Book I, p. 26.

[103] Brice: History of Fort Wayne, p. 118.

[104] Gilpin, in Memoirs of the Hist. Soc. of Penna. Vol. VI, p. 248.

[105] Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, p. 110.

[106] Parkman: Jesuits in North America, p. xxxiii.

[107] Events in Indian History, Lancaster, Pa., 1841, p. 143.

[108] Hunter: Indian Manners and Customs, p. 192.

[109] Gumilla: Histoire de Orinoque, Vol. III, p. 91.

[110] Molina: History of Chili, Vol. I, p. 119.

[111] From an original sketch by Mr. Beauchamp.

[112] Pike: Travels through the Western Territories of N. A., 1805-'7, p. 103.

[113] Morgan, in Fifth Annual Report on the Condition of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History, 1852, p. 72.

[114] Morgan: League of the Iroquois, p. 387.

[115] Heckewelder: Indian Nations, 1876, pp. 108-'9-'10.

[116] Beatty: Journal of Two Months Tour, 1768, p. 67.

[117] Loskiel: Missions of the United Brethren. Trans, by La Trobe, 1794. Book I, p. 26.

[118] Lafitau: Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, Tome II, p. 314.

[119] Mr. Beauchamp has published many interesting facts in regard to these belts in the American Antiquarian, Vol. II, No. 3.

[120] Present chief of the Onondagas.

[121] The proceedings attending the presentation are fully recorded in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, volume iii, page 207. A full size lithographic illustration of the belt printed in color is also given.

[122] Clavigero: History of Mexico, Trans. by Cullen, vol. I, p. 437.

[123] Davis: Spanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 121.

[124] Beverly: History of Virginia, p. 196.

[125] Lafitau: Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, p. 61.

[126] Wood: New England Prospect, p. 74.

[127] Kalm: Travels in North America, 1772, vol. ii, p. 320.

[128] _Vide_ Kingsborough, Waldeck, Bancroft, &c.

[129] Schoolcraft, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. II, Plate 1.

[130] Tomlinson, in The American Pioneer, Vol. II, p. 200.

[131] Matson, in Ohio Centennial Report, p. 131.

[132] Schoolcraft: History of the Indian Tribes, &c., part I, plate XIX.

[133] The ossuaries here mentioned are in the township of Beverly, twenty miles from Dundas, at the head of Lake Ontario. They are situated in a primitive forest, and were discovered upwards of thirty years ago through the uprooting of a tree. Large numbers of skeletons had been deposited longitudinally in trenches, with many implements, utensils, and ornaments. Two brass kettles were found in one of the graves. (Schoolcraft: Red Races of America, p. 326.)

[134] Rau: Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 33.

[135] The handsome illustrations presented in the accompanying plates were mostly drawn by Miss Kate C. Osgood, who has no superior in this class of work.

[136] Jones: Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee, pp. 42-3.

[137] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 373-5.

[138] Anderson, in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, October, 1875, p. 378.

[139] Abbott: Primitive Industry, pp. 70, 72, and 73.

[140] _Ibid._, p. 207.

[141] Since this paragraph has been in type I have seen the specimen, and find that the looped figure is clearly defined.

[142] Kingsborough: vol. II, Plate 20.

[143] Let any one who thinks lightly of such a work undertake, without machinery or well-adapted appliances, to cut a groove or notch even, in a moderately compact specimen of _Busycon_, and he will probably increase his good opinion of the skill and patience of the ancient workman if he does nothing else.

[144] E. G. Squier: Serpent Symbol, page 69, quoting MSS. of J. H. Payne.

[145] I am very much indebted to Prof. F. F. Hilder, of Saint Louis, for photographs of three of these specimens as well as for much information in regard to their history.

[146] Croswell, in Transactions Academy of Science of Saint Louis, vol. III, p. 537.

[147] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indian, plate XXX.

[148] Archæological Collection of the National Museum, p. 69.

[149] Squier: Peru, p. 186.

[150] Bancroft: Native Races of the Pacific States, vol. IV., p. 37.

[151] Carr, in Tenth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 87.

[152] Jones: Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 430.

[153] Schoolcraft: Notes on the Iroquois, p. 235.

[154] Kingsborough, Vol. III, pl. 22.

INDEX.

Abbott, C. C., describes bird totems 284 Adair, James, describes shell tweezers 212 , on use of shell money 237 Agricultural implements. (_See_ Implements.) Amiantis shells, Manufacture of beads from 226 Art, Antiquity of shell works of 187 , Burial of shell works of 187 , Evolution of 185, 192, 202, 210, 213, 225 , Inception of 186 , Materials employed in 185, 188 , Preservation of shell works of 186 Asphaltum used by California Indians 191, 209, 218 Atwater, Caleb, describes shell necklace 231 vessel 197

Beads of other materials 219, 232, 235 shell 219 , Classification of 219 discoidal in form 221 , Kinds of, used in belts 247 , Manner of stringing 234, 236, 244, 248 , Manufacture of 236 , by whites 238 massive in form 223 , Mnemonic use of 240, 254 or "Runtees" 228 , Perforated 219 tubular in form 226 used as money 219, 233 ornaments 219, 230, 234 Beatty, Charles, describes wampum belts 250 Beauchamp, W. M., Beads sketched by 228 , on belts of wampum 252 strings of wampum 248 Belts, wampum, Character of the patterns woven into 240, 246, 248 , Dimensions of 250, 253 , Keeper of the Iroquois 241, 244 made by Indian women 249 , Manufacture of 248 , Method of handling, in councils 241, 246 , Number of beads in 233, 251 , Profuse use of 242 , Rarity of, in collections 249 ; the Penn belt 253 , Use of, as mnemonic records 240, 254 , W. A. Brice on use and repudiation of 242, 246 Beverly, R., describes shell beads 229 money 237 pendants 256 spoon 201 , mentions shell knives 202 tweezers 212 Bird; carving of eagle's head 285 , Embodiment of the, in art 280 engraved on bone 284 stone 284 shell gorgets 280 , Examples of the, engraved on shell gorgets 281 , Gold ornament representing head of 285 , Myths of the 280 , Significant character of the, in engraved designs 281, 284 , Species of, represented 282, 284 , Superstitions in regard to the 280 , The Dakotas' thunder 281 , Totemic use of the 284 Bourke, Lieut. John G., on Moqui shell vessels 193 Bowers, Stephen, Shell objects collected by 209, 226 Brakebill mound 215, 275, 292, 296 Brice, W. A., on repudiation of wampum 246 use of wampum belts 242 Brinton, D. G., on the origin of the cross 270 Busycon shells, Columellæ of, used as pendants 209, 258 pins 213 , Gorgets derived from 273, 276, 282, 290, 292, 294, 296 , Pendants derived from 209, 259 , Perforated plates derived from 265 used as beads 220, 224 celts 204 vessels 194, 197 weapons 211 in the arts 191

Cabeça de Vaca on trade in shells 194 Cabrillo, João, visits Island of Santa Rosa 260 Calendars, Pictographic symbols of the Sioux 279 , Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278 used by ancient Mexicans 279 modern tribes 279 Carr, Lucien, describes shell gorget 295 Cassis shells used as vessels 191, 194, 196 Catlin, George, describes shell adze 205 Celts, Examples of 203 , Manufacture of 203 of shell 203, 205 Clam shells used as implements 190, 205, 207 utensils 190 in manufacture of ornaments 263 wampum 190, 226, 238, 257 Clark, J. S., Photographs made by 252 Clavigero, F. X., on use of shell ornaments 256 vessels in Mexico 193 Cleveland, F., describes shell vessels 197 Columellæ, Manner of extracting, from shell 214 used in manufacture of heads 219, 223 pins 213, 218 Conant, A. J., describes shell gorgets 300 , mentions shell gorgets 287 Cross design associated with others 270 combined with spider design 288 in Aztec paintings 285 engraved on shell gorgets 268 , Evolution or derivation of the 270 , Examples of the, combined with birds 282, 283 , Examples of the, from mounds 271, 273 , Introduction of the Christian 269 , Occurrence of the, in ancient Mexican art 270 Yucatan 270 , Origin of the, among mound builders 269 , Prehistoric use of the, in America 268, 270 , Symbolic character of the 269 Croswell, C., describes shell gorgets 286 Curtis, Dr., Shell gorgets collected by 283 Cyprea shells used as beads 219 ornaments 263

Dall, W. H., use of pins 217 , Shells identified by 190 Davis, W. H. H., mentions shell pendants 256 Dentalium shells used for money 191, 220, 227, 239 ornament 191, 218, 220, 227 in bushing 218, 227 Disks, Scalloped, probably time symbols 273 , Relation of, to human remains 276 shell, from mounds 275, 278 , Shell gorgets in the shape of 268, 273, 279 stone 277 with engravings of knotted serpents 278 , Table of 280 , The sun suggested by 273 , Type example of 273 ; use of sun symbols of similar shape 273 Drake, Daniel, describes shell vessel 197 Dunning, E. O., Shell ornaments collected by 272 pins collected by 215

Ely mound in Virginia 295 Engraved gorgets. (_See_ Gorgets.)

Face, Human, Description of shell gorgets representing the 294 engraved and carved on shell gorgets 293, 297 modeled in clay 296 , Portions of shell used for representing 293 , Use or significance of shell gorgets representing 295 Fain's Island mound 215, 272, 288 Farquharson, B. J., describes shell vessel 197 Fasciolaria shells, Columellæ of, used for pins 213 used as vessels 194 Figure, Human. (_See_ Human figure.) Fishing appliances, Shell 207 ; hooks 208 , Manufacture of 210 ; sinkers 208 Fissurella shells used as ornaments 191, 220, 261, 263 Frey, S. L., describes shell vessel 198

Gilpin, H. D., on the use of wampum belts 246 Gorgets, Engraved, Classification of 267 design on, character of 267 described by Beverly 256 , Modern examples of 268 of shell 267, 305 , Significance of designs on 267, 274, 278, 282 used as amulets 267 insignia 267, 273 symbols 268, 273 totems 268 Grave Creek mound 234, 264 Gray's mound, Oldtown, Tenn. 283 Gumilla, Joseph, concerning emblems in treaties 247

Hafting of implements of shell 203, 205, 211 Haldemann, S. S., describes shell beads 227, 230 Haliotis shells used as vessels 189, 191 in manufacturing beads 225, 227 fish hooks 209 pendants 209, 261 trade 191 Heckewelder, Johann, describes shell tweezers 212 wampum belts 250 , on the use of wampum belts 246 Hennite shells used in manufacture of beads 225, 227 Hilder, F. F., describes shell gorgets 286, 288, 303 , photographs of gorgets procured by 286 Human figure engraved on shell gorgets 297 , Comparison of, with other examples 302 southern examples 301 Hunter, J. D., concerning emblems in treaties 247 Hutchinson, Thomas, on the antiquity of wampum 235

Implements of shell, Agricultural 207 Insignia or badges of shell 264, 266, 273

Jones, C. C., describes shell pins 215 vessel 196 stone disks 277 , mentions shell gorgets 287, 293, 298 Jones, Joseph, describes shell disk 276 gorgets 297 spoons 201 vessel 196

Kalm, Peter, mentions shell knives 202 , on shell money 238 pendants 257 Knight, E. H., describes shell weapons 211 Knives of shell 201 , rarity of, in collections 203 used by Honda Indians 202 Pacific Coast tribes 203 Patagonians 203 Kohl, J. G., on trade in shells 194

Lafitau, J. F., on the use of shell pendants 256 wampum 243 wampum belts 250 Lawson, John, on the use of shell money 237 Le Moyne, d'Iberville, on the use of shell vessels 193 Lewis and Clark describe shell ornaments 233 on value of beads 239 Lick Creek mound 215, 224, 272, 278, 296 Lindström, P., on the use of shell money 236 Lord, J. K., on shell money 239 Loskiel G. H., gives an account of wampum 245 , on the antiquity of use of wampum 235 manufacture of wampum 235 origin of the word wampum 239 wampum belts 250 Low, C. P., Shell spoons collected by 200 described by 200 Lyon, S. S., Shell spoons collected by 200

McMahan mound 214, 292, 294, 298, 301, 303 Manufacture of shell objects 204, 210, 212, 216, 218, 220, 228, 236, 255, 261, 263, 286, 293 Marginella shells used as beads 219 Matson, J. S. B., Beads discovered by 231 , describes shell plates 265 Mnemonic records, Interpretation of 241, 244, 246 , Iroquois keeper of 241, 244 of Mexicans 240 N. A. Indians 240 Peruvians 240 , Origin of 240 , Use of materials other than shell for 245, 247 , Use of wampum for 240, 254 Molina, G. I., concerning emblems in treaties 247 Morgan, L. H., on the antiquity of wampum 235 origin of the word wampum 239 uses of wampum 235 wampum belts 249 records 241 Morton, Thomas, on the use of shell money 236 Myth, Spider, obtained by J. W. Powell 286 Mytilus, shells used as utensils 191, 212 in manufacture of fish hooks 210 ornaments 261

Oliva shells used as beads 219, 222 Olivella shells used as beads 220 Ornaments of shell 213, 305 Osgood, Kate C., Drawings made by 268 Oyster shells used as utensils 191

Pachydesma shells used as utensils 190 in manufacture of beads 226 ornaments 261 pendants 209 Palmer, E., Collections by 303 Parkman, Francis, on the use of wampum 247 Pearls perforated for beads 225 used by Powhatan 232 Pecten shells used as implements 206 ornaments 189, 261 rattles 190, 206 vessels 189 in art 189 Pectunculus shells, Manufacture of rings from 263 Pendants, Beads used as 230 , Classification of 255, 207 , Engraved 267, 305 , Forms and sizes of 255, 258, 261, 263 , Historic use of 255, 268 illustrated by Lafitau 257 in De Bry 257 Mexican paintings 257 sculptures of Mexico and Yucatan 258 , Importance of, in evolution of art 255 of shell 209, 255 the Atlantic coast 258 , Origin of use of 255 , Ornamental notching of edges of 262 , Perforations of 255, 261 , Plain, of the Pacific coast 260 Atlantic coast 258 , Various uses of 255, 261, 267 Penn, J. G., describes Penn belt 259 Perforated tablets. _See_ Tablets. Perforations of objects of shell 216, 220, 223, 227, 236, 262 Perkins, G. H., Shell beads illustrated by 224 Perrine, F. M., Shell gorgets belonging to 270 Pins, cut from body of shell 216 , Examples of 213, 218 made from collumellæ of shell 213, 218 obtained from mounds 213, 218 of shell 213, 218 , Use of bone 217 , problematicals 213, 217 Potter, W. B., Shell gorget owned by 299, 303 Powell, J. W., Nose ornament collected by 227 , Shell disk collected by 273 spoon collected by 199 , Spider myth obtained by 286 Powers, Stephen, describes shell beads 239 ornaments 233 Pratt, H. W., on shell money 239 Pratz, Lepage du, describes shell ornaments 232 Putnam, F. W., describes bone pins 217 shell fish-hooks 209 gorgets 276, 282, 295 pins 218 spoons 195 vessels 196 , on use of asphaltum 227 value of Haliotis shells 191

Rasle, Father Sebastian, on the use of shell beads 231 Rau, Charles, describes gold ornament 285 shell gorget 289 vessel 196 weapon 210 , on classification of perforated plates 266 cut of stone disk 278 Records. (_See_ Mnemonic records.) "Runtees," a variety of shell beads 228 , Manner of stringing 229 , Origin of 230 , Signification of figures engraved upon 228 Ruttenber, E. M., on the Keeper of wampum 241 manufacture of shell money 238

Scalloped disks. (_See_ Disks.) Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell beads 228 ornaments 297 pendants 260 plates 264 Schumacher, Paul, Shell objects collected by 209, 217 Scrapers of shell 205 , Examples of 205 Serpent characteristics that attract the savage 289 design, Discovery of shell gorgets ornamented with 289 engraved upon shell gorgets 268, 289, 293 stone disks 278 , Examples of gorgets ornamented with 290 of Mexico and Peru 293 ; the rattlesnake 289 , Embodiment of the, in art 289 ; rattlesnake species represented on shell 291, 293 , Superstitions in regard to 289 , Use of the, as a religious symbol 289 Shells, Artificial distribution of 196, 205, 213, 230 , Trade in 188, 191, 193, 196, 236 used as models for the potter 198 in natural state 187, 191 Smith, Erminnie A., Wampum belt loaned by 251 Smith, John, describes shell ornaments 232 Spider characteristics that attract savages 286 design engraved upon shell gorgets 286, 289 , Examples of, on shell gorgets 286 in art 286 , Myths concerning the 286 Spoons of shell deposited with the dead 199 , Examples of 199 , Manufacture of 198 the Unio shell 198, 201 Squier, E. G., mentions spider myths 286 Squier and Davis describe shell beads 225 Stearns, R. E. C., on shell money 239 Strachey, William, mentions shell knives 202 Stratton, C. L., Shell pins collected by 215 Strombus shells, Columellæ of, used in manufacture of beads 224 pendants 208 pins 213, 215 used as vessels 191, 194, 197 in manufacture of celts 204 gorgets 295 Swan, J. G., describes shell ornaments 233

Tablets, Perforated, Forms of 264 , made of shell 264, 267 , Manner of burial of 265 , Method of attachment of 266 , Perforations of 265 , Theories of use of 264 , Undetermined character of 264 Time symbols, Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278 Tomlinson, A. B., describes shell plate 264 Trill, C. F., Drawings made by 251 Troost, Dr. Gerard, Shell objects collected by 224 Tweezers of shell 212

Unio shells obtained from mounds 190 used as implements 190, 205 utensils 190, 199 in manufacture of beads 223 ornament 260 spoons 199

Velie, J. W., Shell pendants collected by 208 Vessels, artificially shaped 192 , Engraved shell 193 in clay imitating shells 198 , Manufacture of shell 194, 196 , Natural shells 190 of the Mound Builders 194, 196 used by the Florida Indians 193 Moquis Indians 193 in Mexico 192 Wampum, Antiquity of use of as currency 234 as currency 234 , Derivation of the word 238 in costumes 232, 234 , Literature of 241, 248 , Manufacture of 226, 236 , by whites 238 , Mnemonic use of 240, 254 , Modern use of 239, 252 , Origin of mnemonic use of 240 , Symbolic uses of 241, 248 , Use of, in strings 243, 248 treaties and councils 242 , on Pacific Coast 239 , Varieties of beads used as 247 Weapons of shell 210 , Manner of hafting 211 Whipple, Lieut. E. W., Necklace obtained by 220 Whiteley, Colonel, Shell gorgets procured by 303 Whitney, J. L., describes shell plate 265 Williams, C. F., Shell gorgets collected by 282 Williams, Roger, on the name wampum 239 use of shell money 236 Wood, William, describes shell pendants 256 , mentions shell implements 205, 207 ornaments 232 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell celt 204 gorgets 289 pins 216 vessel 196 weapons 211

CORRECTIONS:

page original text correction 186 of curions construction of curious construction 198 in ancient grave in an ancient grave 199 Fig. I, Plate XXIV Fig. 1, Plate XXIV Plate XXVI 6. Perforated pecten, 6. Perforated Pecten, 203 n 36 _Ibid_ _Ibid._ 214, 294, 301, 303 the McMahon mound the McMahan Mound 217 very different type very different type. 218 collumellæ of marine columellæ of marine Plate XXXI An untrimmed columela. An untrimmed columella 219 the _Maginella_ the _Marginella_ 222 In fig. 1 I present In Fig. 1 I present 225 East St. Louis, Ills. East St. Louis, Ill. 232 n 69 View the American A View of the American 236 the Salvages have found the Savages have found 236 of New Sweeden: of New Sweden: 238 of making wampum. of making wampum." 240 would be assinged to would be assigned to 242 Algonkin and and Iroquois Algonkin and Iroquois 242 Cannehoot, a Seneca sachem Cannehoot, a Seneca sachem, 246 n 102 Book 1, p. 26. Book I, p. 26. 246 by his remontrances by his remonstrances 248 chiefs of the Chippeway chiefs of the Chippewa 250 n 118 Tome, II, p. 314. Tome II, p. 314. 251 belts of the Irqouois belts of the Iroquois 252 and be lost and be lost. 252 Mr. Beauchamp, states Mr. Beauchamp states 252 The belt shown in Fig 3 The belt shown in Fig. 3 255 a phenominal art. a phenomenal art. 264 as from the main land. as from the main-land. 271 in Fig. 1., Plate LI, in Fig. 1, Plate LI, 282 On it face, however On its face, however 282 the State of Missisippi the State of Mississippi 286 illustrated in Plate LX. illustrated in Plate LXI. 287 2x Mr. Crosswell Mr. Croswell Plate LXII 1. McMahan Mound, Tenn. 2. McMahan Mound, Tenn. 296 painted or tatooed design painted or tattooed design Plate LXIX Acquia Creek, Va. Aquia Creek, Va. 298 hands againstthe hands against the 302 broad many-featherd tail broad many-feathered tail 303 (Plates LXXI and LXXIII), (Plates LXXI and LXXII), 304 In Fig. 3 I present In Fig. 2 I present

MODERN SPELLING OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SHELL SPECIES MENTIONED:

original text modern name Pagenumbers Cerrithidea Cerithidea 220 Cyprea Cypraea 219, 220 2x, 230, Plate XLVIII, 263 2x, 264 Hennites Hinnites 225, 227, Plate XXXV Lucupina Lucapina 264 silignoidens siligineoides 200 vericosus verrucosus 206