Part 4

Biosynthesis of Compounds; Plant Genetics; Plant Metabolism; Plant Nutrition; Effects of Soil Density and Water Content; Disease Control; Pollination Agents; Crop Improvement; Photosynthesis; Ecological Cycles; Pest Control; Action of Pesticides; Ecology of Wildlife; Dispersion of Pesticides; Nutrition of Domestic Animals; Milk Production; Mammalian Aging; Animal Physiology; Genetic Chemistry.

Medicine

Blood and Water Volume Studies; Cardiac Output; Blood Flow; Measurement of Physiological Functions; Location of Appetite Control Centers; Formation of Blood Cells; Metabolic Processes; Cancer Study; Leukemia Study; Antibody Therapy; Study of the Central Nervous System; Vitamin Studies; Behavior of Viruses.

Chemistry

Reaction Mechanisms; Catalysis; Exchange; Kinetics; Corrosion; Dilution; Diffusion; Mineral Flotation; Detergent Action; Mirror Formation; Metal Plating; Analysis.

Physics

Standard Length Measurements; Film Thickness; Nuclear Structure; Vapor Pressures; Elementary Particles.

Geology

Sedimentation; Ocean Currents; Underground-Water Resources and Movement; Geological Dating.

Industry

Thickness Gauging; Process Control; Inspections for Defects; Volume Gauging; Leak Detection; Sterilization; Electron Printing; Flow-rate Gauging; Tool-wear Gauging; Dye-migration Measurement; Oil-well Acidizing Control; Lubricant Studies; Cleansing Efficiencies; Measurement of Oxygen in Metals; Food Preservation; Power Sources; Self-luminous Light Sources.

APPENDIX III SUGGESTED REFERENCES

The following is a partial listing of publications on science projects, science fairs, and atomic energy. Many of these publications also contain bibliographies which readers may use to multiply their source of knowledge.

Science and Science Projects

_Science Projects Handbook_, Shirley Moore (Ed.), Ballantine Books, Inc., New York, 1960, 254 pp., $0.50.

_Ideas for Science Projects_, V. Showalter and I. Slesnick, National Science Teachers Association, Washington, D. C., 1962, 53 pp., $1.00.

_Wonderful World of Science_, Shirley Moore and Judy Viorst, Science Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1961, 246 pp., $0.50.

_How To Do an Experiment_, Philip Goldstein, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1957, 260 pp., $2.60.

_Science News Letter_, published every week by Science Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., single copies, $0.15; $5.50 per year.

_Scientific American_, published every month by Scientific American, Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, single copies $0.60; $7.00 per year.

Science Projects and Science Fairs

_Project Ideas for Young Scientists_, John Taylor, Phoebe Knipling, and Falconer Smith, Joint Board on Science Education, Washington, D. C., 1962, 173 pp., $1.25.

_Ideas for Science Fair Projects_, Ronald Benrey and other winners of the National Science Fair-International, Fawcett Publications, Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut, 1962, 144 pp., $0.75.

_Science Fair Projects_, Science and Mechanics Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1962, 162 pp., $0.75.

_Your Science Fair_, Arden Welte, James Diamond, and Alfred Friedl, Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1959, 103 pp., $2.75.

_Scientific Exhibits_, Thomas Hull and Tom Jones, Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1961, 126 pp., $6.50.

Atomic Energy and Nuclear Science Experiments and Projects

_Sourcebook on Atomic Energy_, Samuel Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1958, 641 pp., $4.40.

_Annual Report to Congress of the Atomic Energy Commission_, available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (January 1964), 512 pp., $1.75.

_Fundamental Nuclear Energy Research_ (annual report), available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (December 1963), 412 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Energy_ (including experiments), Irene Jaworski and Alexander Joseph, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1961, 218 pp., $4.95.

_Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science Demonstrations_, Samuel Schenberg, available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1958, 59 pp., $0.35.

_Teaching with Radioisotopes_, U. S. Government Printing Office, out of print but possibly available in school libraries or science departments.

_Experiments with Radioactivity_, National Science Teachers Association, Washington, D. C., 1957, 20 pp., $0.50.

_Atomic Energy_, Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, available from Official Boy Scout Distributors (at local retail stores) or from Boy Scouts of America, National Supply Service, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.

_Scientific Instruments You Can Make_, Helen M. Davis, Science Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1959, 253 pp., $2.00.

_Experiments with Atomics_, Nelson Beeler and Franklin Branley, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1954, 160 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Experiments for Boys_, Raymond F. Yates, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1952, 132 pp., $2.50.

_Atomic Energy and Civil Defense_ (Price List 84) a listing of related publications available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., free.

Preparation of Scientific and Technical Reports

_How to Write Scientific and Technical Papers_, Sam F. Trelease, Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1958, 185 pp., $3.25.

_Writing Useful Reports_, Robert E. Tuttle and C. A. Brown, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York, 1956, 635 pp., $4.75.

_Technical Reporting_, Joseph N. Ulman, Jr., and J. R. Gould, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York, 1959, 289 pp., regular edition $6.75; textbook edition $5.00.

_Report Writers’ Handbook_, Charles E. Van Hagan, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, 276 pp., regular edition $9.35; textbook edition $7.00.

APPENDIX IV WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

No scientist worth his title ever exposes himself needlessly to any potential hazards which confront him in his investigations. Thoughtful student scientists also will avoid any unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly since bad habits acquired while doing student projects may be difficult to overcome later.

Before undertaking experiments with radioactivity, consult your science teacher or project counselor. Any materials to be irradiated should be processed with professional equipment by persons trained and authorized to operate it. Use of radioisotopes, even in quantities exempt from license requirements, usually involves special laboratory facilities, techniques, and instruments, as well as the isotope itself. Make certain that all these will be available to you before you embark on your project.

If possible, conduct all work with radioisotopes under the supervision of a trained, experienced isotope technician. At the very least, familiarize yourself with the specialized handling techniques required (see _Experiments with Radioactivity_ or _Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science Demonstrations_, listed in Appendix III). Then follow them to the letter!

APPENDIX V SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES

Your science teacher or project counselor may know of a nearby laboratory from which you can obtain the radioisotopes required for your investigation. If you wish to write direct to a commercial source, some of the suppliers of application-exempt quantities are:

Atomic Corporation of America 14725 Arminta Street Panorama City, California

Abbott Laboratories Box 1008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Bio-Rad Laboratories 32nd & Griffin Avenue Richmond, California

Nuclear Consultants Corporation 9842 Manchester Road St. Louis 19, Missouri

U. S. Nuclear Corporation 801 N. Lake Street Box 2022 Burbank, California

Nuclear-Chicago Corporation 333 East Howard Avenue at Nuclear Drive Des Plaines, Illinois

New England Nuclear Corporation 575 Albany Street Boston, Massachusetts

Union Carbide Nuclear Company Oak Ridge National Laboratory Isotope Sales Department P. O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee

ChemTrac Corporation 130 Alewife Brook Pkwy. Cambridge 40, Massachusetts

Nuclear Consultants, Inc. 33-61 Crescent Street Long Island City 6, New York

APPENDIX VI INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES

_Finalists who enter the ISF must follow these rules without exception._

The following code refers to the ISF rules listed below:

S—School Fairs (recommended) R—Regional Fairs (recommended) I—ISF (required)

S-R-I

Categories established for grouping and judging science projects at the ISF are:

Botany Zoology Medicine and Health Biochemistry Chemistry Pure Physics Applied Physics and Engineering Mathematics and Computers Earth and Space Sciences

Entries in any of these categories, if nuclear-related, will be considered for AEC Special Awards at the International Science Fair.

S-R-I

Project exhibit size is limited to 30 inches deep (front to back), 48 inches wide (side to side), and 12 feet high (floor to top). Any project exceeding these dimensions is oversize and does not qualify for entrance in the ISF.

R-I

Each exhibitor must assemble his or her exhibit without major outside help, except for transportation and unpacking.

S-R-I

A typed abstract of the project, using not more than 250 words, is required and must be displayed with the project.

S-R-I

Anything which could be hazardous to public display is prohibited. This includes:

Live poisonous animals may not be displayed.

No dangerous chemical substances such as caustics, acids, highly combustible solids, fluids or gases may be displayed. If such materials are required, inert substitutes should be used.

No open flames are permitted.

Any project producing temperatures exceeding 100°C must be adequately insulated from its surroundings.

Highly flammable display materials are prohibited.

Tanks which have contained combustible gases must be purged with carbon dioxide. No combustible fuel may be displayed.

High voltage equipment such as large vacuum tubes or dangerous ray-generating devices must be shielded and safety checked by a qualified inspector. Students should be cautioned in advance about the dangers of experimenting with such equipment and their work carefully supervised.

S-R-I

No live, warm-blooded animals may be displayed at the ISF. Projects involving the use of such animals may display photographs, drawings, charts or graphs to illustrate the conditions, developments, and results of the investigations. This eliminates the needless shipping, housing, care, harm, discomfort or loss of animals.

S-R-I

During judging the exhibit area is closed to all except judges and authorized personnel. Exhibitors may be present only at a specified time during which they are to remain at their exhibits.

S-R-I

All exhibitors must be interviewed at their projects by at least one judge. The purpose of all interviews is to determine the exhibitors’ familiarity with the project, the science involved, and to give the student an opportunity to meet the judges, react to questions and to discuss their work with a recognized leader. Care must be taken to allow a reasonable interview time within the time limits allotted for judging.

I

Not more than two students, male or female, may be certified as finalists to the ISF from an affiliated science fair. They must be students in 10th, 11th or 12th year classes in a public, private or parochial school.

I

A student who will have reached age 21 on or before May 1, preceding the ISF is not eligible to participate as a finalist in the ISF.

I

A student may enter only one project and it must be his own work. Group projects involving two or more students give experience to beginners and are acceptable in S or R fairs but may not be entered in the ISF.

I

The identical repetition of previous year’s project is not permitted. However, a student may again exhibit work on a continuing problem provided the work demonstrates considerable progress when compared with the previous year.

I

Finalists must be accompanied to the ISF by an official adult escort designated and/or sponsored by the regional fair. Responsibility and liability for entry in the ISF rests with the affiliated fair organization which finances the entry, provides transportation for the finalists and their projects, and living expenses during ISF.

I

Students planning to enter exhibits in the ISF which contain materials that may be regulated by a quarantine should first consult with a Federal or State plant pest control or animal health inspector, a county agricultural agent, or write to the Director, Plant Pest Control Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Federal Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.

S-R-I Regulations for Experiments With Animals

_This guide was prepared and approved by the National Society for Medical Research, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (National Research Council), and the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (1968)._

1. The basic aims of scientific studies involving animals are to achieve an understanding of life and to advance our knowledge of life processes. Such studies lead to respect for life.

2. Insects, other invertebrates and protozoa are materials of choice for many experiments. They offer opportunities for exploration of biological principles and extension of established ones. Their wide variety and the feasibility of using larger numbers than is usually possible with vertebrates makes them especially suitable for illustrating principles.

3. A qualified adult supervisor must assume primary responsibility for the purposes and conditions of any experiment that involves living animals.

4. No experiment should be undertaken that involves anesthetic drugs, surgical procedures, pathogenic organisms, toxicological products, carcinogens, or ionizing radiation unless a trained life scientist, physician, dentist or veterinarian directly supervises the experiment.

5. Any experiment must be performed with the animal under appropriate anesthesia if pain is involved.

6. The comfort of the animal used in any study shall be a prime concern of the student investigator. Gentle handling, proper feeding, and provision of appropriate sanitary quarters shall be strictly observed. Any experiment in nutritional deficiency may proceed only to the point where symptoms of the deficiency appear. Appropriate measures shall then be taken to correct the deficiency, if such action is feasible, the animal(s) shall be killed by a humane method.

This booklet is one of the “Understanding the Atom” Series. Comments are invited on this booklet and others in the series; please send them to the Division of Technical Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. 20545.

Published as part of the ABC’s educational assistance program, the series includes these titles:

_Accelerators_ _Animals in Atomic Research_ _Atomic Fuel_ _Atomic Power Safety_ _Atoms at the Science Fair_ _Atoms in Agriculture_ _Atoms, Nature, and Man_ _Books on Atomic Energy for Adults and Children_ _Careers in Atomic Energy_ _Computers_ _Controlled Nuclear Fusion_ _Cryogenics, The Uncommon Cold_ _Direct Conversion of Energy_ _Fallout From Nuclear Tests_ _Food Preservation by Irradiation_ _Genetic Effects of Radiation_ _Index to the UAS Series_ _Lasers_ _Microstructure of Matter_ _Neutron Activation Analysis_ _Nondestructive Testing_ _Nuclear Clocks_ _Nuclear Energy for Desalting_ _Nuclear Power and Merchant Shipping_ _Nuclear Power Plants_ _Nuclear Propulsion for Space_ _Nuclear Reactors_ _Nuclear Terms, A Brief Glossary_ _Our Atomic World_ _Plowshare_ _Plutonium_ _Power from Radioisotopes_ _Power Reactors in Small Packages_ _Radioactive Wastes_ _Radioisotopes and Life Processes_ _Radioisotopes in Industry_ _Radioisotopes in Medicine_ _Rare Earths_ _Research Reactors_ _SNAP, Nuclear Space Reactors_ _Sources of Nuclear Fuel_ _Space Radiation_ _Spectroscopy_ _Synthetic Transuranium Elements_ _The Atom and the Ocean_ _The Chemistry of the Noble Gases_ _The Elusive Neutrino_ _The First Reactor_ _The Natural Radiation Environment_ _Whole Body Counters_ _Your Body and Radiation_

A single copy of any one booklet, or of no more than three different booklets, may be obtained free by writing to:

USAEC, P. O. BOX 62, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37830

Complete sets of the series are available to school and public librarians, and to teachers who can make them available for reference or for use by groups. Requests should be made on school or library letterheads and indicate the proposed use.

Students and teachers who need other material on specific aspects of nuclear science, or references to other reading material, may also write to the Oak Ridge address. Requests should state the topic of interest exactly, and the use intended.

In all requests, include “Zip Code” in return address.

Printed in the United States of America USAEC Division of Technical Information Extension, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.