

Divided command, evils of, at Marston Moor, 135 — in War of Spanish Succession, 156 — at Oudenarde, 171 — at Fontenoy, 181 — in Peninsula generally, 215 — at Albuera, 211 — in Crimea, 273, 285

Donauwerth, Marlborough crosses Danube at, 158

Dost Mahommed, 306

Douro, Wellington forces passage of, 200

Duguesclin, Constable of France, 79

Dunbar, battle of, 149

Dunois, his testimony as to influence of Jeanne d'Arc, 96

Dupleix, 295

Dutch, troublesome allies to Marlborough, 156, 166

Edgehill, battle of, 131

Edward the Confessor, death of, 11

Edward I. at Lewes, 31 — at Evesham, 34, 38 — develops long-bow, 51 — his relations to Scotland, 40, 41 — at Falkirk, 43

Edward II. at Bannockburn, 48 — defeated by his own fault, 50

Edward III., his claims to crown of France, 55 — invades Normandy, 58 — his haphazard strategy, 59 — his novel tactics at Crecy, 61 — takes Calais, 64

Edward IV. assumes crown, 103 — at Towton, 107 — overthrown by Warwick, 109 — returns from exile, 109 — at Barnet, 111 — at Tewkesbury, 114

Edward, son of Henry VI., his birth, 102 — killed at Tewkesbury, 115

Edwardes, Lieut., at Mooltan, 311

Edwin and Morcar, Earls, 12, 15

Elba, Napoleon's return from, 238

Ellenborough, Ld., Gov.-General of India, 306

Elvas, 206, 218

English, characteristics of, as soldiers, 6, 177 — their military history specially instructive, 7 — a nation earlier than any other people, 7, 55 — learned Danish modes of fighting, 10 — the long-bow theirs exclusively, 53 — had no standing army in Civil War, 129 — military reputation low before Marlborough, 154 — reasons for their fighting in line, 177 — concerned in all European wars of 18th century, 179 — armies lose efficiency after Marlborough, 180

Essex, E. of, at Edgehill, 131 — driven to Cornwall, 140

Eugene of Savoy, Marlborough's colleague, 156 — at Blenheim, 161 — at Oudenarde, 172

Evesham, battle of, 36

Fairfax, Ld., at Marston Moor, 138

Fairfax, Sir T., at Marston Moor, 138 — commands New Model, 141 — at Naseby, 143

Falconbridge, Ld., at Towton, 108

Falkirk, Wallace's battle of, 44 — Jacobite battle of, 183

Fastolfe, Sir J., at battle of the Herrings, 94

Feigned flight of Normans at Hastings, 25

Ferozeshah, battle of, 309

Ferrybridge, 104

Feudal nobles preponderant after Hastings, 27, 45 — their power broken by pike and long-bow, 6 — class pride of, ruinous at Crecy, 63 — — at Agincourt, 89

Flanders, ally of Edward III., 56

Flank march at Busaco, 209 — to Balaclava, 274

Flodden, battle of, 5, 123 _sqq._ — last victory of bow, 127

Fontenoy, battle of, 181

Formigny, battle of, 99

France, contrasted with England in 14th century, 55 — made a nation by Hundred Years' War, 99 — state of, under Charles VI., 81 — her military supremacy broken at Blenheim, 164 — why hostile to England throughout 18th century, 179 — rival of England for domination in India, 295

Freeman, Professor, on Hastings, 20, 21

Froissart as an authority, 75

Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, 210

Fulford, battle of, 15

Geography, how it influences the course of a war, 4

George II. at Oudenarde, 171 — at Dettingen, 181

Gérard, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 249

Glansdale, Sir W., at siege of Orleans, 97

Gloucester, siege of, 132 — E. of, at Lewes, 31 — — at Evesham, 36

Gneisenau, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 249

Golab Sing in Punjab, 310

Goring, royalist general at Marston Moor, 138

Gortschakoff, prince, in Crimea, 280, 287

Gough, Sir H., at Moodkee, 308 — at Ferozeshah, 309 — at Sobraon, 310 — at Ramnugur, 312 — at Chillianwalla, 313 — at Gujerat, 314

Graham, Gen., in Vittoria campaign, 231

Grouchy, marshal, detached to pursue Blucher, 247 — will not "march to the cannon," 249 — could he have saved Waterloo? 250 — retreats successfully into France, 251

Guienne, never French before Edward III., 55 — becomes French in feelings, 79

Gujerat, battle of, 314

Gunpowder came slowly into use, 115 — political effects of, 117 (_See_ Artillery and Musket.)

Gyrth, Harold's brother, killed at Hastings, 24

Halidon Hill, battle of, 118

Hamley, Sir E., on battle of the Alma, 273 — — Balaclava, 279 — — Inkerman, 284

Hanoverian troops at Fontenoy, 181 — at Minden, 185

Hardinge, Sir H., Gov.-Gen. of India, 307 — at Ferozeshah, 308

Harfleur, siege of, 82

Harold Hardrada invades England, 15 — killed at Stamford bridge, 16

Harold, king, election of, 12 — story of his oath, 13_n_ — his measures for defence, 14 — goes north to fight Northmen, 15 — at Stamford bridge, 16 — rapidity of his return, 18 — urged not to face the Normans in person, 19 — chooses position at Hastings, 21 — killed in battle, 26 — his burial, 26

Hastings, battle of, 20 _sqq._ — authorities for, 19, 20 — important consequences of, 27

Havelock, Sir H., relieves Lucknow, 316

Haye Sainte, La, on field of Waterloo, 255, 261

Henry III., un-English, 28 — defeated at Lewes, 32 — in Montfort's hands, 33 — at Evesham, 35

Henry V., his claim to the French crown, 80 — invades France, 81 — besieges Harfleur, 82 — marches for Calais, 83 — intercepted at Agincourt, 86 — his tactics, 90 — recognized as heir of France, 92 — his death, 92

Herat, siege of, 306

Herrings, battle of the, 94

_Herse_, formation of archers, 62

Highlanders at Flodden, 126 — in Jacobite rebellion, 183 (_See_ Regiments.)

Hill, Gen., in Peninsular war, 202, 208, 223, 227

Holkar, 301, 304

Homildon, battle of, 119

Hougomont, on field of Waterloo, 253, 256, 257

Housecarls, 11, 16, 23

Hull, held for Parliament, 132

Hyder Ali, 299

India, conquered largely with native soldiers, 289 — France and England rivals in, 295 — English power becomes supreme in, 304 — — in, shaken by Ferozeshah, 308 — — in, strengthened by mutiny, 321

Inferior races, 288

Information, danger of faulty, at Blenheim, 159 — — at Busaco, 209 — — in Waterloo campaign, 243, 247

Inglis, Col., at Lucknow, 316

Inkerman, battle of, 280

Ironsides, Cromwell's, 153

Jacobite rebellion of 1745, 182

James IV. of Scotland makes war on England unprovoked, 119 — mismanages invasion, 120 — accepts Surrey's challenge, 120 — killed at Flodden, 127

Jeanne d'Arc, her influence and character, 95 — relieves Orleans, 96 — her fate, 98

Jena, battle of, 2

John, K. of France, collects army to fight Black Prince, 68 — movements of, to Poitiers, 69 — wastes his chances of success, 73 — taken prisoner in the battle, 78

Joseph Buonaparte made king of Spain, 197 — at Talavera, 202 — cannot control French marshals, 215_n_ — abandons Madrid, 227 — returns, 227 — finally quits Madrid, 228 — at Vittoria, 231

Jourdan, marshal, at Talavera, 202 — at Vittoria, 231

Kenilworth captured by prince Edward, 34

"King's Cabinet Opened," after Naseby, 144

Knights. _See_ Men-at-arms

Lake, Gen., in Mahratta war, 303

Lambert, Gen., at Dunbar, 146

Lancaster, D. of, in Poitiers campaign, 68

Landen, battle of, 154

Laswaree, battle of, 304

Lawrence, Sir H., Resident in Punjab, 311 — at Lucknow, 316

Lawrence, Sir J., Resident in Punjab, 315 — sends troops to Delhi, 319

Leicester, taken by Charles I., 142 — E. of. _See_ Montfort

Leslie, D., at Marston Moor, 137 — in Dunbar campaign, 145

Leven, E. of, at Marston Moor, 138

Lewes, battle of, 31

Ligny, battle of, 245

Lille, siege of, 172

Line, the natural order of battle, 175 — development of column out of, 176 — superiority of line over column, 176 — depends on troops, 177 — habitually used by English, 178 — its advantage shown at Minden, 185 — — Talavera, 203 — — Busaco, 208 — — Albuera, 212 — — Waterloo, 262 — — Alma, 272 — — Inkerman, 284

Lines, fortified, why of little use, 165 — — in Netherlands 1705, 165 — — at Stollhofen, 169 — — at Torres Vedras, 200

Lisbon, English base in Peninsular war, 199 — panic at, 207

Littler, Sir J., in Sikh war, 308, 309

Locality of battles, how determined, 4

Loire river, Black Prince tried to cross, 69 — boundary of English power after Henry V., 93

Long-bow, development of, obscure, 51 — power and range of, 52 — exclusively English, 53 — compared to musket, 117 — mode of using 52 (_See also_ Archers.)

Louis XIV. provoked England to war, 154 — offers peace 1706, 169 — offers peace 1709, 173

Lucan, E. of, in Crimea, 278

Lucknow, relief of, 316

MacMunn, Lieut., in Burma, 291

Madras attacked by Dupleix, 295 — Clive sent from, to recover Bengal, 296

Madrid occupied by Napoleon, 198 — entered by Wellington, 227 — abandoned again, 227 — evacuated by French, 228

Mahrattas, rise of their power, 300 — make war on British, 301 — their power broken by Assye, 304

Maida, battle of, 205

Maitland, Gen., at Waterloo, 261

Malakoff tower at Sebastopol, 285

Malplaquet, battle of, 174

Manchester, E. of, in Civil War, 133, 141

Marengo, battle of, 3

Margaret of Anjou, soul of Lancastrian party, 101 — at Wakefield, 103 — lands at Weymouth, 112

Marlborough, D. of, real head of coalition against Louis XIV., 154 — his character, 155 — compared to Wellington, 155 — his plan of campaign for 1704, 156 — marches to the Danube, 157 — storms Schellenberg, 158 — ravages Bavaria, 158 — wins Blenheim, 163 — inactive in 1705, 166 — wins Ramillies, 168 — wins Oudenarde, 172 — covers siege of Lille, 172 — wins Malplaquet, 174

_Marmion_, quotations from, 124, 126

Marmont, marshal, supersedes Massena, 210 — retreats behind Douro, 223 — out-manœuvres Wellington, 224 — his false tactics at Salamanca, 225 — wounded, 226

Marsin, marshal, commands French army in Bavaria, 155 — joined by Tallard, 158 — his position at Blenheim, 159

Marston Moor, battle of, 137 — importance of results of, 139

Massena, marshal, given command in Spain, 205 — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, 207 — invades Portugal, 207 — at Busaco, 208 — before Torres Vedras, 209 — retreats, 210 — at Fuentes d'Onoro, 210

Maupertuis, on field of Poitiers, 70

Meer Jaffier at Plassy, 298

Meerut, mutiny began at, 317

Men-at-arms at Hastings, 25 — thenceforward deemed sole strength of armies, 27 — failed to break Scottish spears, 44 — Wallace set example of successfully resisting, 45 — at Bannockburn, 49 — at Crecy, English dismount for defence, 61 — at Crecy, French routed by archers, 64 — at Poitiers, French dismount for attack, 72 — madness of this method, 73 — at Agincourt, 90 — at battle of the Herrings, 94

Menschikoff, prince, commands in Crimea, 270 — his mistake at the Alma, 271 — moves out of Sebastopol, 273 — his faulty scheme for Inkerman, 280

Minden, battle of, 184

Mogul Empire, decaying, 296 — under Sindia's influence, 300 — falls under British control, 304 — restoration proclaimed in Mutiny, 317

Montagu, M. of, killed at Barnet, 112

Montcalm, Gen., at Quebec, 189 his arrangements for defence, 189 — mortally wounded, 193

Montfort, Simon, E. of Leicester, leader in Barons' war, 29 — his carriage, 30 — rules England, 33 — deserted by many of his party, 34 — marches for Kenilworth, 34 — intercepted at Evesham, 36 — his death, 38

Montrose, M. of, his campaigns in Scotland, 142, 144

Moodkee, battle of, 308

Mooltan, siege of, 311

Moore, Sir J., in Peninsular war, 198

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 103

Moselle, Marlborough's campaign on, 165

Musket, long a clumsy weapon, 116 — compared to long-bow, 117

Mutiny, Indian, general character of, 315 — Delhi head-quarters of, 318 — end of, 321

Napoleon invades Spain, 198 — withdraws troops for Russian war, 214 — defeated in Russia, 228 — overthrown, 234 — returns from Elba, 238 — his plan for Waterloo campaign, 241 — at Ligny, 245 — amount of his success so far, 246 — sends Grouchy after Prussians, 247 — follows Wellington to Waterloo, 247 — Grouchy's absence from Waterloo due to his orders, 146 — never expected Prussians to join Wellington, 251 — delays beginning battle, 257 — his attention diverted to Bulow, 260

Napoleon III., why willing to join in Crimean war, 268 — his views as to siege of Sebastopol overruled, 286

Naseby, battle of, 143

National coherence a great source of military strength, 55 — enmities not necessarily permanent, 2

Nesle, Henry V. crosses Somme at, 83

Nevil's Cross, battle of, 118

New Model army, 141

Newbury, first battle of, 133 — second battle of, 140

Newcastle, M. of, besieged in York, 134 — at Marston Moor, 137

Ney, marshal, at Busaco, 208 — at Quatre Bras, 243 — at Waterloo, 260

Nicholson, Gen., killed at Delhi, 320

Norfolk, D. of, at Towton, 108

Normandy, Wm. D. of. _See_ William I. — John, D. of, at Poitiers, 76 — Edward III. invades, 59 — Henry V. marches through, 83 — — conquers, 92

Norman conquest, effects of, 27

Northampton, battle of, 103

Northmen, at Stamford bridge, 15 — importance of their defeat, 16

Nottingham, Charles I. raises standard at, 131

Numbers engaged at Agincourt, 88 — Albuera, 211 — Alma, 270 — Barnet, 110 — Blenheim, 163 — Crecy, 61 — Flodden, 120 — Inkerman, 281, 283 — Marston Moor, 137 — Minden, 184 — Naseby, 143 — Plassy, 297 — Poitiers, 75 — Quebec, 192 — Salamanca, 226 — Talavera, 204 — Towton, 107_n_ — in Waterloo campaign, 240 — at Waterloo, 254

Oblique order, 312_n_

Oporto, passage of Douro at, 200

Orleans, "key of the south," 93 — siege of, 94 — D. of, at Poitiers, 77 — D. of, Regent, 180

Oudenarde, battle of, 172

Outram, Gen., relieves Lucknow, 316

Oxford, head-quarters of Charles I., 132 — siege of, 142 — E. of, at Poitiers, 77 — E. of, at Barnet, 111

Pakenham, Gen., at Salamanca, 225

Parkman's _History of Montcalm and Wolfe_, 193

Patay, battle of, 99

Peishwa, the, 301

Pelissier, marshal, at siege of Sebastopol, 286

Peninsular war, general character of, 200

Pennefather, Gen., at Inkerman, 281

Périgord, cardinal of, mediates at Poitiers, 74

Phalanx, Macedonian, 45

Philip VI. of France provokes Edward III. to war, 54 — cannot control nobles at Crecy, 63 — his death, 67

Picton, Gen., at storm of Badajos, 218 — killed at Waterloo, 259

Pikemen developed on continent, 6, 117 — essential support to musketeers, 116 — superseded by invention of bayonet, 116 — used by Wallace, 45

Pirch, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 242, 261

Planchenoit, on field of Waterloo, 260, 262

Plassy, battle of, 298

Plymouth held for Parliament, 132

Point Levi, opposite Quebec, 190

Poitiers, topography of battle-field, 71 — battle of, 76 _sqq._

Ponsonby, Gen., at Waterloo, 259

Porto Novo, battle of, 297

Portugal, relations of, to England, 199 — topography of, 206 — misconduct of government of, 209, 214

Portuguese troops organized by Wellington, 207 — at Busaco, 209 — at Albuera, 212

Positions of armies described, at Agincourt, 88 — Albuera, 211 — Alma, 271 — Bannockburn, 47 — Blenheim, 159 — Busaco, 208 — Crecy, 61 — Dunbar, 146 — Falkirk, 43 — Ferozeshah, 308 — Flodden, 125 — Hastings, 21 — Ligny, 244 — Minden, 184 — Plassy, 298 — Poitiers, 72 — Ramillies, 167 — Salamanca, 225 — Talavera, 201 — Vittoria, 232 — Waterloo, 253

Preston Pans, battle of, 183

Prussia, hostile to France since Jena, 2

Prussian army in Belgium, 239 — its numbers, 240 — its position on frontier, 240 (_See_ Blucher.)

Pyrenees, battles in, 234

Quatre Bras, battle of, 243

Quebec, siege of, 189 — importance of its capture, 193

Raglan, Ld., at the Alma, 272 — at Balaclava, 277 — death of, 286

Railway made in Crimea, 286

Ramillies, battle of, 168

Ramnugur, battle of, 312

Range of long-bow, 52 — of musket, 117

Redan in siege of Sebastopol, 286

Regiments of English army: — Coldstream Guards, 152 — under Marlborough, 152 — Guards at Talavera, 203 — — at Waterloo, 261 — cavalry, Union brigade at Waterloo, 259 — cavalry, 23rd light dragoons at Talavera, 203 — — heavy brigade at Balaclava, 277 — — light brigade at Balaclava, 278 — — 19th light dragoons at Assye, 302 — infantry, 12th, 20th, 23rd, 25th, 37th, 51st at Minden, 186 — — 48th at Talavera, 203 — — march of Craufurd's brigade, 204 — — 7th, 23rd at Albuera, 212 — — 43rd, 52nd at Ciudad Rodrigo, 217 — — position of all at Waterloo, 255 — — 52nd deals final blow, 262 — — 93rd at Balaclava, 276 — — 39th at Plassy, 298 — — 74th, 78th at Assye, 302 — — 32nd at Lucknow, 316

Reille, Gen., at Quatre Bras, 243 — at Waterloo, 258

Reserve at Lewes doubtful, 30 — at Crecy not wanted, 64 — at Poitiers, 76 — at Flodden, value of, 126

Richmond, duchess of, her ball at Brussels, 243

Rifle, invention of, 267 — effect at Inkerman, 282

River in rear of defeated troops at Lewes, 32 — Evesham, 38 — Towton, 108 — Tewkesbury, 113 — Blenheim, 163 — Sobraon, 310 — obstacle to counter attack at Dunbar, 149 — — Ramillies, 168

Robin Hood's feats an anachronism, 51

Romans, their conquest of Britain, 9 — defeat phalanx, 45

Romorantin taken by Black Prince, 69

Royalists, their advantages at outset of civil war, 129 — where predominant, 131

Runjeet Sing develops Sikh power, 305 — his death, 307

Rupert, prince, compared to Edward I. at Lewes, 33 — at Edgehill, 131 — relieves York, 134 — at Marston Moor, 137 — at Naseby, 143

Russia, Napoleon's invasion of, 228 — too far off to help in Waterloo campaign, 239 — picks quarrel with Turkey, 268 — exhausted by Crimean war, 287

Sackville, Ld. G., at Minden, 185

S. Albans, battle of, 103

S. Lawrence, river, 189

S. Sebastian, storming of, 234

Salamanca, battle of, 225

Salisbury, E. of, at Poitiers, 76 — E. of, killed at Orleans, 94 — E. of, killed at Wakefield, 103

Sambre, river, 242

Santarem, Massena retreats to, 209

Scarlett, Gen., at Balaclava, 276

Schellenberg, stormed by Marlborough, 158

Schiltrons, 44

Scotland, question of succession to, 40 — its previous relations to England, 40 — won its independence, 50 — permanently hostile to England, 118 — suffers repeated defeats, 118 — helps Parliament in civil war, 133 — takes up cause of Charles II., 145 — subjugated by Cromwell, 151

Sea, value of command of, in war, to Edward III., 59 — to Marlborough, 173 — at Quebec, 190 — in Peninsula, 199, 228 — in Crimea, 269, 288

Sebastopol, siege of, its unique character, 274, 287

Seine, river, Edward III.'s difficulty in crossing, 60

Self-denying Ordinance, 141

Sepoys, of all Indian races, 289 — their belief in English officers, 290 — English won India through, 295 — mutiny of, 315

Shakespeare on Agincourt, 85

Sherbrooke, Gen., at Talavera, 201

Siege, transition from mediæval to modern type of, 97 — of Sebastopol, last of the Vauban period, 274

Sikhs, rise of their power, 305 — virtual anarchy among, 307 — betrayed by own leaders in first war, 309 — provoke second war, 311 — become subjects of the East India Company, 315

Sindia, (1) ambitious schemes of, 300 — (2) provokes war with English in Assye campaign, 301 — (3) stands by English in Mutiny, 315

Smith, Sir H., at Aliwal, 310

Snorro Sturleson, his _saga_ of Stamford bridge, 16

Snow during battle of Towton, 108

Sobraon, battle of, 310

Somerset, D. of, at Towton, 104 — D. of, at Barnet, 111 — D. of, at Tewkesbury, 114

Souham, Gen., 227

Soult, marshal, driven from Oporto, 200 — forces Wellington to retire after Talavera, 205 — takes Badajos, 210 — at Albuera, 211 — evacuates Andalusia, 227 — in command after Vittoria, 234

Spain favourable to French claimant, 155, 173 — invaded by Napoleon, 197 — character of resistance in, 198 — government of, incompetent, 199 — geography of, 199 — French driven out of, 234

Squares, natural formation against cavalry in days of musket, 176 — at Waterloo, 260 — unnecessary with rifle, 276

Stakes as defence for archers first used by Henry V., 87

Stamford bridge, battle of, 16

Standard, Harold's, at Hastings, 23 — Montfort's, at Lewes, 30

Standing armies. _See_ Armies

Stanley, Sir E., at Flodden, 126

Steamers in Crimean war, 270

Steinkirk, battle of, 154

Stirling, importance of its position, 42 — siege by Bruce, 46

Stow-on-the-Wold, battle of, 144

Strategy, definition of, 4 — little understood in middle ages, 69 — of Surrey before Flodden, 124

Suffolk, E. of, at Orleans, 94

Supplies, when regularly furnished to armies, 152 — Marlborough careful about, 158 — to Wellington in Peninsula by sea, 199, 228 — Wellington anxious about, before Waterloo, 241

Surajah Dowlah takes Calcutta, 296 — defeated at Plassy, 299

Surrey, E. of, at Flodden, 120 _sqq._

Sybil's Well, 123

Tactics, bearing on history of changes in, 6 — novel, Wallace's, at Falkirk, 43 — — Edward III.'s at Crecy, 61 — of French at Poitiers disastrous, 73 — — repeated at Agincourt, 88

Tagus, river, 201, 206, 223

Talavera, battle of, 202

Tallard, marshal, enters Bavaria, 158 — faults of his position at Blenheim, 160 — taken prisoner, 163

Tej Sing at Ferozeshah, 309 — at Sobraon, 310

Tewkesbury, battle of, 4, 114

Thermopylæ, battle of, 6

Thielemann, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 149

Thomière, Gen., at Salamanca, 225

Todleben, Gen., at Sebastopol, 274, 285

Torres Vedras, lines of, 200, 209

Tostig, killed at Stamford bridge, 16

Toulouse, battle of, 234

Tournelles at Orleans, 93

Towton, battle of, 107

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 183 — Bassein, 301

Treaty of Bretigny, 78 — Troyes, 92 — Utrecht, 179

Troyes, treaty of, 92

Turenne, 164

Utrecht, treaty of, 179

Vauban, 164

Vendôme, marshal, at Oudenarde, 170

Verneuil, battle of, 93

Victor, marshal, at Talavera, 202

Villars, marshal, on the Moselle, 165 — at Malplaquet, 173

Villeroi, marshal, Marlborough forces his lines, 165 — at Ramillies, 167

Vimiero, battle of, 198

Vittoria, battle of, 232

Wakefield, battle of, 103

Walcheren expedition, 210_n_

Wallace, Sir W., at Cambuskenneth, 42 — at Falkirk, 43 — novelty of his tactics, 44

Waller, Sir W., in civil war, 133, 140

Walpole, his peace policy, 180

Waterloo, campaign of: — Napoleon's general plan for, 241 — allies must wait attack, 240 — co-operation of Wellington and Blucher in, 249 — success attained by Napoleon at outset of, 246

Waterloo, battle of: — topography, 253 — Wellington's position, 254 — tactical errors of French, 258, 260 — Prussian aid essential part of, 257 — completeness of victory, 262

Wars, general character of Barons', 33 — Scottish Independence, 46 — Hundred Years', 79, 99 — Roses, 102 — Civil, 128 — American Independence, 194 — Peninsular, 200

Warwick, E. of, at Poitiers, 76 — E. of, his great power, 103 — at Towton, 107 — quarrels with Edward IV., 109 — at Barnet, 111 — his death, 112

Washington, Gen., 194

Wavre, in Waterloo campaign, 247, 251

Webb, Gen., at Wynendael, 173_n_

Wellesley, M., Gov.-Gen. of India, 299

Wellington, D. of, in Assye campaign, 299 — his plans in Peninsula, 200 — invades Spain up Tagus, 201 — at Talavera, 202 — retreats into Portugal, 205 — makes lines of Torres Vedras, 207 — retreats before Massena, 207 — at Busaco, 208 — follows Massena to Almeida, 210 — on the defensive in 1811, 214 — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, 217 — takes Badajos, 220 — invades Spain by Douro, 223 — at Salamanca, 225 — enters Madrid, 227 — fails to take Burgos, 227 — in Vittoria campaign, 228 — commands in Belgium, 239 — his position behind the frontier, 240 — is slow to concentrate, 243 — at Quatre Bras, 244 — retreats on Waterloo, 247 — in concert with Blucher, 249 — his anxiety about Prussian aid, 252 — supposed night-ride to Wavre, 253 — leaves a large force at Hal, 252 — his position at Waterloo, 253 — omits to occupy La Haye Sainte properly, 255 — in no hurry to use his reserves, 261

Weymouth, Q. Margaret lands at, 112

Whish, Gen., at Mooltan, 311

Whitecoats at Marston Moor, 137

William I., his claim to English crown, 12 — allied with the Church, 14

William I., his preparations, 14 — lands at Pevensey, 17 — his tactics at Hastings, 25 — reigned well, 27

William III. brought England into continental wars, 153

Willoughby, Lt., at Delhi, 317

Wilson, Sir A., at Delhi, 319

Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, 186 — helped by command of sea, 190 — his death, 193

Worcester, first skirmish of civil war at, 131 — battle of, 150 — Bp. of, at Lewes, 29 — Bp. of, at Evesham, 37

Wynendael, battle of, 173

York, capture of, by Northmen, 15 — siege of, 134 — D. of, killed at Agincourt, 91 — D. of, claims crown against Henry VI., 102 — D. of, killed at Wakefield, 103

Ziethen, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, 242, 261

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London & Bungay.

A LIST OF NEW BOOKS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS OF METHUEN AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS: LONDON 36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

CONTENTS

PAGE FORTHCOMING BOOKS, 2 POETRY, 10 HISTORY, 12 BIOGRAPHY, 13 GENERAL LITERATURE, 15 THEOLOGY, 17 LEADERS OF RELIGION, 18 WORKS BY S. BARING GOULD, 19 FICTION, 21 BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, 28 THE PEACOCK LIBRARY, 29 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERIES, 29 SOCIAL QUESTIONS OF TO-DAY, 30 CLASSICAL TRANSLATIONS, 31 COMMERCIAL SERIES, 32

JANUARY 1895

January 1895.

MESSRS. METHUEN'S ANNOUNCEMENTS

Poetry

~Rudyard Kipling.~ BALLADS. By Rudyard Kipling. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

The announcement of a new volume of poetry from Mr. Kipling will excite wide interest. The exceptional success of 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' with which this volume will be uniform, justifies the hope that the new book too will obtain a wide popularity.

~W. E. Henley.~ ENGLISH LYRICS. Selected and Edited by W. E. Henley. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

Also 30 copies on hand-made paper. _Demy 8vo. £1, 1s._

Also 15 copies on Japanese paper. _Demy 8vo. £2, 2s._

Few announcements will be more welcome to lovers of English verse than the one that Mr. Henley is bringing together into one book the finest lyrics in our language. Robust and original the book will certainly be, and it will be produced with the same care that made 'Lyra Heroica' delightful to the hand and eye.

~"Q"~ THE GOLDEN POMP: A Procession of English Lyrics from Surrey to Shirley, arranged by A. T. Quiller Couch. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

Also 30 copies on hand-made paper. _Demy 8vo. £1, 1s._

Also 15 copies on Japanese paper. _Demy 8vo. £2, 2s._

Mr. Quiller Couch's taste and sympathy mark him out as a born anthologist, and out of the wealth of Elizabethan poetry he has made a book of great attraction.

~H. C. Beeching.~ LYRA SACRA: An Anthology of Sacred Verse. Edited by H. C. Beeching, M.A. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

This book will appeal to a wide public. Few languages are richer in serious verse than the English, and the Editor has had some difficulty in confining his material within his limits.

~W. B. Yeats.~ A BOOK OF IRISH VERSE. Edited by W. B. Yeats. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

An anthology of Irish poetry selected by an editor whose own verse has won a considerable reputation.

Fiction

Messrs. Methuen call attention to the fact that the following novels are issued for the first time in one volume instead of in the old two and three volume form.

~Gilbert Parker.~ THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD. By Gilbert Parker, Author of 'Pierre and his People,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A historical romance dealing with the stirring period in the history of Canada in which France and England were contending for its possession.

~Anthony Hope.~ A MAN OF MARK. By Anthony Hope, Author of 'The Prisoner of Zenda,' 'The God in the Car,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is a re-issue of Anthony Hope's first novel. It has been out of print for some years, and in view of the great popularity of the author, it has been reprinted. It is a story of political adventure in South America, and is rather in the style of 'The Prisoner of Zenda.'

~Mrs. Clifford.~ A FLASH OF SUMMER. By Mrs. W. K. Clifford, Author of 'Aunt Anne,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is the first long story which Mrs. Clifford has written since the remarkably successful 'Aunt Anne.'

~M. M. Dowie.~ GALLIA. By Mene Muriel Dowie. Author of 'A Girl in the Carpathians.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is a story of modern society by the author of 'A Girl in the Carpathians,' which was probably one of the most popular books of travel ever published.

~Mrs. Oliphant.~ SIR ROBERT'S FORTUNE. By Mrs. Oliphant. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

~Mrs. Pinsent.~ CHILDREN OF THIS WORLD. By Ellen F. Pinsent, Author of 'Jenny's Case.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A story of modern life and thought, being a study of two opposite types—the Christian and the Agnostic. Mrs. Pinsent's first book was very successful, and the leading critics spoke of it as a remarkable and powerful story, and as one which made them look forward with keen interest to the author's next book.

~W. E. Norris.~ THE DESPOTIC LADY AND OTHERS. By W. E. Norris, Author of 'The Rogue,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

~E. F. Benson.~ LADY MASSINGTON'S RESURRECTION, AND OTHER STORIES. By E. F. Benson, Author of 'Dodo.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

~Julian Corbett. A~ BUSINESS IN GREAT WATERS. By Julian Corbett, Author of 'For God and Gold,' 'Cophetua XIIIth.,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is a historical romance of the time of the French Revolution by a writer whose previous stories have been much praised for their 'romantic beauty and profound interest and nervous strength of style.' Many critics noticed their 'wholesome freshness' and 'vivid reproduction of the past.'

~Gilbert Parker.~ AN ADVENTURER OF THE NORTH. By Gilbert Parker, Author of 'Pierre and his People,' 'The Translation of a Savage,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This book consists of more tales of the Far North, and contains the last adventures of 'Pretty Pierre.' Mr. Parker's first volume of Canadian stories was published about two years ago, and was received with unanimous praise.

~Philipps-Woolley.~ THE QUEENSBERRY CUP. A Tale of Adventure. By Clive Philipps Woolley, Author of 'Snap,' Part Author of 'Big Game Shooting,' Illustrated. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is a story of amateur pugilism and chivalrous adventure, written by an author whose books on sport are well known.

~Miss Benson.~ SUBJECT TO VANITY. By Margaret Benson. With numerous Illustrations. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A volume of humorous and sympathetic sketches of animal life and home pets.

NEW EDITIONS

~Anthony Hope.~ THE GOD IN THE CAR. By Anthony Hope, Author of 'A Change of Air,' etc. _Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'This is, indeed, a very remarkable book, deserving of critical analysis impossible within our limits; brilliant, but not superficial; well considered, but not elaborated; constructed with the proverbial art that conceals, but yet allows itself to be enjoyed by readers to whom fine literary method is a keen pleasure; true without cynicism, subtle without affectation, humorous without strain, witty without offence, inevitably sad, with an unmorose simplicity.'—_World._

'Immeasurably better than anything Mr. Hope has done before. A novel eminently worth reading, full of brilliance, fire, and daring.'—_Manchester Guardian._

'Ruston is drawn with extraordinary skill, and Maggie Dennison with many subtle strokes. The minor characters are clear cut. In short the book is a brilliant one. "The God in the Car" is one of the most remarkable works in a year that has given us the handiwork of nearly all our best living novelists.'—_Standard._

~Baring Gould.~ KITTY ALONE. By S. Baring Gould, Author of 'Mehalah,' 'Cheap Jack Zita,' etc. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'If any one wants—and in days when so much fiction is morbid and depressing it is to the credit of human nature to believe that many persons must want—a book brisk, clever, keen, healthy, humorous, and interesting, he can scarcely do better than order "Kitty Alone."'—_National Observer._

~Norris.~ MATTHEW AUSTIN. By W. E. Norris, Author of 'Mdle. de Mersac,' etc. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'It would be a strangely unsympathetic and cynical person who could read the life-story of Matthew Austin, the singularly unselfish and gentle-natured country doctor, without affectionate sympathy.... "Matthew Austin" may safely be pronounced one of the most intellectually satisfactory and morally bracing novels of the current year.'—_Daily Telegraph._

~Mrs. Watson.~ THIS MAN'S DOMINION. By the Author of 'A High Little World.' _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'It is not a book to be read and forgotten on a railway journey, but it is rather a study of the perplexing problems of life, to which the reflecting mind will frequently return, even though the reader does not accept the solutions which the author suggests. In these days, when the output of merely amusing novels is so overpowering, this is no slight praise. There is an underlying depth in the story which reminds one, in a lesser degree, of the profundity of George Eliot, and "This Man's Dominion" is by no means a novel to be thrust aside as exhausted at one perusal.'—_Dundee Advertiser._

~Richard Pryce.~ WINIFRED MOUNT. By Richard Pryce. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

The 'Sussex Daily News' called this book '_a delightful story_,' and said that the writing was '_uniformly bright and graceful_.' The 'Daily Telegraph' said that the author was a '_deft and elegant story-teller_,' and that the book was '_an extremely clever story, utterly untainted by pessimism or vulgarity_.'

History

~Gibbon.~ THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By Edward Gibbon. A New Edition, edited with Notes and Appendices and Maps by J. B. Bury, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. _In Seven Volumes. Crown 8vo._

The time seems to have arrived for a new edition of Gibbon's great work—furnished with such notes and appendices as may bring it up to the standard of recent historical research. Edited by a scholar who has made this period his special study, and issued in a convenient form and at a moderate price, this edition should fill an obvious void.

~Horsburgh.~ THE CAMPAIGN OF WATERLOO. By E. L. S. Horsburgh, M.A. With Plans. _Crown 8vo. 5s._

This is a full account of the final struggle of Napoleon, and contains a careful study from a strategical point of view of the movements of the French and allied armies.

~George.~ BATTLES OF ENGLISH HISTORY. By H. B. George, M.A., Fellow of New College, Oxford. _With numerous Plans. Crown 8vo. 6s._

This book, by a well-known authority on military history, will be an important contribution to the literature of the subject. All the great battles of English history are fully described, and connecting chapters carefully treat of the changes wrought by new discoveries and developments.

~Oscar Browning.~ THE AGE OF THE CONDOTTIERI: A Short History of Italy from 1409 to 1530. By Oscar Browning, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. _Crown 8vo. 5s._

This book is a continuation of Mr. Browning's 'Guelphs and Ghibellines,' and the two works form a complete account of Italian history from 1250 to 1530.

Biography

~Southey.~ ENGLISH SEAMEN (Howard, Clifford, Hawkins, Drake, Cavendish). By Robert Southey. Edited, with an Introduction, by David Hannay. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This is a reprint of some excellent biographies of Elizabethan seamen, written by Southey and never republished. They are practically unknown, and they deserve, and will probably obtain, a wide popularity.

~Cutts.~ AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY. By E. L. Cutts, D.D. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

[_Leaders of Religion._

A biography of the first Archbishop of Canterbury, containing a fairly full account of the conversion of England.

~Hutton.~ WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY: A Biography. By W. H. Hutton, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Oxford. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

[_Leaders of Religion._

Mr. Hutton has made a special study of the life and times of Laud, and as the guardian of the Laudian relics and MSS. at Oxford, has been able to throw new light on various episodes in his career.

~Mrs. Oliphant.~ THOMAS CHALMERS. By Mrs. Oliphant. _With a Portrait. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

[_Leaders of Religion._

~Lock.~ JOHN KEBLE. By Walter Lock, Sub-Warden of Keble College. _With a Portrait. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

[_Leaders of Religion._

General Literature

~Flinders Petrie.~ EGYPTIAN DECORATIVE ART. By W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L. With 120 Illustrations. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A book which deals with a subject which has never yet been seriously treated.

~Flinders Petrie.~ EGYPTIAN TALES. Edited by W. M. Flinders Petrie. Illustrated by Tristram Ellis. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A selection of the ancient tales of Egypt, edited from original sources, and of great importance as illustrating the life and society of ancient Egypt.

~Ouida.~ ESSAYS by Ouida. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

This volume contains the following articles:—

Vulgarity. O Beati Insipientes! Cities of Italy. The Failure of Christianity. The Sins of Society. The Passing of Philomel. The Italy of To-day. The Blind Guides of Italy. L'Uomo Fatale. The New Woman. Death and Pity. Conscription. Shelley. Some Fallacies of Science. Female Suffrage. Gardens. The State as an Immoral Factor. The Penalties of a Well-Known Name.

~Oliphant.~ THE FRENCH RIVIERA. By Mrs. Oliphant and F. R. Oliphant. With Illustrations and Maps. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A volume dealing with the French Riviera from Toulon to Mentone. Without falling within the guide-book category, the book will supply some useful practical information, while occupying itself chiefly with descriptive and historical matter. A special feature will be the attention directed to those portions of the Riviera, which, though full of interest and easily accessible from many well-frequented spots, are generally left unvisited by English travellers, such as the Maures Mountains and the St. Tropez district, the country lying between Cannes, Grasse and the Var, and the magnificent valleys behind Nice. There will be several original illustrations.

~Shedlock.~ THE PIANOFORTE SONATA: Its Origin and Development. By J. S. Shedlock. _Crown 8vo. 5s._

This is a practical and not unduly technical account of the Sonata treated historically. It contains several novel features, and an account of various works little known to the English public.

~Dixon.~ A PRIMER OF TENNYSON. By W. M. Dixon, M. A., Professor of English Literature at Mason College. _Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d._

This book consists of (1) a succinct but complete biography of Lord Tennyson; (2) an account of the volumes published by him in chronological order, dealing with the more important poems separately; (3) a concise criticism of Tennyson in his various aspects as lyrist, dramatist, and representative poet of his day; (4) a bibliography. Such a complete book on such a subject, and at such a moderate price, should find a host of readers.

THE CHRISTIAN YEAR. By John Keble. With an Introduction and Notes by W Lock, M.A., Sub-Warden of Keble College, Author of 'The Life of John Keble.' Illustrated by R. Anning Bell. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A charming edition of a famous book, finely illustrated and printed in black and red, uniform with the 'Imitation of Christ.'

~Theobald.~ INSECT LIFE. By F. W. Theobald, M.A. _Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

[_Univ. Extension Series._

English Classics

Edited by W. E. Henley.

Messrs. Methuen propose to publish, under this title, a series of the masterpieces of the English tongue, which, while well within the reach of the average buyer, shall be at once an ornament to the shelf of him that owns, and a delight to the eye of him that reads.

The series, of which Mr. William Ernest Henley is the general editor, will confine itself to no single period or department of literature. Poetry, fiction, drama, biography, autobiography, letters, essays—in all these fields is the material of many goodly volumes.

The books, which are designed and printed by Messrs. Constable, will be issued in two editions—(1) A small edition, on the finest Japanese vellum, demy 8vo, 21_s._ a volume nett; (2) The popular edition on laid paper, crown 8vo, buckram, 3_s._ 6_d._ a volume.

The following are some notices which have appeared on 'TRISTRAM SHANDY,' the first volume of the series:—

'Very dainty volumes are these; the paper, type, and light green binding are all very agreeable to the eye. "Simplex munditiis" is the phrase that might be applied to them. So far as we know, Sterne's famous work has never appeared in a guise more attractive to the connoisseur than this.'—_Globe._

'The book is excellently printed by Messrs. Constable on good paper, and being divided into two volumes, is light and handy without lacking the dignity of a classic.'—_Manchester Guardian._

'This new edition of a great classic might make an honourable appearance in any library in the world. Printed by Constable on laid paper, bound in most artistic and restful-looking fig-green buckram, with a frontispiece portrait and an introduction by Mr. Charles Whibley, the book might well be issued at three times its present price.'—_Irish Independent._

'Cheap and comely; a very agreeable edition.'—_Saturday Review._

'A real acquisition to the library.'—_Birmingham Post._

THE COMEDIES OF WILLIAM CONGREVE. With an Introduction by G. S. Street, and a Portrait. _2 vols._

25 copies on Japanese paper.

THE LIVES OF DONNE, WOTTON, HOOKER, HERBERT, and SANDERSON. By Izaak Walton. With an Introduction by Vernon Blackburn, and a Portrait.

25 copies on Japanese paper.

THE ADVENTURES OF HADJI BABA OF ISPAHAN. By James Morier. With an Introduction by E. S. Browne, M.A.

25 copies on Japanese paper.

THE POEMS OF ROBERT BURNS. With an Introduction by W. E. Henley, and a Portrait. _2 vols._

30 copies on Japanese paper.

THE LIVES OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By Samuel Johnson, LL.D. With an Introduction by John Hepburn Millar, and a Portrait. _3 vols._

30 copies on Japanese paper.

Classical Translations

_NEW VOLUMES_

_Crown 8vo. Finely printed and bound in blue buckram._

SOPHOCLES—Electra and Ajax. Translated by E. D. A. Morshead, M.A., late Scholar of New College, Oxford; Assistant Master at Winchester. 2_s._ 6_d._

TACITUS—Agricola and Germania. Translated by R. B. Townshend, late Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. 2_s._ 6_d._

New and Recent Books

Poetry

~Rudyard Kipling.~ BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS; And Other Verses. By Rudyard Kipling. _Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

A Special Presentation Edition, bound in white buckram, with extra gilt ornament. _7s. 6d._

'Mr. Kipling's verse is strong, vivid, full of character.... Unmistakable genius rings in every line.'—_Times._

'The disreputable lingo of Cockayne is henceforth justified before the world; for a man of genius has taken it in hand, and has shown, beyond all cavilling, that in its way it also is a medium for literature. You are grateful, and you say to yourself, half in envy and half in admiration: "Here is a _book_; here, or one is a Dutchman, is one of the books of the year."'—_National Observer._

'"Barrack-Room Ballads" contains some of the best work that Mr. Kipling has ever done, which is saying a good deal. "Fuzzy-Wuzzy," "Gunga Din," and "Tommy," are, in our opinion, altogether superior to anything of the kind that English literature has hitherto produced.'—_Athenæum._

'These ballads are as wonderful in their descriptive power as they are vigorous in their dramatic force. There are few ballads in the English language more stirring than "The Ballad of East and West," worthy to stand by the Border ballads of Scott.'—_Spectator._

'The ballads teem with imagination, they palpitate with emotion. We read them with laughter and tears; the metres throb in our pulses, the cunningly ordered words tingle with life; and if this be not poetry, what is?'—_Pall Mall Gazette._

~Henley.~ LYRA HEROICA: An Anthology selected from the best English Verse of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries. By William Ernest Henley, Author of 'A Book of Verse,' 'Views and Reviews,' etc. _Crown 8vo. Stamped gilt buckram, gilt top, edges uncut. 6s._

'Mr. Henley has brought to the task of selection an instinct alike for poetry and for chivalry which seems to us quite wonderfully, and even unerringly, right.'—_Guardian._

~Jane Barlow.~ THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND MICE, translated by Jane Barlow, Author of 'Irish Idylls,' and pictured by F. D. Bedford. _Small 4to. 6s. net._

This is a new version of a famous old fable. Miss Barlow, whose brilliant volume of 'Irish Idylls' has gained her a wide reputation, has told the story in spirited flowing verse, and Mr. Bedford's numerous illustrations and ornaments are as spirited as the verse they picture.

~Tomson.~ A SUMMER NIGHT, AND OTHER POEMS. By Graham R. Tomson. With Frontispiece by A. Tomson. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

An edition on hand-made paper, limited to 50 copies. _10s. 6d. net._

'Mrs. Tomson holds perhaps the very highest rank among poetesses of English birth. This selection will help her reputation.'—_Black and White._

~Ibsen.~ BRAND. A Drama by Henrik Ibsen. Translated by William Wilson. _Crown 8vo. Second Edition. 3s. 6d._

'The greatest world-poem of the nineteenth century next to "Faust." "Brand" will have an astonishing interest for Englishmen. It is in the same set with "Agamemnon," with "Lear," with the literature that we now instinctively regard as high and holy.'—_Daily Chronicle._

~"Q."~ GREEN BAYS: Verses and Parodies. By "Q.," Author of 'Dead Man's Rock,' etc. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'The verses display a rare and versatile gift of parody, great command of metre, and a very pretty turn of humour.'—_Times._

~"A. G."~ VERSES TO ORDER. By "A. G." _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._

A small volume of verse by a writer whose initials are well known to Oxford men.

'A capital specimen of light academic poetry. These verses are very bright and engaging, easy and sufficiently witty.'—_St. James's Gazette._

~Hosken.~ VERSES BY THE WAY. By J. D. Hosken. _Crown 8vo. 5s._

A small edition on hand-made paper. _Price 12s. 6d. net._

A Volume of Lyrics and Sonnets by J. D. Hosken, the Postman Poet. Q, the Author of 'The Splendid Spur,' writes a critical and biographical introduction.

~Gale.~ CRICKET SONGS. By Norman Gale. _Crown 8vo. Linen. 2s. 6d._

Also a limited edition on hand-made paper. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._

'They are wrung out of the excitement of the moment, and palpitate with the spirit of the game.'—_Star._

'As healthy as they are spirited, and ought to have a great success.'—_Times._

'Simple, manly, and humorous. Every cricketer should buy the book.'—_Westminster Gazette._

'Cricket has never known such a singer.'—_Cricket._

~Langbridge.~ BALLADS OF THE BRAVE: Poems of Chivalry, Enterprise, Courage, and Constancy, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Edited, with Notes, by Rev. F. Langbridge. _Crown 8vo. Buckram 3s. 6d._ School Edition, _2s. 6d._

'A very happy conception happily carried out. These "Ballads of the Brave" are intended to suit the real tastes of boys, and will suit the taste of the great majority.'—_Spectator._

'The book is full of splendid things.'—_World._

English Classics

Edited by W. E. Henley.

Messrs. Methuen are publishing, under this title, a series of the masterpieces of the English tongue, which, while well within the reach of the average buyer, shall be at once an ornament to the shelf of him that owns, and a delight to the eye of him that reads.

The series, of which Mr. William Ernest Henley is the general editor, will confine itself to no single period or department of literature. Poetry, fiction, drama, biography, autobiography, letters, essays—in all these fields is the material of many goodly volumes.

The books, which are designed and printed by Messrs. Constable, are issued in two editions—(1) A small edition, on the finest Japanese vellum, demy 8vo, 21_s._ a volume nett; (2) the popular edition on laid paper, crown 8vo, 3_s._ _6d._ a volume.

THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY.

By Lawrence Sterne. With an Introduction by Charles Whibley, and a Portrait. _2 vols. 7s._

60 copies on Japanese paper. _42s._

'Very dainty volumes are these; the paper, type and light green binding are all very agreeable to the eye. "Simplex munditiis" is the phrase that might be applied to them. So far as we know, Sterne's famous work has never appeared in a guise more attractive to the connoisseur than this.'—_Globe._

'The book is excellently printed by Messrs. Constable on good paper, and being divided into two volumes, is light and handy without lacking the dignity of a classic.'—_Manchester Guardian._

'This new edition of a great classic might make an honourable appearance in any library in the world. Printed by Constable on laid paper, bound in most artistic and restful-looking fig-green buckram, with a frontispiece portrait and an introduction by Mr. Charles Whibley, the book might well be issued at three times its present price.'—_Irish Independent._

'Cheap and comely; a very agreeable edition.'—_Saturday Review._

'A real acquisition to the library.'—_Birmingham Post._

History

~Flinders Petrie.~ A HISTORY OF EGYPT, from the Earliest Times to the Hyksos. By W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., Professor of Egyptology at University College. _Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'An important contribution to scientific study.'—_Scotsman._

'A history written in the spirit of scientific precision so worthily represented by Dr. Petrie and his school cannot but promote sound and accurate study, and supply a vacant place in the English literature of Egyptology.'—_Times._

~Flinders Petrie.~ TELL EL AMARNA. By W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L. With chapters by Professor A. H. Sayce, D.D.; F. Ll. Griffith, F.S.A.; and F. C. J. Spurrell, F.G.S. With numerous coloured illustrations. _Royal 4to. 20s. net._

~Clark.~ THE COLLEGES OF OXFORD: Their History and their Traditions. By Members of the University. Edited by A. Clark, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Lincoln College, _8vo. 12s. 6d._

'Whether the reader approaches the book as a patriotic member of a college, as an antiquary, or as a student of the organic growth of college foundation, it will amply reward his attention.'—_Times._

'A delightful book, learned and lively.'—_Academy._

'A work which will certainly be appealed to for many years as the standard book on the Colleges of Oxford.'—_Athenæum._

~Perrens.~ THE HISTORY OF FLORENCE FROM THE TIME OF THE MEDICIS TO THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC. By F. T. Perrens. Translated by Hannah Lynch. _In Three Volumes. Vol. I. 8vo. 12s. 6d._

This is a translation from the French of the best history of Florence in existence. This volume covers a period of profound interest—political and literary—and is written with great vivacity.

'This is a standard book by an honest and intelligent historian, who has deserved well of his countrymen, and of all who are interested in Italian history.'—_Manchester Guardian._

~Browning.~ GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES: A Short History of Mediæval Italy, A.D. 1250-1409. By Oscar Browning, Fellow and Tutor of King's College, Cambridge. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 5s._

'A very able book.'—_Westminster Gazette._

'A vivid picture of mediæval Italy.'—_Standard._

~O'Grady.~ THE STORY OF IRELAND. By Standish O'Grady, Author of 'Finn and his Companions.' _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

'Novel and very fascinating history. Wonderfully alluring.'—_Cork Examiner._

'Most delightful, most stimulating. Its racy humour, its original imaginings, its perfectly unique history, make it one of the freshest, breeziest volumes.'—_Methodist Times._

'A survey at once graphic, acute, and quaintly written.'—_Times._

~Malden.~ ENGLISH RECORDS. A Companion to the History of England. By H. E. Malden, M.A. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A book which aims at concentrating information upon dates, genealogy, officials, constitutional documents, etc., which is usually found scattered in different volumes.

Biography

~Collingwood.~ JOHN RUSKIN: His Life and Work. By W. G. Collingwood, M.A., Editor of Mr. Ruskin's Poems. _2 vols. 8vo. 32s. Second Edition._

This important work is written by Mr. Collingwood, who has been for some years Mr. Ruskin's private secretary, and who has had unique advantages in obtaining materials for this book from Mr. Ruskin himself and from his friends. It contains a large amount of new matter, and of letters which have never been published, and is, in fact a full and authoritative biography of Mr. Ruskin. The book contains numerous portraits of Mr. Ruskin including a coloured one from a water-colour portrait by himself, and also 13 sketches, never before published, by Mr. Ruskin and Mr. Arthur Severn. A bibliography is added.

'No more magnificent volumes have been published for a long time....'—_Times._

'This most lovingly written and most profoundly interesting book.'—_Daily News._

'It is long since we have had a biography with such varied delights of substance and of form. Such a book is a pleasure for the day, and a joy for ever.'—_Daily Chronicle._

'Mr. Ruskin could not well have been more fortunate in his biographer.'—_Globe._

'A noble monument of a noble subject. One of the most beautiful books about one of the noblest lives of our century.'—_Glasgow Herald._

~Waldstein.~ JOHN RUSKIN: a Study. By Charles Waldstein, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. With a Photogravure Portrait after Professor Herkomer. _Post 8vo. 5s._

Also 25 copies on Japanese paper. _Demy 8vo. 21s._

'Ruskinites will no doubt arise and join battle with Mr. Waldstein, who, all the same has produced a remarkably fine piece of criticism, which is well worth reading for its own sake.'—_Glasgow Herald._

'A thoughtful, impartial, well-written criticism of Ruskin's teaching, intended to separate what the author regards as valuable and permanent from what is transient and erroneous in the great master's writing.'—_Daily Chronicle._

~Robbins.~ THE EARLY LIFE OF WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. By A. F. Robbins. _With Portraits. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'The earlier years of Mr. Gladstone's political life stand out all the more finely, and leave a more enduring impression, because of the absolute truthfulness and conscientiousness with which the record has been penned.'—_Glasgow Herald._

'Considerable labour and much skill of presentation have not been unworthily expended on this interesting work.'—_Times._

'By immense labour, guided by a competent knowledge of affairs, he has given us a book which will be of permanent value to the student of political history. It is exhaustively indexed, and accompanied by three portraits.'—_Yorkshire Post._

'Not only one of the most meritorious, but one of the most interesting, biographical works that have appeared on the subject of the ex-Premier.... It furnishes a picture from many points original and striking; it makes additions of value to the evidence on which we are entitled to estimate a great public character; and it gives the reader's judgment exactly that degree of guidance which is the function of a calm, restrained, and judicious historian.'—_Birmingham Daily Post._

'A carefully-planned narrative, into which is woven a great deal of information.... It is pretty safe to predict that this volume will not only be read but retained on library bookshelves as a useful book of reference.'—_Daily News._

~Clark Russell.~ THE LIFE OF ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. By W. Clark Russell, Author of 'The Wreck of the Grosvenor.' With Illustrations by F. Brangwyn. _Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'A really good book.'—_Saturday Review._

'A most excellent and wholesome book, which we should like to see in the hands of every boy in the country.'—_St. James's Gazette._

General Literature

~Gladstone.~ THE SPEECHES AND PUBLIC ADDRESSES OF THE RT. HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. With Notes and Introductions. Edited by A. W. Hutton, M.A. (Librarian of the Gladstone Library), and H. J. Cohen, M.A. With Portraits. _8vo. Vols. IX. and X. 12s. 6d. each._

~Henley and Whibley.~ A BOOK OF ENGLISH PROSE. Collected by W. E. Henley and Charles Whibley, _Cr. 8vo. 6s._

Also 40 copies on Dutch paper. _21s. net._

Also 15 copies on Japanese paper. _42s. net._

'A unique volume of extracts—an art gallery of early prose.'—_Birmingham Post._

'The book is delightfully got up, being printed by Messrs. Constable, who have evidently bestowed most loving care upon it.'—_Publishers' Circular._

'The anthology is one every lover of good writing and quaint English will enjoy.'—_Literary World._

'An admirable companion to Mr. Henley's "Lyra Heroica."'—_Saturday Review._

'Quite delightful. The choice made has been excellent, and the volume has been most admirably printed by Messrs. Constable. A greater treat for those not well acquainted with pre-Restoration prose could not be imagined.'—_Athenæum._

~Wells.~ OXFORD AND OXFORD LIFE. By Members of the University. Edited by J. Wells, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Wadham College. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

This work contains an account of life at Oxford—intellectual, social, and religious—a careful estimate of necessary expenses, a review of recent changes, a statement of the present position of the University, and chapters on Women's Education, aids to study, and University Extension.

'We congratulate Mr. Wells on the production of a readable and intelligent account of Oxford as it is at the present time, written by persons who are, with hardly an exception, possessed of a close acquaintance with the system and life of the University.—_Athenæum._

~Chalmers Mitchell.~ OUTLINES OF BIOLOGY. By P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., F.Z.S. _Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 6s._

A text-book designed to cover the new Schedule Issued by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons.

~Dixon.~ ENGLISH POETRY FROM BLAKE TO BROWNING. By W. M. Dixon, M.A. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A Popular Account of the poetry of the Century.

'Scholarly in conception, and full of sound and suggestive criticism.'—_Times._

'The book is remarkable for freshness of thought expressed in graceful language.'—_Manchester Examiner._

~Bowden.~ THE EXAMPLE OF BUDDHA: Being Quotations from Buddhist Literature for each Day in the Year. Compiled by E. M. Bowden. With Preface by Sir Edwin Arnold. _Third Edition, 16mo. 2s. 6d._

~Massee.~ A MONOGRAPH OF THE MYXOGASTRES. By George Massee. With 12 Coloured Plates. _Royal 8vo. 18s. net._

'A work much in advance of any book in the language treating of this group of organisms. It is indispensable to every student of the Myxogastres. The coloured plates deserve high praise for their accuracy and execution.'—_Nature._

~Bushill.~ PROFIT SHARING AND THE LABOUR QUESTION. By T. W. Bushill, a Profit Sharing Employer. With an Introduction by Sedley Taylor, Author of 'Profit Sharing between Capital and Labour.' _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

~Jenks.~ ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT. By E. Jenks, M.A., Professor of Law at University College, Liverpool. _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

'The work is admirably done. Everything the average man will wish to know respecting the history and bearing of the subject he is likely to learn from Professor Jenks. He is told something of the origin of every form of the government under which he lives and is rated, and may learn sufficient of the duties and powers of local bodies to enable him to take an intelligent interest in their work.'—_Western Morning News._

'Timely and admirable.'—_Scotsman._

'Mr. Jenks undertakes to give in a brief compass an accurate description of the public bodies and authorities by which we are surrounded, while just glancing here and there at their origin and historical continuity through the ages. A subject of much complexity is here judiciously summarised.'—_Daily News._

'We can cordially recommend the book as giving an excellent outline in general terms of English local government.'—_School Guardian._

~Malden.~ THE ENGLISH CITIZEN: His Rights and Duties, By H. E. Malden, M.A. _Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d._

A simple account of the privileges and duties of the English citizen.

~John Beever.~ PRACTICAL FLY-FISHING, Founded on Nature, by John Beever, late of the Thwaite House, Coniston. A New Edition, with a Memoir of the Author by W. G. Collingwood, M.A. Also additional Notes and a chapter on Char-Fishing, by A. and A. R. Severn. With a specially designed title-page. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A little book on Fly-Fishing by an old friend of Mr. Ruskin. It has been out of print for some time, and being still much in request, is now issued with a Memoir of the Author by W. G. Collingwood.

~Hutton.~ THE VACCINATION QUESTION. A Letter to the Right Hon. H. H. Asquith, M.P. By A. W. Hutton, M.A. Crown _8vo. 1s. 6d._

Theology

~Driver.~ SERMONS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE OLD TESTAMENT. By S. R. Driver, D.D., Canon of Christ Church, Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

'A welcome companion to the author's famous 'Introduction.' No man can read these discourses without feeling that Dr. Driver is fully alive to the deeper teaching of the Old Testament.'—_Guardian._

~Cheyne.~ FOUNDERS OF OLD TESTAMENT CRITICISM: Biographical, Descriptive, and Critical Studies. By T. K. Cheyne, D.D., Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Oxford. _Large crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

This important book is a historical sketch of O.T. Criticism in the form of biographical studies from the days of Eichhorn to those of Driver and Robertson Smith. It is the only book of its kind in English.

'The volume is one of great interest and value. It displays all the author's well-known ability and learning, and its opportune publication has laid all students of theology, and specially of Bible criticism, under weighty obligation.'—_Scotsman._

'A very learned and instructive work.'—_Times._

~Prior.~ CAMBRIDGE SERMONS. Edited by C. H. Prior, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Pembroke College. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A volume of sermons preached before the University of Cambridge by various preachers, including the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop Westcott.

'A representative collection. Bishop Westcott's is a noble sermon.'—_Guardian._

'Full of thoughtfulness and dignity.'—_Record._

~Beeching.~ SERMONS TO SCHOOLBOYS. By H. C. Beeching, M.A., Rector of Yattendon, Berks. With a Preface by Canon Scott Holland. _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

Seven sermons preached before the boys of Bradfield College.

~Layard.~ RELIGION IN BOYHOOD. Notes on the Religious Training of Boys. With a Preface by J. R. Illingworth. By E. B. Layard, M.A. _18mo. 1s._

~James.~ CURIOSITIES OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY PRIOR TO THE REFORMATION. By Croake James, Author of 'Curiosities of Law and Lawyers.' _Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

'This volume contains a great deal of quaint and curious matter, affording some "particulars of the interesting persons, episodes, and events from the Christian's point of view during the first fourteen centuries." Wherever we dip into his pages we find something worth dipping into.'—_John Bull._

~Kaufmann.~ CHARLES KINGSLEY. By M. Kaufmann, M.A. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 5s._

A biography of Kingsley, especially dealing with his achievements in social reform.

'The author has certainly gone about his work with conscientiousness and industry.'—_Sheffield Daily Telegraph._

Devotional Books.

_With Full-page Illustrations._

THE IMITATION OF CHRIST. By Thomas À Kempis. With an Introduction by Archdeacon Farrar. Illustrated by C. M. Gere, and printed in black and red. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'A new and beautiful edition of a book that will abide during the ages. The paging and type-work are perfect, and the effect is heightened by the large, fine-cut metal letter in vermilion which marks the beginning of each verse or paragraph of the volume.'—_Freeman's Journal._

'We must draw attention to the antique style, quaintness, and typographical excellence of the work, its red-letter 'initials' and black letter type, and old-fashioned paragraphic arrangement of pages. The antique paper, uncut edges, and illustrations are in accord with the other features of this unique little work.'—_Newsagent._

'Amongst all the innumerable English editions of the 'Imitation,' there can have been few which were prettier than this one, printed in strong and handsome type by Messrs. Constable, with all the glory of red initials, and the comfort of buckram binding.'—_Glasgow Herald._

THE CHRISTIAN YEAR. By John Keble. With an Introduction and Notes by W. Lock, M.A., Sub-Warden of Keble College, Author of 'The Life of John Keble.' Illustrated by R. Anning Bell. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

[_Easter._

Leaders of Religion

Edited by H. C. BEECHING, M.A. _With Portraits, crown 8vo._

A series of short biographies of the most prominent leaders of religious life and thought of all ages and countries.

2/6 & 3/6

The following are ready— ~2s. 6d.~

CARDINAL NEWMAN. By R. H. Hutton. _Second Edition._

'Few who read this book will fail to be struck by the wonderful insight it displays into the nature of the Cardinal's genius and the spirit of his life.'—Wilfrid Ward, in the _Tablet_.

'Full of knowledge, excellent in method, and intelligent in criticism. We regard it as wholly admirable.'—_Academy._

JOHN WESLEY. By J. H. Overton, M.A.

'It is well done: the story is clearly told, proportion is duly observed, and there is no lack either of discrimination or of sympathy.'—_Manchester Guardian._

BISHOP WILBERFORCE. By G. W. Daniel, M.A.

CARDINAL MANNING. By A. W. Hutton, M.A.

CHARLES SIMEON. By H. C. G. Moule, M.A.

3s. 6d.

JOHN KEBLE. By Walter Lock, M.A. _Seventh Edition._

THOMAS CHALMERS. By Mrs. Oliphant. _Second Edition._

LANCELOT ANDREWES, Bishop of Winchester. By R. L. Ottley, M.A.

'A very interesting and skilful monograph.'—_Times._

'Mr. Ottley has told the story of a great career with judgment and knowledge, and he has not forgotten to indicate either the forces which shaped it, or the force which it has in turn contributed to the shaping of the religious life of to-day.'—_Leeds Mercury._

AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY. By E. L. Cutts, D.D.

WILLIAM LAUD. By W. H. Hutton, M.A.

Other volumes will be announced in due course.

Works by S. Baring Gould

OLD COUNTRY LIFE. With Sixty-seven Illustrations by W. Parkinson, F. D. Bedford, and F. Masey. _Large Crown 8vo, cloth super extra, top edge gilt, 10s. 6d. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. 6s._

'"Old Country Life," as healthy wholesome reading, full of breezy life and movement, full of quaint stories vigorously told, will not be excelled by any book to be published throughout the year. Sound, hearty, and English to the core.'—_World._

HISTORIC ODDITIES AND STRANGE EVENTS. _Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'A collection of exciting and entertaining chapters. The whole volume is delightful reading.'—_Times._

FREAKS OF FANATICISM. _Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'Mr. Baring Gould has a keen eye for colour and effect, and the subjects he has chosen give ample scope to his descriptive and analytic faculties. A perfectly fascinating book.'—_Scottish Leader._

A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: English Folk Songs with their traditional melodies. Collected and arranged by S. Baring Gould and H. Fleetwood Sheppard. _Demy 4to. 6s._

SONGS OF THE WEST: Traditional Ballads and Songs of the West of England, with their Traditional Melodies. Collected by S. Baring Gould, M.A., and H. Fleetwood Sheppard, M.A. Arranged for Voice and Piano. In 4 Parts (containing 25 Songs each), _Parts I., II., III., 3s. each.