Book iv. 1. 349. and the Note.

[Footnote 931: Held the work-basket.--Ver. 219. Hercules, who Wiled the serpents sent by Juno, is reproached for doing this, by Deianira in her Epistle.]

[Footnote 932: As though a servant.--Ver. 228. He is to be ready, if his mistress goes to a party, to act the part of the slave, who was called 'adversitor,' whose duty it was to escort his master home in the evening, if it was dark, with a lighted torch.]

[Footnote 933: A vehicle.--Ver. 230. 'Rota,' a wheel, is, by Synecdoche, used to signify 'a vehicle.']

[Footnote 934: Cynthius.--Ver. 240. See the Note to line 51, of the Epistle from Aenone to Paris.]

[Footnote 935: Through the open roof.--Ver. 245. He gives a somewhat hazardous piece of advice here; as he instructs him to obtain admission by climbing up the wall, and getting in at the skylight, which extended over the 'atrium,' or 'court,' a room which occupied the middle of the house. The Roman houses had, in general, but one story over the ground-floor.]

[Footnote 936: The high window.--Ver. 246. This passage may be illustrated by the Note to 1. 752: of Book xiv. of the Metamorphoses.]

[Footnote 937: Day on which.--Ver. 257. He alluded to a festival celebrated by the servants, on the Caprotine Nones, the seventh of July, when they sacrificed to 'Juno Caprotina.' Macrobius says that the servants sacrificed to Juno under a wild fig-tree (called 'caprificus'), in memory of the service done by the female slaves, in exposing themselves to the lust ot the enemy, for the public welfare. The Gauls being driven from the city, the neighbouring nations chose the Dictator of the Fidenates for their chief, and, marching to Rome, demanded of the Senate, that if they would save their city, they should send out to them their wives and daughters The Senate, knowing their own weakness, were much perplexed, when a handmaid, named 'Tutela,' or 'Philotis,' offered, with some others, to go out to the enemy in disguise. Being, accordingly, dressed like free women, they repaired in tears to the camp of the enemy. They soon induced their new acquaintances to drink, on the pretence that they were bound to consider the day as a festival; and when intoxicated, a signal was giver, from a fig tree near, that the Romans should fall on them. The camp of the enemy was assailed, and most of them were slain. In return for their service, the female, slaves were made free, and received marriage portion? at the public expense. Another account, agreeing with the present passage, says, that the Gauls were the enemy who made the demand, and that Retana was the name of the female slave.]

[Footnote 938: The lower classes.--Ver. 259. Witness his own appeals in the Amores to Napè, Cypassis. Bagous, and the porter.]

[Footnote 939: In the Sacred Street.'--Ver. 266. Presents of game and trout very often follow a similar devolution at the present day.]

[Footnote 940: Amaryllis was so fond of.--Ver. 267. He alludes to a line of Virgil, which, doubtless, was then well known to all persons of education. It occurs in the Eclogues: 'Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat.' 'Chesnuts, too, which my Amaryllis was so fond of.' In the next line, he hints that the damsels of his day were too greedy to be satisfied with chesnuts only.]

[Footnote 941: Thrush and a pigeon.--Ver. 269. Probably live birds of the kind are here alluded to; Pliny tells us that they were trained to imitate the human voice. Thrushes were much esteemed as a delicacy for the table. They were sold tied up in clusters, in the shape of a crown.]

[Footnote 942: By these means.--Ver. 271. He alludes to those who continued to slip into dead men's shoes, by making trifling presents of niceties. Juvenal inveighs against this practice.]

[Footnote 943: Poetry does not.--Ver. 274. See the remarks of Dipsas in the Amores, Book i. El. viii. 1. 57.]

[Footnote 944: Only rich.--Ver. 276. See the Amores, Book iii. El. ii.]

[Footnote 945: Tyrian hue.--Ver. 297. See the Fasti, Book ii. 1. 107, and the Note.]

[Footnote 946: Of Cos--Ver. 298. See the Epistles of Sabinus, Ep. iii. 1. 45, and the Note.]

[Footnote 947: A dress of felt.--Ver. 300. 'Gausape,' 'gausapa,' or 'gausapum,' was a kind of thick woolly cloth, which had a long nap on one side. It was used to cover tables and beds, and as a protection against wind and rain. It was worn both by males and females, and came into use among the Romans about the time of Augustus.]

[Footnote 948: You are setting me on fire.--Ver. 301. Burmanu deservedly censures the explanation of 'moves incendia,' given by Crispinus, the Delphin Editor, 'Vous mourrez de chaud,' 'You will die of heat,' applying the observation to the lady, and not, figuratively, to the feelings of her lover.]

[Footnote 949: Her very embraces.--Ver. 308. The common reading of this line is clearly corrupt; probably the reading is the one here adopted, 'Et un dat, gaudia, voce proba.']

[Footnote 950: What advice--Ver. 368. These attempts at argument are exhausted by Paris, in his Epistle to Helen.]

[Footnote 952: Stinging-nettle.--Ver. 417. Pliny prescribes nettle-seed as a stimulating medicine, mixed with linseed, hyssop, and pepper.]

[Footnote 953: White onion.--Ver. 421. The onions of Megara are praised by Cato, the agricultural writer.]

[Footnote 954: Alcathous.--Ver. 421. See the Metamorphoses, Book vii. 1.]

[Footnote 955: At first.--Ver. 467. See the beginning of the First Book of the Metamorphoses.]

[Footnote 956: Unclean mate.--Ver. 486. He alludes to the strong smell of the he-goat.]

[Footnote 957: Machaon.--Ver. 491. He was a famous physician, son of Æsculapius, and was slain in the Trojan war. See the Tristia, Book v. El. vi. 1. 11.]

[Footnote 958: He came.--Ver. 496. 'Adest' seems a preferable reading to 'agit.']

[Footnote 959: To know himself.--Ver. 600. 'Know thyself,' was a saying of Chilo, the Lacedaemonian, one of the wise men of Greece. This maxim was also inscribed in gold letters in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. 'Too much of nothing' was a second maxim there inscribed; and a third was, 'Misery is the consequence of debt and discord.']

[Footnote 960: Drinks with elegance.--Ver. 506. It is hard to say what art in drinking is here alluded to; whether a graceful air in holding the cup, or the ability of drinking much without shewing any signs of inebriety.

Let the old woman come.--Ver. 329. In sickness it was the custom to purify the bed and chamber of the patient, with sulphur and eggs. It seems also to have been done when the patient was pining through unrequited love. Apulius mentions a purification by the priest of Isis, who uses eggs and sulphur while holding a torch and repeating a prayer. The nurse of the patient seems here to be directed to perform the ceremony.]

[Footnote 961: The Fasti, Book ii. 1. 19, and Book iv. 1. 728. From a passage of Juvenal, we find that it was a common practice to purify with eggs and sulphur, in the month of September, * On Athos.--Ver. 517. See the Metamorphoses, Book ii. 1. 217, and the Note.]

[Footnote 962: On Hybla.--Ver. 517. See the Tristia, Book v. El. xiii. 1. 22.]

[Footnote 963: Off your head.--Ver. 528. Iphis, in the fourteenth Book of the Metamorphoses, 1. 732, raises his eyes to the door-posts of his mistress, 'so often adorned by him with wreaths.']

[Footnote 964: The senses.--Ver. 532. He seems to believe, with Nixon d'Enelos, in the existence of a sixth sense.]

[Footnote 965: Of mighty Jove.--Ver. 540. He alludes to the triumphal procession to the Capitol.]

[Footnote 966: Gentle sleep.--Ver. 546. See the Amores, Book iii. El. i. 1. 51. He means to say that husbands give a certain latitude to their wives, who do not fail to improve upon it.]

[Footnote 967: Own husband.--Ver. 551. See the Amores, Book i. El. iv. 1. 38.]

[Footnote 968: Other men visit.--Ver. 554. 'Viri' seems to be a better reading than 'viro.']

[Footnote 969: Mars and Venus.--Ver. 562. See the Metamorphoses, Book iv. 1. 173.]

[Footnote 970: Says, laughing.--Ver. 585. See a similar passage in the Metamorphoses, Book iv. 1. 187.]

[Footnote 971: For Thrace.--Ver. 588. He was much venerated by the warlike Thracians.]

[Footnote 972: Paphos.--Ver. 588. See the Metamorphoses, Book x. 1. 298.]

[Footnote 973: Fire and water render.--Ver. 598. Among the Romans, when the bride reached her husband's house, he received her with fire and water, which it was the custom for her to touch. This is, by some, supposed to have been symbolical of purification; or it was an expression of welcome, as the interdiction of fire and water was the formula for banishment.]

[Footnote 974: My sallies.--Ver. 600. See Book L 1. 31, and the Note. See also the Fasti, Book iv. 1. 866, and the Note.]

[Footnote 975: The rites of Ceres.--Ver. 601. He alludes to the mysterious rites of Ceres, in the island of Samothrace.]

[Footnote 976: Not enclosed in chests.--Ver. 609. Certain chests were carried in the procession at the festival of Ceres, the contents of which, if there were any, was a mystery to the uninitiated.]

[Footnote 977: The left hand.--Ver. 614. This is the attitude of the Venus de Medicis.]

[Footnote 978: At a heavy price.--Ver. 626. Men spend their money on debauchery, only for the pleasure of talking of it.]

[Footnote 979: Waving wings.--Ver. 644. He refers to Perseus admiring the swarthy Andromeda.]

[Footnote 980: Of larger stature.--Ver. 645. She was remarkable for her height.]

[Footnote 981: Green bark.--Ver. 639. He speaks of the slip engrafted in the stock.]

[Footnote 982: What Consulship.--Ver. 663. The age of persons was reckoned by naming the Consulship in which they were born; the period of which was Known by reference to the 'Fasti Consulares.' See the Introduction to the Fasti.]

[Footnote 983: Rigid Censor.--Ver. 664. It was the duty of the Censor to make enquiries into the age of all individuals.]

[Footnote 984: Best years.--Ver. 666. Even in those days, it was considered ungallant to make too scrutinizing enquiries into the years of ladies of 'a certain age.']

[Footnote 985: Kind of warfare.--Ver. 674. See the Amores, Book i. El. ix. 1. 1.]

[Footnote 986: Besides in these.--Ver. 675. In reference to females of a more advanced age.]

[Footnote 987: Seven times five years.--Ver. 694. He probably means, in this passage, a lustrum of five years. Burmann justly observes, that 'cito,' 'quickly,' or 'soon,' can hardly be the proper reading, as it seems to contradict the meaning of the context. He suggests 'nisi,' meaning 'but,' or 'only.' See the Fasti, Book iii. 1. 166, and the Note. Also the Tristia, Book iv. El. xvi. 1. 78.]

[Footnote 988: Stored up in the times.--Ver. 696. He uses this metaphorical expression to signify that he admires females when of a ripe and mature age See the Amores, Book ii. El. v. 1. 54, and the Note.]

[Footnote 989: The shooting grass.--Ver. 698. In Nisard's translation, the words 'prata novella' are rendered 'l'herbe nouvellement coupée,' 'the grass newly cut.' This is not the meaning of the passage. He intends to say that the grass just shooting up is apt to cut or prick the naked foot.]

[Footnote 990: Hermione.--Ver. 699. She was the daughter of Helen and Menelaus.]

[Footnote 991: Gorge.--Ver. 700. She was the daughter of Altnea, and sister of Meleager. She married Andræmon.]

[Footnote 992: Podalirius.--Ver. 735. The brother of Machaon. See the Tristia Book v. El. xiii. 1. 32.]

[Footnote 993: Calchas.--Ver. 737. See the Metamorphoses.]

[Footnote 994: Automeden.--Ver. 738. The son of Diores. He was the charioted of Achilles.]

[Footnote 995: Upon his spoil--Ver. 744. It was the custom to write inscriptions on the spoil. See the Notes to the Fasti, Book ii. 1. 663.]

FOOTNOTES OF BOOK THE THIRD

[Footnote 1001: Penthesilea.'--Ver. 2. See the 21st Epistle, 1.118, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1002: Dione.--Ver. 3. See the Fasti, Book ii. 1. 461, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1003: Son of Atreus.--Ver. 11. 'Helen was unfaithful to Menelaus, while Clytemnestra killed Agamemnon.]

[Footnote 1004: Son of Oeclus.--Ver. 13. See the Metamorphoses, Book viii. 1. 317, ind the Note.]

[Footnote 1005: From Phylace.--Ver. 17. See the Epistle of Laodamia to Protesilaius.]

[Footnote 1006: Son of Pheres.--Ver. 19. See the Pontic Epistles, Book iii. El. i. L 106, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1007: And in place of--Ver. 20. See the 111th line of the same Elegy, and the Note. Also the Tristia, Book v. El. xiv. 1. 38.]

[Footnote 1008: My skiff.--Ver. 26. 'Cymba.' See the Amores, Book iii. El. vi. 1. 4, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1009: Another bride.--Ver. 34. Jason deserted Medea for Creusa.]

[Footnote 1010: Nine journies.--Ver. 37. See the Epistle of Phyllis to Demophoon.]

[Footnote 1011: Two treatises.--Ver. 47. His former books on the Art of Love.]

[Footnote 1012: Who before had uttered.--Ver. 49. He alludes to the Poet Stesichorus, on whose lips a nightingale was said to have perched and sung, when he was a child. Pliny relates that he wrote a poem, inveighing bitterly against Helen, in which he called her the firebrand of Troy, on which he was visited with blindness by her brothers, Castor and Pollux, and did not recover his sight till he had recanted in his Palinodia, which he composed in her praise. Suidas says, that Stesichorus composed thirty, six books of Poems. Helen was born at Therapnæ, a town of Laconia.]

[Footnote 1013: Your own privileges.--Ver. 58. 'Sua' seems to mean the privileges sanctioned and conceded by the law, probably to those females who were in the number of the 'professae.']

[Footnote 1014: No door.--Ver. 71. So Horace says, in his address to Lydia, Book i. Ode i. 25; 'Less frequently do the wanton youths shake your joined windows with many a blow, and no longer deprive thee of sleep, and the door adheres to its threshold.']

[Footnote 1015: Bestrewed with roses.--Ver. 72. See line 528: in the last Book Lucretius speaks of the admirers of damsels anointing their doors with M ointment made of sweet marjoram.]

[Footnote 1016: Hermione.--Ver. 86. According to Hesiod, Venus was the mother of three children by Mars, of whom Hermione was one.]

[Footnote 1017: May take up again.--Ver. 96. This is not the proper translation, of the passage; but the real meaning cannot be presented with a due regard to decorum.]

[Footnote 1018: I begin with dress.--Ver. 101. He plays upon the different meanings of the word 'cultus'; which means either 'dress,' or 'cultivation,' according as it is applied, to persons or land.]

[Footnote 1019: A great part.--Ver. 104. This is a more ungallant remark than we should have expected Ovid to make.]

[Footnote 1020: Of Phoebus.--Ver. 119. He alludes to the temple of Apollo, on the Palatine Hill, where Augustus and Tiberius resided.]

[Footnote 1021: And choice shells.--Ver. 124. He alludes to pearls which grow in the shell of the pearl oyster, and are found in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean.]

[Footnote 1022: By the moles.--Ver. 126. He alludes to the stupendous moles which the Romans fabricated, as breakwaters, at their various bathing-places on the coast of Italy. See the Odes of Horace, Book iii. ode 1.]

[Footnote 1023: Round features.--Ver. 139. See the Pontic Epistles, Book iii Ep. iii. 1. 15, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1024: Figure of the tortoise.--Ver. 147. Salmasius thinks that the 'galerus,' or 'wig of false hair,' is alluded to in this passage. Others think that a coif or fillet of net-work is alluded to. He probably means a mode of dressing the hair in the shape of a lyre, with horns on each side projecting outwards. Mercury, the inventor of the lyre, was born on Mount Cyllene, in Arcadia.]

[Footnote 1025: The waves.--Ver. 148. Juvenal mentions a mode of dressing the hair to a great height by rows of false curls.]

[Footnote 1026: The herbs from Germany.--Ver. 163. He alludes, probably, to herbs brought from Germany, which were burnt for the purpose of making a soap used in turning the hair of a blonde colour. See the Amores, Book i. El. xiv. 1. 1, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1027: For money--Ver. 166. See 1. 45 of the above Elegy.]

[Footnote 1028: The eyes of Hercules.--Ver. 168. He means that the wig-makers']

shops were in the neighbourhood of the Temple of Hercules Musagetes, in the Flaminian Circus. See the Sixth Book of the Fasti, 1. 801.]

[Footnote 1029: Gold flounces.--Ver. 169. 'Segmenta' are probably broad flounces to the dresses inlaid with plates of gold, or gold threads embroidered on them.]

[Footnote 1030: On one's person.--Ver. 127. Like our expression, 'To carry a fortune on one's back.']

[Footnote 1031: That art said.--Ver. 175. He refers to the colour of the Ram with the Golden Fleece, that bore Helle and Phryxus over the Hellespont.]

[Footnote 1032: Resembles the waves.--Ver. 177. He evidently alluded to dresses which resemble the surface of the waves, and which we term 'watered'; and which the Romans called 'undulatae,' from 'unda,' a 'wave.' Varro makes mention of 'undulatæ togæ.' Some Commentators, however, fancy that he alludes here to colour, meaning 'glaucus,' or 'sea-green,' which Lucretius also calls ' thalassinus.']

[Footnote 1033: Amaryllis.--Ver. 183. See the last Book, 1. 267, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1034: And wax.--Ver. 184. Plautus mentions the 'Carinarii,' who dyed garments of a waxen, or yellow colour]

[Footnote 1035: Seriphos.--Ver. 192. See the Metamorphoses, Book v. 1. 242, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1036: Shocking goat.--Ver. 193. See the Note to 1. 522: of the First Book.]

[Footnote 1037: Application of wax.--Ver. 199. Wax is certainly used as a cosmetic, but 'creta' seems to be a preferable reading, as chalk in a powdered state was much used for adding to the fairness of the complexion. Ovid would hardly recommend a cosmetic of so highly injurious a tendency as melted wax.]

[Footnote 1038: The eye-brows.--Ver. 201. We learn from Juvenal, that the colour of them was heightened by punctures with a needle being filled with soot.]

[Footnote 1039: And the little patch.--Ver. 202. 'Aluta' means 'skin made soft by means of alum.' It is difficult to discover what it means here, whether 'a patch' made of a substance like gold-beater's skin, somewhat similar to those used in the days of the Spectator; or a liquid cosmetic, such as Pliny calls 'calliblepharum,' 'an aid to the eye-brows.' He seems to use the word 'sinceras' in its primitive sense, 'without wax'; which recommendation certainly would contradict the common reading, 'cera,' in the 199th line.]

[Footnote 1040: To mark the eyes.--Ver. 203. To heighten the colour of the eyelashes, ashes (and probably charcoal) were u»ed by the Roman women. Saffron also was used. A black paint, made of pulverized antimony, is used by the women in the East, at the present day, to paint their eyebrows black. It is called 'surme,' and was also used at ancient Rome. Cydnus was a river of Cilicia.]

[Footnote 1041: A little treatise.--Ver. 205. He alludes to his book, 'On the care of the Complexion,' of which a fragment remains.]

[Footnote 1042: Of the cesypum.--Ver. 213. The filthy cosmetic called 'cesypum,']

was prepared from the wool of those parts of the body where the sheep perspired most; it was much used for embellishing the complexion. Pliny mentions the sheep of Athens as producing the best. It had a strong rank smell. The red colour, which was used by the Roman ladies for giving a bloom to the skin, was prepared from a moss called 'fucus'; from which, in time, all kinds of paint received the name of 'fucus.']

[Footnote 1043: Of the deer.--Ver. 215. Pliny speaks highly of the virtues of stag's marrow. It probably occupied much the same position in estimation, that bear's grease does at the present day.]

[Footnote 1044: Myron.--Ver. 219. There were two sculptors of this name: one a native of Lycia, the other of Eleuthera.]

[Footnote 1045: Beautiful statue.--Ver. 223. He alludes to that of Venus Anadyomene, or rising from the sea, which was made by Praxiteles, and was often copied by the sculptors of Greece and Rome.]

[Footnote 1046: Pierces her arms.--Ver. 240. See a similar passage in the Amores. Book i. El. xiv. 1. 16.]

[Footnote 1047: Toilet in the temple.--Ver. 244. He tells those who have not fine heads of hair, to be as careful in admitting any men to see their toilet, as the devotees of Bona Dea were to keep away all males from her solemnities.]

[Footnote 1048: Sidonian fair.--Ver. 252. Europa was a Phoenician by birth.]

[Footnote 1049: With the clothes.--Ver. 226. See the Amores, Book i. El. iv. 1.48, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1050: With purple stripes.'--Ver. 269. Commentators are at a loss to know what 'tingere virgis' means; some suggest, 'to wear garments with red 'virgæ,' or 'stripes,'while others think that it means 'to tint the skin with fine lines of a purple colour.' It is thought by some that vermilion is here alluded to, while others suppose that the juice of the red flowers, or berries of the 'vaccinium,' is meant.]

[Footnote 1051: The Pharian fish.--Ver. 270. The intestines and dung of the crocodile, 'the Pharian' or 'Egyptian fish,' are here referred to. We learn from Pliny that these substances were used by the females at Rome as a cosmetic, to add to the fairness of the complexion, and to take away freckles from the skin.]

[Footnote 1052: Small pads are suitable.--Ver. 273 'Analectides,' or 'Analectrides,' (the correct reading is doubtful) were pads, or stuffings, of flock, used in cases of high shoulders or prominent shoulder-blades.]

[Footnote 1053: And let the girth.--Ver. 274. He alludes to the 'strophium,' which distantly resembled the stays of the present day, and was a girdle, or belt, worn by women round the breast and over the interior tunic or chemise. From an Epigram of Martial, it seems to have been usually made of leather. Becker thinks that there was a difference between the 'fascia' and the 'strophium.']

[Footnote 1054: At a distance.--Ver. 278. One of the very wisest of his suggestions.]

[Footnote 1055: Umbrian.--Ver. 303. The Umbrians were a people of the Marsi, in the north of Italy. They were noted for their courage, and the rusticity of their manners.]

[Footnote 1056: The son of Sisyphus.--Ver. 313. He here alludes to a scandalous story among the ancients, that Ulysses was the son of Anticlea, by Sisyphus the robber, who had carried her off, and not by Laertes, her husband.]

[Footnote 1057: The wax.--Ver. 314. By the advice of Circe, Ulysses filled the ears of his companions with melted wax, that they might not hear the songs of the Sirens.]

[Footnote 1058: The measures of the Nile.--Ver. 318. These airs were sung by Egyptian girls, with voluptuous attitudes, and were much esteemed by the dissolute Romans. These Egyptian singers were, no doubt, the forerunners of the 'Alme' of Egypt at the present day. The Nautch girls and Bayaderes of the East Indies are a kindred race.]

[Footnote 1059: Plectrum.--Ver. 319. See the Metamorphoses, Book ii. 1. 601, and the Note; also the Epistle of Briseïs, 1. 118, and the Note.]

[Footnote 1060: Thy mother.--Ver. 323. Amphion and Zethuswere the sons of Jupiter and Antiope. Being carried off by her uncle Lycus, Antiope was entrusted to his wife Dirce. When her sons grew up, they fastened Dirce to wild oxen, by which she was tom to pieces. Amphion was said to have built the walls of Thebes by the sound of his lyre.]

[Footnote 1061: Arion.--Ver. 326. See the Fasti, Book ii. 1. 79.]

[Footnote 1062: The festive psaltery.--Ver. 327. Suidas tells us that 'naulium,' or 'nablium,' was a name of the psaltery. Josephus says that it had twelve strings. Strabo remarks that the name was of foreign origin.]

[Footnote 1063: Callimachus.--Ver. 329. See the Amores, Book ii. El. iv. 1. 19: and the Pontic Epistles, Book iv. Ep. xvi. 1. 32, and the Notes of the passages.]

[Footnote 1064: Poet of Cos.--Ver. 330. The poet Philetas. He flourished in the time of Philip and Alexander the Great. Anacreon was a lyric poet of Teios, and a great admirer of the juice of the grape.]

[Footnote 1065: Or him, through whom.--Ver. 332. Some think that he means Menander, from whom Terence borrowed many of his scenes; he probably alludes to the Phormio of Terence, where the old men, Chremes and Demipho, are deceived by Geta, the cunning slave. See the Tristia,