Chapter 21

1 their foundations opposite to the waters 2,3 in cement and brick I founded, 4 and of strong stone of _zamat-hati,_ 5 bulls and images, 6 the building of its interior 7 skilfully I constructed: 8,9,10 tall cedars for their porticos I arranged, 11 _ikki_ wood, cedar wood, 12 with coverings of copper, 13 on domes and arches: 14,15 work in bronze I overlaid substantially on its gates, 16,17 bulls of strong bronze and molten images 18 for their thresholds, strongly. 19 Those large gates 20 for the admiration of multitudes of men 21 with wreathed work I filled: 22 the abode of Imzu-Bel 23 the invincible castle of Babylon, 24 which no previous King had effected, 25 4,000 cubits complete, 26 the walls of Babylon 27 whose banner is invincible, 28 as a high fortress by the ford of the rising sun, 29 I carried round Babylon. 30 Its fosse I dug and its mass 31 with cement and brick 32,33 I reared up and a tall tower at its side 34 like a mountain I built. 35,36 The great gates whose walls I constructed 37 with _ikki_ and pine woods and coverings of copper 38 I overlaid them, 39 to keep off enemies from the front 40 of the wall of unconquered Babylon. 41,42 Great waters like the might of the sea 43 I brought near in abundance 44 and their passing by 45 was like the passing by of the great billows 46 of the Western ocean: 47,48 passages through them were none, 49,50 but heaps of earth I heaped up, 51 and embankments of brickwork 52 I caused to be constructed. 53,54 The fortresses I skilfully strengthened 55 and the city of Babylon 56 I fitted to be a treasure-city. 57 The handsome pile 58,59 the fort of Borsippa I made anew: 60,61 its fosse I dug out and in cement and brick 62 I reared up its mass 63 Nebuchadnezzar

_(Continued on Column VII._)

COLUMN VII

1 King of Babylon 2 whom Merodach, the Sun, the great Lord, 3 for the holy places of his city 4 Babylon hath called, am I: 5 and Bit-Saggatu and Bit-Zida 6 like the radiance of the Sun I restored: 7 the fanes of the great gods 8 I completely brightened. 9 At former dates from the days of old 10 to the days ...[1] 11 of Nabopolassar King of Babylon 12 the exalted father who begat me, 13 many a Prince who preceded me 14,15 whose names El had proclaimed for royalty 16 for the city, my city, the festivals of these gods 17 in the perfected places 18 a princely temple, a large temple did they make 19 and erected it as their dwelling-places. 20,21 Their spoils in the midst they accumulated, 22 they heaped up, and their treasures 23 for the festival Lilmuku 24 of the good Lord, Merodach god of gods 25 they transferred into the midst of Babylon; 26,27 when at length Merodach who made me for royalty 28 and the god Nero his mighty son, 29 committed his people to me 30 as precious lives. 31 Highly have I exalted their cities; 32 (but) above Babylon and Borsippa 33 I have not added a city 34 in the realm of Babylonia 35 as a city of my lofty foundation.

36 A great temple, a house of admiration for men, 37,38 a vast construction, a lofty pile, 39,40 a palace of My Royalty for the land of Babylon, 41 in the midst of the city of Babylon 42,43 from Imgur Bel to Libit-higal 44 the ford of the Sun-rise, 45 from the bank of the Euphrates 46 as far as Aibur-sabu 47 which Nabopolassar 48 King of Babylon the father who begat me 49,50 made in brick and raised up in its midst, 51 but whose foundation was damaged 52 by waters and floods 53,54 at Bit-Imli near Babylon, 55,56 and the gates of that palace were thrown down, 57,58 of this the structure with brickwork I repaired 59 with its foundation and boundary wall, 60 and a depth of waters I collected: 61,62 then opposite the waters I laid its foundation 63 and with cement and brick

_(Continued on Column VIII_.)

[Footnote 1: Lacuna.]

COLUMN VIII

1,2 I skilfully surrounded it; 3,4 tall cedars for its porticos I fitted; 5,6 _ikki_ and cedar woods with layers of copper, 7 on domes and arches 8,9 and with bronze work, I strongly overlaid its gates 10 with silver, gold, precious stones, 11,12 whatsoever they call them, in heaps; 13 I valiantly collected spoils; 14 as an adornment of the house were they arranged, 15 and were collected within it; 16,17 trophies, abundance, royal treasures, 18 I accumulated and gathered together. 19 As to the moving of My Royalty 20 to any other city, 21 there has not arisen a desire: 22 among any other people 23 no royal palace have I built: 24 the merchandise and treasures of my kingdom 25,26,27 I did not deposit within the provinces of Babylon: 28 a pile for my residence 29,30 to grace My Royalty was not found: 31 Therefore with reverence for Merodach my Lord, 32,33 the exterior and interior in Babylon 34 as his treasure city 35,36 and for the elevation of the abode of My Royalty 37 his shrine I neglected not: 38 its weak parts which were not completed, 39 its compartments that were not remembered, 40 as a securely compacted edifice 41,42 I dedicated and set up as a preparation for war 43,44 by Imgur Bel, the fortress of invincible Babylon, 45 400 cubits in its completeness, 46 a wall of Nimitti-Bel 47 an outwork of Babylon 48,49 for defence. Two lofty embankments, 50 in cement and brick, 51 a fortress like a mountain I made, 52 and in their sub-structure 53 I built a brickwork; 54 then on its summit a large edifice 55 for the residence of My Royalty 56,57 with cement and brick I skilfully built 58 and brought it down by the side of the temple: 59 and in the exact middle, on the second day 60 its foundation in a solid depth 61,62 I made good and its summit I carried round; 63 and on the 15th day its beauty

_(Continued on Column IX_.)

COLUMN IX

1 I skilfully completed 2 and exalted as an abode of Royalty. 3,4 Tall pines, the produce of lofty mountains, 5 thick _asuhu_ wood 6,7 and _surman_ wood in choice pillars 8 for its covered porticos I arranged. 9 _ikki_ and _musritkanna_ woods 10 cedar and _surman_ woods 11 brought forth, and in heaps, 12 with a surface of silver and gold 13 and with coverings of copper, 14,15 on domes and arches, and with works of metal 16 its gates I strongly overlaid 17 and completely with _zamat_-stone 18 I finished off its top. 19,20 A strong wall in cement and brick 21 like a mountain I carried round 22,23 a wall, a brick fortress, a great fortress 24 with long blocks of stone 25,26 gatherings from great lands I made 27,28 and like hills I upraised its head. 29,30 That house for admiration I caused to build 31 and for a banner to hosts of men: 32 with carved work I fitted it; 33 the strong power of reverence for 34 the presence of Royalty 35 environs its walls; 36,37 the least thing not upright enters it not, 38 that evil may not make head. 39 The walls of the fortress of Babylon 40,41 its defence in war I raised 42 and the circuit of the city of Babylon. 43,44 I have strengthened skilfully. 45 To Merodach my Lord 46 my hand I lifted: 47 O Merodach the Lord, Chief of the gods, 48,49 a surpassing Prince thou hast made me, 50 and empire over multitudes of men, 51,52 hast intrusted to me as precious lives; 53 thy power have I extended on high, 54,55 over Babylon thy city, before all mankind. 56 No city of the land have I exalted 57,58 as was exalted the reverence of thy deity: 59 I caused it to rest: and may thy power 60,61 bring its treasures abundantly to my land. 62 I, whether as King and embellisher, 63 am the rejoicer of thy heart 64 or whether as High Priest appointed, 65 embellishing all thy fortresses,

(_Continued on Column X_.)

COLUMN X

1,2 For thy glory, O exalted Merodach 3 a house have I made. 4 May its greatness advance! 5 May its fulness increase! 6,7 in its midst abundance may it acquire! 8 May its memorials be augmented! 9 May it receive within itself 10 the abundant tribute 11,12 of the Kings of nations and of all peoples![1] 13,14 From the West to the East by the rising sun 15 may I have no foemen! 16 May they not be multiplied 17,18 within, in the midst thereof, forever, 19 Over the dark races may he rule!

[Footnote 1: Compare Dan. i. 2, "He brought the vessels into the treasure-house of his god."]

ACCADIAN POEM ON THE SEVEN EVIL SPIRITS

TRANSLATED BY REV. A.H. SAYCE, M.A.

The following poem is one of the numerous bilingual texts, written in the original Accadian with an interlinear Assyrian translation, which have been brought from the library of Assur-bani-pal, at Kouyunjik. The seven evil spirits who are mentioned in it are elsewhere described as the seven storm-clouds or winds whose leader seems to have been the dragon Tiamat ("the deep") defeated by Bel-Merodach in the war of the gods. It was these seven storm-spirits who were supposed to attack the moon when it was eclipsed, as described in an Accadian poem translated by Mr. Fox Talbot in a previous volume of "Records of the Past." Here they are regarded as the allies of the incubus or nightmare. We may compare them with the Maruts or storm-gods of the Rig-Veda (see Max Müller, "Rig-Veda-Sanhita: the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans translated and explained," Vol. I). The author of the present poem seems to have been a native of the Babylonian city of Eridu, and his horizon was bounded by the mountains of Susiania, over whose summits the storms raged from time to time. A fragment of another poem relating to Eridu is appended, which seems to celebrate a temple similar to that recorded by Maimonides in which the Babylonian gods gathered round the image of the sun-god to lament the death of Tammuz.

A copy of the cuneiform text will be found in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 15. M. Fr. Lenormant has translated a portion of it in "_La Magie chez les Chaldéens"_ pp. 26, 27.

ACCADIAN POEM ON THE SEVEN EVIL SPIRITS

OBVERSE

1 (In) the earth their borders were taken, and that god[1] came not forth. 2 From the earth he came not forth, (and) their power was baneful. 3 The heaven like a vault they extended and that which had no exit they opened.[2] 4 Among the stars of heaven their watch they kept not, in watching (was) their office. 5 The mighty hero[3] to heaven they exalted, and his father he knew not.[4] 6 The Fire-god on high, the supreme, the first-born, the mighty, the divider of the supreme crown of Anu! 7 The Fire-god the light that exalts him with himself he exalts. 8 Baleful (are) those seven, destroyers. 9 For his ministers in his dwelling he chooses (them). 10 O Fire-god, those seven how were they born, how grew they up? 11 Those seven in the mountain of the sunset were born. 12 Those seven in the mountain of the sunrise grew up. 13 In the hollows of the earth have they their dwelling. 14 On the high-places of the earth are they proclaimed. 15 As for them in heaven and earth immense (is) their habitation. 16 Among the gods their couch they have not. 17 Their name in heaven (and) earth exists not. 18 Seven they are: in the mountain of the sunset do they rise. 19 Seven they are: in the mountain of the sunrise did they set. 20 Into the hollows of the earth do they penetrate.[5] 21 On the high places of the earth did they ascend. 22 As for them, goods they have not, in heaven and earth they are not known.[6] 23 Unto Merodach[7] draw near, and this word may he say unto thee.[8] 24 Of those baleful seven, as many as he sets before thee, their might may he give thee, 25 according to the command of his blessed mouth, (he who is) the supreme judge of Anu. 26 The Fire-god unto Merodach draws near, and this word he saith unto thee. 27 In the pavilion, the resting-place of might, this word he hears, and 28 to his father Hea[9] to his house he descends, and speaks: 29 O my father, the Fire-god unto the rising of the sun has penetrated, and these secret words has uttered. 30 Learning the story of those seven, their places grant thou to another. 31 Enlarge the ears, O son of Eridu.[10] 32 Hea his son Merodach answered: 33 My son, those seven dwell in earth; 34 those seven from the earth have issued.

[Footnote 1: That is, the god of fire.]

[Footnote 2: The Assyrian has, "Unto heaven that which was not seen they raised."]

[Footnote 3: The Assyrian adds; "the first-born supreme."]

[Footnote 4: In the Accadian text, "they knew not."]

[Footnote 5: In the Accadian, "cause the foot to dwell."]

[Footnote 6: In the Assyrian, "learned."]

[Footnote 7: In the Accadian text, Merodach, the mediator and protector of mankind, is called "protector of the covenant."]

[Footnote 8: That is, the fire-god.]

[Footnote 9: Hea, the god of the waters, was the father of Merodach, the sun-god.]

[Footnote 10: "Eridu," the "Rata" of Ptolemy, was near the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris, on the Arabian side of the river. It was one of the oldest cities of Chaldea.]

REVERSE

35 Those seven in the earth were born, 36 those seven in the earth grew up. 37 The forces of the deep for war[1] have drawn near. 38 Go, my son Merodach! 39 (for) the laurel, the baleful tree that breaks in pieces the incubi, 40 the name whereof Hea remembers in his heart. 41 In the mighty enclosure, the girdle of Eridu which is to be praised, 42 to roof and foundation may the fire ascend and to (work) evil may those seven never draw near. 43 Like a broad scimitar in a broad place bid (thine) hand rest; and 44 In circling fire by night and by day[2] on the (sick) man's head may it abide. 45 At night mingle the potion and at dawn in his hand let him raise (it). 46 In the night a precept[3] in a holy book,[4] in bed, on the sick man's head let them place.[5] 47 The hero (Merodach) unto his warriors sends: 48 Let the Fire-god seize on the incubus. 49 Those baleful seven may he remove and their bodies may he bind. 50 During the day the sickness (caused by) the incubus (let him) overcome. 51 May the Fire-god bring back the mighty powers to their foundations. 52 May Nin-ci-gal [6] the wife of (Hea) establish before her the _bile_ (of the man). 53 Burn up the sickness[7] ... 54 May Nin-akha-kuddu [8] seize upon his body and abide upon his head, 55 according to the word of Nin-akha-kuddu, 56 (in) the enclosure of Eridu. 57 (In) the mighty girdle of the deep and of Eridu may she remember his return (to health). 58 In (her) great watch may she keep (away) the incubus supreme among the gods (that is) upon his head, and in the night may she watch him. 59 (By) night and day to the prospering hands of the Sun-god may she intrust him.

_Conclusion_.

60 (In) Eridu a dark pine grew, in a holy place it was planted. 61 Its (crown) was white crystal which toward the deep spread. 62 The ... [9] of Hea (was) its pasturage in Eridu, a canal full (of waters). 63 Its seat (was) the (central) place of this earth.[10] 64 Its shrine (was) the couch of mother Zicum. [11] 65 The ...[12] of its holy house like a forest spread its shade; there (was) none who within entered not. 66 (It was the seat) of the mighty the mother, begetter of Anu.[13] 67 Within it (also was) Tammuz.[14]

(Of the two next and last lines only the last word, "the universe," remains.)

[Footnote 1: Literally, "warlike expedition."]

[Footnote 2: In the Accadian, "day (and) night."]

[Footnote 3: "Masal" (mashal), as in Hebrew, "a proverb."]

[Footnote 4: Literally, "tablet."]

[Footnote 5: It is evident that the poem was to be used as a charm in case of sickness. Compare the phylacteries of the Jews.]

[Transcriber's Note: The following footnote (6) is illegible in many places. Illegible areas are marked with a '*'.]

[Footnote 6: "Nin-ci-gal" ("the Lady of the Empty Country") was Queen of *s, and identified with Gula, or *, "chaos" ["bohu"] of Gen-*, *, "the Lady of the House of Death."]

[Footnote 7: In the Accadian, "the sick head (and) sick heart." Then follows a lacuna.]

[Footnote 8: Apparently another name of Nin-ci-gal.]

[Footnote 9: Lacuna.]

[Footnote 10: Compare the Greek idea of Delphi as the central [Greek: omphalos] or "navel" of the earth.]

[Footnote 1: Zicum, or Zigara, was the primeval goddess, "the mother of Anu and the gods."]

[Footnote 2: Lacuna.]

[Footnote 3: That is, of Zicum.]

[Footnote 4: Tammuz, called "Du-zi" ("the [only] son") in Accadian, was a form of the sun-god. His death through the darkness of winter caused Istar to descend into Hades in search of him.]

CHARM FOR AVERTING THE SEVEN EVIL SPIRITS

For the sake of completeness a charm for averting the attack of the seven evil spirits or storm-clouds may be added here, though the larger part of it has already been translated by Mr. Fox Talbot in "Records of the Past," Vol. Ill, p. 143. It forms part of the great collection of magical _formulæ_, and is lithographed in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 2, col. v, lines 30-60.

1 Seven (are) they, seven (are) they! 2 In the channel of the deep seven (are) they! 3 (In) the radiance of heaven seven (are) they! 4 In the channel of the deep in a palace grew they up. 5 Male they (are) not, female they (are) not.[1] 6 (In) the midst of the deep (are) their paths. 7 Wife they have not, son they have not. 8 Order (and) kindness know they not. 9 Prayer (and) supplication hear they not. 10 The _cavern_ in the mountain they enter. 11 Unto Hea (are) they hostile. 12 The throne-bearers of the gods (are) they. 13 Disturbing the _lily_ in the torrents are they set. 14 Baleful (are) they, baleful (are) they. 15 Seven (are) they, seven (are) they, seven twice again (are) they. 16 May the spirits of heaven remember, may the spirits of earth remember.

[Footnote 1: The Accadian text, "Female they are not, male they are not." This order is in accordance with the position held by the woman in Accad; in the Accadian Table of Laws, for instance, translated in "Records of the Past," vol. iii. p. 23, the denial of the father by the son is punished very leniently in comparison with the denial of the mother.]

CHALDEAN HYMNS TO THE SUN

TRANSLATED BY FRANÇOIS LENORMANT

The sun-god, called in the Accadian _Utu_ and _Parra_ (the latter is of less frequent occurrence), and in the Semitic Assyrian _Samas_, held a less important rank in the divine hierarchy of the Chaldaic-Babylonian pantheon, afterward adopted by the Assyrians, than the moon-god (in the Accadian _Aku, Enizuna_, and _Huru-kî;_ in the Assyrian _Sin_), who was even sometimes said to be his father. His principal and most common title was "Judge of Heaven and Earth," in the Accadian _dikud ana kîa_, in the Assyrian _dainu sa same u irtsiti_. The most important sanctuaries of the deity were at Larsam, in southern Chaldsea, and Sippara, in the north of Babylonia.

Some few fragments of liturgical or magical hymns addressed to Shamas have come down to us. These are five in number, and I give a translation of them here. They have all been studied previously by other Assyriologists, but I think the present interpretation of them is superior to any which has as yet been furnished.

The following are the chief bibliographical data concerning them:

I. The primitive Accadian text, accompanied by an interlinear Assyrian version published in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 20, No. 2. I put forth a first attempt at a translation in my "_Magie chez les Chaldéens"_ (p. 165), and since then M. Friedrich Delitzsch has given a much better explanation of it ("_G. Smith's Chaldäische Genesis,"_ p. 284). Of this hymn we possess only the first five lines.

II. The primitive Accadian text, with an interlinear Assyrian version, is published in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 19, No. 2. M. Delitzsch has given a German translation of it in "_G. Smith's Chaldäische Genesis_" p. 284, and a revised one in English has just appeared in Prof. Sayce's "Lectures upon Babylonian Literature," p. 43.

III. A similar sacred text, published in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 28, No. I, in which the indications as to the obverse and reverse of the tablet are incorrect and ought to be altered. The two fragments left to us, separated by a gap, the extent of which it is at present impossible to estimate, belong to an incantatory hymn destined to effect the cure of the king's disease. Interpretations have been attempted in my "Premières Civilisations" (Vol. II, p. 165 _et seq_.), and in the appendices added by M. Friedrich Delitzsch to his German translation of G. Smith's work, already cited.

IV. The primitive Accadian text with an interlinear Assyrian version, published in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pi. 17, col. I. This hymn, like the preceding one, is intended to be recited by the priest of magic in order to cure the invalid king. I gave a very imperfect translation of it in my "_Magie chez les Chaldéens_" (p. 166).

V. We possess only the Semitic Assyrian version of this text; it was published in the "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia," Vol. IV, pl. 17, col. 2. As yet, no one has produced a complete translation of this hymn; but a few passages have been quoted by M. Friedrich Delitzsch ("_G. Smith's Chaldäische Genesis_" p. 284) and myself ("_La Magie chez les Chaldéens_" p. 164, and pp. 179, 180, of the English edition, 1877).

I refer the reader to the various publications above mentioned for a convincing proof of the entirely revised character of the translations here submitted to him, and I think he will grant that I have made some progress in this branch of knowledge, since my first attempts many years ago.

CHALDEAN HYMNS TO THE SUN

FIRST HYMN

1 Magical incantation. 2 Sun, from the foundations of heaven thou art risen; 3 thou hast unfastened the bolts of the shining skies; 4 thou hast opened the door of heaven. 5 Sun, above the countries thou hast raised thy head. 6 Sun, thou hast covered the immensity of the heavens and the terrestrial countries.

(The fragments of the four following lines are too mutilated to furnish any connected sense; all the rest of the hymn is entirely wanting.)

SECOND HYMN [Footnote: See also Lenormant, "Chaldean Magic," p. 180.]

1 Lord, illuminator of the darkness, who piercest the face of darkness, 2 merciful god, who settest up those that are bowed down, who sustainest the weak, 3 toward the light the great gods direct their glances, 4 the archangels of the abyss,[1] every one of them, contemplate eagerly thy face. 5 The language of praise,[2] as one word, thou directest it. 6 The host of their heads seeks the light of the Sun in the South.[3] 7 Like a bridegroom thou restest joyful and gracious.[4] 8 In thy illumination thou dost reach afar to the boundaries of heaven.[5] 9 Thou art the banner of the vast earth. 10 O God! the men who dwell afar off contemplate thee and rejoice. 11 The great gods fix ...[6] 12 Nourisher of the luminous heavens, who favorest ...[7] 13 He who has not turned his hands (toward thee ...[7] 14 ....[7]

[Footnote 1: In the Assyrian version, "The archangels of the earth." ]

[Footnote 2: In the Assyrian version, "The eager language."]

[Footnote 3: The Assyrian version has simply, "of the sun." ]

[Footnote 4: "Like a wife thou submittest thyself, cheerful and kindly."-- Sayce.]

[Footnote 5: In the Assyrian version, "Thou art the illuminator of the limits of the distant heavens."]

[Footnote 6: Here occurs a word which I cannot yet make out.]

[Footnote 7: Lacunæ.]

THIRD HYMN