Astronomy of To-day: A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE END OF THINGS
We have been trying to picture the beginning of things. We will now try to picture the end.
In attempting this, we find that our theories must of necessity be limited to the earth, or at most to the solar system. The time-honoured expression "End of the World" really applies to very little beyond the end of our own earth. To the people of past ages it, of course, meant very much more. For them, as we have seen, the earth was the centre of everything; and the heavens and all around were merely a kind of minor accompaniment, created, as they no doubt thought, for their especial benefit. In the ancient view, therefore, the beginning of the earth meant the beginning of the universe, and the end of the earth the extinction of all things. The belief, too, was general that this end would be accomplished through fire. In the modern view, however, the birth and death of the earth, or indeed of the solar system, might pass as incidents almost unnoticed in space. They would be but mere links in the chain of cosmic happenings.
A number of theories have been forward from time to time prognosticating the end of the earth, and consequently of human life. We will conclude with a recital of a few of them, though which, if any, is the true one, the Last Men alone can know.
Just as a living creature may at any moment die in the fulness of strength through sudden malady or accident, or, on the other hand, may meet with death as a mere consequence of old age, so may our globe be destroyed by some sudden cataclysm, or end in slow processes of decay. Barring accidents, therefore, it would seem probable that the growing cold of the earth, or the gradual extinction of the sun, should after many millions of years close the chapter of life, as we know it. On the former of these suppositions, the decrease of temperature on our globe might perhaps be accelerated by the thinning of the atmosphere, through the slow escape into space of its constituent gases, or their gradual chemical combination with the materials of the earth. The subterranean heat entirely radiated away, there would no longer remain any of those volcanic elevating forces which so far have counteracted the slow wearing down of the land surface of our planet, and thus what water remained would in time wash over all. If this preceded the growing cold of the sun, certain strange evolutions of marine forms of life would be the last to endure, but these, too, would have to go in the end.
Should, however, the actual process be the reverse of this, and the sun cool down the quicker, then man would, as a consequence of his scientific knowledge, tend in all probability to outlive the other forms of terrestrial life. In such a vista we can picture the regions of the earth towards the north and south becoming gradually more and more uninhabitable through cold, and human beings withdrawing before the slow march of the icy boundary, until the only regions capable of habitation would lie within the tropics. In such a struggle between man and destiny science would be pressed to the uttermost, in the devising of means to counteract the slow diminution of the solar heat and the gradual disappearance of air and water. By that time the axial rotation of our globe might possibly have been slowed down to such an extent that one side alone of its surface would be turned ever towards the fast dying sun. And the mind's eye can picture the last survivors of the human race, huddled together for warmth in a glass-house somewhere on the equator, waiting for the end to come.
The mere idea of the decay and death of the solar system almost brings to one a cold shudder. All that sun's light and heat, which means so much to us, entirely a thing of the past. A dark, cold ball rushing along in space, accompanied by several dark, cold balls circling ceaselessly around it. One of these a mere cemetery, in which there would be no longer any recollection of the mighty empires, the loves and hates, and all that teeming play of life which we call History. Tombstones of men and of deeds, whirling along forgotten in the darkness and silence. _Sic transit gloria mundi._
In that brilliant flight of scientific fancy, the _Time Machine_, Mr. H.G. Wells has pictured the closing years of the earth in some such long-drawn agony as this. He has given us a vision of a desolate beach by a salt and almost motionless sea. Foul monsters of crab-like form crawl slowly about, beneath a huge hull of sun, red and fixed in the sky. The rocks around are partly coated with an intensely green vegetation, like the lichen in caves, or the plants which grow in a perpetual twilight. And the air is now of an exceeding thinness.
He dips still further into the future, and thus predicts the final form of life:--
"I saw again the moving thing upon the shoal--there was no mistake now that it was a moving thing--against the red water of the sea. It was a round thing, the size of a football perhaps, or it may be bigger, and tentacles trailed down from it; it seemed black against the weltering blood-red water, and it was hopping fitfully about."
What a description of the "Heir of all the Ages!"
To picture the end of our world as the result of a cataclysm of some kind, is, on the other hand, a form of speculation as intensely dramatic as that with which we have just been dealing is unutterably sad.
It is not so many years ago, for instance, that men feared a sudden catastrophe from the possible collision of a comet with our earth. The unreasoning terror with which the ancients were wont to regard these mysterious visitants to our skies had, indeed, been replaced by an apprehension of quite another kind. For instance, as we have seen, the announcement in 1832 that Biela's Comet, then visible, would cut through the orbit of the earth on a certain date threw many persons into a veritable panic. They did not stop to find out the real facts of the case, namely, that, at the time mentioned, the earth would be nearly a month's journey from the point indicated!
It is, indeed, very difficult to say what form of damage the earth would suffer from such a collision. In 1861 it passed, as we have seen, through the tail of the comet without any noticeable result. But the head of a comet, on the other hand, may, for aught we know, contain within it elements of peril for us. A collision with this part might, for instance, result in a violent bombardment of meteors. But these meteors could not be bodies of any great size, for the masses of comets are so very minute that one can hardly suppose them to contain any large or dense constituent portions.
The danger, however, from a comet's head might after all be a danger to our atmosphere. It might precipitate, into the air, gases which would asphyxiate us or cause a general conflagration. It is scarcely necessary to point out that dire results would follow upon any interference with the balance of our atmosphere. For instance, the well-known French astronomer, M. Camille Flammarion,[39] has imagined the absorption of the nitrogen of the air in this way; and has gone on to picture men and animals reduced to breathing only oxygen, first becoming excited, then mad, and finally ending in a perfect saturnalia of delirium.
Lastly, though we have no proof that stars eventually become dark and cold, for human time has so far been all too short to give us even the smallest evidence as to whether heat and light are diminishing in our own sun, yet it seems natural to suppose that such bodies must at last cease their functions, like everything else which we know of. We may, therefore, reasonably presume that there are dark bodies scattered in the depths of space. We have, indeed, a suspicion of at least one, though perhaps it partakes rather of a planetary nature, namely, that "dark" body which continually eclipses Algol, and so causes the temporary diminution of its light. As the sun rushes towards the constellation of Lyra such an extinguished sun may chance to find itself in his path; just as a derelict hulk may loom up out of the darkness right beneath the bows of a vessel sailing the great ocean.
Unfortunately a collision between the sun and a body of this kind could not occur with such merciful suddenness. A tedious warning of its approach would be given from that region of the heavens whither our system is known to be tending. As the dark object would become visible only when sufficiently near our sun to be in some degree illuminated by his rays, it might run the chance at first of being mistaken for a new planet. If such a body were as large, for instance, as our own sun, it should, according to Mr. Gore's calculations, reveal itself to the telescope some fifteen years before the great catastrophe. Steadily its disc would appear to enlarge, so that, about nine years after its discovery, it would become visible to the naked eye. At length the doomed inhabitants of the earth, paralysed with terror, would see their relentless enemy shining like a second moon in the northern skies. Rapidly increasing in apparent size, as the gravitational attractions of the solar orb and of itself interacted more powerfully with diminishing distance, it would at last draw quickly in towards the sun and disappear in the glare.
It is impossible for us to conceive anything more terrible than these closing days, for no menace of catastrophe which we can picture could bear within it such a certainty of fulfilment. It appears, therefore, useless to speculate on the probable actions of men in their now terrestrial prison. Hope, which so far had buoyed them up in the direst calamities, would here have no place. Humanity, in the fulness of its strength, would await a wholesale execution from which there could be no chance at all of a reprieve. Observations of the approaching body would have enabled astronomers to calculate its path with great exactness, and to predict the instant and character of the impact. Eight minutes after the moment allotted for the collision the resulting tide of flame would surge across the earth's orbit, and our globe would quickly pass away in vapour.
And what then?
A nebula, no doubt; and after untold ages the formation possibly from it of a new system, rising phoenix-like from the vast crematorium and filling the place of the old one. A new central sun, perhaps, with its attendant retinue of planets and satellites. And teeming life, perchance, appearing once more in the fulness of time, when temperature in one or other of these bodies had fallen within certain limits, and other predisposing conditions had supervened.
"The world's great age begins anew, The golden years return, The earth doth like a snake renew Her winter weeds outworn: Heaven smiles, and faiths and empires gleam Like wrecks of a dissolving dream.
A brighter Hellas rears its mountains From waves serener far; A new Peneus rolls his fountains Against the morning star; Where fairer Tempes bloom, there sleep Young Cyclads on a sunnier deep.
A loftier Argo cleaves the main, Fraught with a later prize; Another Orpheus sings again, And loves, and weeps, and dies; A new Ulysses leaves once more Calypso for his native shore.
* * * * *
Oh cease! must hate and death return? Cease! must men kill and die? Cease! drain not to its dregs the urn Of bitter prophecy! The world is weary of the past,-- Oh might it die or rest at last!"
[39] See his work, _La Fin du Monde_, wherein the various ways by which our world may come to an end are dealt with at length, and in a profoundly interesting manner.
INDEX
Achromatic telescope, 115, 116
Adams, 24, 236, 243
Aerial telescopes, 110, 111
Agathocles, Eclipse of, 85
Agrippa, Camillus, 44
Ahaz, dial of, 85
Air, 166
Airy, Sir G.B., 92
Al gul, 307
Al Sufi, 284, 290, 296, 315
Alcor, 294
Alcyone, 284
Aldebaran, 103, 288, 290, 297
Algol, 307, 309-310, 312, 323, 347
Alpha, Centauri, 52-53, 280, 298-299, 304, 320
Alpha Crucis, 298
Alps, Lunar, 200
Altair, 295
Altitude of objects in sky, 196
Aluminium, 145
Amos viii. 9, 85
Anderson, T.D., 311-312
Andromeda (constellation), 279, 314; Great Nebula in, 314, 316
Andromedid meteors, 272
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 87-88
Anighito meteorite, 277
Annular eclipse, 65-68, 80, 92, 99
Annular Nebula in Lyra, 315-316
Annulus, 68
Ansae, 242-243
Anticipation in discovery, 236-237
Apennines, Lunar, 200
Aphelion, 274
Apparent enlargement of celestial objects, 192-196
Apparent size of celestial objects deceptive, 196, 294
Apparent sizes of sun and moon, variations in, 67, 80, 178
Aquila (constellation), 295
Arabian astronomers, 107, 307
Arago, 92, 257
Arc, degrees minutes and seconds of, 60
Arcturus, 280, 282, 290, 295
Argelander, 290
Argo (constellation), 298
Aristarchus of Samos, 171
Aristarchus (lunar crater), 205
Aristophanes, 101
Aristotle, 161, 173, 185
Arrhenius 222, 253-254
Assyrian tablet, 84
Asteroidal zone, analogy of, to Saturn's rings, 238
Asteroids (or minor planets), 30-31, 225-228, 336; discovery of the, 23, 244; Wolf's method of discovering, 226-227
Astrology, 56
_Astronomical Essays_, 63, 337
Astronomical Society, Royal, 144
_Astronomy, Manual of_, 166
Atlantic Ocean, parallelism of opposite shores, 340-341
Atlas, the Titan, 18
Atmosphere, absorption by earth's, 129-130; ascertainment of, by spectroscope, 124-125, 212; height of earth's, 167, 267; of asteroids, 226; of earth, 129, 130, 166-169, 218, 222, 267, 346; of Mars, 156, 212, 216; of Mercury, 156; of moon, 70-71, 156, 201-203; of Jupiter, 231; of planets, 125; of Saturn's rings, 239
"Atmosphere" of the stars, 331
Atmospheric layer and "glass-house" compared, 167, 203
August Meteors (Perseids), 270
Auriga (constellation), 294-296, 306, 311; New Star in, 311
Aurigae, [b] (Beta), 294, 297, 304
Aurora Borealis, 141, 143, 259
Australia, suggested origin of, 340
Axis, 29-30; of earth, 163, 180; small movement of earth's, 180-181
Babylonian tablet, 84
Babylonian idea of the moon, 185
Bacon, Roger, 108
Bacubirito meteorite, 277
Bagdad, 107
Baily, Francis, 92
"Baily's Beads," 69, 70, 91-92, 154
Bailly (lunar crater), 199
Ball, Sir Robert, 271
Barnard, E.E., 31, 224, 232-234, 237, 258
"Bay of Rainbows," 197
Bayer's classification of stars, 289, 291-292
Bayeux Tapestry, 263
Bear, Great (constellation). _See_ Ursa Major; Little, _see_ Ursa Minor
Beehive (Praesepe), 307
Beer, 206
Belopolsky, 304
"Belt" of Orion, 297
Belt theory of Milky Way, 321
Belts of Jupiter, 230
Bergstrand, 314
Berlin star chart, 244
Bessel, 173, 280, 305
Beta ([b]) Lyrae, 307
Beta ([b]) Persei. _See_ Algol
Betelgeux, 297
Bible, eclipses in, 85
Biela's Comet, 256-257, 272-273, 345
Bielids, 270, 272-273
Billion, 51-52
Binary stars, spectroscopic, 301-306, 309; visual, 300, 303-306
"Black Drop," 152-154
"Black Hour," 89
"Black Saturday," 89
Blood, moon in eclipse like, 102
Blue (rays of light), 121, 130
Bode's Law, 22-23, 244-245
Bolometer, 127
Bond, G.P., 236, 257
Bonpland, 270
Booetes (constellation), 295, 314
Bradley, 111
Brahe, Tycho, 290, 311
Bredikhine's theory of comets' tails, 253-254, 256
Bright eclipses of moon, 65, 102
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 318
_British Astronomical Association, Journal of_, 194
British Museum, 84
Bull (constellation). _See_ Taurus; "Eye" of the, 297; "Head" of the, 297
Burgos, 98
Busch, 93
Caesar, Julius, 85, 110, 180, 259, 262, 291, 293
Calcium, 138, 145
Callisto, 233-234
Cambridge, 24, 91, 119, 243
Campbell, 305
Canali, 214
"Canals" of Mars, 214-222, 224-225
Cancer (constellation), 307
Canes Venatici (constellation), 306, 314
Canis Major (constellation), 289, 296-297; Minor, 296-297
Canopus, 285, 298-299, 320
Capella, 280, 282, 290, 294, 297, 303, 313
Carbon, 145
Carbon dioxide. _See_ Carbonic acid gas
Carbonic acid gas, 166, 213, 221-222
Carnegie Institution, Solar Observatory of, 118
Cassegrainian telescope, 114, 118
Cassini, J.D., 236, 240
"Cassini's Division" in Saturn's ring, 236, 238
Cassiopeia (constellation), 279, 294, 311, 314
Cassiopeiae, [e] (Eta), 303
Cassiopeia's Chair, 294
Cassius, Dion, 86
Castor, 282, 297, 304
Catalogues of stars, 106, 290-291, 311
Centaur. _See_ Centaurus
Centaurus (constellation), 298, 306
Centre of gravity, 42, 283-284, 324
Ceres, diameter of, 30, 225
Ceti, Omicron (or Mira), 307-308
Cetus, or the Whale (constellation), 307
Chaldean astronomers, 74, 76
Challis, 243-244
Chamberlin, 337
"Chambers of the South," 299
Chandler, 308
Charles V., 261
"Charles' Wain," 291
Chemical rays, 127
Chinese and eclipses, 83
Chloride of sodium, 122
Chlorine, 122, 145
Christ, Birth of, 102
Christian Era, first recorded solar eclipse in, 85
Chromatic aberration, 110
Chromosphere, 71-72, 93-94, 130-132, 138-139
Circle, 171-173
Clark, Alvan, & Sons, 117-118, 303
Claudius, Emperor, 86
Clavius (lunar crater), 199
Clerk Maxwell, 237
"Clouds" (of Aristophanes), 101
Clustering power, 325
Clusters of stars, 300, 306, 314, 328
Coal Sacks. _See_ Holes in Milky Way
Coelostat, 119
Coggia's Comet, 254
Colour, production of, in telescopes, 109-111, 115, 121
Collision of comet with earth, 345-346; of dark star with sun, 346-348; of stars, 285, 312
Columbus, 103
Coma Berenices (constellation), 307, 316
Comet, first discovery of by photography, 258; first orbit calculated, 255; first photograph of, 257-258; furthest distance seen, 258; passage of among satellites of Jupiter, 250; passage of earth and moon through tail of, 257, 346
Comet of 1000 A.D., 262; 1066, 262-264; 1680, 255, 265; 1811, 254-255; 1861, 254, 257, 346; 1881, 257-258; 1882, 251, 258, 291; 1889, 258; 1907, 258
Comets, 27-28, 58, Chaps. XIX. and XX., 345-346; ancient view of, 259-261; captured, 251-253; Chinese records of, 83-84; composition of, 252; contrasted with planets, 247; families of, 251-252, 256; meteor swarms and, 274; revealed by solar eclipses, 95-96; tails of, 141, 182, 248, 252-254
Common, telescopes of Dr. A.A., 118
Conjunction, 209
Constellations, 105, 278-279, 285, 289
Contraction theory of sun's heat, 128-129, 335
Cook, Captain, 154
Cooke, 118
Copernican system, 20, 107, 149, 170-173, 279, 280
Copernicus, 20, 108, 149, 158, 170-172, 236
Copernicus (lunar crater), 200, 204
Copper, 145
Corder, H., 144
Corona, 70-72, 90, 92-97, 132, 140-141, 270; earliest drawing of, 91; earliest employment of term, 90; earliest mention of, 86; earliest photograph of, 93; illumination given by, 71; possible change in shape of during eclipse, 96-98; structure of, 142-143; variations in shape of, 141
Corona Borealis (constellation), 295
Coronal matter, 142; streamers, 95-96, 141-143
Coronium, 133, 142, 317
Cotes, 91
Coude, equatorial, 119
Cowell, P.H., 255, 264
Crabtree, 152
Crape ring of Saturn, 236-237
Craterlets on Mars, 220
Craters (ring-mountains) on moon, 197-205, 214, 340; suggested origin of, 203-204, 214
Crawford, Earl of, 94
Crecy, supposed eclipse at battle of, 88-89
Crescent moon, 183, 185
Crommelin, A.C.D., 255, 264
Crossley Reflector, 118, 315-316
Crown glass, 115
Crucifixion, darkness of, 86
Crucis, [a] (Alpha), 298
Crux, or "Southern Cross" (constellation), 298-299, 323
Cycle, sunspot, 136-137, 141, 143-144
Cygni, 61, 173, 280
Cygnus, or the Swan (constellation), 295, 325
Daniel's Comet of 1897, 258
Danzig, 111
Dark Ages, 102, 107, 260
Dark eclipses of moon, 65, 102-103
Dark matter in space, 323
Dark meteors, 275-276
Dark stars, 309-310, 312, 323, 346-347
"Darkness behind the stars," 325
Darwin, Sir G.H., 339
Davis, 94
Dawes, 236
Dearborn Observatory, 303
Death from fright at eclipse, 73
Debonnaire, Louis le, 88, 261
Deimos, 223
Deity, symbol of the, 87
"Demon star." _See_ Algol
Denebola, 296
Denning, W.F., 269
Densities of sun and planets, 39
Density, 38
Deslandres, 140
Diameters of sun and planets, 31
Disappearance of moon in lunar eclipse, 65, 102-103
Disc, 60
"Disc" theory. _See_ "Grindstone" theory
Discoveries, independent, 236
Discovery, anticipation in, 236-237; indirect methods of, 120
"Dipper," the, 291; the "Little," 294
Distance of a celestial body, how ascertained, 56-58; of sun from earth, how determined, 151, 211
Distances of planets from sun, 47
Distances of sun and moon, relative, 68
Dog, the Greater. _See_ Canis Major; the Lesser, _see_ Canis Minor
"Dog Star," 289, 297
Dollond, John, 115-116
Donati's Comet, 254, 257
Doppler's method, 125, 136, 282, 301-302
Dorpat, 117
Double canals of Mars, 214-215, 218-220
Double planet, earth and moon a, 189
Double stars, 300
Douglass, 233
"Dreams, Lake of," 197
Dumb-bell Nebula, 316
Earth, 20, 22, 31, 39, 48, 64, Chap. XV., 267; cooling of, 343; diameter of, 31; interior of, 166; mean distance of from sun, 47; rigidity of, 181; rotation of, 30, 33, 161-165, 170; shape of, 165; "tail" to, 182
"Earthlight," or "Earthshine," 186
Earth's axis, Precessional movement of, 175-177, 295, 298-299
Earth's shadow, circular shape of, 64, 160
Eclipse, 61
Eclipse knowledge, delay of, 74
Eclipse party, work of, 73
Eclipse of sun, advance of shadow in total, 69; animal and plant life during, 71; earliest record of total, 84; description of total, 69-73; duration of total, 69, 72; importance of total, 68
Eclipses, ascertainment of dates of past, 74; experience a necessity in solar, 73-74; of moon, 63-65, Chap. IX., 203; photography in, 93; prediction of future, 74; recurrence of, 74-80
Eclipses of sun, 25, 65-74, Chap. VIII., 201-202, 234; 1612 A.D., 90; 1715, 88, 91; 1724, 88, 91; 1836, 92; 1842, 92-93; 1851, 81, 93; 1868, 93; 1870, 94; 1871, 94; 1878, 95; 1882, 95; 1883, 95-96; 1893, 95-96; 1896, 96, 99; 1898, 96, 98; 1900, 97; 1905, 75-76, 80-81, 97-98; 1907, 98; 1908, 98; 1914, 99; 1927, 92, 99-100
_Eclipses, Past and Future_, 340
Egenitis, 272
Electric furnace, 128
Electric light, spectrum of, 122
Elements composing sun, 144-145
Ellipses, 32, 66, 172-173, 177-178
Elliptic orbit, 66, 177
Ellipticity, 32
Elongation, Eastern, 147, 149; Western, 147, 149
Encke's Comet, 253, 256
"End of the World," 342
England, solar eclipses visible in, 87-88, 91-92
Epsilon, ([e]) Lyrae, 302
Equator, 48
Equatorial telescope, 226
Equinoxes. _See_ Precession of
Eros, 210-211, 223, 226-227; discovery of, 24, 210, 227; importance of, 211; orbit of, 32, 37, 210, 336
Eruptive prominences, 139
_Esclistre_, 89
Ether, 322-323, 331-332
Europa, 233, 235
Evans, J.E., 219
Evening star, 149-150, 241
Everest, Mount, 200
Evershed, 182
Eye-piece, 110
Fabricius, 307
Faculae, 136, 143
Fauth, 205
Faye, 335
_Fin du Monde_, 346
First quarter, 183
"Fixed stars," 280
Flagstaff, 215-216, 220
Flammarion, Camille, 346
Flamsteed, 90
"Flash spectrum," 137
"Flat," 112
Flint glass, 115
Focus, 66, 177
"Forty-foot Telescope," 115
Foster, 102
Fraunhofer, 117
French Academy of Sciences, 115
Froissart, 89
"Full moon" of Laplace, 190
Galaxy. _See_ Milky Way.
Galilean telescope, 109
Galileo, 55, 109, 172, 197, 206, 232-235, 242
Galle, 24, 211, 244
Ganymede, 233-234
Gas light, spectrum of, 122
Gegenschein, 181-182
"Gem" of meteor ring, 271
Gemini, or the Twins (constellation), 22, 296-297
Geminorum, [z] (Zeta), 304
Geometrical groupings of stars, 292
"Giant" planet, 230, 238-239
Gibbous, 183, 185
Gill, Sir David, 211, 258, 291, 317-318
Gold, 145
Goodricke, 307
Gore, J.E., 63, 285, 303, 307-308, 310, 323-324, 331, 337, 347
Granulated structure of photosphere, 134
Gravitation (or gravity), 39, 41-45, 128, 306
Greek ideas, 18, 158, 161-162, 171, 186, 197
Green (rays of light), 121
Greenwich Observatory, 143-144, 232, 255, 303
Gregorian telescope, 113-114
Grimaldi (lunar crater), 199
"Grindstone" theory, 319-322
"Groombridge, 1830," 281-282, 326, 330
Groups of stars, 306-307
Grubb, Sir Howard, 118
_Gulliver's Travels_, 224
Hale, G.E., 119, 140
Half moon, 183, 185
Hall, Asaph, 223
Hall, Chester Moor, 115
Halley, Edmund, 91, 255, 264-265, 306
Halley's Comet, 255, 264-265
Haraden Hill, 91
Harvard, 118, 302
Harvest moon, 190-192
Hawaii, 221
Heat rays, 127
Heidelberg, 226, 232
Height of lunar mountains, how determined, 201
Height of objects in sky, estimation of, 196
Helium, 138, 145, 182
Helmholtz, 128, 335
Hercules (constellation), 295
Herod the Great, 101-102
Herodotus, 84
Herschel, A.S., 269
Herschel, Sir John, 92, 322
Herschel, Sir William, 22, 36, 114-115, 204, 213, 235, 283, 292, 308, 319-320, 326-328
Herschelian telescope, 114, 119
Hesper, 109
Hesperus, 150
Hevelius, 111
Hezekiah, 85
Hi, 83
Hindoos, 18
Hipparchus, 106, 177, 290, 311
Ho, 83
Holes in Milky Way, 321-323
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 213
Homer, 223
Horace, Odes of, 106
Horizon, 159
Horizontal eclipse, 169
Horrox, 44, 151-152
Hour Glass Sea, 212
Huggins, Sir William, 94, 125, 317
Humboldt, 270
"Hunter's moon," 192
Huyghens, 111-112, 240, 242-243
Hyades, 296-297, 307
Hydrocarbon gas, 254
Hydrogen, 94, 131, 138, 140, 144, 156, 182, 254
Ibrahim ben Ahmed, 270
Ice-layer theory: Mars, 219; moon, 205, 219
Illusion theory of Martian canals, 219
Imbrium, Mare, 197
Inclination of orbits, 36-37
Indigo (rays of light), 121
Inferior conjunction, 147, 149
Inferior planets, 20, 22, Chap. XIV., 229
Instruments, pre-telescopic, 106-107, 172
International photographic survey of sky, 290-291
Intra-Mercurial planet, 25-26
_Introduction to Astronomy_, 31
Inverted view in astronomical telescope, 116-117
Io, 233-234
Iridum, Sinus, 197
Iron, 145, 254
_Is Mars Habitable?_ 221
Jansen, 108
Janssen, 94, 236, 258
Japetus, 240
Jessenius, 89
Job, Book of, 299
Johnson, S.J., 103, 340
Josephus, 101, 262
Juno, 225
Jupiter, 20, 22-23, 31, 34, 37, 42, 227-228, 230-236, 241, 272, 311; comet family of, 251-253, 256; discovery of eighth satellite, 26, 232; eclipse of, by satellite, 234; without satellites, 234-235
Jupiter, satellites of, 26, 62, 108, 189, 232-235; their eclipses, 234-235; their occultations, 62, 234; their transits, 62, 234
Kant, 334
Kapteyn, 284, 313
Keeler, 315, 337
Kelvin, Lord, 129
Kepler, 44, 152, 172, 237, 242, 245, 253, 311
Kinetic theory, 156, 202, 212, 226, 231, 239, 336
King, L.W., 84
_Knowledge_, 87
Labrador, 97
Lacus Somniorum, 197
"Lake of Dreams," 197
Lalande, 244, 283
Lampland, 215, 219
Langley, 95, 127
Laplace, 190, 333
Laputa, 224
Le Maire, 115
Le Verrier, 24, 236, 243-244, 275
Lead, 145
Leibnitz Mountains (lunar), 200
Leo (constellation), 270, 295-296
Leonids, 270-272, 274-275
Lescarbault, 25
Lewis, T., 303
Lexell's Comet, 250
Lick Observatory, 31, 98, 117-118, 215, 232, 303, 305, 315; Great Telescope of, 117, 215, 237
"Life" of an eclipse of the moon, 80; of the sun, 77-78
Life on Mars, Lowell's views, 217-218; Pickering's, 221; Wallace's, 221-223
Light, no extinction of, 322-324; rays of, 127; velocity of, 52, 235-236; white, 121
"Light year," 53, 280
Lindsay, Lord, 94
Linne (lunar crater), 205
Liouville, 190
Lippershey, 108
Liquid-filled lenses, 116
_Locksley Hall_, 296; _Sixty Years After_, 109
Lockyer, Sir Norman, 73, 94, 236, 335
Loewy, 119, 206
London, eclipses visible at, 87-88, 91-92
Longfellow, 88
Lowell Observatory, 215, 219, 233-234
Lowell, Percival, 155, 212-213, 215-221
Lucifer, 150
Lynn, W.T., 219, 263
Lyra (constellation), 177, 283, 294-295, 307, 315, 347
Maedler, 206, 284
Magellanic Clouds, 317
Magnetism, disturbances of terrestrial, 143, 283
Magnitudes of stars, 287-289
Major planets, 229-230
"Man in the Moon," 197
_Manual of Astronomy_, 166
Maps of the moon, 206
Mare Imbrium, 197
Mare Serenitatis, 205
Mars, 20, 22-23, 31-32, 34, 37, 109, 155, 210-225, 234; compared with earth and moon, 221, 225; polar caps of, 212-214, 216; satellites of, 26, 223-224; temperature of, 213, 216, 221-222
Mass, 38; of a star, how determined, 305
Masses of celestial bodies, how ascertained, 42; of earth and moon compared, 42; of sun and planets compared, 39
Maunder, E.W., 87, 143, 219
Maunder, Mrs., E.W., 96, 144
Maxwell, Clerk, 237
Mayer, Tobias, 206, 283
McClean, F.K., 98
Mean distance, 46
"Medicean Stars," 232
Mediterranean, eclipse tracks across, 94, 97
Melbourne telescope, 118
Melotte, P., 232
Mercator's Projection, 80-81
Mercury (the metal), 145
Mercury (the planet), 20, 22, 25-26, 31-32, 34, 37, Chap. XIV.; markings on, 156; possible planets within orbit of, 25-26; transit of, 62, 151, 154
Metals in sun, 145
Meteor swarms, 268-269, 271, 274-275
Meteors, 28, 56, 167, 259, Chap. XXI.
Meteors beyond earth's atmosphere, 275-276
Meteorites, 276-277
Meteoritic Hypothesis, 335
Metius, Jacob, 108
Michell, 283, 305
Middle Ages, 102, 260, 264
Middleburgh, 108
Milky Way (or Galaxy), 285, 299, 311, 317, 319-327; penetration of, by photography, 325
Million, 47, 51-52
Minor planets. _See_ Asteroids.
Mira Ceti, 307-308
"Mirk Monday," 89
Mirror (speculum), 111, 116
Mizar, 294, 302
Monck, W.H.S., 275
Mongol Emperors of India, 107
Moon, 26, Chap. XVI.; appearance of, in lunar eclipse, 65, 102-103; diameter of, 189; distance of, how ascertained, 58; distance of, from earth, 48; full, 63, 86, 149, 184, 189, 190, 206; mass of, 200, 202; mountains on, 197-205; how their height is determined, 201; movement of, 40-42; new, 86, 149, 183, 185; origin of, 339-341; plane of orbit of, 63; possible changes on, 204-205, 221; "seas" of, 197, 206; smallest detail visible on, 207; volume of, 200
Morning star, 149-150, 241
Moulton, F.R., 31, 118, 128, 302, 335, 337
Moye, 154
Multiple stars, 300
Musa-ben-Shakir, 44
Mythology, 105
Neap-tides, 179
Nebulae, 314-318, 328, 335, 345; evolution of stars from, 317-318
Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace, 333-338
Nebular hypotheses, Chap. XXVII.
Nebulium, 317
Neison, 206
Neptune, 20, 25, 31, 34, 37, 243-246, 249, 252, 274, 304; discovery of, 23-24, 94, 210, 236, 243-244; Lalande and, 244; possible planets beyond, 25, 252; satellite of, 26, 245; "year" in, 35-36
"New" (or temporary), stars, 310-314
Newcomb, Simon, 181, 267, 281, 324, 326-327, 329
Newton, Sir Isaac, 40, 44, 91, 111-113, 115, 165, 172, 237, 255
Newtonian telescope, 112, 114, 116, 119
Nineveh Eclipse, 84-85
Nitrogen, 145, 156, 166, 346
Northern Crown, 295
Nova Aurigae, 311
Nova Persei, 312-314
Novae. _See_ New (or temporary) stars
Nubeculae, 317
"Oases" of Mars, 216, 220
Object-glass, 109
Oblate spheroid, 165
Occultation, 61-62, 202, 296
_Olaf, Saga of King_, 88
Olbers, 227, 253, 256, 271
"Old moon in new moon's arms," 185
Olmsted, 271
Omicron (or "Mira") Ceti, 307-308
Opposition, 209
"Optick tube," 108-109, 232
Orange (rays of light), 121
Orbit of moon, plane of, 63
Orbits, 32, 36-37, 66, 150, 157
Oriental astronomy, 107
Orion (constellation), 195, 279, 296-297, 316; Great Nebula in, 316, 328
Oxford, 139
Oxygen, 145, 156, 166, 346
Pacific Ocean, origin of moon in, 339
Palitzch, 255
Pallas, 225, 227
Parallax, 57, 173, 280, 305, 320, 326
Pare, Ambrose, 264-265
Peal, S.E., 205
Peary, 277
Pegasus (constellation), 306
Penumbra of sunspot, 135
Perennial full moon of Laplace, 190
Pericles, 84
Perrine, C.D., 232-233, 315
Perseids, 270, 273-275
Perseus (constellation), 273, 279, 307, 312
Phases of an inferior planet, 149, 160; of the moon, 149, 160, 183-185
Phlegon, Eclipse of, 85-86
Phobos, 223
Phoebe, retrograde motion of, 240, 250, 336
Phosphorescent glow in sky, 323
Phosphorus (Venus), 150
Photographic survey of sky, international, 290-291
Photosphere, 130-131, 134
Piazzi, 23
Pickering, E.C., 302
Pickering, W.H., 199, 205-206, 220-221, 240, 339-341
Pictor, "runaway star" in constellation of, 281-282, 320, 330
Plane of orbit, 36, 150
Planetary nebulae, 245, 315
_Planetary and Stellar Studies_, 331
Planetesimal hypothesis, 337-338
Planetoids. _See_ Asteroids
Planets, classification of, 229; contrasted with comets, 247; in Ptolemaic scheme, 171; relative distances of, from sun, 31-32
Plato (lunar crater), 198
Pleiades, 284, 296-297, 307
Pliny, 169, 260
Plough, 284, 291-296, 302
Plutarch, 86, 89, 169, 181
"Pointers," 292
Polaris. _See_ Pole Star
Pole of earth, Precessional movement of, 176-177, 295, 298-299
Pole Star, 33, 163, 177, 292-296, 300-301
Poles, 30, 163-164; of earth, speed of point at, 164
Pollux, 282, 297
Posidonius, 186
Powell, Sir George Baden, 96
Praesepe (the Beehive), 307
Precession of the Equinoxes, 177, 295, 298-299
Pre-telescopic notions, 55
Primaries, 26
_Princess, The_ (Tennyson), 334
Princeton Observatory, 258
Prism, 121
Prismatic colours, 111, 121
Procyon, 284, 290, 297, 303
Prominences, Solar, 72, 93, 131, 139-140, 143; first observation of, with spectroscope, 94, 140, 236
Proper motions of stars, 126, 281-285, 326, 329-330
Ptolemaeus (lunar crater), 198-199, 204
Ptolemaic idea, 319; system, 18, 19, 158, 171-172
Ptolemy, 18, 101, 171, 290, 296
Puiseux, P., 206
Pulkowa telescope, 117
Puppis, V., 310
Quiescent prominences, 139
Radcliffe Observer, 139
"Radiant," or radiant point, 269
Radiation from sun, 130, 134
Radium, 129, 138
Rainbow, 121
"Rainbows, Bay of," 197
Rambaut, A., 139
Ramsay, Sir William, 138
Rays (on moon), 204
Recurrence of eclipses, 74-80
Red (rays of light), 121, 125, 127, 130
Red Spot, the Great, 230
Reflecting telescope, 111-116; future of, 119
Reflector. _See_ Reflecting telescope
Refracting and reflecting telescopes contrasted, 118
Refracting telescope, 109-111, 115-117; limits to size of, 119-120
Refraction, 121, 168-169
Refractor, _See_ Refracting telescope
Regulus, 290, 296
Retrograde motion of Phoebe, 240, 250, 336
"Reversing Layer," 94, 130, 132, 137-138
Revival of learning, 107
Revolution, 30; of earth around sun, 170-173; periods of sun and planets, 35
Riccioli, 198
Rice-grain structure of photosphere, 134
Rigel, 285, 297
Rills (on moon), 204
Ring-mountains of moon. _See_ Craters
"Ring" nebulae, 315, 337
"Ring with wings," 87
Rings of Saturn, 108, 236-239, 241-243, 334
Ritchey, G.W., 118
Roberts, A.W., 308, 310
Roberts, Isaac, 325
"Roche's limit," 238
Roemer, 235
Roman history, eclipses in, 85-86
Romulus, 85
Roentgen, 120
Rosse, great telescope of Lord, 117, 314
Rotation, 30; of earth, 33, 161-165, 170; of sun, 34, 125, 135-136, 231; periods of sun and planets, 35
Royal Society of London, 90-91, 111
Rubicon, Passage of the, 85
"Runaway" stars, 281, 326, 330
Sagittarius (constellation), 316
Salt, spectrum of table, 122
Samarcand, 107
"Saros," Chaldean, 76-78, 84
Satellites, 26-27, 37
Saturn, 20, 22, 34, 37, 108, 236-243, 258; comet family of, 252; a puzzle to the early telescope observers, 241-243; retrograde motion of satellite Phoebe, 240, 250, 336; ring system of, 241; satellites of, 36, 239-240; shadows of planet on rings and of rings on planet, 237
Schaeberle, 95-96, 303, 316
Schiaparelli, 155, 214, 223
Schickhard (lunar crater), 199
Schmidt, 206
Schoenfeld, 290
Schuster, 95
Schwabe, 136
Scotland, solar eclipses visible in, 89-90, 92
Sea of Serenity, 205
"Sea of Showers," 197
"Seas" of moon, 197, 206
Seasons on earth, 174-175; on Mars, 211
Secondary bodies, 26
Seneca, 95, 260
_Septentriones_, 291
Serenitatis, Mare, 205
"Seven Stars," 291
"Shadow Bands," 69
Shadow of earth, circular shape of, 62-64
Shadows on moon, inky blackness of, 202
Shakespeare, 259, 293
Sheepshanks Telescope, 119
"Shining fluid" of Sir W. Herschel, 328
"Shooting Stars." _See_ Meteors
Short (of Edinburgh), 114
"Showers, Sea of," 197
Sickle of Leo, 270-271, 296
Siderostat, 118
Silver, 145
Silvered mirrors for reflecting telescopes, 116
Sinus Iridum, 197
Sirius, 280, 282, 284-285, 288-290, 297, 303-304, 320; companion of, 303; stellar magnitude of, 289
Size of celestial bodies, how ascertained, 59
Skeleton telescopes, 110
Sky, international photographic survey of, 290-291; light of the, 323
Slipher, E.C., 213, 222
Smithsonian Institution of Washington, 98
Snow on Mars, 213
Sodium, 122, 124, 254
Sohag, 95
Solar system, 20-21, 29-31; centre of gravity of, 42; decay and death of, 344
Somniorum, Lacus, 197
Sound, 125, 166, 331
South pole of heavens, 163, 285, 298-299
Southern constellations, 298-299
Southern Cross. _See_ Crux
Space, 328
Spain, early astronomy in, 107; eclipse tracks across 93, 97-98
Spectroheliograph, 140
Spectroscope, 120, 122, 124-125, 144-145, 212, 231; prominences first observed with, 94, 140, 236
Spectrum of chromosphere, 132-133; of corona, 133; of photosphere, 132; of reversing layer, 132, 137; solar, 122-123, 127, 132
Speculum, 111, 116; metal, 112
Spherical bodies, 29
Spherical shape of earth, proofs of, 158-161
Spherical shapes of sun, planets, and satellites, 160
Spiral nebulae, 314-316, 337-338
Spring balance, 166
Spring tides, 192
Spy-glass, 108
"Square of the distance," 43-44
Stannyan, Captain, 90
Star, mass of, how determined, 305; parallax of, first ascertained, 173, 280
Stars, the, 20, 124, 126, 278 _et seq._; brightness of, 287, 320; distances between, 326-327; distances of some, 173, 280, 320; diminution of, below twelfth magnitude, 324; evolution of, from nebulae, 317-318; faintest magnitude of, 288; number of those visible altogether, 324; number of those visible to naked eye, 288
"Steam cracks," 221
Steinheil, 118
Stellar system, estimated extent of, 325-327; an organised whole, 327; limited extent of, 322-328, 330; possible disintegration of, 329
Stiklastad, eclipse of, 88
Stone Age, 285
Stoney, G.J., 202, 222
Stonyhurst Observatory, 100
_Story of the Heavens_, 271
Streams of stars, Kapteyn's two, 284
Stroobant, 196
Stukeley, 91
Sulphur, 145
Summer, 175, 178
Sun, Chaps XII. and XIII.; as a star, 124, 278, 289; as seen from Neptune, 246, 304; chemical composition of, 144-145; distance of, how ascertained, 151, 211; equator of, 135-136, 139; gravitation at surface of, 129, 138-139; growing cold of, 343-344; mean distance of, from earth, 47, 211; motion of, through space, 282-286, 326; not a solid body, 136; poles of, 136; radiations from, 130; revolution of earth around, 170-173; stellar magnitude of, 288-289; variation in distance of, 66, 178
Sunspots, 34, 125, 134-137, 140-141, 143-144, 308; influence of earth on, 144
Suns and possible systems, 50, 286
Superior conjunction, 147-149
Superior planets, 22, 146, 209-210, 229
Swan (constellation). _See_ Cygnus
Swift, Dean, 224
"Sword" of Orion, 297, 316
Syrtis Major. _See_ Hour Glass Sea
"_Systematic_ Parallax," 326
Systems, other possible, 50, 286
Tails of comets, 182
Tamerlane, 107
Taurus (constellation), 103, 296-297, 307
"Tears of St. Lawrence," 273
Tebbutt's Comet, 257-258
Telescope, 33, 55, 107-108, 149; first eclipse of moon seen through, 104; of sun, 90
Telescopes, direct view reflecting, 114; gigantic, 111; great constructors of, 117-118; great modern, 117-118
Tempel's Comet, 274
Temperature on moon, 203; of sun, 128
Temporary (or new) stars, 310-314
Tennyson, Lord, 109, 296, 334
Terrestrial planets, 229-230
Terrestrial telescope, 117
Thales, Eclipse of, 84
Themis, 240
"Tidal drag," 180, 188, 208, 344
Tide areas, 179-180
Tides, 178-180, 338-339
_Time Machine_, 344
Tin, 145
Titan, 240
Titius, 245
Total phase, 71-72
Totality, 72; track of, 66
Trail of a minor planet, 226-227
Transit, 62, 150-154; of Mercury, 62, 151, 154; of Venus, 62, 151-152, 154, 211
Trifid Nebula, 316
Triple stars, 300
Tubeless telescopes, 110-111, 243
Tubes used by ancients, 110
Tuttle's Comet, 274
Twilight, 167, 202
Twinkling of stars, 168
Twins (constellation). _See_ Gemini
Tycho Brahe, 290, 311
Tycho (lunar crater), 204
Ulugh Beigh, 107
Umbra of sunspot, 134-135
Universe, early ideas concerning, 17-18, 158, 177, 342
Universes, possibility of other, 330-331
Uranus, 22-24, 31, 210, 243, 245, 275; comet family of, 252; discovery of, 22, 210, 243; rotation period of 34, 245; satellites of, 26, 245; "year" in, 35-36
Ursa Major (constellation), 279, 281, 291, 295, 314; minor, 177, 279, 293-294
Ursae Majoris, ([z]) Zeta. _See_ Mizar
Variable stars, 307-310
Variations in apparent sizes of sun and moon, 67, 80, 178
Vault, shape of the celestial, 194-196
Vega, 177, 278, 280, 282-283, 285, 290, 294, 302, 307, 323
Vegetation on Mars, 221, 217-218; on moon, 205
Venus, 20, 22, 31, 71, 90, 108-109, 111, Chap. XIV., 246, 311; rotation period of, 34, 155
Very, F.W., 314
Vesta, 225, 227
Violet (rays of light), 121-122, 125
Virgil, 19
Volcanic theory of lunar craters, 203-204, 214
Volume, 38
Volumes of sun and planets compared, 38-39
"Vulcan," 25
Wallace, A.R., on Mars, 220-223
Water, lack of, on moon, 201-202
Water vapour, 202, 213, 222
Wargentin, 103
Warner and Swasey Co., 117
Weather, moon and, 206-207
Weathering, 202
Webb, Rev. T.W., 204
Weight, 43, 165-166
Wells, H.G., 344
Whale (constellation). _See_ Cetus
Whewell, 190
Willamette meteorite, 277
Wilson, Mount, 118
Wilson, W.E., 313
"Winged circle" (or "disc"), 87
Winter, 175, 178
Witt, 227
Wolf, Max, 226-227, 232
Wright, Thomas, 319, 334
Wybord, 89
Xenophon, 101
Year, 35
"Year" in Uranus and Neptune, 35-36
Year, number of eclipses in a, 68
"Year of the Stars," 270
Yellow (rays of light), 121-122, 124
Yerkes Telescope Great, 117, 303
Young, 94, 137, 166
Zenith, 174
Zinc, 145
Zodiacal light, 181
Zone of asteroids, 30-31, 227
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"Admirably written and handsomely produced. Mr. Selous's volume shows careful research, and the illustrations of insects and the results of their powers are well done."--_World._
THE ROMANCE OF MODERN MECHANISM
INTERESTING DESCRIPTIONS IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE OF WONDERFUL MACHINERY, MECHANICAL. DEVICES, & MARVELLOUSLY DELICATE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
BY ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A., F.R.G.S.
AUTHOR OF "THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION," ETC.
_With Twenty-six Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ 5_s._
"No boy will be able to resist the delights of this book, full to the brim of instructive and wonderful matter."--_British Weekly._
"This book has kept your reviewer awake when he reasonably expected to be otherwise engaged. We do not remember coming across a more fascinating volume, even to a somewhat blase reader whose business it is to read all that comes in his way. The marvels miracles they should be called, of the modern workshop are here exploited by Mr. Williams for the benefit of readers who have not the opportunity of seeing these wonders or the necessary mathematical knowledge to understand a scientific treatise on their working. Only the simplest language is used and every effort is made, by illustration or by analogy, to make sufficiently clear to the non-scientific reader how the particular bit of machinery works and what its work really is. Delicate instruments, calculating machines, workshop machinery, portable tools, the pedrail, motors ashore and afloat, fire engines, automatic machines, sculpturing machines--these are a few of the chapters which crowd this splendid volume."--_Educational News._
"It is difficult to make descriptions of machinery and mechanism interesting, but Mr. Williams has the enviable knack of doing so, and it is hardly possible to open this book at any page without turning up something which you feel you must read; and then you cannot stop till you come to the end of the chapter."--_Electricity._
"This book is full of interest and instruction, and is a welcome addition to Messrs. Seeley and Company's Romance Series."--_Leeds Mercury._
"A book of absorbing interest for the boy with a mechanical turn, and indeed for the general reader."--_Educational Times._
"An instructive and well-written volume."--_Hobbies._
SEELEY & CO., LTD., 88 GREAT RUSSELL STREET.
A Catalogue of Books on Art, History, and General Literature Published by Seeley, Service & Co Ltd. 38 Great Russell St. London
_Some of the Contents_
Crown Library, The 4
Elzevir Library, The 5
Events of Our Own Times Series 6
Illuminated Series, The 8
Miniature Library of Devotion, The 9
Miniature Portfolio Monographs, The 9
Missions, The Library of 10
New Art Library, The 11
Portfolio Monographs 11
Science of To-Day Series, The 14
Seeley's Illustrated Pocket Library 14
Seeley's Standard Library 15
Story Series, The 15
"Things Seen" Series, The 16
_The Publishers will be pleased to post their complete Catalogue or their Illustrated Miniature Catalogue on receipt of a post-card_
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
_Arranged alphabetically under the names of Authors and Series_
ABBOTT, Rev. E.A., D.D.
How to Parse. An English Grammar. Fcap. 8vo, 3s. 6d.
How to Tell the Parts of Speech. An Introduction to English Grammar. Fcap. 8vo, 2s.
How to Write Clearly. Rules and Exercises on English Composition. 1s. 6d.
Latin Gate, The. A First Latin Translation Book. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
Via Latina. A First Latin Grammar. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
ABBOTT, Rev. E.A., and Sir J.R. SEELEY.
English Lessons for English People. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d.
ADY, Mrs. _See_ CARTWRIGHT, JULIA.
A KEMPIS, THOMAS.
Of the Imitation of Christ. With Illuminated Frontispiece and Title Page, and Illuminated Sub-Titles to each book. In white or blue cloth, with inset miniatures. Gilt top; crown 8vo, 6s. nett; also bound in same manner in real classic vellum. Each copy in a box, 10s. 6d. nett; Antique leather with clasps, 10s. 6d. nett.
"It may well be questioned whether the great work of Thomas a Kempis has ever been presented to better advantage."--_The Guardian._
ANDERSON, Prof. W.
Japanese Wood Engravings. Coloured Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. nett; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett; also small 4to, cloth, 2s. nett; lambskin, 3s. nett.
ARMSTRONG, Sir WALTER.
The Art of Velazquez. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, 3s. 6d. nett.
The Life of Velazquez. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, 3s. 6d. nett.
Velazquez. A Study of his Life and Art. With Eight Copper Plates and many minor Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, cloth, 9s. nett.
Thomas Gainsborough. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett. Also new edition small 4to, cloth, 2s. nett; leather, 3s. nett and 5s. nett.
The Peel Collection and the Dutch School of Painting. With Illustrations in Photogravure and Half-tone. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett.
W.Q. Orchardson. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d.; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett.
AUGUSTINE, S.
Confessions of S. Augustine. With Illuminated pages. In white or blue cloth, gilt top, crown 8vo, 6s. nett; also in vellum, 10s. 6d. nett.
BAKER, Captain B. GRANVILLE
The Passing of the Turkish Empire in Europe. With Thirty-two Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 16s. nett.
BARING-GOULD, Rev. S.
Family Names and their Story. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d. nett. 5s. nett.
BEDFORD, Rev. W.K.R.
Malta and the Knights Hospitallers. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. nett; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett.
BENHAM, Rev. Canon D.D., F.S.A.
The Tower of London. With Four Plates in Colours and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett.
Mediaeval London. With a Frontispiece in Photogravure, Four Plates in Colour, and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, gilt top, 7s. nett. Also extra crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. nett.
Old St. Paul's Cathedral. With a Frontispiece in Photogravure, Four Plates printed in Colour, and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett, or cloth, gilt top, 7s. nett.
BENNETT, EDWARD.
The Post Office and its Story. An interesting account of the activities of a great Government department. With Twenty-five Illustrations. Ex. crn. 8vo, 5s. nett.
BICKERSTETH, Rev. E.
Family Prayers for Six Weeks. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
A Companion to the Holy Communion. 32mo, cloth, 1s.
BINYON, LAURENCE.
Dutch Etchers of the Seventeenth Century. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d.; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett.
John Crome and John Sell Cotman. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo sewed, 3s. 6d. nett.
BIRCH, G.H.
London on Thames in Bygone Days. With Four Plates printed in Colour and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett.
BRIDGES, Rev. C.
An Exposition of Psalm CXIX. Crown 8vo, 5s.
BUTCHER, E.L.
Things Seen in Egypt. With Fifty Illustrations. Small 4to, cloth, 2s. nett; lambskin, 3s. nett; velvet leather, in box, 5s. nett.
Poems, 1s. 6d. nett.
CACHEMAILLE, Rev. E.P., M.A.
XXVI Present-Day Papers on Prophecy. An explanation of the visions of Daniel and of the Revelation, on the continuous historic system. With Maps and Diagrams. 700 pp. 6s. nett.
CARTWRIGHT, JULIA.
Jules Bastien-Lepage. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s. 6d. nett.
Sacharissa. Some Account of Dorothy Sidney, Countess of Sunderland, her Family and Friends. With Five Portraits. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d.
Raphael in Rome. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d.; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett; also in small 4to, cloth, 2s. nett; leather, 3s. nett and 5s. nett.
The Early Work of Raphael. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed 2s. 6d.; half-linen, 3s. 6d. Also new edition, revised, in small 4to, in cloth, 2s. nett; leather, 3s. nett.
Raphael: A Study of his Life and Work. With Eight Copper Plates and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, 7s. 6d. nett.
CESARESCO, The Countess MARTINENGO
The Liberation of Italy. With Portraits on Copper. Crown 8vo, 5s.
CHATTERTON, E. KEBLE.
Fore and Aft. The Story of the Fore and Aft Rig from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Sq. ex. royal 8vo. With 150 Illustrations and Coloured Frontispiece by C. Dixon, R.I. 16s. nett.
Through Holland in the "Vivette." The Cruise of a 4-Tonner from the Solent to the Zuyder Zee, through the Dutch Waterways. With Sixty Illustrations and Charts, 6s. nett.
CHITTY, J.R.
Things Seen in China. With Fifty Illustrations. Small 4to; cloth, 2s.; leather, 3s.; velvet leather in a box, 5s. nett.
CHORAL SERVICE-BOOK FOR PARISH CHURCHES, THE.
Compiled and Edited by J.W. ELLIOTT, Organist and Choirmaster of St. Mark's, Hamilton Terrace, London. With some Practical Counsels taken by permission from "Notes on the Church Service," by Bishop WALSHAM HOW.
A. Royal 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth, 1s. 6d. B. 16mo, sewed, 6d.; cloth, 8d.
_The following portions may be had separately:_--
The Ferial and Festal Responses and the Litany. Arranged by J.W. ELLIOTT. Sewed, 4d.
The Communion Service, Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, and Gloria in Excelsis. Set to Music by Dr. J. NAYLOR, Organist of York Minster. Sewed, 4d.
CHURCH, Sir ARTHUR H., F.R.S.
Josiah Wedgwood, Master Potter. With many Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett; also small 4to, cloth, 2s. nett; leather, 3s. and 5s. nett.
The Chemistry of Paints and Painting. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
CHURCH, Rev. A.J.
Nicias, and the Sicilian Expedition. Crown 8vo, 1s. 6d.
For other books by Professor CHURCH see Complete Catalogue.
CLARK, J.W., M.A.
Cambridge. With a coloured Frontispiece and many other Illustrations by A. BRUNET-DEBAINES and H. TOUSSAINT &c. Extra crown 8vo, 6s.; also crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. nett; leather, 3s.; special leather, in box, 5s. nett.
CODY, Rev. H.A.
An Apostle of the North. The Biography of the late Bishop BOMPAS, First Bishop of Athabasca, and with an Introduction by the ARCHBISHOP of RUPERTS-LAND. With 42 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d. nett. 5s. nett.
CORBIN, T.W.
Engineering of To-day. With Seventy-three Illustrations and Diagrams. Extra crown 8vo, 5s. nett.
Mechanical Inventions of To-Day. Ex. Crown 8vo; with Ninety-four Illustrations, 5s. nett.
CORNISH, C.J.
Animals of To-day: Their Life and Conversation. With Illustrations from Photographs by C. REID of Wishaw. Crown 8vo, 6s.
The Isle of Wight. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. nett; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett; also a new edition, small 4to, cloth, 2s.; leather, 3s. and 5s.
Life at the Zoo. Notes and Traditions of the Regent's Park Gardens. Illustrated from Photographs by GAMBIER BOLTON. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s.
The Naturalist on the Thames. Many Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d.
The New Forest. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. nett; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett; also new edition, small 4to, cloth, 2s.; leather, 3s. nett; and special velvet leather, each copy in a box, 5s.
The New Forest and the Isle of Wight. With Eight Plates and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, 7s. 6d. nett.
Nights with an Old Gunner, and other Studies of Wild Life. With Sixteen Illustrations by LANCELOT SPEED, CHARLES WHYMPER, and from Photographs. Crown 8vo, 6s.
* * * * *
THE CROWN LIBRARY
A series of notable copyright books issued in uniform binding. Extra crown 8vo. With many illustrations, 5s. nett.
_JUST ISSUED. SECOND AND CHEAPER EDITION._
SWANN, A.J.
Fighting the Slave Hunters in Central Africa. A Record of Twenty-six Years of Travel and Adventure round the Great Lakes, and of the overthrow of Tip-pu-Tib, Rumaliza, and other great Slave Traders. With 45 Illustrations and a Map, 5s. nett.
_RECENTLY ISSUED._
GRUBB, W. BARBROOKE.
An Unknown People in an Unknown Land. An Account of the Life and Customs of the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with Adventures and Experiences met with during Twenty Years' Pioneering and Exploration amongst them. With Twenty-four Illustrations and a Map. Extra crown 8vo, 5s. nett.
FRASER, Sir A.H.L., K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., Litt.D., ex-Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.
Among Indian Rajahs and Ryots. A Civil Servants' Recollections and Impressions of Thirty-seven Years of Work and Sport in the Central Provinces and Bengal. Third Edition, 5s. nett.
CODY, Rev. H.A.
An Apostle of the North. The Story of Bishop Bompas's Life amongst the Red Indians & Eskimo. Third Edition, 5s. nett.
PENNELL, T.L., M.D., B.Sc.
Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier. A Record of Sixteen Years' close intercourse with the natives of Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier. Introduction by EARL ROBERTS. Extra crown 8vo. Twenty-six Illustrations and Map. Fifth Edition, 5s. net.
* * * * *
CUST, LIONEL.
The Engravings of Albert Duerer. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett.
Paintings and Drawings of Albert Duerer. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 3s. 6d. nett.
Albrecht Duerer. A Study of his Life and Work. With Eight Copper Plates and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, 7s. 6d.
DAVENPORT, CYRIL.
Cameos. With examples in Colour and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett.
Royal English Bookbindings. With Coloured Plates and many other Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 3s. 6d.; cloth, 4s. 6d.
DAVIES, RANDALL, F.S.A.
English Society of the Eighteenth Century in Contemporary Art. With Four Coloured and many other Illustrations. Super royal 8vo, sewed, 5s. nett; cloth, 7s. nett.
DAWSON, Rev. E.C.
The Life of Bishop Hannington. Crown 8vo, paper boards, 2s. 6d.; or with Map and Illustrations, cloth, 3s. 6d.
DESTREE, O.G.
The Renaissance of Sculpture in Belgium. Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. nett; half-linen, 3s. 6d. nett.
DOLMAGE, CECIL G., M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.A.S.
Astronomy of To-Day. A popular account in non-technical language. With Forty-six Illustrations and Diagrams. Extra crown 8vo, 5s. nett.
DOMVILLE-FIFE, CHARLES W.
Submarine Engineering of To-Day. Extra crown 8vo, 5s. nett.
ELZEVIR LIBRARY, THE.
Selections from the choicest English Writers. Exquisitely Illustrated, with Frontispiece and Title-page in Colours by H.M. BROCK, and many other Illustrations. Half bound in cloth, coloured top, 1s. nett; full leather, 1s. 6d. nett; velvet leather, gilt edges, in a box, 2s. 6d. nett.