Chapter V.)

Extrait du registre des actes de décès des 3o & 4o cantons de la Ville de Nantes, département de la Loire-Inférieure.

L'an 1818, le 19 Février à 11 heures du matin, devant nous soussignés, adjoints et officiers de l'état civil, délégués de M. le Maire de Nantes, chevalier de Saint-Louis, ont comparu les sieurs Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau rentier, gendre du défunt ci-après demeurant à Couëron et François Guillet, épicier demeurant quai de la Fosse, majeurs, lesquels nous ont déclaré que ce jour à six heures du matin, Jean Audubon, ancien capitaine de navire, pensionnaire de l'Etat, né aux Sables d'Olonne département de la Vendée, époux de dame Anne Moinet, est décédé en la demeure de demoiselle Berthier, située chaussée de la Madeleine, No 24, 4o canton.

Les déclarants ont signé avec nous le présent acte, d'après lecture leur faite. Le dit défunt âgé de 74 ans.

Signé an registre: GABRIEL LOYEN DU PUIGAUDEAU, GILLET et JOSEPH DE LA TULLAYE, adjoint.

20. Letter of Lieutenant Jean Audubon to Francis Dacosta, his American agent and attorney, relating to the conduct of his son and to the lead mine at "Mill Grove" farm; transliterated from photographic copy of duplicate (Letter No 4) in Jean Audubon's letter-book. Nantes, March 10, 1805. (For translation, see Chapter VIII.)

NANTES _Le 19 ventose an 13, 10 mars 1805_

Mr DACOSTA a phyladelphie

p Duplicata.

Je viens de recevoir dans ce moment votre duplicata du 12. 9bre. & la votre du 5. Decembre, qui n'est pas aussi avantageuse, Sous plusiers rapports que votre précédente, mais enfin il faut espérer que l'item vous prouvera que votre dernier sillon ne sera point déserteur, et que les occides de fer qui se trouvent se dissiperont en fouillant plus avant, an moins c'est ce que je désire, vous faites bien de faire tous vos efforts pour avoir des associés & Si cela ne réussit pas, & que vous vouliez travailler pour notre compte Je trouverai toujours bon, tout ce que vous ferez, puisque vous avez ma confiance dans ce cas je crois que vous s... igé[?], de faire faire des reparations les plus urgentes Surtout à la maison principale, Devant vous y loger. Quand à Mr W. Thomas, vous ferez bien de vous le garder, pour toutes les raisons, que vous me dites & Je crois qu'il ne doit pas sopiniatrer à se retirer, qu'il ne sache, s'il à mérité, oui ou non, sa récompense.

Je suis Mr. on ne peut plus faché de ce que vous ayez à vous plaindre, de la conduite de mon fils, car le tout, bien considéré n'est occasionné, que par de mauvais conseils & un deffaut d'usage on a aiguillonné son amour propre, et peut être avait-il été assez jeune pour se vanter, dans la maison ou il va que cette plantation devait lui echoir, à lui seul; vous avez tous les moyens de detruire cette présomption, on n' ignore point a philadelphie, que vous avez autant de droits que moi & que vous ne faites rien que pour notre mutuel avantage.

Je lui ecris a ce sujet, car il ne men parle point, et je lui donne la cémonce que mérite son indiscrétion; vous lirez cette lettre et voudrez bien avoir la complaisance de la cacheter avant de lui remettre. Vous me dites que je puis m'en rapporter sur son compte an rapport que m'en fait Mr. Meyers fisher, dans sa longue lettre du mois de Septembre que Malheureusement je n'ai pas reçu, car Mr fisher, ne me parle point de lui, ni en bien, ni en mal. Quand à venir dans le pays, cela me parraît presqu'impossible, rappeller mon fils n'est pas plus aisé, les raisons qui me l'en fait l'envoyer existent toujours; il ne faut qu'un instant pour le faire changer du mal au bien, sa grande jeunesse et sa pétulance sont tous ses torts et si vous avez la Bonté de lui donner l'indispensable, il sentira bientot la Nécessité de se rapprocher de vous et pourra vous être d'une grande utilité, si vous exploitez par vous même.

Il faut donc Mon cher monsieur, que nous tachions de le ramener par la douceur à son Devoir. Si vous avez de l'indulgence pour lui ce sera moi qui vous en aurai toute l'aubligation; j'espere que la lettre cy-jointe operera chez lui un changement. C'est mon seul fils, mon heritier, & je suis vieux. Quand Mr Meiers fisher aura montré ma lettre au prétendu beaupere, il verra qu'il s'est trompé dans son calcul sur le prétendu Mariage de sa fille, car s'il avait lieu sans mon consentement tout secours de ma part cesserait des cet instant; et c'est ce que vous pouvez bien si vous voulez avoir cette bonté, dire an prétendu beau pere, ne voulant pas que mon fils se marie aussi jeune; vos lettres du 28 Octobre & 12 Novembre sont à la campagne. Je ne puis point répondre categoriquement sur leurs contents; Je les examinerai & vous dirai par ma prochaine ce que J'en pense. Votre famille que J'ai vu se porte bien. Nos dames vous rémercient de votre bon souvenir. Je suis &.

[JEAN AUDUBON.]

21. Letters of John James Audubon to Claude François Rozier, father, and to Ferdinand Rozier, son, immediately preceding and following his active partnership in business with the latter: 1807 and 1812. (For translations see Chapters XI and XV.)

[Letter No. 2, superscribed] Monsieur Fr. ROZIER, Negociant Nantes.

Loire inferieure.

NEW YORK _avril 24 1807_—

Mr. ROZIER Negociant Nantes

MON CHER MONSIEUR

Je profite d'une bonne occasion pour Bordeaux pour vous accuser reception d'un Duplicats des pouvoirs que nous vous demandai plusieurs mois passes. Vous saurez aussi que les vins consignes a M. L. Huron de Philadelphia sont arrives en cette ville et ont sauves les assurances; votre fils s'est transporte sur la place et par une de ses lettres m'apprend que les 60 caisses sont vendues il me dit que vous pouvez compter sur un profit net d'a peu pres 20 p. ct. s'il s'est trouve tres bons et le reste ne manquera de trouver acheteur: Mr. Le Ray est arrive et a apporte avec lui une petite Boite de dentelles pour M. Benjamin Bakewell d'icy elle doit arriver en peu de jours de Philadelphia. Mr. B. B. a paru satisfait de la vente de son Bois Futtie. il lui tarde seulement de voir les retours il est malheureux que le commerce de votre ville avec ce pays ne soye pas aussi regulierement suivi qu'a Bordeaux d'ou nous avons des Batiments tous les mois et par plusieurs. Comme notre ami Ferdinand vous ecriva de Philadelphia concernant Mr. Huron je ne m'ettendray pas sur son compte: dans plusieurs de vos Lettres que si nous nous decidions obtenir un magasin de detail que vous pourriez nous tenir constamment employe nos idees sur ce sujet sont parfaitement d'accord et ce serait avec bien du plaisir que nous commenserions sous auspices et les bons avis de Mr. Bakewell ici; les objects bien choisis bien achette et envoye avec soins sont toujours sur de rencontrer un bon marche: j'ose esperer que le Navire la Jeanne Capt Sammis sera arrive a votre port et que les Indigos charges par M. B. Bakewell pourront y etre venu en temp de vente de cette marchandise dont j'ai neanmoins quelque crainte vu le prix qu'ils lui avaient coute. Nous vous remercions sincerement pour le prix courant que vous nous avez envoye, dans une de mes dernieres ecrite par voye de Bordeaux je vous priais de demander a Mr. Fleury Emery une boite de graines de la Martinique et de se pays cy. nous esperons sous peu vous envoyer quelque marchandises et peut etre Mr. Bakewell profitera d'une occasion que nous allons avoir en peu de jour pour votre port. A peu plus trois semaines passees Je fus a Mill Grove et l'affermais pour un an ne pouvant faire mieux pour le present. Votre fils a Philadelphia a present va essayer de terminer les comptes de mon pere avec Mr. Dacotta [Dacosta] qui n'oublie pas aisement d'etre chicanneur... presentez Je vous prie mes respects et amities a votre bonne famille et epouse et croyez en moi comme votre devoue

et constant serviteur

J. J. AUDUBON

Ayez la complaisance de faire parvenie l'incluse a mon bon pere.

[Superscribed] Mrs F. ROZIERS Mercht St Genevieve

u. L.

SHIPPINGPORT, _10th. Augst. 1812_

MON CHER ROZIER:—

Come il est presque probable que l'occasion que je trouve est sur, je suis avec elle le plaisir de t'écrire quelque mots—

Je reçus en temps ta lettre envoyé a Phila a lequelle je repondis alors; depuis je n'ai entendu de tes nouvelles que par voies très indirectes, je serais bien content si tu peux donner quelques instants a tes amis que tu me compte aux nombre et m'écrire par temps; je partis avec ma femme et mon fils de Phila au mois passé, la plus grande parties de ce temps a été à descendre L'Ohio qui est actuellement très bas nous avons eu la Barge et L'Equipage du Gl Clark, avec la compagnie de Mr R. A. Maupin et de Mde Gait qui avaient rester plusieurs mois a New York & a Phila. Je vais probablement descendre a la N. Orléans cet autumn avec N. Berthoud, les merchandizes sont extremement rare et très chere, partout, mais plus encore les gros Lainages que l'on ne trouve du tout.

Je n'ai pas de doute que ton plomb ne se vende tres bien cet article ayant augmenté considerablement depuis la guerre.—dans les derniers jours que j'etais dans l'Est j'ai recu une lettre de mon père et une de ton frère toute ta famille se portait alors bien dit 4 mois passés, ton frère desire beaucoup entendre de toi, si la paix vient un jour non bien loin (ce qu'à Dieu plaise) j'espere entrer en liaison avec lui.

Je lui est écrit et l'engage a faire de même tes lettres pouront se rendre si envoyers a N. York et de la dans la Cartel. Ma femme se porte bien et mon fils sois de même et compte au nombre de tes amis est ce que dison celui qui t'estimera toujours.

Adieu

J. AUDUBON

APPENDIX II

AUDUBON'S EARLY DATED DRAWINGS MADE IN FRANCE AND AMERICA

Drawings now in the Collections of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes, of Philadelphia, and formerly belonging to Mr. Edward Harris, of Moorestown, New Jersey; of Mr. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Massachusetts; and of Harvard University. (See Chapter XII.)

In addition to the serial numbers, here given, the drawings usually bear French and English names, with various notes in French relating to weights and measurements, and rarely with sketches of detail.

Mr. Jeanes' collection contains the following:

No. 5. Long-tailed Mountain Tit, 22 January, 1805 13. Sedge Sparrow, near Nantes, 1805 22. Reed Sparrow, near Nantes, 1805 78. Hawk's Eye,—Spotted Plover,—France, 18 March, 1805 [?] 97. The Creeper, France, June 7, 1805 86. Shrike, near Nantes, July, 1805 93. Nuthatch, near Nantes, July 9, 1805 Terns, France, July 12, 1805 50. The Redstart, near Nantes, August, 1805 61. The Great Swallow (Le martin noir), near Nantes, 1805 65. The Wagtail, near Nantes, Dec. 22, 1805 69. The Green Finch, near Nantes, Dec., 1805 92. L'Ecorcheur à tête rouge, near Nantes, 1805 6. "Grosbec," near Nantes, 1806 [?] 94. Woodpecker, near Nantes, March 8, 1806 Fish Hawk, Perkioming Creek, 1806 209. Wood Thrush, Mill Grove, August 14, 1806 145. Long-tailed Duck, New York, Dec. 17, 1806 Golden Eye, New York, Dec. 28, 1806 153. American Widgeon, New York, Dec. 28, 1806 102. Robin (eggs dated May 8th), New York, Jany. 4, 1807 156. Shelldrake, New York, Jany. 28, 1807 143. Widgeon, New York, Feby. 23, 1807 146. Canvasback, New York, March 22, 1807 163. Shoveller, New York, April 3, 1807 163. Sprig-tail, New York, Feby. 22, 1807 Wood Duck, 1807 48. Orchard Oriole, Falls of the Ohio, June 5, 1808 214. Chimney Swallow, Falls of the Ohio, July 27, 1808 188. Kentucky Warbler, 20 miles from Philadelphia, (June?), 1809 109. Passenger Pigeon, Falls of the Ohio, Dec. 11, 1809 Hooded Merganser, Falls of the Ohio, March 7, 1810 41. Catbird, Red Banks, June, 1810 105. Red-wing Blackbird, June, 1810 81. The Frog-eater (Hawk), Red Banks, Nov. 29, 1810 186. Killdeer, 1811 200, 201. Pewit, and Great-crested Flycatcher, Henderson, May 22, 1811 207. Carolina Parrot, Henderson, June 9, 1811 49. Swamp Sparrow, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1812 6. Spotted Sandpiper, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1812 11. Whippoorwill, Pennsylvania, May 7, 1812 10. Nighthawk, May 8, 1812 58. Great American Shrike, Henderson, Nov. 30, 1812 76. Red-crowned black Woodpecker, Henderson, Oct. 15, 1814 66. Black-capped Nuthatch, Henderson, Feby. 16, 1815 Willet, Henderson, May 8, 1815 Snipe, Henderson, March 17, 1816 300. Yellow-billed Rail, Henderson, Oct. 9, 1816 Purple Gallinule, New Orleans, April 23, 1821 Chuck Wills Widow, Red River, June, 1821

The Harvard University collections contain the following:

No. 91. L'Ecorcheur, 42. The Sedge-bird, near Nantes, 1805 43. The Nightingale, near Nantes, July 6, 1805 57. Brown Thrush, near New York, May 10, 1807

Excellent examples of Audubon's early work in the collection of Mr. John E. Thayer are:

No. 96. Woodpecker: prior to 1803 (see note, vol. i, p. 178). 112. Water Thrush, Mill Grove, Pennsylvania, Aug. 2, 1806 144. 64. Malaga Shell Drake. Goosander, Mergus Merganser A. W. Chute de L'Ohio 17 December, 1809 175. Crested Titmouse, Redbanks, July 1, 1810 71. 44. The Spirit or Butterball-Bufflehead, Henderson, Mar. 19, 1815 154. Golden Crested Wren A. W., Sylvia Regulus, Shippingport, Kentucky; drawn by J. J. Audubon—Mistletoe on Black Walnut. Jany. 28, 1820 Hermit Thrush, opposite Fredericksburg, Ky., Oct. 16, 1820 315. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (on spray of dogwood).

Among the drawings of the Harris-Jeanes collection which may be earlier than 1805, though they bear no date, are "The Black Crow of Buffon, Corneille noire," also the head of a Jackdaw wholly in crayon and pastel: "No. 160, Le grand Duc, âgé vingt un an, Buffon,—the large horned owl, Eagle owl. J. J. L. Audubon," a crayon sketch on paper measuring eighteen by twenty-six inches, and water-marked "J. Kool"; also "No. 164. La corneille mantelle de Buffon, Royalton crow, Sea crane, hooded crow, crow—British,—J. J. L. Audubon," a crude sketch in pastels of the same size as the last.

The following legends appear on the drawing of the Canvasback Duck: "Cet Oiseau est nommé Canvas Back Canard very much esteemed par les Americans and very rare ici [c]elui est male et étais beau"; "New York le 22 Mars 1807—J. J. L. Audubon" "No. 146."

APPENDIX III

"THE BIRDS OF AMERICA"

1. Final Lists of Subscribers to "The Birds of America," folio edition, as published by Audubon in 1839. (See _Ornithological Biography_, vol. v, pp. 647-651.)

List of American Subscribers

1. Library of Congress of the United States, Washington City. 2. State Departments, Washington City. 3. Library of the General Court of Massachusetts. 4. Legislature of South Carolina, for the Columbia College. 5. Legislature of Louisiana. 6. Legislature of Maryland. 7. Legislature of New York. 8. Legislature of Michigan. 9. Boston Athenæum. 10. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 11. Providence Athenæum, Rhode Island. 12. Salem Athenæum, Salem, Massachusetts. 13. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 14. Academy of Natural Sciences, do. 15. Columbia College of New York. 16. Boston Natural History Society. 17. Charleston Library, South Carolina. 18. Charleston Natural History Society, South Carolina. 19. Charleston Citizens' Library, do 20. Richard Harlaw [Harlan], Esq., M.D., Philadelphia. 21. John P. Wetherell, Esq. Philadelphia. 22. Mrs. Ford, do. 23. Mrs. Douglas Cruger, New York. 24. Edward Prime Esq., banker, New York. 25. James G. King, Esq. do. do. 26. Cornelius C. Low, Esq. do. 27. P. J. Stuyvesant, Esq., M.D. do. 28. Robert Ray, Esq. do. 29. J. L. Joseph, Esq. do. 30. Richard N. Carman, Esq. do. 31. Mrs. Bailey, do. 32. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Esq., Albany, New York. 33. Hogden Haggerty, Esq. do. 34. W. L. Colman, Esq. do. 35. Samuel Swartout, Esq. do. 36. James Watson Webb, Esq. do. 37. Thomas H. Faile, Esq. do. 38. Lewis Rogers, Esq. do. 39. Jer. Van Rensselaer, Esq. M.D. do. 40. H. C. De Rham, junior, Esq. do. 41. Stephen A. Halsey, Esq. Long Island, do. 42. Edward Harris, Esq. Moorestown, New Jersey. 43. Thomas H. Perkins, Esq. Boston. 44. J. G. Cushing, Esq. do. 45. Samuel Appleton, Esq. do. 46. George C. Shattuck, Esq. M.D. Boston. 47. P. J. Jackson, Esq. do. 48. James Brown, Esq. do. 49. Frederick Tudor, Esq. do. 50. The Honourable Daniel Webster, do. 51. Augustus Thorndike, Esq. do. 52. L. Baldwin, Esq. Civil Engineer, do. 53. E. Greenwood, Esq. Museum, do. 54. George Pratt, Esq. do. 55. William Sturges, Esq. do. 56. Robert Gilmor, Esq. Baltimore. 57. John B. Morris, Esq. do. 58. —— Smith, Esq. Baltimore. 59. Thomas Edmonston, jun. Esq. do. 60. William Gaston, Esq. Savannah, Georgia. 61. James Potter, Esq. do. do. 62. Alexander Telfair, Esq. do. do. 63. Thomas Young, Esq. do. do. 64. John David Mongin, Esq. do. do. 65. Daniel Blake, Esq. do. do. 66. Thomas Butler King, Esq. St. Simon Island, Georgia. 67. Thomas Metcalf, Esq. Augusta, Georgia. 68. E. Geddings, Esq. M.D., Charleston, South Carolina. 69. William J. Rees, Esq. Stateburgh, do. 70. R. O. Anderson, Esq. Georgetown, do. 71. Miss Burley, Salem, Massachusetts. 72. Miss Elizabeth L. Pickman, Salem, Massachusetts. 73. William Oakes, Esq. Ipswich, do. 74. James Arnold, Esq. New Bedford, Rhode Island. 75. Garnet Duncan, Esq. Louisville, Kentucky. 76. John Croghan, Esq. M. D. do. do. 77. Henry Clay, jun. Esq. Ashland, do. 78. James Grimshaw, Esq. New Orleans. 79. Gustavus Schmidt, Esq. do. 80. J. J. Hughes, Esq. Manchester, Mississippi. 81. John Hunt, Esq. Mobile, Alabama. 82. Henry Hunt, Esq. Mobile, Alabama.

Europe

1. Her Most Excellent Majesty, Queen Adelaide, England. 2. (His Most Christian Majesty, Charles X). 3. His Majesty Philippe I. King of the French. 4. Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle d'Orleans. 5. Prince Massena, Paris. 6. His Grace the Duke of Rutland, London. 7. The Honourable W. C. Wentworth Fitzwilliam, London. 8. The Right Honourable the Countess of Ravensworth, Ravensworth Castle. 9. The University of Edinburgh. 10. The Society of Writers to her Majesty's Signet, Edinburgh. 11. Henry Witham, Esq. of Lartington, Durham. 12. John Rutter, Esq., M.D., Liverpool. 13. Doctor Bickersteth, Liverpool. 14. Armorer Donkin, Esq. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 15. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York. 16. John Clough, Esq., Oxton Hall, Yorkshire. 17. Jos. S. Crompton, jun., Esq., Eshott Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire. 18. Thomas Walker, Esq. Killinbeck, near Leeds. 19. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. 20. John Marshall, jun. Esq., Headlinglay, Leeds. 21. Samuel Greg [Gregg], Esq., Quarry Bank, near Manchester. 22. Edward Lloyd, Esq., Greenhill, near Manchester. 23. The Manchester Society for the promotion of Natural History. 24. The Reverend Peter Horden, M.A., for the Cheetham Library, Manchester. 25. G. W. Wood, Esq., Manchester. 26. Mrs. Rattsbone [Rathbone], Greenbank, Liverpool. 27. J. G. Children, Esq., British Museum, London. 28. The Right Honourable the Earl of Carnarvon, London. 29. S. P. Atkins, Esq., Walbrook, London. 30. The Right Honourable the Earl of Derby, P. Z. S. [President of the Zoological Society], &c. &c. &c. 31. The Right Honourable Earl Spencer, London. 32. John Heathcote, Esq., London. 33. Joseph John Gurney, Esq. Earlham Hall, Norfolk. 34. James Darbyshire, Esq., Manchester. 35. John Blackwell, Esq., Manchester. 36. A. J. Cresswell Baker, Esq., Prowin Park. 37. Reverend Edward Craig, Edinburgh. 38. The College of Glasgow, as Trustees of the Hunterian Museum. 39. John Buddle, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 40. The York Subscription Library, York. 41. Kirk Patrick, Esq., London. 42. T. B. L. L. Baker, Esq. Christ Church, Oxford. 43. Doctor Lodge, for the University Library, Cambridge. 44. George Thackeray, D.D., Provost of King's College, Cambridge. 45. The Cambridge Philosophical Society. 46. The Fitzwilliam Museum, by M. Davy, Vice Chancellor. 47. Dr. Kidd, for the Anatomical School, Christ Church, Oxford. 48. Doctor Williams, for the Radcliffe Library, Oxford. 49. James Pickering Ord, Esq., Hedge Hill, near Derby. 50. The Right Honourable Viscount Milton, London. 51. M. Feuillet, for the Library of the Royal Institute of France. 52. Vicounte [Viscount] Simeon, for the Ministry of the Interior, 6 copies. 53. M. Pitois, Paris. 54. Mrs. Warden, London. 55. Mr. Hearne, bookseller, London. 56. Henry Ellisan, Esq., Beverly, Yorkshire. 57. Benjamin Smith, Esq. M. P., London. 58. The Right Honourable the Earl of Bradford, London. 59. Thomas Frost, Esq., Gorton Hall, near Manchester. 60. John G. Reeves, Esq., Birmingham. 61. Birmingham Old Library, by Beilby, Knott, and Beilby. 62. Joseph C. Dyer, Esq., Manchester. 63. Thomas Walker, Esq., Ravensfield, near Doncaster. 64. George Lamb Fox, Esq., Yorkshire. 65. Haarlem Library, Holland. 66. Mrs. [Miss] Euphemia Gifford, Duffield Bank, Derby. 67. Charles Fox, Esq., Perrair, near Truro, England. 68. George Lane Fox, Esq., Yorkshire. 69. Sir John Tobin, Liverpool. 70. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, Dalkeith Palace, Scotland. 71. His Imperial and Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Tuscany, &c. &c. &c. 72. London Institution, by Mr. Bradley, Librarian. 73. Benjamin Phillips, Esq., F. R. S. L., &c. &c. &c., 17 Wimpole Street, London. 74. Henry G. Bohn, Esq., London. 75. Charles J. Warde, Esq. Welcomb, near Stratford-on-Avon. 76. The British Museum, London (in part). 77. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, &c. &c. &c. 78. Earl Hardwicke, &c. &c. &c. Wimpole, Arrington, Cambridge. 79. Sir Jacob Hastley, Bart, &c. &c. &c., Cavendish Square, London.

2. Prospectus of "The Birds of America," as issued in 1828, when ten Numbers of the original folio were engraved. (Compare _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i, pp. 1-16, as supplementary text, at the end.)

Under the Particular Patronage and Approbation of His Most Gracious Majesty

BIRDS OF AMERICA

from Drawings made During a Residence of Twenty-five Years in The United States and its Territories, by John James Audubon, Citizen of the United States.

Member of the Lyceum of New York; Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; of the Linnean Society of London; Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh; of the Zoölogical Society, London; Fellow of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries; Member of the Society for promoting the useful Arts of Scotland; of the Literary and Philosophical Societies of Cambridge, Liverpool, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne; of the Horticultural Society of Edinburgh; of the Natural History Society of Manchester; of the Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, &c., &c.

PROSPECTUS.

To those who have not seen any portion of the Author's splendid Collection of Original Drawings it may be proper to explain, that their superiority consists in every specimen being of the full size of life, portrayed with a degree of accuracy as to proportion and outline, the result of peculiar means discovered and employed by the Author, and lately exhibited to a meeting of the Wernerian Society. Besides, in every instance where a difference of plumage exists between the two sexes, both the Male and Female Birds have been represented. The Author has not contented himself with single profile views of the originals, but in very many instances he has grouped them, as it were, at their natural avocations, in all sorts of attitudes, either on branches of trees, or amidst plants and flowers: some are seen pursuing with avidity their prey through the air, or searching diligently their food amongst the fragrant foliage; whilst others of an aquatic nature swim, wade, or glide over their allotted element. The Insects, Reptiles, or Fishes, that form the food of the birds, have been introduced into the drawings; and the nests of the birds have been frequently represented. The Plants are all copied from Nature, and the Botanist, it is hoped, will look upon them with delight. The Eggs of most of the species will appear in the course of the publication.

The Particulars of the Plan of the Work will be found detailed below:—

1. The Engravings in every instance to be of the exact dimensions of the Drawings, which, without any exception, represent the Birds of their natural size.

2. The Plates will be Coloured, in the most careful manner, from the original Drawings.

3. The Size of the work will be Double Elephant, and printed on the finest Drawing Paper.

4. Five Plates will constitute a Number; one Plate from one of the largest Drawings, one from one of the second size, and three from the smaller Drawings.

5. There are 400 Drawings; and it is proposed that they shall comprise Three Volumes, each containing about 133 Plates, to which an Index will be given at the end of each, to be bound up with the Volume.

6. Five Numbers will come out annually.

7. The Price of each Number will be Two Guineas; payable on delivery.

TEN Numbers being now completed, will give an exact idea of the nature and style of the Work. All the other Numbers will at least equal these in interest and execution. It would be advisable for the Subscribers to procure a Portfolio, to keep the Numbers till a Volume is completed.

⁂Persons desirous of becoming Subscribers are requested to apply to Mr. Audubon, or Mr. Robert Havell, Jun. (Engraver), 79, Newman Street, Oxford Street, London.

Where Specimens of the Work may be seen: or, to any of the following Agents:—Messrs. Treuttel, Würz & Co., Soho Square, and Mr. S. Highly, Fleet Street, London; MM. Levrault and Pitois, Paris; Messrs. Robinsons, Liverpool; Mr. T. Sowler, Manchester; Mr. M. A. Barclay, York; Messrs. Hernaman and Robinson, Leeds; Mr. E. Charnley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and J. B. Kidd, Esq., Edinburgh.

NOTE BY THE AUTHOR. Audubon's first Prospectus was issued on March 17, 1827, when two Numbers of his large work were ready, and the last which I have seen bears the date of 1831, when one hundred plates had been published. The present citation is from a copy in possession of the Boston Public Library; it is printed on two sides of white paper, octavo, and bears the autograph of "Wm. Everett, Esq., Aug. 7, 1867."

3. Prospectus of the Second (partial) Edition of "The Birds of America," issued by John Woodhouse Audubon, through Messrs. Trübner & Company, London, 1859. (See Bibliography, Nos. 9 and 10.)

AUDUBON'S Celebrated Work

BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA

To be published in Numbers, by Subscription only, at one half the original price.

The undersigned proposes to publish, by Subscription, this well-known Work of his late Father, J. J. Audubon, F.R.SS.L.&E., etc., from the original Copperplates transferred to stone.

This Edition, in softness, finish, and correctness of coloring, will be superior to the first, and every Plate will be colored from the original Drawings, still in possession of the family.

It will contain all the Plates and Text of the original Work, embracing more than one thousand figures of Birds, all of the size of nature, represented in action amid the scenes or on the plants most common to their habits,—together with seven volumes royal octavo, of Ornithological Biography.

The Work will be issued in forty-five numbers viz., forty-four of Plates and one of Text, each number of Plates containing ten—printed on seven sheets double-elephant paper, of the best quality for the purpose, 27 by 40 inches, and will be delivered to Subscribers Monthly, at £2, 8s. per number; the last Number, comprising seven volumes of Text, to be delivered bound with the fifteenth number.

It is intended that each Number shall contain as follows: Viz. two large Plates, each occupying the whole sheet; two of a medium size, each occupying also the entire sheet; and six of the smaller size, two Plates on a sheet; thus presenting ten of the original Plates on seven sheets, giving a variety in each number. The text is properly and scientifically classified, and when the Work shall be completed the Plates can be placed and be bound corresponding with the order of the Text, in either three or four Volumes. The regular issue of the Numbers will commence so soon as the number of Subscribers will justify the undertaking.

As the Work will be published for Subscribers alone, few or none being printed beyond the number subscribed for, it is not possible that its pecuniary value can ever be much reduced; on the other hand, the probabilities are that it will rather be increased. Nor will there ever be a time when it can be published at a less price than the present; for in estimating the cost the mere expense of manufacturing has been taken into consideration, without reference to the original cost of the Copper-plates, which was nearly One hundred thousand Dollars; and a very small profit has been charged on the expense thus estimated.

The first Number is considered superior in many respects to the same Plates in the first Edition, and it is confidently hoped that subsequent Numbers will exhibit still greater superiority as the Artists gain experience. A full list of Subscribers will be published with the Work. The Numbers will not be sold separately, except the first, which will be sent, properly packed, as a Specimen, to any part of the country, free of expense, on the receipt of £2, 8s.

Orders or communications to Trübner & Co., Booksellers, 60, Paternoster Row, London.

New York, March 31, 1859.

J. W. AUDUBON.

* * * * *

Trübner & Co. also offer to the Trade and the Public the following Editions of Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds of North America:

Birds of North America—Library Edition, 7 vols., royal 8vo., with 500 finely colored Plates, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Price £25.

Quadrupeds of North America,—By J. J. Audubon and Rev. John Bachman. Original Edition, 3 vols. imperial folio, bound in half russia. One hundred and fifty superbly colored Plates. With descriptive letter-press, in 3 vols., royal 8vo. Price £63. The same work,—Library Edition, 3 vols. royal 8vo. with one hundred and fifty-five finely colored Plates. Price £9, 9s.

NOTE BY THE AUTHOR. For the citation of this rare document, from the only copy known to exist, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who writes: "I found this Prospectus bound in the first volume of _The Ibis_ (1859). This copy was previously in possession of the late Pierre Verreaux, of Paris, France, and is now in the John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois."

Ornithologists will be pleased to find that it immediately sets at rest numerous disputed questions concerning the plates and text of this sole, but ill-fated, attempt at the republication of the original folio of _The Birds of America_ in America. (See Bibliography, Nos. 9 and 10, and Chapter XXXVI, p. 296.)

Mr. Ruthven Deane has written me that an examination of the account books kept by the Audubons during the publication of the large and small editions of _The Birds of America_ showed partial payments on the Folio by 23 subscribers; the only name among those not listed in the _Ornithological Biography_ was that of J. R. Peters, who was credited with a payment of $412.00. Mr. Deane adds: "I have a list of the subscribers to the 1840, 8vo., edition, of 1,095 names, New York, Baltimore and Boston taking 501; also a list of subscribers to the _Quadrupeds of North America_, 3 volume, 8vo., edition, of 2,004 names, New York, Boston and Charleston, South Carolina, taking 1,102."

APPENDIX IV

AUTHENTIC LIKENESSES OF JEAN JACQUES FOUGÈRE AUDUBON

1. _1824._—Oil portrait by himself; painted at "Beech Grove," William Garrett Johnson's plantation, West Feliciana, Louisiana; presented by Audubon to Mrs. Johnson; inherited by her daughter and granddaughter, and now in possession of Dr. D. G. Murrell, Paducah, Kentucky. Size of original, 12 by 9 inches. Reproduced in _The Auk_, vol. iii, 1886 (see Bibliography, No. 184).

2. _1826_ (?).—Oil portrait by himself (?), 18 by 32 inches, West Feliciana; presented by Audubon to Col. Edward Durrive's father, later acquired by Mr. E. Curtis, and now in the possession of Mr. Thomas P. Thompson, New Orleans.

My information concerning this doubtful portrait has been derived entirely from Mr. Ruthven Deane, to whom its present owner recently wrote: "My Audubon, by himself, attracts much interest, and grows more real as time makes it familiar."

3. _1826._—Pencil sketch by himself; signed

"Audubon at Green Bank _Almost_, Happy!!— Sepr 1826."

Made at the home of Mr. William Rathbone, Sr., and presented to Mrs. Rathbone; now in possession of Mr. Richard R. Rathbone, Glen-y-Menai, Anglesey; for reproduction see _The Life and Adventures of John James Audubon_, edited by Robert Buchanan, and Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and His Journals_.

4. _1826_ (?).—Oil portrait by W. H. Holmes, 36 by 28 inches; painted for Audubon's friend, Walter Horton Bentley, Manchester, England, and in possession of the Bentley family ever since. Audubon is represented in a green coat, a crimson cloak with deep fur edging thrown over one shoulder, and with portfolio in hand.

For information concerning this fine but little known portrait, as well as for the photograph reproduced in Vol. I, p. 412, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane. In 1913, Mr. John Conway Bentley, a grandson of the former owner, formerly of Glasgow, but then living in Cheshire, England, attempted to dispose of the Holmes portrait in this country.

5. _1826._—Oil portrait by John Syme; painted at Edinburgh, November, 1826; supposed to have been engraved by W. H. Lizars, but no trace of painting or engraving has been found. See Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, pp. 157 and 165.

On November 27, 1826, Audubon wrote: "At twelve I went to _stand up_ for my picture, and sick enough I was of it by two; at the request of Mr. Lizars I wear my wolf-skin coat, and if the head is not a strong likeness, perhaps the coat may be." In writing to his son, Victor, in 1833 (see Chapter XXVII, p. 57), Audubon said: "I am glad to hear of Kidd & Co.'s publication of Parrots, but I regret that my face should have been there from Syme's picture, which in my estimation is none of the best."

6. _1828._—Oil portrait painted in London by an American artist named Parker, in August, 1828; Parker subsequently accompanied Audubon and Swainson to Paris, where he is said to have executed portraits of Cuvier and Redouté. On August 25, a few days before starting on this journey, Audubon wrote: "Mr. Parker has nearly finished my portrait, which he considers a good one, and _so do I_" (Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 303). No further mention of this painting has been found.

7. _1830-31._—Miniature painted on ivory by Frederick Cruikshank, probably in London, and before Audubon's return to America on August 2, 1831. This portrait has become well known through the excellent engraving of it by C. Turner, A.R.A., first published in London, "Jany. 12, 1835, for the Proprietor, by Robert Havell, Print-seller, 77, Oxford Street," with Audubon's characteristic autograph. Good copies of the original engraving have become very rare. (See Frontispiece, Vol. I.)

Miss Maria R. Audubon possesses a very faint water-color sketch of the original, which, as she has recently written me, "was destroyed by fire at Shelbyville, Kentucky, with many other rare and valuable belongings of my grandmother's, soon after her death [in 1874]."

8. _1833._—Portrait in oils by Henry Inman; half-length, natural size; in possession of Miss Harriet B. Audubon. "Mr. Inman has painted my Portrait in Oil, and _I say_ that it is a truer portrait of me than even the Miniature" (see Chapter XXVII, p. 39). Engraved by H. B. Hall for the second Octavo Edition of _The Birds of America_, published in 1856, and the same engraving has appeared in later editions of _The Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist_, edited by Lucy Audubon; for reproduction of a photograph of the original portrait, see Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 206; and for reproduction of the Hall engraving, Vol. II, p. 130, of the present work.

This portrait, like the Cruikshank miniature, has become well known through frequent reproduction; both represent the naturalist at the full meridian of his working powers, and are among the finest likenesses of him extant.

9. _1834._—"John J. Audubon"; portrait drawn and engraved on steel by J. Brown; published by Geo. Henderson, 2, Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, London, 1834. A poor drawing of Audubon, in hunting dress, published with a biographical sketch, in an English edition of Cuvier's _Le régne animal_ (see Bibliography, No. 56). This drawing served as the basis of a wood engraving, in which Audubon is represented as a much younger man, three-quarters length, gun in hand, with thumb on trigger, which appeared in _Gleason's Pictorial_ for 1852 (see Bibliography, No. 67.).

10. (Before) _1839_.—Life Mask, made in London by Robert Havell, Junior, and formerly in his possession; acquired from his daughters, Mrs. Amelia Jane Lockwood and Miss Marion Elington Havell, by Mr. John E. Thayer, and by him presented to Harvard University. For reproduction of the mask, for excellent photographs of which I am indebted to Dr. Samuel Henshaw, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard University, see Vol. II, p. 188.

The original was made from a dark colored plaster (?), and has a decidedly coarse texture. Mr. Harry P. Havell, who possesses a replica of the original in wax, writes that he obtained from the Misses Havell, his cousins, the information that this mask was made while Audubon was at their home in London; the matter was treated in a jocular way, as Audubon lay upon a sofa with straws in his nose, while submitting to the rather unpleasant ordeal of having a mold made of his countenance. Mr. Havell, to whom I am indebted for the substance of this note, also possesses the silver loving cup, which Audubon presented to Robert Havell upon the completion of the second volume of his illustrations in 1834 (see Chapter XXXII, p. 192). For notice of another mask by O'Neill, Edinburgh, 1827, see Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 205.

11. _1838._—Portrait in oils, three-quarters length, by George P. A. Healy; represents Audubon in hunting shirt, with flowing collar open at neck, knapsack at side and gun in hand (see Frontispiece, Vol. II); painted in London upon the initiative of the artist, still struggling for recognition.

This portrait, with a number of other paintings, was raffled at Boston, at a later day, when it was won by the artist, who then gave it to a former patron, Mr. Bradlee, by whom it was presented to the Boston Society of Natural History, and it now hangs in the library of that institution. The present reproduction is from a photograph received through the kindness of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who still owns the negative, which was reproduced in Mr. Healy's _Reminiscences_ (see Bibliography, No. 197).

12. _1840-45_ (?).—Cameo, by John C. King; original intaglio, in shell, a cast of which was given by the artist to Mr. Kennard, and is now in possession of Mr. Frederic H. Kennard, of Boston; cast first reproduced by C. Hart Merriam, in _The Auk_ for 1908 (see Bibliography, No. 226).

Mr. King was a Scotch artist and sculptor, who died at Boston, April 21, 1882.

13. _1841_ (?).—Portrait in oils, full length and size, by John Woodhouse Audubon; figure seated, with landscape background; gun resting on arm, and dog at side. For reproduction, see Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._ This or the following used as the basis of a painting by Alonzo Chappel (see No. 23).

14. _1841_ (?).—Half-length portrait in oils, natural size, by John Woodhouse and Victor Gifford Audubon. Original presented to the American Museum of Natural History by Mr. Fordham Morris in 1900; for reproduction, see Vol. II, p. 226.

15. _1841_ (?).—Full-length portrait, in oils, by John Woodhouse Audubon; original now in possession of the American Museum of Natural History; for reproduction, see Vol. II, p. 250.

16. _1842._—Pencil sketch by Isaac Sprague (1811-1895), an artist noted for his paintings of plants and birds. Sprague accompanied Audubon on his expedition to the Missouri River in 1843. According to Miss Maria R. Audubon, the original drawing is still in possession of the Sprague family, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. For reproduction, see Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._

17. _1843._—Half-length portrait in oils, by John Woodhouse Audubon, representing the naturalist as he appeared when returning from his expedition to the Missouri River in November, 1843, with flowing white hair and beard; he wears a green overcoat, with fur collar, and with both hands holds a favorite gun. The original, which was never quite finished, is now in possession of his granddaughters, at Salem, New York. For reproduction, see Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i., frontispiece.

18. _1844._—Cameo by John C. King, now known only from the photograph made from a cast of the original intaglio, which the artist presented to the father of Mr. O. A. Farwell, of Detroit, in 1871.

"My father and Mr. King were great friends, and on one occasion, when father dropped into Mr. King's studio, he found Mr. Audubon sitting for the cameo. Mr. King introduced the two gentlemen and asked them to start a conversation, which was continued during the sitting. The two men became so animated in their very interesting conversation that they forgot where they were, and thus the artist was enabled to catch the natural and striking expression of the great ornithologist." See "The King Cameos of Audubon," by C. Hart Merriam (Bibl. No. 226), who published the first account of this photograph, and of the previously mentioned Kennard cast, with reproductions, in 1908. No trace of the original cameos, which were cut in shell, has yet been found. The Farwell photograph has been reproduced as a medallion on the covers of the present work.

19. _1848-49_ (?).—A daguerreotype made by Brady, in New York, probably before 1850, since it was published in that year, and a considerable interval of time is clearly represented between this first camera likeness and the last which was ever made of the naturalist (see No. 20, and Vol. II, p. 280). This daguerreotype was first published as a steel engraving by D'Avignon, in Lester's _Gallery of Illustrious Americans_ (for which it was, in all probability, originally made), in New York, 1850 (see Bibliography, No. 62).

The same sun portrait was again engraved on steel (size 4¼ by 3¼ inches) by Nordheim, and published by Hermann J. Meyer, 164 William Street, New York. It also appeared as a wood engraving, brought out by M. P.-A. Cap, in _Le Muséum D'Histoire Naturelle_, p. 175, Paris, 1854: a better reproduction, by the same process, was given in _Scribner's Magazine_, vol. xiii, p. 275 (see "Audubon's Story of his Youth," by Maria R. Audubon, Bibl. No. 40), in 1893.

The original daguerreotype was finally discovered in the collections at the National Museum, at Washington, where it had been deposited by Mrs. Elizabeth Berthoud Grimshaw, a daughter of Mrs. Nicholas Berthoud, and niece of Mrs. Audubon; it was again published by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, and Miss M. R. Audubon, in 1894 (see "The Last Portrait of Audubon," Bibl. No. 196). According to the writers just cited, the daguerreotype was formerly in possession of Mrs. Gordon, a sister of Mrs. J. J. Audubon, who gave it to the present owner.

20. _1850_ (?).—A daguerreotype, representing Audubon as he appeared at the close of his career; original in possession of Miss Mary Eliza Audubon; for reproduction see _Audubon and his Journals_, vol. I, p. 74, and Vol. II, p. 280, of the present work. As to the probable date of this picture, see the preceding notice.

21. _1851._—Death mask; profile from original, since destroyed by fire, reproduced in _Scribner's Magazine_, vol. xiii, by Maria R. Audubon (Bibl. No. 40), March, 1893.

22. _1851._—Profile of head; pencil sketch, after death, made by John W. Audubon; reproduced by Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_, vol. ii, p. 526.

23. _1861._—Oil portrait by Alonzo Chappel, engraved on steel for Duyckinck's _National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans_ (see Bibliography, No. 74), and published by Messrs. Johnson, Fry & Company, New York, 1862.

The original of this portrait, which was evidently drawn, with slight changes, from the large painting of the same subject by John Woodhouse Audubon, executed about 1841 (see No. 13), is now in possession of Mr. Ruthven Deane, who has written me that it is done in black and white, like all of Chappel's work which was designed for the purposes of steel engraving, and measures 12 by 17 inches. Concerning this artist, Mr. Arthur Lumley wrote to Mr. Deane on April 26, 1905, as follows: "I knew Chappel in my boyhood days, when he ranked next to Felix O. C. Darley as an illustrator; at the same time he was a good portrait painter in oil. Chappel, in many ways, was a gifted man, and his historical pictures were fine in composition and color. He held a high rank, and had no occasion to seek orders, having all he could do, and at his own terms; most of his work was reproduced by steel-plate engravings": Chappel, he adds, who died about 1875, was "a quiet, genial gentleman who was ever ready to help and guide rising aspirants in the field of art."

24. _1907_ (unveiled).—Bust by William Couper; unveiled at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, December 29, 1906. Reproduced through courtesy of the Museum, at p. 160 of Vol. II of the present work.

25. _1910_ (unveiled).—Statue, by Edward Virginius Valentine; unveiled in Audubon Park, New Orleans, November 26, 1910; reproduced at p. 14 of Vol. I of the present work.

APPENDIX V

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Besides the published writings of Audubon, I have included in this Bibliography such references to his life and times as occur in the text or which possess some degree of merit; all other important literary and historical authorities are cited in footnotes to the text. The titles appear in a single numerical series, but the arrangement under each head is strictly chronological. All references to this list in the text are indicated usually by title, with the name of the author, and always by Arabic numerals, in correspondence with the series which follows. If some chaff has been admitted to this garner, no corn, I hope, has been thrown into the fire.

a. Principal Works

1. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of America_, from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh and of the Linnæan & Zoölogical Societies of London, Member of the Natural History Society of Paris, of the Lyceum of New York, &c. &c. &c. 4 vols. colored plates, double elephant folio. Published by the Author. London, 1827-1838.

Issued without text, titles excepted, to subscribers, in 87 Numbers of 5 plates each, or 435 copper-plate engravings, colored by hand, and representing 1,065 life-size figures of 489 supposedly distinct species of birds. Titles the same, except that in volumes II-IV, after "New York," in list of societies following author's name, is added, "of the Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." Begun at Edinburgh in autumn of 1826, and completed in London, June 20, 1838.

A more detailed citation is:

Vol. I. Parts 1-22, pll. i- cx, 1827-30. Vol. II. Parts 23-44, pll. cxi- ccxx, 1831-34. Vol. III. Parts 45-66, pll. ccxxi- cccxxx, 1834-35. Vol. IV. Parts 67-87, pll. cccxxxi-ccccxxxv, 1835-38.

More exact data on publication of individual plates are:

1827 pll. 1- 25 1828 pll. 26- 50 1829 pll. 51- 75 1830 pll. 76-100 1831 pll. 101(?)-125 1832 pll. 126-155(?) 1833 pll. 156-185 1834 pll. 186-235 1835 pll. 236-285 1836 pll. 286-350 1837 pll. 351-400 1838 pll. 400[401]-435

The first ten plates were executed by William Home Lizars, Edinburgh, 1826-7, but were later retouched or reëngraved (?) by Robert Havell, Junior, who produced all the rest in London; printed on Whatman's drawing paper, size (untrimmed), 39½ x 29½ inches, and colored after the originals. A considerable number of the plain plates were dispersed, and at least one complete set exists in this state (see Note, Chapter XXVI, Vol. II, p. 7, and also Chapter XXXII, Vol. II, p. 190); scientific and common names, with legends of author and engraver, and eventually the date of publication, were given on each plate. Issued to subscribers at two guineas a Part, and sold in Europe at £182, 14s; in America, at $1,000. The Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) now brings upwards of $140, and perfect sets upwards of $4,000, according to binding and state. Total number of original sets probably did not exceed 190 or 200.

2. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. [with list of societies]:

_Ornithological Biography_, or an account of the habits of the Birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled _The Birds of America_, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. 5 vols. roy. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1831-1839.

Vol. I (original ed.). Preface dated "March 1831." Pp. i-xxiv, 1-512, and 1-16, including "Prospectus," "Contents" to Vol. I, and names of subscribers to _The Birds of America_. Text to accompany plates i-c of the large folio. Adam Black, 55 North Bridge (with names of agents; Neill & Co. Printers, Old Fishmarket), Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXI.

Vol. I (American reprint). Pagination the same. Judah Dobson, Agent, 108 Chestnut St., and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, 121 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, MDCCCXXXI. Copyright by R. Harlan, M.D., 1831. Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co., Printers to the American Philosophical Society, No. 4 Minor St.

Vol. I (American reprint). The same, but bearing the imprint of E. L. Carey and A. Hart, Chestnut St., Philadelphia, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. II (original ed.). Preface dated "1st December 1834." Pp. i-xxxii, 1-588. Text of plates ci-cc. Adam and Charles Black. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIV.

Vol. II (American reprint). The same, but with imprint of Hilliard, Gray, and Company. Boston, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. III (original and only ed., as are IV and V). Preface dated "1st December 1835." Pp. i-xvi, 1-638, with 9 woodcuts. Text to plates cci-ccc. Same imprint as Vol. II. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. IV. Preface dated "1st November 1838." Pp. i-xxviii, 1-618. Text to plates ccci-ccclxxxvii. Imprint, the same. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXVIII.

Vol. V. Preface dated "1st May 1839." Pp. i-xl, 1-664, with 98 woodcuts. Text to plates ccclxxxviii-ccccxxxv. Same imprint. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIX.

According to Stone, 5 species recognized in the folio are suppressed in the "Biography"; 26 new names are given, and 502 species are recognized, but as 11 were more or less hypothetical, 491 remain in supposedly good standing.

3. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. Member of various scientific associations in Europe and America:

_A Synopsis of the Birds of North America._ Pp. i-xi, 1-359. 8vo. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh; Longman, Rees, Brown, Green and Longman, London. MDCCCXXXIX.

A methodical index to the birds of America, with special reference to the large folio plates and _Ornithological Biography_; 45 families and 139 genera are defined; 5 new names are added, making the total number of recognized species 491.

4. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. (&c., &c.):

_The Birds of America_ from Drawings made in the United States and its Territories. 7 vols. of text and plates, roy. 8vo. Published by the Author and J. B. Chevalier. New York and Philadelphia, 1840-1844.

The "_Birds_ in Miniature," or first octavo edition of text and plates combined; issued to subscribers in 100 Parts, each with 5 lithographic colored plates, at $1.00 a Part.

Vol. I. Parts 1-14; pll. 1-70; pp. i-viii, 9-256. 1840. Vol. II. Parts 15-28; pll. 71-140; pp. i-viii, 9-206. 1841. Vol. III. Parts 29-42; pll. 141-210; pp. i-viii, 9-236. 1841. Vol. IV. Parts 43-56; pll. 211-280; pp. i-viii, 9-324. 1842. Vol. V. Parts 57-70; pll. 281-350; pp. i-viii, 9-348. 1842. Vol. VI. Parts 71-84; pll. 251[351]-420; pp. i-viii, 9-460. 1843. Vol. VII. Pts. 85-100; pll. 421-500; pp. i-x, 9[11]-374. 1844.

In this "miniature" edition, the "delineations of American scenery and manners" are omitted, the text revised, and the nomenclature made to conform with the _Synopsis_; the plates of the large folio were broken up, and their accessories reduced, so that but one species appears on each; 7 species, described in the _Biography_ and _Synopsis_ are figured for the first time in an Appendix, in which also appear 17 species that had been neither figured nor described before, thus bringing the total number of birds represented on the octavo plates to 500; four of the largest birds receive two plates each, thus leaving the number of distinct species figured at 496, while the 12 species herein described brings the total number of species recognized by Audubon in 1844 to 508. The plates of this edition are rearranged and renumbered to conform with the new arrangement of the text, which was considerably improved. The series begins with the California Vulture, and ends with Baird's Bunting.

Vols. I-V were published by J. J. Audubon, New York, and simultaneously issued by J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia; Vols. VI-VII, published by J. J. Audubon, 77 Williams St., New York, and 34 North First St., Philadelphia.

The Numbers or Parts were issued in blue paper covers, or drab when without plates (7 x 11 inches), on which were printed the "Prospectus," lists of subscribers and agents, besides other information which the author wished to convey to his patrons. The printer's legend at the right lower corner reads: "Lithd. Printed & Cold. by J. T. Bowen, Philada." Parts in original covers are extremely rare; a set in this condition was offered in 1914 at $750.

5. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN:

_The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America._ 2 vols. of 150 lithographic, colored plates; imp. folio. Published by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1845-1846.

Vol. I. Parts 1-15, pll. 1-75, 1845. Vol. II. Parts 16-30, pll. 76-150, 1846.

Issued to subscribers in 30 Parts of 5 plates each, size 28 x 22 inches, at $10 a part, or $300, without text except titles, tables of contents, and names on plates; 76 of the originals by J. J. Audubon, and 74 by J. W. Audubon, assisted by V. G. Audubon. Author's and printer's legends read: "Drawn from Nature by J. J. Audubon, F. R. S. F. L. S.," and "Lith. Printed & Cold. by J. T. Bowen, Phila. 1842[-1845]."

6. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D. (&c., &c.):

_The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America._ 3 vols., roy. 8vo. Published by J. J. Audubon and V. G. Audubon, New York, 1846-1854.

Issued to subscribers, as text to foregoing:

Vol. I. Pp. i-xvi, 1-390. Text only. Published by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1846.

Vol. I (European ed.). The same as foregoing with imprint of Wiley & Putnam, London, 1847.

Vol. II. Pp. 1-336. Text only. Published by V. G. Audubon, 1851.

Vol. III. Pp. i-vi, 1-350. Text, with 6 colored plates. Published by V. G. Audubon, 1854.

7. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D. (&c., &c.):

_The Quadrupeds of North America_ [in "Miniature"]. 3 vols., roy. 8vo., with 155 colored plates. Published by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1854.

Vol. I. Nos. 1-10, pll. i-l, pp. i-viii, 1-384. Vol. II. Nos. 11-20, pll. li-c, pp. 1-334. Vol. III. Nos. 21-31, pll. ci-clv, pp. i-vi, 1-348.

First and only edition of the text and plates reduced to octavo size; most of the plates lithographed, printed and colored by J. T. Bowen. In Vol. I the introduction is cut down, the list of subscribers omitted, and tables of contents and genera placed at end; Vol. II is same as first edition, with omission of subscribers' lists; Vol. III same as in first edition, except for omission of table of genera at back. All plates in Vol. I, and 28 in Vol. II, or 78 in all, are by J. J. Audubon, and 77 are by J. W. Audubon.

8. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.):

_The Birds of America_, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. Published by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1856.

The second octavo edition of the _Birds_, with 500 plates, published without change, except in pagination. The portrait of Audubon, which appears in this or in some of the later editions, was engraved by H. B. Hall after the painting by Henry Inman.

9. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of America_; from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh, &c., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audubon. 1 vol. of 106 double elephant folio plates, in chromolithography, by J. Bien, 180 Broadway, representing 151 of the original copper plates. Roe Lockwood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1860.

The only (and partial) reissue of the original folio; plates, in many instances double, renumbered to correspond with the octavo edition, with backgrounds often simplified or changed, and much inferior to the original hand-colored engravings; the plates are dated "1858" or "1859." Checked by the Civil War, the residual stock of plates found a ready sale thirty years later. Citation from copy in the Public Library, New York City. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3).

10. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of America_, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories, by John James Audubon, F. R. S., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audubon. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. Text only. Roe Lockwood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1861. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, 11-246; Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 11-200; Vol. III, pp. i-viii, 9-234; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-322; Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346; Vol. VI, pp. i-viii, 2-456; Vol. VII (not seen).

Issued as the letterpress of the imperfect folio (see No. 9) described above. According to Sabin, quoted by Coues (see No. 181 of this Bibliography), only 4 royal octavo volumes of this text was issued; the present citation is from the 6 volumes in the Public Library of New York; all are without plates, and it should be noted that Vols. I and II, and III and IV are bound as _two_ volumes. In 1914 a set of this edition, in seven volumes, bound in cloth, was advertised by a bookseller in New York at $40. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3).

11. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of America_ ... Reissued by J. W. Audubon, in 7 vols., imper. 8vo., with 500 colored plates, 10 x 7 inches. Roe Lockwood & Son. New York, 1861.

Third complete octavo edition, to be distinguished from the 7 vols. (No. 10) referred to above, and the V. G. Audubon reissue of 1856 (No. 8). Reference partly from Coues.

12. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of North America_: a popular and scientific description of the Birds of the United States and their Territories. New edition. New York, 1863.

Not seen, but given on the authority of Coues.

13. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

_The Birds of America_ ... 8 vols. 8vo. New York, 1865.

According to Coues, a later edition of J. W. Audubon's reissue of 1861, but in 8 instead of 7 volumes.

14. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.):

_The Birds of America_, from drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VIII, imper. 8vo. George R. Lockwood, late Roe Lockwood & Son, 812 Broadway, New York. No date. (1871.) Vol. I, pp. i-viii, i-xv (memoir), 11-246, pll. 1-70; Vol. II, pp. i-vii, 11-199, pll. 71-140; Vol. III, pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll. 211-280; Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-250; Vol. VI, pp. i-vii, 9-298, pll. 351-394; Vol. VII, pp. i-vii, 9-285, pll. 395-440; Vol. VIII, pp. i-viii, 9-256, pll. 441-500. (Pagination taken from Coues.)

Sixth and last complete octavo edition of text and plates, being a reissue of the 1865 edition. In the biography, signed "G. R. L[ockwood]., 1870," it is stated that Jean Audubon died "at Rochefort on the Loire [_sic_], where he had a large estate" at the age of ninety-five, and that J. J. Audubon was born on his father's plantation at New Orleans in 1780. This memoir was issued separately as an advertising pamphlet by J. L. Sibole ("Fine Book Dealer, 109 So. 15th. Street, New York"), to exploit the octavo editions of the _Birds_ and _Quadrupeds_ (pp. 1-15, paper cover, no date).

b. Minor Papers and Reprints

15. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot." _Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York_, vol. i, pp. 163-166. New York, 1824.

16. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Facts and Observations connected with the permanent residence of swallows in the United States." _Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York_, vol. i, pp. 166-168. New York, 1824.

17. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES (a citizen of the United States):

"Account of the Habits of the Turkey Buzzard (_Vultur aura_) particularly with the view of exploding the opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary power of Smelling." In a letter to Professor Jameson. [Note.] This communication was originally intended to be sent to a friend unacquainted with the habits of birds—J. J. A. _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 2 (Oct.-Apr.), pp. 172-184. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. Dated "Edinburgh, Dec. 7, 1826."

18. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Observations on the Natural History of the Alligator." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Baronet, &c. _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 2, (Oct.-April), pp. 270-280. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Gives the first account of the nesting habits of the American alligator.

19. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Account of the Carrion Crow or Vultur atratus." _Edinburgh Journal of Science_, vol. vi (Nov.-April), pp. 156-161. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Notices the nesting and other habits, and maintains that this species, like the Turkey Buzzard, is guided to its food by sight and not by smell.

20. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Habits of the Wild Pigeon of America, Columba migratoria." _Edinburgh Journal of Science_, vol. vi (Nov.-April), pp. 256-265. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, February 19, 1827.

21. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), in a letter addressed to Thomas Stuart Traill, M. D., &c." _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 3 (April-Oct.), pp. 21-30. Edinburgh, 1827.

Read before the Wernerian Society of Natural History, February 24, 1827. Reproduced in _Journal of the Franklin Institute and American Mechanics' Magazine_, vol. ii, N. S., pp. 32-37. Philadelphia, 1828. Later repudiated by the editor; see Thomas P. Jones, "The Romance of the Rattlesnake," No. 93 of this Bibliography.

22. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Account of the Method of Drawing Birds employed by J. J. Audubon, Esq., F. R. S. E." In a letter to a friend. _Edinburgh Journal of Science_, vol. viii, pp. 48-54. Edinburgh, 1828.

22a. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Journey up the Mississippi." _The Winter's Wreath_ for 1829, pp. 104-127. Liverpool and Philadelphia, 1828.

23. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Bird of Washington—(Falco Washingtonia) or Great American Sea Eagle" (with figure). _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_, vol. i, pp. 115-120. London, 1828-1829.

Dated "London, April, 1828."

24. AUDUBON, JOHN J.:

"The Flood of the Mississippi." _Edinburgh Literary Journal._ February, 1831, pp. 140-142.

See "Episode" entitled "A Flood," _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i.

25. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"An Account of the Habits of the American Goshawk (Falco palumbarius, Wils.)." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Bart. _Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science_, vol. 3 (March), pp. 145-147. Edinburgh, 1831.

26. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Improvements in the Navigation of the Mississippi." _Edinburgh Literary Journal_, March 26, 1831, pp. 194-195.

See _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i.

27. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Hunting the Cougar, or the American Lion." _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 11, pp. 103-115. Edinburgh, 1831.

See "The Cougar," _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i. "It having been remarked, and rather sharply, that in our article on 'Audubon's Ornithological Biography,' we have overrated that gentleman's talents, we, in our own vindication, and as proofs of Audubon's descriptive powers, submit to the judgment of our readers the above sketch, taken at random from his work." (Editor's note.)

28. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Account of a Hurricane in North America." _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 12 (Oct.-April), pp. 278-281. Edinburgh, 1831-1832.

See "The Hurricane," _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i.

29. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"The Ohio." _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, vol. 12, pp. 122-126. Edinburgh, 1832.

See the same, _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i.

30. AUDUBON, J. J., and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D.:

"Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhabiting North America." _Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences_, vol. viii, pt. ii, pp. 280-329. Philadelphia, 1839-1842.

Read, Oct. 5, 1841.

31. AUDUBON, J. J., and BACHMAN, J.:

"Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhabiting North America." _Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences_, vol. i (Oct., 1841), pp. 92-103. Philadelphia, 1843.

32. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, and BACHMAN, JOHN:

"Description of a new North American Fox, genus Vulpes, Cuv., (Utah)." _Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences_, vol. vi, pp. 114-116. Philadelphia, 1852-1853.

33. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Earthquake in Kentucky." Reproduced in _Magazine of American History_, vol. 16, pp. 342-344, with portrait. New York, 1886.

See "The Earthquake," _Ornithological Biography_, vol. i.