CHAPTER XV

HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS

The honors and distinctions shown to the National Flag, to the President and other high Government officials, to the National Anthem and to the officers of the various ranks in the different services composing the Armed Forces of the United States are prescribed in the U. S. Army Regulations and the U. S. Navy Regulations, which are issued by the Secretaries of War and the Navy by authority of the President of the United States.

At Army Posts and Stations the National Flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset and on board ships of the Navy the National Flag is hoisted at 8 a. m. and lowered at sunset, these occasions being known as “Morning Colors” and “Evening Colors.”

While the National Flag is being hoisted and lowered all officers and enlisted men stand at attention facing the flag, if in uniform and covered they stand at the salute during the hoisting or lowering of the flag and if in civilian dress covered, they uncover and hold the headdress opposite the left shoulder. The latter form of salute is the correct one for all civilians who desire to so honor the flag of their country.

When passing the National Flag flown at an Army post or on board a ship of the Navy, the flag is saluted with the “right hand salute” or if arms are carried in hand, with the prescribed salute for the arm carried. The same honor is accorded to the flag when it is carried past by any organization of the military or naval forces. The same honor is accorded by members of the military and naval forces of the United States to the flags of other nations under like circumstances.

When a band is present at morning or evening colors the National Anthem is played during the hoisting and lowering of the colors, and when ships of the navies of other nations are in the same port the national anthem of those nations is also played by the bands of ships of the United States Navy.

_The National Anthem_ of the United States of America is the composition consisting of the words and music known as “The Star Spangled Banner,” which was officially designated as such by the President of the United States on August 23, 1916.

For many years of its existence as a nation the United States of America had no officially recognized national anthem although various national songs and airs attained widespread popularity. During the Revolution “Yankee Doodle” and “The World Turned Upside Down” were popular military airs and the former still survives to some extent as a national song.

In 1832 the Reverend Samuel Francis Smith, a Baptist minister of Boston, wrote the song entitled “My Country, ’Tis of Thee” and it was set to the music of the British National Anthem, “God Save the King,” and widely published in prayer books as the American National Hymn. This has led many people to believe that it was the official National anthem; however this is not the case, as it never received any official recognition as such.

During the Civil War, 1861 to 1865, there were a number of airs that reached great popularity among the soldiers and sailors of both sides, the most stirring of these airs being “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” in the North and “Dixie” in the South.

The Navy Regulations of 1890 prescribed that “The Star Spangled Banner” should be played by the bands at morning colors and “Hail, Columbia” at evening colors, thus giving an official standing to both airs.

In the Navy Regulations of 1893 and the Army Regulations of 1895 “The Star Spangled Banner” was prescribed for use at colors and came to be officially recognized as the National Air, but it was not until the President’s order of August 23, 1916, that it became the official National Anthem.

By the order of the President the honors shown to the National Anthem are prescribed in the U. S. Army Regulations as follows:

Whenever the National Anthem is played at any place when persons belonging to the military services are present, all officers and enlisted men not in formation shall stand at attention facing toward the music (except at retreat, when they shall face toward the flag). If in uniform, covered, they shall salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in uniform and covered, they shall uncover at the first note of the anthem, holding the headdress opposite the left shoulder and so remain until its close, except that in inclement weather the headdress may be held slightly raised.

The same rules apply when “To the Color” or “To the Standard” is sounded as when the National Anthem is played.

When played by an Army band, the National Anthem shall be played through without repetition of any part not required to be repeated to make it complete.

The same marks of respect prescribed for observance during the playing of the National Anthem of the United States shall be shown toward the National Anthem of any other country when played upon official occasions.

The U. S. Navy Regulations prescribe the same honors whenever the National Anthem is played on board a vessel of the Navy, at a Naval Station or at any place where persons belonging to the naval service are present.

Civilians wishing to pay the proper honor to the National Anthem should stand at attention whenever present at any place where the National Anthem is played and if covered they should remove the headdress and hold it opposite the left shoulder while standing at attention during the playing of the music.

When the President of the United States visits a Fort or Station of the United States Army he is received with the command formed in line under arms, the national colors and regimental standards being carried by the troops, officers and men saluting with the “Present arms,” the band playing the National Anthem followed by four ruffles of the drums and four flourishes of the bugles.

An ex-President and Vice President of the United States are received with the same honors except that the band plays a march instead of the National Anthem.

The President of a foreign republic or the sovereign or a member of the royal family of a foreign country is received with the same honors as the President of the United States except that the National Anthem of his country will be played by the band.

Members of the President’s Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the President pro tempore of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, American and foreign Ambassadors and Governors (within their respective states or territories) are received with the same honors as the Vice President except that the number of ruffles and flourishes is three.

General Officers of the Army or Marine Corps and Flag Officers of the Navy are received with the national colors and regimental standards, officers and men saluting with the “Present arms,” the band playing a march followed by ruffles and flourishes of the drums and bugles, the number of ruffles and flourishes depending upon the rank of the officer being received, as follows:

General or Admiral—four ruffles and flourishes.

Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral—three ruffles and flourishes.

Major General or Rear Admiral—two ruffles and flourishes.

Brigadier General or Commodore—one ruffle and flourish.

In addition to the above honors salutes with cannon are fired upon the arrival and departure of the President of the United States and the president or sovereign or a member of the royal family of a foreign country; and upon the arrival of other officials and military and naval officers in accordance with their rank as follows:

The President of the United States, or the President or sovereign or member of the royal family of a foreign country 21 guns An ex-President of the United States or the Vice President 21 guns Ambassadors, members of the Cabinet and the president pro tempore of the Senate 19 guns The Chief Justice, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, a Committee of Congress, Governors within their respective states or territories, a Governor General and the Governor of the Philippine Islands 17 guns The Assistant Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the Vice-Governor of the Philippine Islands, an Envoy Extraordinary or Minister Plenipotentiary 15 guns A Minister Resident 13 guns A Charge d’Affaires 11 guns A Consul-General to the United States 11 guns Admiral of the Navy 19 guns General or Admiral 17 guns Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral 15 guns Major General or Rear Admiral 13 guns Brigadier General or Commodore 11 guns

Officers of foreign armies and navies are received with the same honors as those tendered to officers of like rank in our own services.

At every Army post provided with suitable artillery a cannon salute of twenty-one guns, known as a “National salute,” is fired at noon on Washington’s Birthday, February 22nd, and on Memorial Day, May 30th, and on Independence Day, July 4th, a salute of one gun for each state in the Union is fired.

The honors and ceremonies to be observed when the President of the United States or the president or sovereign of another country, or a lesser official entitled to such honor visits a ship of the U. S. Navy are given in the following table from the U. S. Navy Regulations.

These honors are decided by international custom and are practically the same in all of the navies of the world and a strict observance of them is necessary to avoid any occasion for international misunderstanding that might arise from an omission of any customary honor or salute.

In addition to the gun salutes described in the above table a National salute, twenty-one guns, is fired by every ship in the Navy at noon on Independence Day, July 4th, Washington’s Birthday, February 22nd, and Memorial Day, May 30th.

===========================+=======+============+====+=======+====== | | Salute | | | | +-----+------+ | | Rank |Uniform|Arri-|Depar-|Guns|Ruffles|Guard | | val | ture | | | ---------------------------+-------+-----+------+----+-------+------ President | S.F.D.| 1 | 1 | 21 | 4 |Full | | | | | | | | | | | | President of foreign | | | | 21 | 4 | do. Republic or a | do. | 1 | 1 | | | foreign sovereign | | | | | | Member of royal family | do. | 1 | 1 | 21 | 4 | do. | | | | | | | | | | | | Ex-President | do. | 1 | 1 | 21 | 4 | do. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Vice President | do. | | 1 | 19 | 4 | do. | | | | | | Ambassador | do. | | 1 | 19 | 4 | do. | | | | | | Secretary of the Navy | Dress | 1 | 1 | 19 | 4 | do. | | | | | | | | | | | | Assistant Secretary | | | | | | of the Navy | Dress | 1 | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. | | | | | | | | | | | | Cabinet officer | do. | | 1 | 19 | 4 | do. | | | | | | Chief Justice | do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. Governor general, | | | | | | United States | | | | | | islands | do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. Governor of State, | | | | | | Territory or | | | | | | U. S. islands | do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. President pro tempore | | | | | | of the Senate | do. | | 1 | 19 | 4 | do. Speaker of the House | | | | | | of Representatives | do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. Committee of Congress | do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. Envoy extraordinary | do. | | 1 | 15 | 3 | do. Minister resident | | | | | | or “diplomatic | | | | | | representative” | do. | | 1 | 13 | 2 | do. Charge d’affaires | do. | | 1 | 11 | 1 | do. Consul | Of the| | 1 | 11 | | Day general | day | | | | | First secretaries | | | | | | of embassies or | | | | | | legations | do. | | | | | Consul | do. | | 1 | 7 | | Day Vice consul or | | | | | | consular agent | | | | | | (where he is the | | | | | | only representative | | | | | | of the United States) | do. | | 1 | 5 | | do. Admiral of the Navy | Dress | | 1 | 19 | 4 | Full Admiral | } do. | | 1 | 17 | 4 | do. General | } | | | | | Vice admiral | } do. | | 1 | 15 | 3 | do. Lieutenant general | } | | | | | Rear admiral | } | | | | | Major general | } do. | | 1 | 13 | 2 | do. (Army or Marine Corps) | } | | | | | Commodore | } | | | | | Brigadier general | } do. | | 1 | 11 | 1 | do. (Army or Marine Corps) | } | | | | | Chief of staff, | | | | | | if not a flag or | Of the| | | | | general officer | day | | | | | Day Captain } | } | | | | | Colonel } | } | | | | | Commander } | } Of | | | | | Lieutenant } If | } the | | | | | Day Colonel } commanding | } day | | | | | Day Lieutenant } officers | } | | | | | commander } | } do. | | | | | Major } | } | | | | | All other commissioned | } | | | | | officers below | } | | | | | lieutenant commander | } do. | | | | | and major | } | | | | | ---------------------------+-------+-----+------+----+-------+------

============================+==========+==========+================= | | | | | Side | Rank | Music | honors | Flag | | | ----------------------------+----------+----------+----------------- President | National | }Yards | { President’s, | Anthem. | } or | { at main, | | } rail | { during visit. President of foreign | do. | }manned | { National, Republic or a | | } and | { at main, foreign sovereign | | } 8 S. | { during visit Member of royal family | do. | } boys. | { National, at | | | { main during | | | { salute. Ex-President | March. |8 S. boys.| National, at | | | main, during | | | salute in | | | foreign | | | countries. Vice President | do. | do. | National, at | | | fore, during | | | salute. Ambassador | National | do. | Do. | Anthem. | | Secretary of the Navy | March. | do. | Secretary’s, at | | | main, during | | | visit. Assistant Secretary | | | of the Navy | do. | do. | Asst. | | | Secretary’s, | | | at main, | | | during visit. Cabinet officer | do. | do. | National, at | | | fore, during | | | salute. Chief Justice | do. | do. | Do. Governor general, | | | United States | | | islands | do. | do. | Do. Governor of State, | | | Territory or | | | U. S. islands | do. | do. | Do. President pro tempore | | | of the Senate | do. | do. | Do. Speaker of the House | | | of Representatives | do. | do. | Do. Committee of Congress | do. | do. | Do. Envoy extraordinary | do. | do. | Do. Minister resident | | | or “diplomatic | | | representative” | do. |6 S. boys.| Do. Charge d’affaires | do. | do. | Do. Consul general | | do. | Do. First secretaries | | | of embassies or | | | legations | |4 S. boys.| Do. Consul | | do. | Do. Vice consul or | | | consular agent | | | (where he is the | | | only representative | | | of the United States) | | do. | Do. Admiral of the Navy | March |8 S. boys.| } Admiral | do. | do. | } General | | | } In case of Vice admiral | do. | do. | } foreign Lieutenant general | | | } officers, Rear admiral | | | } national, Major general | do. |6 S. boys.| } at fore, (Army or Marine Corps) | | | } during Commodore | | | } salute. Brigadier general | do. | do. | } (Army or Marine Corps) | | | Chief of staff, | | | if not a flag or | | | general officer | |4 S. boys.| Captain } | | | Colonel } | | | Commander } If | | | Lieutenant } commanding | |4 S. boys.| Colonel } officers | | | Lieutenant } | |2 S. boys.| commander } | | | Major } | | | All other commissioned | | | officers below | | do. | lieutenant commander | | | and major | | | ----------------------------+----------+----------+-----------------

Abbreviations.

S. F. D.—Special Full dress.

S. boys.—Side boys who stand at either side of the head of the gangway or ladder by which the official comes aboard of the ship.

When a ship of the Navy is in a port of a foreign country upon the National holiday of that country a salute of twenty-one guns is fired at noon on that day.

In accordance with established military courtesy salutes are exchanged between officers and between officers and enlisted men not in a military formation, nor at drills, at work, engaged in playing athletic games or at meals, on every occasion of their meeting or passing or being addressed by a senior, the officer who is junior in rank or the enlisted man saluting first, and the officer senior in rank returning the salute.

When the officer or enlisted man is not bearing arms of any kind in his hands he salutes with the right hand by bringing the hand smartly up to the visor of the cap above the right eye, fingers closed, hand, wrist and forearm straight, palm of the hand to the left and right forearm at an angle of forty-five degrees, and then dropping the arms to the side.

The distance within which salutes are required is that within which recognition is easy, usually considered to be about thirty paces (twenty-five yards).

When troops of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps are reviewed by the President of the United States or by any official or officer entitled to review them, they march past the reviewing officer with the bands playing a suitable march, the colors and standards saluting, officers and enlisted men rendering the marching salute and the drummers and buglers sounding the ruffles and flourishes appropriate to the rank of the reviewing officer.

The salute with the colors and standards is made by drooping them to the front. The marching salute for officers and enlisted men is made by turning the head and eyes toward the person to be saluted and is known as “eyes right” or “eyes left,” depending upon whether the position of the reviewing officer is to the right or left of the column as it passes in review, officers also salute with the sword by bringing it up and to the front until the hand grasping the hilt is opposite the chin and then sweeping the hand and sword down and to the right.

Many of the regiments of the Army have distinctive marches which are played when passing in review but no distinctive march has ever been adopted for the Army as a whole.

The march usually played by the bands of the sailor regiments of the Navy when passing in review is “A Life on the Ocean Wave,” and that played by the bands of the Marine Corps under the same circumstances is “Semper Fidelis,” the title of the march being the motto of the Marine Corps.

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

“THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER”

Written by Francis Scott Key while a prisoner on board the British Ship _Surprise_ during the bombardment of Fort McHenry near Baltimore during the War of 1812.

Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming. Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro’ the perilous fight, O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro’ the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen thro’ the mists of the deep, Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes. What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam. In full glory reflected now shines on the stream; ’Tis the star-spangled banner; oh, long may it wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

And where is the band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion A home and a country should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps’ pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Oh, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and wild war’s desolation; Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the heaven-rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: “In God is our Trust!” And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

THE END

INDEX

Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Address, style of, for officers, 27 Admiral, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Admirals’ flags: Austria-Hungary, 60 Belgium, 56 France, 54 Germany, 60 Great Britain, 54 Italy, 56 Japan, 58 Russia, 56 United States, 52 Aiguilettes, U. S. Navy, 129 Aircraft distinguishing marks, 62 American Red Cross, uniforms and insignia, 292 Appointed officers, definition, 27 Army of Cuban Occupation Medal, 213 Cuban Pacification Medal, 213 Army, U. S., grades of officers and enlisted men, 30 Assistant Engineer, U. S. Lightship, insignia of rank, 186 Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 195 Austrian Array, uniforms and insignia, 263 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 267 Austrian war medals, 291 Aviation Corps, insignia, U. S. Navy, 115 insignia enlisted men, U. S. Navy, 146 Aviation insignia, U. S. Army, 103, 104 uniform, U. S. Navy, officers, 115

Bandsmen’s uniforms, U. S. Navy, 138 Bathing trunks, U. S. Navy, 137 Belgian Army, uniforms and insignia, 251 Belgian war medals, 288 Belts, full dress, U. S. Army, officers, 78 Boat cloak, U. S. Navy, officers, 117 Boatswain, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 “Boxer” Campaign Medal, China, 1900, 212 Branch marks, U. S. Coast Guard, 180 U. S. Navy, 142 Brassards, 105 Brigadier General, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 British Army, uniforms and insignia, 227 Marines, uniforms and insignia, 225 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 218 British war medals, 285 Buttons, U. S. Army, 78, 84, 106 U. S. Coast Guard, 180 U. S. Lighthouse Service, 187 U. S. Marine Corps, 161 U. S. Navy, 128 U. S. Public Health Service, 197

Cadets, West Point, insignia of rank, 86 organization, 85 uniforms, 88 Campaign hat, origin of, 3 Cap ribbons, U. S. Coast Guard, 181 U. S. Naval Militia, 144 U. S. Naval Reserve Force, 144 U. S. Navy, 135 Cape, U. S. Army, officers, 77 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 155 U. S. Navy, officers, 117 Caps, U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 176 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 152 U. S. Navy, officers, 117, 118 Captain, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80, 81 U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 U. S. Lighthouse Service, insignia of rank, 183 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Captain Commandant, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 Carpenter, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Certificate of Merit Medal, 209 Civil Engineers, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121 Civil War Campaign Medal, 211 Chaplain, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 121 Chaplain. U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Chevrons, origin of, 96 for wounds, 215 U. S. Army, 95-100 U. S. Marine Corps, 164, 165 U. S. Navy, 139 War service, 215 Chief Boatswain, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Carpenter, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Engineer, U. S. Lighthouse Service, insignia, 183 Gunner, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Machinist, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 of Staff, U. S. Army, flag, 60 Pay Clerk, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Petty Officers’ uniforms, U. S. Navy, 134, 135 Pharmacist, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Sailmaker, U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 China Relief Expedition Medal, 213 Citizens’ Training Camps, 107 Clerk, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia, 197 Clerks, Field, U. S. Army, uniforms, 90 Cloak, U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 177 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 155 U. S. Navy, officers, 117 Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S., uniforms, 187 Coast Guard, U. S., grades of officers and enlisted men, 41 insignia, 174 Coast Guard, U. S., officers, rank and corps insignia, 173, 177 organization, 25 uniforms and insignia, 170 Cocked hat, origin of, 3 Cocked hats, U. S. Navy, officers, 117 Colonel, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 Command appropriate to different grades: U. S. Army, 44 U. S. Coast Guard, 51 U. S. Marine Corps, 49 U. S. Navy, 46 Commander, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Commission pennant, 55 Commissioned officers, definition, 26 Congressional Medal for Philippine Service, 211 Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, Great Britain, 287 Constructors, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank and corps, 173-175 Corps and rank insignia, U. S. Navy, officers, 118-128 Corps insignia, U. S. Army, 101-104 U. S. Army, officers, 81-83 U. S. Marine Corps, 158 Corps, service and rank, 17 Croix de Guerre, France, 285 Cuban Occupation Medal, 213 Cuban Pacification Medal, 213 Customs of the Services, 306

Decorations and medals, foreign, 284 Dental officers, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 121 Departmental insignia, U. S. Army, officers, 81-83 U. S. Marine Corps, 158, 159 Dewey Medal, 207 Distinguished Service Cross, Great Britain, 286 Distinguished Service Cross, U. S., 209 Distinguished Service Medal, Austria, 291 Distinguished Service Medal, Great Britain, 287 Distinguished Service Medal, U. S., 209 Distinguished Service Order, Great Britain, 286 District superintendent, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank and corps, 173, 175 Dress uniform, U. S. Army, enlisted men, 96 U. S. Army, officers, 70 U. S. Coast Guard, 174 U. S. Marine Corps, enlisted men, 162 U. S. Navy, enlisted men, 134, 135 Dungarees, U. S. Navy, 137

Engineer officers, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 Engineer of Lighthouse Tender insignia of rank, 184 U. S. Lightship, 186 Enlisted men’s uniforms and insignia, U. S. Army, 92 U. S. Coast Guard, 178-181 U. S. Marine Corps, 162-169 U. S. Navy, 133-144 Enlisted men’s uniforms and insignia, U. S. Public Health Service, 198, 199 Enrolled women, U. S. Naval Reserve Force, 146 Ensign, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122, 123 Ensigns, flags and pennants, 53 Epaulets, U. S. Army, General Officers, 78 Evening dress uniform, U. S. Army, officers, 76 U. S. Navy, officers, 113

Facings, U. S. Army, 81, 83 Fatigue uniform, enlisted men, U. S. Army, 92 Field Clerks’ brassard, U. S. Engineers, 105 U. S. Army, uniforms, 90 Field uniform, U. S. Marine Corps, enlisted men, 162 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 153, 154 Finger prints, U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, 146 First Assistant Engineer of Lighthouse Tender, insignia of rank, 184 First Lieutenant, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80, 81 U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 First Mate, U. S. Lightship, insignia of rank, 185 First Officer of Lighthouse Tender, insignia of rank, 184 Flag officers, definition of, 56 Flag of the United States, 53 Flags, ensigns and pennants, 53 Flagship, 55 Fleet, composition of, 21 Foreign Armies and Navies, uniforms and insignia, 216 Foreign decorations and medals, 284 French Army, uniforms and insignia, 235 French Navy, uniforms and insignia, 241 French war medals, 284 Full dress uniform, U. S. Army, enlisted men, 95 U. S. Army, officers, 73 U. S. Coast Guard, 172 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 150 U. S. Navy, officers, 113 U. S. Public Health Service, 192

General, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80 Geneva Cross flag, 62 German Army, uniforms and insignia, 279 Marines, uniforms and insignia, 278 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 272 German war medals, 290 Good-Conduct Medal, U. S. Marine Corps, 215 U. S. Navy, 215 Guidons, 61 Gunner, U.S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 U. S. Navy, insignia, 124

Haitian Campaign Medal, 214 History and origin of uniform, 1 Honors and distinctions, U. S. Army and Navy, 314 Hospital flag, 62

Identification tag, U. S. Army, 106 U. S. Marine Corps, 169 U. S. Navy, 145 Indian Campaign Medal, 212 Interne, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Insignia of corps and departments, U. S. Army, 101-104 of rank, U. S. Army, enlisted men, 95-100 U. S. Army officers, 81, 83 Insignia of rank, U. S. Army officers, 79, 80, 81 West Point Cadets, 86 Iron Cross, the, Germany, 290 Italian Army, uniforms and insignia, 245 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 247 Italian war medals, 288

Japanese Army, uniforms and insignia, 258 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 261 Japanese war medals, 289

Keeper, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 Keepers, U. S. Lighthouses, insignia, 186 Khaki, origin of, 11, 12

Land forces, U. S., 17 Leggings, U. S. Army, 93 U. S. Navy, 143 Legion of Honor, France, 284 Lieutenant, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122, 123 Junior grade, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122, 123 Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80, 81 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 Lieutenant Commander, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Lieutenant General, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80 Life-Saving Medal, Gold, 210, Silver, 210 Lighthouse Service, duties of, 25 U. S., grades of officers and enlisted men, 43 U. S., uniforms and insignia, 182 Line officers, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121

Machinist, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 U. S. Navy, insignia, 124 Major General, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156 Major, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80, 81 Major, U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 Manila Bay Medal, 207 Marine Band, uniforms, 167-169 Marine Corps, U. S. insignia, 158 U. S. swords, 160 U. S. uniforms and insignia, 147 U. S., grades of officers and enlisted men, 40 U. S., organization and duties, 23 Marine Gunner, U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 Master of Lighthouse Tender, insignia of rank, 184 U. S. Lightship, insignia of rank, 185 Master’s Mate, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia, 177 Mate, U. S. Navy, insignia, 125 Medaille Militaire, France, 284 Medal commemorating Battle of Manila Bay, 207 commemorating naval engagements in West Indies during Spanish War, 207 for Haitian Campaign, 214 of Honor, U. S. Army, 205 of Honor, U. S. Navy, 206 Medals and badges of the U. S. Government, list of, 204 Medals and decorations, foreign, 284 Medals, badges and ribbons, U. S. Government, 201 Medical officers, U. S. Army, corps insignia, 102 U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121 Mess uniform, U. S. Army, officers, 76 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 152 Mexican Service Campaign Medal, 214 Midshipman, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 uniform and insignia, 130-133 Military Cross, Great Britain, 287 Military Medal, Great Britain, 287 Military Valor Medal, Italy, 289

National Anthem of the United States, 285, 293 Naval Constructors, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121 Militia, flag, 57 Militia, uniforms of enlisted men, 143, 144 Reserve, flag, 56 Reserve uniforms, U. S., 144 uniforms and insignia, U. S., 108 Navy, U. S., grades of officers and enlisted men, 31 Neckerchief, U. S. Navy, 143 Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, 214 Noncommissioned officers, definition, 27 U. S. Army, chevrons, 95-100 insignia of rank. U. S. Marine Corps, 164, 165 Nurses’ uniform and insignia, 200

Olive-drab service uniform, U. S. Army, officers, 68 U. S. Coast Guard, 178 Order of Crown of Italy, 289 Order of Francis Joseph, Austria, 291 Order of Leopold, Belgium, 288 Order of Osmanieh, Turkey, 291 Order of Savoy, Italy, 289 Order of the Golden Kite, Japan, 290 Order of the Medjidie, Turkey, 291 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan, 289 Origin and history of uniform, 1 Overcoat, U. S. Army, enlisted men, 95 U. S. Army, officers, 76 U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 177 U. S. Marine Corps, enlisted men, 164, 168 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 154 U. S. Navy, enlisted men, 138 U. S. Navy, officers, 116 U. S. Public Health Service, officers, 195 West Point Cadets, 89

Pajamas, U. S. Marine Corps, 164 U. S. Navy, 137 Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Pay Clerk, U. S. Navy, insignia, 125 Pay Officers, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121 Pennants, ensigns and flags, 53 Petty officers, definition, 27 insignia, U. S. Navy, 139, 142 Pharmacist, U. S, Navy, insignia, 125 U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Philippine Insurrection Campaign Medal, 212 Professor, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Professors of Mathematics, U. S. Navy, corps insignia, 120, 121 Public Health Service, U. S. uniforms and insignia, 188

Quarantine Inspector, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Quartermaster Clerk, U. S. Marine Corps, rank insignia, 156, 157 Corps, U. S. Army, insignia, 82 Queen Elizabeth Medal, Belgium, 288

Rank, corps and service, 17 Rank insignia, U. S. Army, officers, 79, 80, 81 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 155-157 U. S. Navy, officers, 118-128 Rank, title and precedence, 26 Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Red Cross, American, uniforms and insignia, 292 Red Cross brassard, 105 flag, 62 Regimental standards, 58, 59 Relative rank of officers of U. S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and Public Health Service, 29 Reserve officers’ training corps, 107 Ribbons, cap, U. S. Coast Guard, 181 U. S. Naval Militia, 144 U. S. Naval Reserve Force, 144 U. S. Navy, 135 Roumanian Army, uniforms, 283 Russian Army, uniforms and insignia, 254 Navy, uniforms and insignia, 256

Saber knot, U. S. Army, officers, 79 Sailmaker, U. S. Navy, insignia, 125 Salutes and honors for high officials, 320, 321 for the National Anthem, 316, 317 to the flag, 314 Sampson Medal, 207 Santiago Medal, 207 Sashes, General Officers, U. S. Army, 78 Sea forces, U. S., 20 Second Assistant Engineer of Lighthouse Tender, insignia of rank, 184 Second Lieutenant, U. S. Army, insignia of rank, 80, 81 U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 U. S. Marine Corps, insignia of rank, 156, 157 Second Mate, U. S. Lightship, insignia of rank, 186 Senior Captain, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 Senior Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Service, corps and rank, 17 Service stripes. U. S. Army, 105 U. S. Coast Guard, 180 Service stripes, U. S. Marine Corps, 166 U. S. Navy, 143 Service uniform, U. S. Army, enlisted men, 92 U. S. Army, officers, 68 U. S. Coast Guard, 175, 176 U. S. Navy, officers, 114 U. S. Public Health Service, officers, 194 Shipping Board flag, 57 Shoulder knots, U. S. Army, officers, 78 Shoulder marks, U. S. Navy, officers, 125-128 U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 176 Sleeve braid, U. S. Army, officers, 80, 81 U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 173 U. S. Lighthouse Service, officers, 183-186 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 156 Sleeve braid, U. S. Navy, officers, 110 U. S. Public Health Service, officers, 103 Spanish War Campaign Medal, 212 Naval Medal, service other than in battle, 208 Special full dress uniform, U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 148 U. S. Navy, officers, 113 Special meritorious Modal, service other than battle, Spanish War, 208 Specialty marks, U. S. Coast Guard, 170, 180 U. S. Navy, 130-142 Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 196 Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Service, insignia of rank, 195 Sword, U. S. Army, 79 U. S. Coast Guard, 177 U. S. Marine Corps, 160 U. S. Navy, 144 U. S. Public Health Service, 197 Sword knot, U. S. Army, 79 U. S. Coast Guard, 177 U. S. Marine Corps, 160 U. S. Navy, 129

Table of occasions, U. S. Army, enlisted men’s uniforms, 91 U. S. Army, officers’ uniforms, 65 U. S. Coast Guard, officers’ uniforms, 171, 172 U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, enlisted men’s uniforms, 133 U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, officers’ uniforms, 109-113 Table of relative rank, U. S. Services, 28 Third Lieutenant, U. S. Coast Guard, insignia of rank, 173, 175 Third Officer of Lighthouse Tender, insignia of rank, 184 Title, definition, 27

Undress uniforms, U. S. Navy, officers, 114 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 151 Uniforms, origin and history, 1 Union Jack, U. S., 55 U. S. Army, enlisted men’s uniforms, occasions for wearing, 91 grades of officers and enlisted men, 30 officers’ uniforms, occasions for wearing, 65 uniforms and insignia, 64 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, uniforms, 187 U. S. Coast Guard, grades of officers and enlisted men, 41 U. S. Coast Guard, officers’ uniforms, occasions for wearing, 171, 172 uniforms and insignia, 170 U. S. Guards, 107 U. S. Lighthouse Service, grades of officers and enlisted men, 43 uniforms and insignia, 182 U. S. Marine Corps, grades of officers and enlisted men, 40 uniforms and insignia, 147 U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, officers’ uniforms, occasions for wearing, 109-113 U. S. Navy, grades of officers and enlisted men, 31 uniforms and insignia, 108 U. S. Public Health Service, grades of officers and enlisted men, 190 uniforms and insignia, 188

Vice Admiral, U. S. Navy, insignia of rank, 122 Victoria Cross, British, 286

War Cross, France, 285 War Cross, Belgium, 288 War Cross (Distinguished Service Cross), U. S., 209 War Medal, Austria, 291 War service chevrons, 215 Warrant officers’ uniforms, U. S. Coast Guard, 177, 178 U. S. Marine Corps, 155 U. S. Navy, 124 U. S. Public Health Service, 198 Watchmen, U. S. Lighthouse Service, insignia, 186 West Point Cadets, insignia of rank, 86 organization, 85 uniforms, 88 White uniform, U. S. Army, officers, 75 U. S. Coast Guard, officers, 176 U. S. Marine Corps, officers, 151 U. S. Navy, officers, 114 Winter service uniforms, U. S. Navy, 136 Women enrolled in U. S. Naval Reserve Force, 146 Women War Workers, American Red Cross, uniforms, 299 Wound chevrons, 215 Working uniform, enlisted men, U. S. Navy, 136

Young Men’s Christian Association, uniforms for war workers, 303

Zouave, uniform, 6