Part 16
=============+=========+=============+========+=====================+============+========= | | | | | | | |Mean Distance| | | | |Apparent |from Planet's|Diameter| Period of | | Year of Name |Magnitude| Center, |in miles| Revolution | Discoverer |Discovery | | in miles | | | | -------------+---------+-------------+--------+---------------------+------------+--------- | | | | | | THE EARTH | | | | | | Moon | | 238,857 | 2160 | 27 days, 7 hours, | | | | | | 43 minutes | | MARS | | | | | | 1. Phobos | 14 | 5,850 | 10? | 0 days, 7 hours, | Asaph Hall | 1877 | | | | 39 minutes | | 2. Deimos | 13 | 14,650 | 10? | 1 day, 6 hours, | Asaph Hall | 1877 | | | | 17 minutes | | JUPITER | | | | | | v. | 13 | 112,500 | 100? | 0 day, 11 hours, | Barnard | 1892 | | | | 57 minutes | | i. | 6.5 | 261,000 | 2452 | 1 day, 18 hours, | Galileo | 1610 | | | | 28 minutes | | ii. | 6.5 | 415,000 | 2045 | 3 days, 13 hours, | Galileo | 1610 | | | | 14 minutes | | iii. | 6 | 664,000 | 3558 | 7 days, 3 hours, | Galileo | 1610 | | | | 43 minutes | | iv. | 7 | 1,167,000 | 3345 | 16 days, 16 hours, | Galileo | 1610 | | | | 32 minutes | | vi. | 14 | 7,372,000 | small | 266 days, 0 hours, | Perrine | 1904 | | | | 0 minutes | | vii. | 16 | 7,567,900 |very | 276 days, 16 hours, | Perrine | 1905 | | | small | 5 minutes | | viii. | 17 | 15,600,000 |very | 789 days, 0 hours, | Melotte | 1908 | | | small | 0 minutes | | ix. | 19 | 18,900,000 | 20? | 3 years | Nicholson | 1914 | | | | | | SATURN | | | | | | 1. Meimas | 15 | 117,000 | 600 | 0 days, 22 hours, | Herschel | 1789 | | | | 37 minutes | | 2. Enceladus | 14 | 157,000 | 800 | 1 day, 8 hours, | Herschel | 1789 | | | | 53 minutes | | 3. Tethys | 11 | 186,000 | 1200 | 1 day, 21 hours, | Cassini | 1684 | | | | 18 minutes | | 4. Dione | 11 | 238,000 | 1100 | 2 days, 17 hours, | Cassini | 1684 | | | | 41 minutes | | 5. Rhea | 10 | 332,000 | 1500 | 4 days, 12 hours, | Cassini | 1672 | | | | 25 minutes | | 6. Titan | 9 | 771,000 | 3000 | 15 days, 22 hours, | Huygens | 1655 | | | | 41 minutes | | 7. Hyperion | 16 | 934,000 | 500 | 21 days, 6 hours, | Bond | 1848 | | | | 39 minutes | | 8. Japetus | 11 | 2,225,000 | 2000 | 79 days, 7 hours, | Cassini | 1671 | | | | 54 minutes | | 9. Phoebe | 17 | 8,000,000 | 200? | 546 days, 12 hours, | W.H. | 1898 | | | | 0 minutes | Pickering | 10. Themis | 17 | 906,000 | ? | 20 days, 20 hours, | W.H. | 1905 | | | | 24 minutes | Pickering | URANUS | | | | | | 1. Ariel | 15 | 120,000 | 500 | 2 days, 12 hours, | Lassell | 1851 | | | | 29 minutes | | 2. Umbriel | 16 | 167,000 | 400 | 4 days, 3 hours, | Lassell | 1851 | | | | 28 minutes | | 3. Titania | 13 | 273,000 | 1000 | 8 days, 16 hours, | Herschel | 1787 | | | | 56 minutes | | 4. Oberon | 14 | 365,000 | 800 | 13 days, 11 hours, | Herschel | 1787 | | | | 7 minutes | | NEPTUNE | | | | | | 1. Nameless | 13 | 221,500 | 2000 | 5 days, 21 hours, | Lassell | 1846 | | | | 3 minutes | | =============+=========+=============+========+=====================+============+=========
RINGS OF SATURN
===================+==========+===================+===================+==================== | | Distance of | Distance of |Diameter of Ring | | Inner Edge from | Outer Edge from | System from outer Name | Width, | Surface of Saturn,| Surface of Saturn,| edge to outer edge, | in miles | in miles | in miles | 172,500 miles. -------------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------|Thickness of Ring | | | | System, about one Dark or Crape Ring | 10,900 | 5,900 | 16,800 | hundred miles. Bright Ring | 18,000 | 16,800 | 34,800 |Size of Individual Cassini's Division | 2,200 | 34,800 | 37,000 | Moonlets, probably Outer Ring | 11,000 | 37,000 | 48,000 | less than three | | | | miles in diameter. ===================+==========+===================+===================+====================
TABLE III
THE TWENTY BRIGHTEST STARS IN THE HEAVENS
=============================+==========+============+============+===========+=========== | | | | Passes | | | | On | through | Distance Name |Magnitude | Color | Meridian |the Zenith | in | | | 9 P. M. |in Latitude|Light-Years -----------------------------+----------+------------+------------+-----------+----------- Sirius, Alpha Canis Majoris | -1.6 |White |February 12| 17 S. | 8.8 Canopus,[3] Alpha Argus | -0.9 |White |February 8| 53 S. | ? Alpha Centauri[3] | 0.1 |Yellow |June 15| 61 S. | 4.3 Vega, Alpha Lyræ | 0.1 |White |August 15| 39 N. | 40 Capella, Alpha Aurigæ | 0.2 |Yellow |January 20| 46 N. | 38 Arcturus, Alpha Boötis | 0.2 |Orange |June 10| 20 N. | 21 Rigel, Beta Orionis | 0.8 |Bluish-White|January 20| 8 S. | ? Procyon, Alpha Canis Minoris | 0.5 |White |February 26| 5 N. | 12 Achernar,[3] Alpha Eridani | 0.6 |Bluish-White|December 2| 58 S. | 80 Beta Centauri | 0.9 |Bluish-White|June 7| 60 S. | 100 Betelgeuze, Alpha Orionis | Var. |Red |January 31| 7 N. | 150-270? | 1.0-1.4 | | | | Altair, Alpha Aquilæ | 0.9 |White |September 4| 9 N. | 16 Alpha Crucis[3] (Double Star)| 1.6-2.1 |Bluish-White|May 14| 63 S. | 220 Aldebaran, Alpha Tauri | 1.1 |Red |January 11| 16 N. | 27 Pollux, Beta Geminorum | 1.2 |Yellow |February 28| 28 N. | 35 Spica, Alpha Virginis | 1.2 |Bluish-White|May 29| 11 S. | ? Antares, Alpha Scorpii | 1.2 |Red |July 12| 26 S. | 850 Fomalhaut, Alpha Piscis | 1.3 |White |October 24| 30 S. | 25 Australis | | | | | Deneb, Alpha Cygni | 1.3 |White |September 19| 45 N. | ? Regulus, Alpha Leonis | 1.3 |White |April 8| 12 N. | 32 =============================+==========+============+============+===========+===========
FOOTNOTE:
[3] Invisible north of 35° N. Lat. (approximate).
TABLE IV
A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL CONSTELLATIONS
1. VISIBLE IN 40° NORTH LATITUDE
=============================================================== | | | Passes Name | Chief Star | On Meridian | Overhead | or | 9 P. M. | in Latitude[4] | Noted Object | | (Degrees) -----------------+---------------+-------------+--------------- Andromeda | Great Nebula | November | 35 N. Aquarius | | October | 5 S. Aquila | Altair | September | 0° Aries | | December | 20 N. Auriga | Capella | February | 40 N. Boötes | Arcturus | June | 30 N. Cancer | Praesepe | March | 20 N. Canes Venatici | Cor Caroli | June | 40 N. Canis Major | Sirius | March | 20 S. Canis Minor | Procyon | March | 10 N. Capricornus | | October | 15 S. Cassiopeia | | November | 60 N. Cepheus | | November | 70 N. Cetus | Mira | December | 5 S. Columba | | February | 35 S. Coma Berenices | | May | 25 N. Corona Borealis | Alphecca | July | 30 N. Corvus | | May | 20 S. Crater | | May | 15 S. Cygnus. | Deneb | September | 40 N. Delphinus | Most distant | September | 15 N. | globular | | | cluster | | Draco | Alpha | August | 65 N. Eridanus | Achernar | January | 10° N. to 60° S. Gemini | Pollux | March | 25 N. Hercules | Great Cluster | July | 30 N. Hydra | | April | 20 S. Leo | Regulus | April | 15 N. Lepus | | February | 20 S. Libra | | June | 15 S. Lynx | | April | 45 N. Lyra | Vega | August | 40 N. Ophiuchus | | July | 10 S. Orion | Great Nebula | February | 0° Piscis Australis | Fomalhaut | October | 30 S. Pegasus | | November | 20 N. Perseus | Algol | January | 50 N. Pisces | | December | 5 N. Sagitta | | September | 20 N. Sagittarius | | August | 30 S. Scorpio | Antares | July | 30 S. Serpens | | July |20° N. to 15° S. Taurus | Pleiades | January | 20 N. Triangulum | | December | 35 N. Ursa Major | Mizar | May | 65 N. Ursa Minor | Polaris | | 85 N. Virgo | Spica | June | 0° =================+===============+=============+===============
FOOTNOTE:
[4] The approximate position of the center of the constellation.
2. INVISIBLE IN 40° NORTH LATITUDE
===========+===============+===========+============== | | On | Passes Name | Chief Star | Meridian | Overhead | or | 9 P. M. | in Latitude[4] | Noted Object | | (Degrees) -----------+---------------+-----------+-------------- Apus | | July | 75 S. Ara | | July | 55 S. Argo Navis | Canopus | March | 50 S. 1. Carina | | March | 60 S. 2. Puppis | | March | 45 S. 3. Vela | | March | 50 S. Centaurus | Alpha Centauri| June | 50 S. Crux | | | (Southern | | | Cross) | Alpha Crucis | June | 60 S. Dorado | Gt. Magellanic| | | Cloud | February | 58 S. Grus | | October | 45 S. Hydrus | Lesser Mag. | | | Cloud | | 70 S. Indus | | September | 55 S. Lupus | | June | 40 S. Musca | | June | 70 S. Octans | | | 85 S. Pavo | | October | 65 S. Phoenix | | November | 45 S. Telescopium| | July | 48 S. Triangulum | | | Australe | | July | 65 S. Tucana | Great Cluster | November | 60 S. Volans | | March | 75 S. ===========+===============+===========+==============
TABLE V
PRONUNCIATIONS AND MEANINGS OF NAMES OF STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS
1. STARS
=============+====================+==================== Name | Pronunciation | Meaning -------------+--------------------+-------------------- Achernar | a-ke´r-när | End-of-the-River Aldebaran | al-de´b-ar-an | The Hindmost Altair | al-ta´r | Antares | an-ta´-rez | Rival of Ares (Mars) Arcturus | ärk-t´u-rus | Bellatrix | bel-la´trix | The Female Warrior Betelgeuze | be´t-el-gerz | | or be´t-el-gez | The Arm-Pit Canopus | cän-o´-pus | Capella | ca-pel-la | Little She-Goat Deneb | de´n-eb | Denebola | de-ne´b-o-la | The Lion's Tail Fomalhaut | fo´-mal-o | The Fish's Mouth Hyades | hi-a-dez | The Rainy Ones Pleiades | ple´-ad-ez | Pollux | po´l-lux | Praesepe | pre-se´-pe | The Beehive Procyon | pro-si´-on | Precursor of the Dog Regulus | reg´-u-lus | The Ruler Rigel | ri´-gel or ri-jel | Sirius | sir´-i-us | The Sparkling One Spica | spi´-ka | The Ear of Wheat Vega | ve´-ga | =============+====================+====================
2. CONSTELLATIONS
================+=======================+================== Name | Pronunciation | Meaning ----------------+-----------------------+------------------ Andromeda | an-d´rom-e-da | The Woman Chained Aquarius | a-kwa´-ri-us | The Water-bearer Aquila | a´k-wi-la | The Eagle Ara | a´-ra | The Altar Argo Navis | ä´r-go-n´a-vis | The Ship Argo Aries | a´-res | The Ram Auriga | äw-ri´-ga | The Charioteer Boötes | bo-o´-tez | The Herdsman Cancer | ca´n-ser | The Crab Canes Venatici | ca´-nez ven-a´t-i-si | The Hunting Dogs Canis Major | ca´-nis ma´jor | The Greater Dog Canis Minor | ca´-nis mi´nor | The Lesser Dog Capricornus | ca´p-ri-kö´r-nus | The Goat Cassiopeia | ca´s-si-o-p´e-ya | Centaurus | cen-tä´w-rus | The Centaur Cepheus | se-fe-us | Cetus | s´e-tus | The Whale Columba | col-u´m-ba | The Dove Coma Berenices | co´ma ber-e-ni-ses | Berenice's Hair Corona Borealis | co-ro´-na bo-re-a´-lis| The Northern Crown Corvus | cô´r-vus | The Crow Crater | cr´a-ter | The Cup Crux | kru´x | The Cross Cygnus | si´g-nus | The Swan Delphinus | del-fi´-nus | The Dolphin Dorado | dôr-a´-do | The Goldfish Draco | dra´-co | The Dragon Eridanus | e-ri´d-a-nus | The River Eridanus Gemini | jem´-i-ni | The Twins Grus | gru´s | The Crane Hercules | her-ku-lez | Hydra | hi´-dra | The Water-snake Hydrus | hi´-drus | The Serpent Indus | i´nd-us | The Indian Leo | le´-o | The Lion Lepus | le´-pus | The Hare Libra | li´-bra | The Scales Lupus | lu´-pus | The Wolf Lynx | | The Fox Lyra | li´-ra | The Lyre Musca | mus´-ca | The Fly Octans | o´ct-ans | The Octant Ophiuchus | o´-fi-u´-kus | The Serpent-holder Orion | o-ri´-on | The Warrior Pavo | pä´-vo | The Peacock Phoenix | fe´-nix | Piscis Australis| pi´s-sis aus-tra´-lis | The Southern Fish Pegasus | peg´-a-sus | The Winged Horse Perseus | pe´r-se-us or per-sus | Pisces | pi´s-sez | The Fishes Sagitta | sa-ji´t-ta | The Arrow Sagittarius | sa-jit-ta´-ri-us | The Archer Scorpio | skô´r-pi-o | The Scorpion Serpens | ser-pens | The Serpent Taurus | täu-rus | The Bull Telescopium | tel-es-cop´-i-um | The Telescope Triangulum | tri-a´n-gu-lum | The Triangle Tucana | tu´c-an-a | The Toucan Ursa Major | u´r-sa ma´-jor | The Greater Bear Ursa Minor | u´r-sa mi´-nor | The Lesser Bear Virgo | ve´r-go | The Maiden Volans | vo´l-ans | The Flying Fish ================+=======================+==================
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note:
Obvious typographical errors have been repaired.
_Underscores_ surround italicized content.
Mid-paragraph illustrations were moved near to the text describing the illustrated material.
Redundant title--Astronomy for Young Folks--on p. 3 was deleted.
P. 3: Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth--"Canst" is assumed in blank space.
P. 25: brighter object than the nearby star Aldebaran--"star" is assumed in blank space.
P. 122: Illustration originally stated "See note page 126". That statement was removed, and the actual note from page 126 was moved to its place with the illustration.
P. 174: [...]--duplicate of later line "occurred at L'Aigle, France, in 1803. Between two" appeared at this spot. Possible missing text where the line occurred.
p. 233: period of 2^d 20^h 48.9^m--carat (^) indicates that the letter immediately following appears as a superscript.
Data in tables retained as in original, but may be incorrect--for example, the escape velocity of Mars, represented as 1.5 miles per second in Table I, is closer to 3.1.
End of Project Gutenberg's Astronomy for Young Folks, by Isabel Martin Lewis