Armenia, Travels and Studies (Volume 2 of 2) The Turkish Provinces

CHAPTER V

Chapter 3025,542 wordsPublic domain

REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 99.--The fundamental principles of the National Constitution are unchangeable. But if experience should make it desirable to modify certain points the General Assembly will, five years after the forming of the Constitution, organise a Committee of Revision. This Committee shall consist of twenty members--three from the Political Assembly, three from the Religious Assembly, two from each of the four Councils, and besides these six from the General Assembly or outsiders. This Committee shall report the necessary changes, which, after being ratified by the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Sublime Porte and put in force according to the Imperial edict. [322]

APPENDIX II

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF SOME ARMENIAN LAKES

Samples of water from Lakes Van, Nazik, Bulama (Gop), and from two lakes in the Nimrud crater were collected by us, carefully sealed, and submitted as soon as possible to the late Mr. William Thorp, B.Sc., for analysis. Unfortunately the samples were not large enough to permit of more than a single analysis in each case, estimating the various constituents in succession. Hence it was not possible to examine for ammonia or organic matter, or for certain compounds of which slight traces may have been present.

With regard to Lake Van, three previous analyses of its water have been made at various times, and the following tables have been prepared in order to facilitate comparison.

LAKE VAN.

Quantities of solids in solution estimated in parts per 100,000 parts of water.

==================+==================+============+============+========== |Chancourtois.[323]| Abich.[324]| Serda.[325]| Thorp. +==================+============+============+========== Chlorine | 566.679 | 488.182 | 579.114 | 568.9 Carbonates | 329.057 | 249.448 | 328.637 | 320.565 Sulphates | 212.773 | 188.476 | 198.467 | 203.4 Phosphates | ... | ... | 0.146 | 0.05 Nitrates | ... | ... | ... | ... Soda | 1206.370 | 862.848 | 1040.864 | 1115.916 Potash | 29.742 | 29.238 | 52.809 | 39.919 Magnesia | 26.211 | 21.250 | 27.311 | not de- | | | | termined Lime | ... | ... | 5.240 | ... Strontia | ... | ... | 0.063 | ... Iron oxide | ... | ... | 0.303 | ... Manganese oxide | ... | ... | 0.223 | ... Ammonia | ... | ... | 0.573 | ... Silica |} 18.000 | trace | 7.284 | 7.53 Alumina |} | 3.58 | 0.347 | 1.01 Total solids in solution | 2260.000 | 1734.21 | 2110.979 | 2248.9 Suspended matter | ... | ... | A little | 0.39 | | | organic | | | | matter | ==================+==================+============+============+==========

Calculated composition in parts per 100,000.

===================+==================+========+=========+========== | Chancourtois. | Abich. | Serda. | Thorp. ===================+==================+========+=========+========== | | | | Sodium chloride | 938.000 | 810.67 | 953.835 | 938.837 Sodium carbonate | 861.000 | 543.84 | 714.426 | 773.110 Sodium sulphate | 333.000 | 258.68 | 266.527 | 369.095 Potassium sulphate | 55.000 | 54.06 | 97.655 | 73.819 Magnesium carbonate| 55.000 | 40.71 | 57.308 | not | | | | determined Magnesium sulphate | ... | 22.67 | ... | not | | | | determined Calcium carbonate | ... | ... | 4.692 | ... Calcium sulphate | ... | ... | 5.928 | ... Calcium phosphate | ... | ... | 0.319 | ... Strontium sulphate | ... | ... | 0.111 | ... Iron carbonate | ... | ... | 0.488 | ... Manganese carbonate| ... | ... | 0.360 | ... Ammonium chloride | ... | ... | 1.699 | ... Silica |} 18.000 | 3.58 | 7.284 | 7.53 Alumina |} | | 0.347 | 1.01 Nitrates | ... | ... | ... | 0.05 Percentage of | | | | solids in | | | | solution | 22.6% | 17.34% | 21.10% | 22.48% ===================+==================+========+=========+==========

The specific gravity of the water was determined by Chancourtois as 1.0188, and by Abich as 1.0189, both at 19° C. As Abich points out, the water of Lake Van is nearly identical in composition with that of some of the soda-lakes at the south-eastern foot of Ararat, in the Araxes plain. In some of these the chloride, in others the carbonate, and in others again the sulphate of sodium is the predominating constituent. Probably the composition of the waters of Lake Van vary somewhat in different parts of the lake; Abich's sample was certainly less saline than those of the other analysts.

The following analyses of the extraordinarily saline waters of Lake Urmi are appended for contrast rather than for comparison with those of Lake Van.

LAKE URMI.

Quantities of solids in solution estimated in parts per 100,000 parts of water.

===========+===================+========================== | Abich.[326] | Günther and Manley.[327] +===================+========================== Chlorine | 12,686.8 | 8,536 Sulphates | 929.03 | 631.2 Soda | 10,106.4 | 6,814 Potash | ... | 140.2 Magnesia | 1,099.3 | 626.6 Lime | 37.7 | 70.6 |Traces of bromides | Traces of barium. | ... | No traces either of | | bromine or iodine. ===========+===================+==========================

In this case Abich's sample was a stronger solution than Günther's, the percentage of solid salts being 22.28 and 14.89 respectively. Yet the relative proportion of the various salts is very similar, as shown by the following comparison of percentages:--

====================+========+===================== | Abich. | Günther and Manley. +========+===================== Sodium chloride | 86.37 | 86.203 Magnesium chloride | 6.94 | 6.816 ,, sulphate | 6.08 | 4.150 Calcium chloride | 0.27 | ... ,, sulphate | 0.34 | 1.151 Potassium sulphate | ... | 1.741 +========+===================== | 100.00 | 100.061 ====================+========+=====================

The specific gravity in the two cases were determined as 1.175 and 1.113 respectively.

The remaining four analyses by Mr. Thorp were made from our small samples of water taken from fresh-water lakes.

Quantities estimated in parts per 100,000.

======================+==============+=============+================+================ | | | Nimrud Crater, | Nimrud Crater, | Lake Bulama. | Lake Nazik. | Large Lake. | Warm Lake. ======================+==============+=============+================+================ Chlorine | 0.35 | 1.50 | 2.15 | 4.25 Sulphates | ... | ... | ... | ... Nitrates | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 Sodium and potassium | | | | carbonates | 8.80 | ... | ... | 91.13 Magnesia | 1.29 | ... | ... | ... Lime | 2.71 | 3.32 | ... | 5.82 Iron oxide | 0.60 | 0.01 | ... | 0.08 Silica | 3.5 | ... | ... | 13.8 Alumina | 1.71 | 0.24 | ... | 0.68 Total solids | | | | in solution | 25.86 | 18.74 | 39.41 | 114.43 Suspended matter | 21.33 | 0.36 | 1.88 | 2.18 ======================+==============+=============+================+================

The water of Lake Bulama is slightly ferruginous and yet slightly alkaline. The unpleasant odour from the lake doubtless arose from the fermentation of much vegetable matter in suspension and solution; it could not be due to sulphur compounds, since there is an absence of sulphates, and the low proportion of chlorine indicates freedom from animal contamination.

Lake Nazik.--A soft water, with very little contamination.

Nimrud crater.--An accident to the sample of water from the large lake caused the loss of the iron, alumina, lime, and magnesia estimations. Some vegetable matter occurred in suspension.

The water of the warm lake is slightly alkaline, but the ratio of the potassium to the sodium could not be determined. It was rather turbid owing to fine fragments of vegetable matter. It is scarcely conceivable that it can possess healing properties.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

In the following Bibliography [328] an attempt has been made to make the sections relating to Travel and Topography as complete as possible. The other sections are not exhaustive; but they perhaps include the more important and most recent sources of information. Works written in Armenian and Russian have, with certain exceptions, been excluded, as well as those dealing with the Armenian mediæval kingdom of Cilicia.

I. TRAVEL and TOPOGRAPHY

General Authorities.

Ritter (K.) Die Erdkunde von Asien, Berlin, 1832-59, 2nd edit., 18 vols. 8o and index.

Saint Martin (J.) Mémoires sur l'Arménie, Paris, 1818, 2 vols. 8o.

(In Armenian) Alishan (L.) (Mekhitarist), Province of Shirak, Venice, 1881; Province of Ararat, Venice, 1890; Province of Sisacan, Venice, 1893.

Early Travel.

Rubruck (William of) (Guillaume de Ruysbroeck or Rubruquis; Flemish monk (Franciscan); envoy to Khan of Tartary from Pope Innocent VI. and Louis IX.; travelled across Armenia in 1254.) New translation from Latin by W. Rockhill. Hakluyt Soc. ser. 2, iv. Lond. 1900, 8o.

Marco Polo (Venetian merchant; travelled in Tartary, India, Persia, and across Armenia to Trebizond, 1271-95.) First ed. in Italian, Venice, 1496. Eng. trans. with notes by Col. H. Yule, Lond. 1871, 2 vols. 8o. Many other editions.

Odericus of Pordenone (Italian Franciscan; travelled across Armenia c. 1318; a few lines only.) Italian in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Latin and English in Hakluyt's Voyages, Lond. 1809-12.

Jordanus (Dominican missionary c. 1330; travelled in Armenia, short account.) Mirabilia Descripta: The Wonders of the East. Trans. from Latin by H. Yule, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xxxi. Lond. 1863, 8o.

Clavijo (Ruy Gonzalez de) (Castilian ambassador to Khan of Tartary, 1403-6.) Historia del gran Tamerlan, e itinerario, ec., Seville, 1582, fol. Eng. trans. by Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xxvi. Lond. 1859, 8o.

Zeno (Caterino) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471-73.) Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by C. Grey, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Barbaro (Josafa) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471-87.) Venice, 1543; and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Contarini (Ambrosio) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1473-77.) Venice, 1524; and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Anonymous Venetian Merchant (Travelled from Aleppo to Persia viâ Bitlis and Lake Van, 1507-20.) Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583. Eng. trans. by C. Grey, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Newberie (John) (English merchant; travelled from Tabriz to Erzinjan by Erivan and Erzerum, 1580-82.) Purchas's Pilgrims, pt. ii. bk. ix. ch. iii. Lond. 1625, fol.

Cartwright (John) ("The Preacher," English; travelled from Aleppo to Ispahan viâ Bitlis and Lake Van about 1600?) Lond. 1611; Purchas's Pilgrims, pt. i. vol. ii. bk. ix. Lond. 1625, fol.; and Churchill's Collection of Voyages, vol. vii. Lond. 1707-47.

Rhodes (Alessandro de) (Jesuit missionary, 1618-53.) Relazione de' felici successi della Sante Fede Predicata da Padri della Comp. di Giesu nel Regno di Tunchino, Milan, 1651, 8o; Voy. et Miss. du Père A. de Rhodes, S.J., en la Chine et autres Royaumes de l'Europe avec son retour par la Perse et l'Arménie, Lille, 1884.

Poser (H. von) Reyse von Constantinopel aus, durch die Bulgarey, Armenien, Persien und Indien (1621), Jena, 1675, 4o.

Tavernier (J. B.) Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes (1631-64), Paris, 1676, 3 vols. 4o. English translations, Lond. 1678 and 1684. (Many other editions.)

Philippi (F.) (Carmelite monk.) Itinerarium orientale ... (1640), Lyons, 1649, 8o.

Evliya. Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 17th century. (Trans. from the Turkish by Ritter, Joseph von Hammer), Lond. 1840, 4o.

Boullaye le Gouz. Les Voyages et Observations du Sieur de la Boullaye le Gouz gentilhomme Angevin (1647), Paris, 1653, 4o.

Poullet. Nouvelles relations du Levant (deuxième partie) (1658), Paris, 1668, 12mo.

Melton (E.) Eduward Meltons, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzaame en gedenkwaardige Zee-en-Land-Reizen door Egypten, West-Indien, Perzien, Turkyen, Oost-Indien, etc. (1660-77), Amsterdam, 1681, 4o.

Chardin (Jean) Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de l'Orient (1666-77), Lond. 1686 (1st vol.); Amsterdam, 1711, 10 vols. 12mo; Nouv. éd. par Langlès, Paris, 1811, 10 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. Lond. 1720, 2 vols. 8o.

Jesuit Missions (Erivan, Erzerum, Bitlis, 1682 seq.)

Villotte (Père) Voy. d'un Miss. de la Comp. de Jésus en Turquie, en Perse, en Arménie, en Arabie, et en Barbarie, Paris, 1730, 12mo.

Fleurian (T. C.) Estat présent de l'Arménie, Paris, 1694, 8o.

Lettre du Père Monier } Lettres Édifiantes, vols. Mémoire de la Mission d'Erzeron } iii. and iv. Paris, 1780, Mémoire de la Mission d'Erivan } 12mo. Journ. du voy. d'Erzeron à Trébizonde }

Monier (Père) Relation de l'Arménie in Bernard's Recueil de Voyages au Nord, vol. vi. pp. 1-116, Amsterdam, 1729, 12mo.

Chinon (G.) (Capuchin missionary.) Relation nouvelle du Levant ... religion, gouvernement et coutumes des Perses, des Arméniens et des Gaures, Lyons, 1671, 8o.

Careri (G. F. Gemelli) Giro del Mondo (1693) (Trebizond, Erzerum, Kars, Erivan, Nakhichevan), Naples, 1699, 7 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. in Churchill's Voyages, vol. iv. Lond. 1774, etc.

De Bèze (Père) (Jesuit.) Astronomical observations at Trebizond and Erzerum (1698), published by P. Gouye in Hist. de l'Acad. de Sciences, pp. 85-6, Paris, 1699.

Schillinger (F. C.) Persianische und östindianische Reise, vom Jahr 1699 bis 1702, Nuremberg, 1707, 8o.

Tournefort (J. Pitton de) Relation d'un voyage du Levant (1701-2), Paris, 1717, 2 vols. 4o. Eng. trans. Ozell (J.), Lond. 1741, 3 vols. 8o.

Lucas (Paul) Voyage au Levant (Palu-Erzerum, 1700), The Hague, 1705, 2 vols. 8o.

Ferrières-Sauveboeuf (Comte de) Voyages ... en Turquie, en Perse et en Arabie (1782-89), Paris, 1790, 2 vols. 8o.

Travel in the Nineteenth Century.

Abbott (K. E.) Notes of a tour in Armenia in 1837, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xii. pp. 207-20, Lond. 1842.

Abich (H.) Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Ländern, 3 Parts and Atlas, Vienna, 1878-87, 4o and fol.

Aus kaukasischen Ländern: Reisebriefe herausgegeben von Frau Abich, Vienna, 1896, 2 vols. 8o.

Geolog. Natur des armen. Hochlandes (Festrede) (1843), Dorpat, 4o pam.

Geolog. Beobacht. auf Reisen in den Gebirgsländern zwischen Kur u. Araxes (1867), Tiflis, 4o pam.

Krystallinischer Hagel in thrialethischen Gebirge, (1871), Tiflis, pam.

Ein Bergkalk-fauna aus der Araxesenge bei Djoulfa in Armenien (1878), Vienna, 4o.

In publications of Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg--

Ruines d'Ani (lettre et rapport par Brosset, 1845), Bull. hist. phil. ii. 369-76.

Natronseen auf der Araxes-Ebene (1846), Bull. phys.-math. v. 116-25.

Geol. Skizzen aus Transkauk. (Arm. plateau) (1846), Bull. phys.-math. v. 321-43.

Meteorol. Stationen in Transkauk. (1848), Bull. phys.-math. vii. 260-88.

Meteorol. u. klimatol. Beobacht. in Transkauk. (1850), Bull. phys.-math. ix. 1-45.

Soda der Araxes Ebene(1850), Bull. phys.-math. viii. 333-36.

Derniers tremblements de terre dans la Perse septent. et dans le Caucase (Lake Urmi and Ararat) (1855), Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 49-72.

Schwefelreiches Tufgestein in der Thalebene von Dyadin (1855), Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 142-44.

Vergleich. chem. Untersuch. der Wässer des caspischen Meeres, Urmia u. Van-Sees (1856), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 1-57.

Das Steinsalz u. seine geol. Stellung im russ. Arm. (1856), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 59-150.

Tremblement de terre à Tébriz en 1856 (1857), Bull. phys.-math. xvi. 337-52.

Vergleich. geol. Grundzüge des kauk. arm. u. nordpers. Gebirge (Prodromus) (1858), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 301-534.

Occupations au Cauc. (1859), Bull. de l'Acad. i. 209-12.

Recherches géol. en Transcauc. (lettre 1860), ibid. i. 449-52.

Communication sur divers phénomènes, volcan de Tandourek; géologie du lac d'Ourmiah, ibid. 1863, vii. 119-24.

In Journal of R. Geog. Soc. London--

Climatology of the Caucasus (1851), xxi. 1-12.

In Zeits. deuts. geolog. Gesell. Berlin--

Salzsee von Urmiah (1854), vi. 256.

Letter to Herr Ritter, Sept. 1859, xi. 480-84.

Letter to Herr Rose, Jan. 1860, xi. 484-86.

Das thrialethische Thermalquellen-System (1877), xxix. 820-29.

In Bull. de la Soc. de Géologie de France, Paris--

Voy. en Géorg., en Turq. et en Perse en 1862 (Tendurek Dagh) (1864) sér. 2, xxi. 213-20.

In Mitt. K. K. geog. Gesell. Vienna--

Erdbeben, vulkanische Erschein, u.s.w. in den kauk. Ländern (1869), iii. 166-75.

In publications of K. K. geolog. Reichsanstalt, Vienna--

Die armenisch-georgischen Trachyte (1869), Verh. p. 232.

Die Reihen-Vulkangruppe des Abul u.s.w. (1870), Jahrb. xx. 275-78.

Mitt. aus dem Kauk. (1877), Verh. 29-35.

Hügel bei Digala am Ourmia-See (1877), Verh. 67-69.

In Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes, Moscow--

Ein vermeintlicher thätiger Vulkan an den Quellen des Euphrat. (Tendurek Dagh) (1870), xliii. 1-17.

See also for this Petermann's Mitth., Gotha, 1871, xvii. 71-73.

See also under Armenian People.

Chesney (F. R.) Expedition to the Euphrates and Tigris, Lond. 1850, 2 vols. 4o and maps.

Narrative of Euphrates expedition, Lond. 1868, 8o.

Cholet (A. P. de) Voyage en Turquie en Asie, Arménie, Kurdistan et Mésopotamie, Paris, 1892, 8o.

Clayton (E.) The Mountains of Kurdistan. Alpine Jour. xiii. pp. 293-300, Lond. 1887.

Consular experiences in Turkey, Proc. R. Artillery Institution, xxiv. pp. 427-43, Woolwich, 1897.

Cole (G. R. Fitz-Roy) Transcaucasia, Lond. 1877, 8o.

Corpi (F. M.) The Catastrophe of Kantzorik (mud avalanche, Aug. 1889), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xlvi. pp. 32-35, Lond. 1890.

Curzon (R.) Armenia; a year at Erzeroom, and on the frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Dalyell (R. A. O.) Earthquake of Erzerûm, June 1859, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xxxiii. pp. 234-37, Lond. 1863.

Depaubourg (W.) Blick auf Armenien, Erman's Russische Archive, iv. pp. 373-77, Berlin, 1844.

Develay (A.) Autour des lacs de Van et d'Ourmiah, Rev. Scient. xlix. pp. 553-57, Paris, 1892.

Deyrolle (T.) Voyage dans le Lazistan et l'Arménie (1869), Tour du Monde, xxix. pp. 1-32, and xxx. pp. 257-88, and xxxi. pp. 369-416, Paris, 1875.

Dieulafoy (Jane) La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane ... (Tiflis, Erivan, Nakhichevan, Edgmiatsin, 1881), Paris, 1887, 4o.

Dilke (A. W.) The Caucasus (Tiflis, Lake Gökcheh, Erivan, Edgmiatsin, Elizabetpol, Baku), Fortnightly Rev. pp. 451-70, Lond. 1874.

Donaldson (E. B.) The Caucasus: A journey to the Garden of Eden, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, xxxvi. p. 433, New York, 1893.

Dove (H. W.) Neuere Arbeiten über das Kaspische Meer, den Urmia und Van Seen, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. i. sér. 2, pp. 194-200, Berlin, 1856.

Mittheilung aus Erzerum über das Erdbeben von 2 Juni 1859, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. vii. sér. 2, p. 67, Berlin, 1859.

Du Bois (F.) Excursion aux rapides de l'Araxe, 1834, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, lxx. pp. 314-38 and lxxii. pp. 5-30, Paris, 1836.

Dubois de Montpéreux (F.) Voyage autour du Caucase (1833-34), Paris, 1839-43, 6 vols. 8o, and Atlas fol.

Dulaurier (E.) Tableau topographique de la province de Siounik ou Sisagan dans l'Arménie orientale, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, p. 259. Paris, 1853.

Topographie de la Grande Arménie (trans. of a small portion of Alishan's large work), Jour. Asiat. xiii. sér. 6, pp. 385-446, Paris, 1869.

Dupré (A.) Voyage en Perse (1807-9), Paris, 1819, 2 vols. 8o; and see Gamba.

Eastwick (E. B.) Three years' residence in Persia (Tiflis, Erivan, 1860), Lond. 1864, 2 vols. 8o.

Etiévant (C. A.) Fragment du journal d'un voyageur en Arménie, Paris, 1861, 12mo.

Flandin (E.) Souvenirs de Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, Rev. des Deux Mondes, x. pp. 651-81, Paris, 1851.

Fontanier (V.) Rapport sur l'Arménie, etc., Bull. Soc. Géog. xi. sér. 1, pp. 113-24, Paris, 1829.

Voyages en Orient (deuxième voyage en Anatolie, 1830-33), Paris, 1834, 8o.

Fowler (G.) Three years in Persia, with travelling adventures in Koordistan (1831-36), Lond. 1841, 2 vols. 8o.

Fraser (J. B.) A winter's journey from Constantinople to Tehran (1834), Lond. 1838, 2 vols. 8o.

Frédé (P.) Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, Paris, 1885, 8o.

Freshfield (D. W.) Travels in the Central Caucasus and Bashan, including visits to Ararat, etc., Lond. 1869, 8o.

Freygan (M. et Mme.) Letters from the Caucasus, etc., 1811-12 (original in French, Hamburg, 1816), Lond. 1823, 8o.

Gallois (E.) La traversée du Caucase par la route de Géorgie (Tiflis, Erivan, Ararat), Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, xxii. 339-59, Paris, 1895-96.

Gamba (--) Voyage dans la Russie méridionale ... provinces situées au delà du Caucase (1820-24, appendix by Adrien Dupré), Paris, 1826, 2 vols. 8o.

Garcia Ayuso (F.) Iran o' del Indo al Tigris. Descripcion geográfica de los paises Iranios, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia y Armenia, Madrid, 1876.

Gardane (A. de) Journal d'un voyage dans la Turquie d'Asie et la Perse, 1807-8, Paris and Marseilles, 1809, 8o.

Gerstenberg (K. von) Das älteste Salzbergwerk der Erde, Das Ausland, xlv. pp. 913-15, Augsburg, 1872.

Goebel (A.) Quellwässer aus Nordpersien nebst Betrachtungen über die Herkunft der Soda und des Glaubersalzes in den Seen von Armenien, Bull. Phys.-math. Acad. Sc. xvii. pp. 241-53, St. Pet. 1858.

Golovin (I.) The Caucasus, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Gordon (C. G.) Letters from the Crimea, the Danube, and Armenia (1854-58), Lond. 1884, 8o.

Günther (R. T.) Contributions to the Geography of Lake Urmi and the neighbourhood, Geog. Journ. xiv. pp. 504-23, Lond. 1899.

Hahn (C.) Künstliche Inseln in den Seen des armenischen Hochlands, Das Ausland, lxiv. p. 98, Stuttgart, 1891.

Hamilton (W. J.) Account of the ruins of the city of Anni in Armenia, Trans. R. Inst. British Architects (1835-36), i. pp. 100-4, Lond. 1839.

Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, Lond. 1842, 2 vols. 8o.

Harris (W. B.) From Batum to Baghdad viâ Tiflis, Tabriz, and Persian Kurdistan (1895), Lond. 1896, 8o.

Harris (J. R. and H. B.) Letters from Armenia, New York, 1897, 8o.

Haurand (R.) Meine Reise im Kaukasus und in Armenien, Wurttembergischen Verein für Handels-geog. p. 51, Stuttgart, 1888.

Haxthausen (A. v.) Trans-kaukasia (completed in 1849). Leipz. 1856, 2 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. by Taylor (J. E.) Transcaucasia, Sketches of the Natives and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Heidenstamm (C. P. v.) In Swedish: Notes of a Journey from Turkey to Persia (1834), Upsala, 1841, 8o.

Hepworth (G.) Through Armenia on Horseback, Lond. 1898, 8o.

Heyd (W.) Alte Handelsstrassen von Basra nach Trapezunt und Tana, Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. xxii. pp. 338-44, Berlin, 1887.

Hodgetts (E. A. Brayley) Round about Armenia (1895), Lond. 1896, 8o.

Hoffmann (L. F.) Moeurs, usages et coutumes des populations du vilayet de Van, Le Globe, Bull. Soc. de Géog. de Genève, iii. sér. 5, pp. 118-29, Geneva, 1891-92.

Hommaire de Hell (X.) Les steppes de la Mer Caspienne, le Caucase, la Crimée et la Russie méridionale (1838), Paris, 1843-45, 8o.

Lettre adressée à M. Daussy, Bull. Soc. Géog. ix. sér. 3. pp. 119-27, Paris, 1848.

Voyage en Turquie et en Perse (1846-48), Paris, 1854, 3 vols. 8o.

Hughes (T. M'K.) Notes on some Volcanic Phenomena in Armenia, Nature, lvii. pp. 392-94, Lond. 1898.

Jaremba (--) (Visit to warm springs and natural bridge over the Euphrates at Diadin), Das Ausland, p. 576, Augsburg, 1832.

Jaubert (A.) Voyage en Arménie et en Perse (1805-6), Paris, 1821, 8o.

See also Aucher Eloy; Brosset (Description des principaux fleuves de la Grande Arménie).

Johnson (J.) A journey from India to England, through Persia, Georgia, Russia, etc. (1817), Lond. 1818, 4o.

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Chantre's Reisen am Ararat, Globus, lxii. pp. 246-50 and 278-81, Brunswick, 1892.

Chantre (E.) Rapport sur une mission scientifique dans l'Asie occidentale ... les régions de l'Ararat ..., Archives Miss. Scient. et Litt. x. sér. 3. pp. 199-264, Paris, 1883.

L'Ararat, Annales de Géog. iii. pp. 81-94, Paris, 1893.

Dubois de Montpéreux (F.) Voyage au Caucase. See supra.

Dwight (H. G. O.) Armenian traditions about Mount Ararat, Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc. pp. 189-91, New York, 1856.

Ebeling (M.) Der "Begräbnisplatz" und die Inschriften auf dem Kleinen Ararat, Verhand. Gesell. Erdk. xxv. 130-32, Berlin, 1898.

Der Ararat, Zeits. des deuts. u. österr. Alpenvereins, xxx. 144, Graz, 1899.

Edwards (B. B.) Ascents of Mount Ararat, Biblical Repos. and Quar. Observer, vii. pp. 390-416, Andover and Boston, 1836.

Freshfield (D. W.) Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Jour. viii. pp. 213-21, Lond. 1877; and see supra, Travels in the Central Caucasus.

Friederichsen (M.) Russisch-Armenien und der Ararat, Mitth. der Geog. Gesell. xvi. 1-15, Hamburg, 1900.

Khodzko (J.) Ascent of Ararat in 1850. Fr. trans. of account in Russ. journal The Caucasus, No. 80, 1850, pub. by Longuinoff in Bull. Soc. Géog. Paris, sér. iv. i. 55-65, 1851; Fr. trans. of Russ. official account, pub. by Brosset in Journal of St. Petersburg, Nov. 1850, No. 227, pp. 1910-13; account communicated by Khodzko to the Club Alpin upon his election as an honorary member, Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, iii. pp. 377-89. Paris, 1876.

König (C.) Die ersten Besteigungen des Ararats, Aus allen Welttheilen, xxv. pp. 3-14, Leipz. 1894.

Leclercq (J.) Histoire des ascensions de l'Ararat, Comptes Rend. Congrès Intern. Géog. 1891, v. pp. 713-22, Berne, 1892.

Voyage au Mont Ararat, Paris, 1892, 8o.

Lynch (H. F. B.) Ascent of Mount Ararat, Scribner's Mag. xix. pp. 215-35 (reprinted in Mountain Climbing, 1897), Lond. and New York, 1896.

Markoff (E.) Expédition scientifique au Caucase, Ascension du grand Ararat [with ascent of Little Ararat by E. de Kovalevsky and note on glacier in chasm of Akhury], Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge de Géog. xii. pp. 577-92, Brussels, 1888.

Eine Besteigung des Grossen Ararat, Das Ausland, xiii. p. 244, Stuttgart, 1889.

La température minima au sommet du Grand Ararat, Comptes. Rend. Congrès Intern. Géog. 1891, v. pp. 723-25, Berne, 1892.

Oswald (A.) Eine Besteigung des Ararat (1897) (summits of Great and Little Ararat), Jahrb. Schweiz. Alpenclub, xxxv. pp. 157-83, Berne, 1899-1900.

Parrot (F.) Hauteur du Mont Ararat (note based on letter from M. Gamba, French consul at Tiflis), Nouv. Ann. Voy. xliv. pp. 393-95, Paris, 1829.

Reise zum Ararat, Berlin, 1834, 8o. Eng. Trans. Cooley (W. D.) Journey to Ararat, Lond. 1845, 8o.

Rickmer-Rickmers (W.) Ararat, Zeits. des deuts. und österr. Alpenvereins, xxvi. pp. 315-26, Graz, 1895.

Seidlitz (N. von) Pastukhoff's Besteigung des Ararats, Aug. 1893 [from Zapiski Cauc. Sec. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. xvi. pp. 422-42], Globus, lxvi. pp. 309-15, Brunswick, 1894.

Séverguine (Basile) Sur les pierres alumineuses des monts Ararats (read 1810), Mém. Acad. Sc. St. Pét. vol. iii. series 5, pp. 209-14.

Seymour (H. D.) His few lines about his ascent of Ararat in 1845 are to be found in Freshfield's Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Journal, viii. p. 215, Lond. 1877.

Spassky-Avtonomov (K.) Ueber eine neue Ersteigung des Ararat, August 1834, Magazin für die Literatur des Auslands, No. 34, Berlin, 1835.

Stuart (R.) Ascent of Ararat (1856), Proc. R. Geog. Soc. xxi. pp. 77-92, Lond. 1877 (see also Freshfield's Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Jour. 1877).

Venukoff (--) Observations thermométriques sur le sommet de l'Ararat, Comptes Rend. Acad. Sc. cix. Paris, 1894.

Weidenbaum (--) Der grosse Ararat und die Versuche zu seiner Besteigung (trans. by H. Hofmann from the Russian Zapiski Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sec. xiii. 1884), Mitth. Vereins Erdk. 133-202, Leipz. 1884.

See also supra Gordon (C. G.), Letters from the Crimea, etc.; Tournefort (J. P. de), Voy. du Levant; Wagner (M.), Reise nach dem Ararat.

The Russian-speaking reader may be referred to Kaulbar's Aperçu des Trav. Géog. en Russie, St. Pet. 1889, 8o; Mejoff, La Littérature russe sur la Géog. 1865-83; Miansaroff, Bibl. Caucasica, St. Pet. 1874-76, 8o; and to the following periodicals (the list of articles is not exhaustive, but indicates sources of information).

Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sec.--Izvestiya, Khodzko, iv. 1875; vii. 1882-83; Zapiski--Khodzko, vi. 1864; Weidenbaum, xiii. 1884; Pastukhoff, xvi. 1894.

Russ. Soc. Technology Cauc. Sec.--Zapiski, Khodzko, viii. 1876.

Almanac of the Caucasus, 1882, Biog. of J. Khodzko.

Tiflis Gazette, No. 39, 1829, Parrot.

Military Journal, St. Pet. 1831, Parrot.

Bibliothèque pour la Lecture, St. Pet. 1835, xii. Saveliev.

Gazette of St. Petersburg, 1840, No. 267, Gelmersen.

Journal des Mines, St. Pet. 1841-43. Wagner.

Annales de la Patrie, xxxviii. and L'Abeille du Nord, 7 and 8, St. Pet. 1845, Spassky-Avtonomov.

Le Messager Historique, xlvi. St. Pet. 1891, Paquirev.

Russo-Turkish Wars.

Anon. Coup d'oeil sur les provinces nouvellement conquises par les Russes, Venice, 1828, 12o.

Remarques topographiques sur quelques cantons transcaucasiens et sur la Perse (par un médecin de l'armée Russe 1827-28), Nouv. Ann. Voy. xlv. pp. 343-60, Paris, 1830.

Théâtre de la guerre dans la Turquie d'Asie, Nouv. Ann. Voy. xlii. pp. 192-205, Paris, 1829.

Armstrong (T. B.) Journal of travels in the seat of war, during the last two campaigns of Russia and Turkey, Lond. 1831, 8o.

Chesney (F. R.) Russo-Turkish campaigns of 1828 and 1829, Lond. 1854, 8o; and in German in "Das türkische Reich in historisch-statistischen Schilderungen," Leipz. 1854.

Fonton (F. P.) La Russie dans l'Asie Mineure, ou campagnes du Maréchal Paskévitch en 1828 et 1829, Paris, 1840, 8o.

Monteith (W.) Kars and Erzeroum; campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch in 1828-29, Lond. 1856. 8o.

Notes on Georgia and the New Russian Conquests beyond the Caucasus, and descriptions of frontier of Russia and Persia as settled in 1828-29, privately printed, n.d. 8o pam.

Neumann (C. F.) Die Operations-Linie des Generals Paskewitsch in Asien, Allgem. Preussische Staats-Zeitung, No. 254, 13th Sept.; No. 255, 14th Sept., Berlin, 1829.

Steinle (N.) Die russisch-türkischen Kriege in Europa und Asien, Ulm, 1854, 8o.

Uschakoff. Geschichte der Feldzüge des Generals Paskewitsch in der asiatische Türkei (1828-29), Leipz. 1838.

Anon. Visit to Kars while in the hands of the Russians (June 1856), Fraser's Mag. lv. 160-173, Lond. 1857.

Duncan (C.) A campaign with the Turks in Asia, Lond. 1855, 2 vols. 8o.

Lake (A.) Kars and our captivity in Russia, Lond. 1856, 8o.

Sandwith (H.) Narrative of the siege of Kars, and travels in Armenia and Lazistan, Lond. 1856, 8o.

Anon. La guerre d'Orient en 1877-78, Paris, 1888.

Etude Critique des Opérations en Turquie d'Asie (1877-78), Constantinople and Leipz., 1896, 8o.

Forbes (A.) and others. Daily News Correspondence of the War between Russia and Turkey, Lond. 1878, 2 vols. 8o.

Greene (F. V.) The Russian army and its campaigns in Turkey in 1877-78, Lond. 1880, 8o.

Norman (C. B.) Armenia and the campaign of 1877, Lond. 1878, 8o.

Ryan (C. S.) and Sandes (J.) Under the Red Crescent (English surgeon at Plevna and Erzerum, 1877-78), Lond. 1897, 8o.

Williams (C.) The Armenian Campaign (1877), Lond. 1878, 8o.

Dottain (E.) La Turquie d'Asie d'après le traité de Berlin, Rev. de Géog. iii. pp. 204-18, Paris, 1878.

Kiepert (H.) Die neue russisch-türkische Grenze in Asien, Globus, xxxiv. p. 102, Brunswick, 1878.

Petermann (A.) Map of districts acquired by Russia by the Berlin Treaty of 1878, Petermann's Mitth. xxiv. p. 321, Plate 16, Gotha, 1878; see also ibid. pp. 365-68, and Plate 20, and p. 393.

Sstebnizki (J.) Die russisch-türkische Grenze in Klein-Asien nach dem Berliner Tractat von 1878, Petermann's Mitth. xxviii. pp. 129-32, Gotha, 1882.

Data for Map.

Khodzko (J.) Die russischen Aufnahmen im Kaukasus (Trigonometrical Survey), Petermann's Mitth. x. pp. 361-67, Gotha, 1862.

Osten-Sacken (C. von) Die internationale Aufnahme der türkisch-persischen Grenze, Petermann's Mitth. xi. pp. 131-33, Gotha, 1865.

Staritzky. Die katastral Vermessung Transkaukasiens, Petermann's Mitth. x. pp. 84-86, Gotha, 1864.

Tschirikow (E. I.) Ueber die Arbeiten der persisch-türkischen Gränz-Commission, Erman's Archive für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, xix. pp. 218-24, Berlin, 1860.

Positions:

Gedeonoff (D.) In Russian. Geographical position of 50 points in Turkish Armenia and Kurdistan from astronomical observations made in 1889. (Extracted from Zapiski of War-topographical Bureau, 1891.) St. Pet. 1891, 4o pam.

Glascott (A. G.) Positions in Kurdistan astronomically determined, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. x. p. 432; note respecting the map of Kurdistan, ibid. pp. 433-34, Lond. 1840.

Kulberg (P. P.) In Russian. Astronomical work in the district of Kars and in Asiatic Turkey (1878). (Note on this article with positions of places in Armenia in Petermann's Mitth. 1880, p. 154. The field telegraph was used to ascertain longitude.) Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. part i. Tiflis, 1879.

Struve (F. G. W.) Astronomical positions in European Turkey, Mount Caucasus and Asia Minor (1828-32). (Extracted from the Bulletin of the Academy of St. Pet. by H. G. Hamilton.) Jour. R. Geog. Soc. viii. pp. 406-11, Lond. 1838.

Altitudes:

Abich (H.) Ein Cyclus fundamentaler barometrischer Höhenbestimmungen auf dem armenischen Hochlande, Mém. Acad. Sc., sér. 7, xxvii. pp. 1-55, St. Pet. 1880.

Höhen auf dem Wege von Erzerum nach Olti und Artvin, Verhand. Gesell. Erdk. xi. pp. 302-303, Berlin, 1884.

Tables of heights in Armenia. In his Geolog. Forsch. part ii. pp. 367-87. See supra.

Anon. Resultate von Höhenbestimmungen im Kaukasus, in Transkaukasien und in Persien, Erman's Archive, f. wiss. Kunde von Russland, p. 266, Berlin, 1854.

Charkowsky (P. von) In Russian. List of barometrical altitudes in Trebizond vilayet (1881-82), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. part. i. Tiflis, 1879. See Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 255-56, for same in German.

In Russian. Altitudes of peaks, passes, etc. on route from Rize through Kyan village to Erzerum, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. Append. 2, pp. 63-64, Tiflis, 1879-81.

Glamasdin (--) In Russian. Heights in the vilayet of Trebizond registered by aneroid in 1882, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. p. 76, Tiflis, 1884-85.

Ilyin (P. A.) In Russian. List of altitudes in Asiatic Turkey barometrically determined (1882), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 80-82, Tiflis, 1884-85. (Germ. trans. by R. Kiepert in Verh. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 300-302.)

Kiepert (Richard) Höhenmessungen in Armenien und Persien. Translations of three lists of altitudes in the Izvest. I. R. G. Soc. Cauc. Sec.: 1. by D. M. Lupandin, 1881; 2. P. F. Stepanoff, 1881; 3. Positions and altitudes in the district of Kars. Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. xviii. pp. 76-80, Berlin, 1883.

Kusikoff (N. S.) In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey determined by aneroid (1880-81), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 78-79, Tiflis, 1884-85. (Germ. trans. by R. Kiepert in Verh. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 298-99.)

In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey and Persia, barometrically determined (1884), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 339-43, Tiflis, 1884-85.

Altitudes in government of Erivan and Asiatic Turkey determined in 1884, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. ix. pp. 202-204, Tiflis, 1886-88.

In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey, Van, Bitlis, Kharput, and Erzerum vilayets, determined in 1885, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. ix. pp. 392-93, Tiflis, 1886-88.

Routes:

Haussknecht (C.) Routen im Orient (1865-69) nach dessen Original-Aufnahmen redigirt von H. Kiepert, Berlin, 1882.

Tchihatcheff (P. von) Itinerar der kleinasiatischen Reise im Jahre 1858 (vom Verf. durch C. Ritter mitgetheilt; Anmerkungen und Karte von H. Kiepert), Zeits. allgem. Erdk. vi. p. 275, Berlin, 1859.

Reisen und Forschungen in Klein-Asien (1848-58), Petermann's Mitth. vi. p. 313, Gotha, 1860.

See also Strecker under Travel in the Nineteenth Century.

Maps:

Map of the Turco-Persian frontier made by Russian and English officers in the years 1849-55 (4 miles = 1 inch), Southampton, 1873.

Orographical map of Asiatic Turkey, from the latest sources, coloured to show contours (described in Petermann's Mitth. 1882, p. 430), Tiflis, 1882.

Reconnaissance survey of north-west Azerbaijan (1894). In library of R.G.S., London.

Carte de la Turquie d'Asie (sans l'Arabie), scale 1:1,000,000, Paris, 1897.

Calvert (H. C.) Map of the country to the north of Erzerum (1857). In library of R.G.S., London.

Khanikoff (N.) Map of Aderbeijan, compiled principally from personal observations and surveys made in the years 1851-55, Berlin, 1862.

Kiepert (H.) Nouvelle carte générale des provinces asiatiques de l'Empire Ottoman (sans l'Arabie) (Railways to 1898), Berlin.

Memoir über die Construction der Karte von Klein-Asien und Türkisch-Armenien in 6 Blätt. von v. Vincke, Fischer, v. Moltke, und Kiepert, Berlin, 1854, 8o.

Statistics.

Cuinet (V.) La Turquie d'Asie, Paris, 1890-95. 4 vols. 4o.

Hippius (A.) Statistische Tabellen von Transkaukasien (from Izvest. Cauc. Sec. Russ. G. Soc. 1889), Petermann's Mitth. xxxv. p. 178, Gotha, 1889.

Klein (D.) L'Arménie et les Arméniens (estimate of the numbers of the Armenian people), L'Exploration, iv. pp. 267-72, Paris, 1877.

Kondratenko (E.) Ethnographical maps of Transcaucasia (scale 20 versts=1 inch), Zapiski Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. xviii. supplement, Tiflis, 1896.

Kutschera (H.) Administrative Eintheilung und Bevölkerung der asiatischen Türkei, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift f. d. Orient, pp. 153-57, Vienna, 1877.

Macgregor (C. M.) History, Ethnography, Topography and Resources of part of Asiatic Turkey and Caucasia, Calcutta, 1872, 8o.

Michelsen (E. H.) Das türkische Reich in historisch-statistischen Schilderungen, Art. iv., Leipz. 1854.

Mordtmann (A. D.) Officielle Bevölkerungsziffern aus der asiatischen Türkei (from Turkish newspaper Vakyt, 1879), Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. ii. pp. 132-37, Berlin, 1880.

Ravenstein (E. G.) The populations of Russia and Turkey, Jour. Statistical Soc., Lond. 1877.

Schweiger-Lerchenfeld (F. von) Das neue vilajet Wan, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient, pp. 42-45, Vienna, 1877.

Seidlitz (N. von) Volkszählung in Tiflis, 1864, Petermann's Mitth. xi. p. 233, Gotha, 1865.

Ethnographie des Kaukasus (with coloured map), Petermann's Mitth. xxvi. p. 340, Gotha, 1880.

Selenoy (G. L.) and Seidlitz (N. von) Die Verbreitung der Armenier in der asiatischen Türkei und in Transkaukasien, Petermann's Mitth. xlii. pp. 1-10, Gotha, 1896.

Stebnitzky (H. J.) Uebersicht der kaukasischen Statthalterschaft, Petermann's Mitth. xi. p. 121, Gotha, 1865.

Supan (A.) Vertheilung der Armenischen Bevölkerung in Türkisch-Armenien, Kurdistan und Transkaukasien (nach Cuinet, Selenoy und Seidlitz entworfen), Petermann's Mitth. xlii. Gotha, 1896.

Statistische Notizen über die Kaukasus-Provinzen, Erman's Archive f. wiss. Kunde von Russland, p. 196, Berlin, 1854.

Die Bevölkerung der Stadt Tiflis (1876), Russische Rev. xvi. St. Pet. 1880.

In Russian. Statistics of Transcaucasia derived from the family lists of 1886, pub. by order of the Civil Government of the Caucasus by the Transcaucasian Statistical Committee, Tiflis, 1893, 4o. See also the Caucasus Calendar, published yearly at Tiflis.

Note on Russian Census of 1897 giving populations of Transcaucasia, Petermann's Mitth. xliii. pp. 132-34, Gotha, 1897.

See also under Political: British Parl. Papers, various estimates of the population of certain provinces of Asiatic Turkey.

Maloma (J. D.) In Russian. List of inhabited places in districts of Bayazid and Alashkert, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. v. pp. 288-302, Tiflis, 1877-78.

Yeritzoff (A. D.) In Russian. List of inhabited points of Erzerum province, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. Append. 2, pp. 1-160, Tiflis, 1884-85.

Blau (O.) Ueber Rechtschreibung und Deutung türkischer Ortsnamen, namentlich in Klein-Asien. Note on above by Dr. H. Barth, Petermann's Mitth. viii. pp. 45-51 and 183-84, Gotha, 1862.

Dwight (H. G. O.) Orthography of Armenian and Turkish proper names, Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc. iv. pp. 119-21, New York, 1854.

Nallino (C. A.) La transcription des noms géographiques arabes, persans et turcs, Bull. Soc. Khédiviale Géog. pp. 205-31, 1894.

For Commerce, etc., see Trade Reports (British) from H.M.'s Consuls at Erzerum, Trebizond, and Diarbekr, commencing with those of 1854 from Erzerum and Trebizond (laid before Parliament in 1856, command No. 2078), and with that of 1856 from Diarbekr (laid in 1857, No. 2285). The Reports previous to these are full of interest, but have not been published. Reports on special subjects by H.M.'s Consuls have from time to time been issued, but do not yet appear to have been indexed.

II. ARMENIAN PEOPLE

Anon. Statistische Beschreibung der Provinz Nachitschevan (population, climate, commerce, etc.), Das Ausland, pp. 191-92, Munich, 1834.

The People of Turkey, by a Consul's Daughter, edited by S. L. Poole, Lond. 1878, 8o.

Arzruni (G.) (In Armenian) Economic position of the Armenians in Turkey. Lecture delivered at Tiflis, 1880, Tiflis, 1894, 8o.

Translations:

German--Die ökonomische Lage der Armenier in der Türkei, St. Pet. 1880, 8o.

French--Les Arméniens en Turquie, leur situation économique, Jour. de l'Orient de Vienne, ii. (4 articles). Vienna, 1881.

Burgin (G. B.) An Armenian Wedding, Chambers's Jour., Edinburgh, 1896.

The Armenian at Home, Cassell's Family Mag., Lond. 1897.

Conybeare (F. C.) Armenia and the Armenians, National Rev. xiv. pp. 295-315, Lond. 1889.

Filian (G. H.) Armenia and her people: the story of Armenia told by an Armenian scholar, Hartford, U.S.A. 1896, 8o.

Gatteyrias (J. A.) L'Arménie et les Arméniens, Paris, 1882, 8o.

Macfarlane. Moeurs arméniennes, demande de mariage, Nouv. Ann. de Voy. xlix. 118-21, Paris, 1831.

Nazarbek (A.) Through the storm: Pictures of life in Armenia, Lond. 1899, 8o.

Noguères (E.) Arménie (géographie, histoire, religion, moeurs, littérature, situation actuelle), Paris, 1897.

Orden (--) Die armenischen Frauen, Globus, lxx. 214-17, Brunswick, 1896.

Rohrbach (P.) Armenier und Kurden, Verh. Gesell. Erdk. xxvii. pp. 128-33, Berlin, 1900.

Schweiger-Lerchenfeld (F. v.) Armenien: ein Bild seiner Natur und seiner Bewohner, Jena, 1878, 8o.

Telfer (J. B.) Armenia and its People (country, history, inhabitants, commerce, social customs, etc.), Jour. Soc. Arts, xxxix. pp. 567-84, Lond. 1891.

Ter-Mowsesjanz (P.) Das armenische Bauernhaus; Culturgeschichte der Armenier, Vienna, 1892, 4o.

Ubicini (A.) Les Arméniens sous la domination ottomane, Rev. de l'Orient, i. p. 81, Paris, 1854.

Lettres sur la Turquie (Vol. II. Armenia), Paris, 1851, 2 vols. 12o. Eng. trans. by Lady Easthope, Lond. 1856.

Wolkoff (--) Die Völkerschaften im heutigen Kleinasien (from the Russian of Wronchenko). Das Ausland (series of articles), Augsburg, 1841.

Zwiedenek (F. von) Türkisch-Armenien und seine Bewohner, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient, pp. 1-6, 37-43, Vienna, 1891.

Missionary Enterprise.

For Roman Catholic Missions previous to the 19th century, see account of Dominican Mission in 14th century in Sukias Somal's Quadro della Storia letteraria di Armenia, Venice, 1829, pp. 130 and 201. [See also Galanus (C.) under Armenian Church, and Sommaire Historique des Missionaries de l'Ordre de Saint Dominique en l'Arménie Majeure, n.p., n.d. (in Bibl. Nat. Paris)]. For Jesuit and other missionaries, see under Early Travel. For R.C. Missions in the 19th century, consult

Bulletin de l'oeuvre des Écoles d'Orient, Paris, 1871 ff.

Annales de l'Ass. pour la Prop. de la Foi, Paris and Lyons, 1834 ff.

Missions Catholiques, Lyons.

Catholic World, New York.

Barnum (H. N.) Scenes in Armenia and Mesopotamia, Amer. Miss. Herald, pp. 456-60, Boston, 1888.

The Kuzzel-Bash Koords, Amer. Miss. Herald, pp. 343-46, Boston, 1890.

Bassett (J.) Persia, the Land of the Imams (Trebizond, Erzerum, Lake Urmi, 1871), New York, 1886, 8o.

Chambers (W. N.) Fifty years at Erzeroom, 1839-89, Amer. Miss. Herald, pp. 490-94, Boston, 1890.

Cole (R. M.) Story of Bitlis station, Koordistan, Amer. Miss. Herald, pp. 357-60, Boston, 1892.

Dwight (H. G. O.) Christianity revived in the East (Protestants in Armenian Church), New York, 1850, 12mo; new ed., Christianity in Turkey, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Kimball (G.) Dr. Grace Kimball and her relief work at Van, Amer. Rev. of Revs. April, New York, 1896.

Parmelee (M. P.) Life scenes among the mountains of Ararat, Mass. Sabbath School Soc., Boston, 1868.

Pischon (C. N.) Die protestantischen Armenier (detailed account of Protestant enterprises in Armenia in 19th century), Berlin, 1863, 8o.

Pfeiffer (F.) Die Armenier in der Türkei (Verein f. d. evangelischen Armenier), Berlin, 1863, 8o.

Raynolds (G. C.) The station of Van, Eastern Turkey, Amer. Miss. Herald, lxxxviii. pp. 186-89, Boston, 1892.

Smith (E.) and Dwight (H. G. O.) Missionary Researches in Armenia, Lond. 1834, 8o.

West (M. and A.) The Romance of Missions; life and labour in the Land of Ararat, New York, 1876, 8o.

Wheeler (C. H.) Ten years on the Euphrates; Letters from Eden (account of Kharput and district), Boston, 1868.

Wheeler (S. A.) Daughters of Armenia, New York, 1877, 8o.

Wolff (Joseph) Missionary Labours, Lond. 1835.

Wood (G. W.) Article "Armenians" in Cyclopædia of Missions (Protestant Missions from 1830-54), New York, 1860.

Various.

Boré (E.) De la Chaldée et des Chaldéens, Rev. Française, xii. pp. 390-441, Paris, 1839.

Broussali (J.) L'Arménie et ses traditions, La Tradition, ii. pp. 114-18, Paris, 1888.

Chantre (E.) Premiers aperçus sur les peuples de l'Arménie russe, Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. ix. 81-85, Lyons, 1890.

Recherches anthropologiques sur les Tatars Aderbeidjanis de Transcaucasie ou Turcomans iranisés, Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. xi. pp. 28-44, Lyons, 1892.

Recherches Anthropologiques dans l'Asie Occidentale, 1890-94, Lyons, 1895, 8o.

Les Arméniens; esquisse historique et ethnographique, Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. xv. pp. 49-101, Lyons, 1897.

Chopin (--) De l'origine des peuples habitant la province d'Arménie, Bull. Scient. Acad. Sc. viii. pp. 17-20, St. Pet. 1841.

De Morgan (J.) Note sur l'usage du système pondéral assyrien dans l'Arménie russe, à l'époque préhistorique, Rev. Archéologique, xiv. pp. 177-87, Paris, 1889.

Note sur les nécropoles préhistoriques de l'Arménie russe, Rev. Archéologique, xv. pp. 176-202, Paris, 1890.

Mission scientifique au Caucase--vol. i. Les premiers âges des métaux dans l'Arménie russe; vol. ii. Recherches sur les origines des peuples du Caucase, Angers, 1890.

Ellis (G.) Memoir of a map of the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian, Lond. 1788, 4o. French trans. in de Sainte Croix's Mémoires hist. et géog. sur les pays situés entre la Mer Noire et la Mer Caspienne, Paris, 1797, 4o.

Ellis (R.) The Armenian origin of the Etruscans, Lond. 1861.

Jensen (P.) Hittiter und Armenier, Strasburg, 1898, 8o.

Kiepert (H.) Ueber älteste Landes- und Volksgeschichte von Armenien, Monatsbericht K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. pp. 216-42, Berlin, 1869.

Langlois (V.) Note sur l'inscription Arménienne d'un bélier sépulchral à Djoulfa, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, ii. pp. 135-38, Paris, 1855.

Lenormant (F.) Ararat and Eden [A Biblical study], Contemporary Rev. xl. pp. 453-78, Lond. 1881.

Luschan (-- von) Die Wandervölker Kleinasiens, Verhand. Gesell. für Anthrop. p. 167, Berlin, 1886.

Murr (J.) Wo steht die Wiege der Menschheit? vom pflanzengeographischen Standpunkte aus beantwortet, Innsbruck, 1891, 8o pam.

Schweiger-Lerchenfeld (-- von) Zur Völkerstellung der Armenier, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift f. d. Orient, pp. 189-93, Vienna, 1877.

Alishan (L.) Armenian popular songs, Venice, 1852, 8o.

Anon. Armenian Folk Songs (by E. C.), Fraser's Mag. new series, xiii. pp. 283-97, Lond. 1876.

Basset (R.) Les anciens chants historiques et les traditions populaires de l'Arménie, Rev. des traditions populaires, xi. p. 322, Paris, 1896.

Bayan (G.) Armenian proverbs and sayings, Venice, 1889, 24o.

Chahan de Cirbied (J.) Mémoire sur le gouvernement et la religion des anciens Arméniens, Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de France, ii. pp. 262-311, Paris, 1820.

Dulaurier (E.) Études sur les chants historiques et les traditions populaires de l'ancienne Arménie, Jour. Asiatique, sér. 4, xix. pp. 5-58, Paris, 1852.

Chants populaires de l'Arménie, Rev. des deux Mondes, xiv. pp. 224-55, Paris, 1852.

Emin (J. B.) Recherches sur le paganisme arménien (trans. from Russian by de Stadler), Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, xviii. pp. 193-244, Paris, 1864.

Garnett (L.) The Women of Turkey and their folklore, Lond. 1880, 8o.

Gelzer (H.) Zur armenischen Götterlehre, Berichte Verh. k. sächs. Gesell. Wiss., phil.-hist. Cl. xlviii. pp. 99-148, Leipz. 1897.

Haigazn (E.) Légendes et superstitions de l'Arménie, Rev. des traditions populaires, x. pp. 296-97, Paris, 1895.

Kanewski (C.) Ueberreste des Heidenthums bei den Armeniern, Das Ausland, pp. 320-21, Augsburg, 1840.

Lalayantz (E.) Légendes et superstitions de l'Arménie, Rev. des traditions populaires, x. pp. 1-5, 119-20, 193-97, Paris, 1895.

Les anciens chants historiques et les traditions populaires de l'Arménie, Rev. des traditions populaires, xi. pp. 1-12, 129-38, 337-51, Paris, 1896.

Mourier (J.) Contes et légendes du Caucase traduits: Contes arméniens, Paris, 1888, 8o.

Nève (F.) Les hymnes funèbres de l'Église Arménienne (trad. sur le texte arménien du Charagan), Louvain, 1855, 8o.

Petermann (J. H.) Ueber die Musik der Armenier, Zeits. deuts. Morg. Gesell. v. pp. 365-72, Leipz. 1851.

Stadler (A. de) Sur l'ancienne religion des Arméniens païens, Paris, 1864, 8o. See Emin.

Tcheraz (M.) L'Orient inédit (folklore, etc.), L'Arménie (series of articles), Lond. 1889.

Notes sur la mythologie arménienne, Trans. Oriental Congress, 1892, ii. pp. 822-45, Lond. 1893.

Bischoff (F.) Das alte Recht der Armenier in Polen, Oesterr. Blättern f. Literatur, Nos. 28, 33, 37, 39, Vienna, 1857.

Das alte Recht der Armenier in Lemberg, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss., phil.-hist. Classe, xl. pp. 255-302, Vienna, 1862.

Brosset (M. F.) Détails sur le droit public arménien, extraits du code géorgien du roi Wakhtang, Jour. Asiat. sér. 2, ix. pp. 21-30, Paris, 1832.

Kohler (J.) Das Recht der Armenier, Zeits. f. vergleichende Rechtswissenschaften, vii. pp. 385-436, Stuttgart, 1888.

Brosset (M. F.) Monographie des monnaies arméniennes, Bull. Scient. Acad. Sc. vi. pp. 33-64, St. Pet. 1837.

Langlois (V.) Numismatique de l'Arménie dans l'antiquité, Paris, 1859, 4o.

Sibilian (C.) Numismatique arménienne, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, xii. pp. 193-205, Paris, 1860.

Thomas (E.) Early Armenian coins, in Collection of Miscellaneous Essays on Oriental Subjects, p. 62, Lond. 1868.

Anon. The Hidden Church on Russian soil. II. The Douthobortsi, by a Russian, Theosophical Rev. xxv. pp. 201-13, Lond. 1899.

Tchertkoff (V.) and Tolstoy (L.) Christian Martyrdom in Russia (The Dukhobortsy), Lond. 1897.

See also Vereschaguine (B.) under Travel in the Nineteenth Century.

Anon. Die deutschen Kolonisten in Transkaukasien (statistics of German colonies), Russische Rev. xv. pp. 108-13, St. Pet. 1886.

Bent (J. T.) Notes on the Armenians in Asia Minor, Jour. Manch. Geog. Soc. pp. 220-22, Manchester, 1890-96.

Goehlert (V.) Die Armenier in Europa und insbesondere in Oesterreich-Ungarn, Das Ausland, lix. 489-91, Stuttgart, 1886.

Stark (H. H.) Armenians in India, Calcutta Rev., Calcutta, 1894.

Le Brun (C. de) Voyages ... en Perse, etc. (Armenians of Julfa, portrait of Armenian woman, vol. i. pp. 232 seq.), Amsterdam, 1718, 2 vols. fol.

Nicolay (--) Schiffart in die Türckey ... (short account of Armenia, picture of an Armenian merchant), Nuremberg, 1572.

Papazean (--) National antiquities of Armenia. Collection of photographs, chiefly of monasteries, descriptive text in Armenian. (In Oriental Reading Room, Brit. Mus.). Vagharshapat (Edgmiatsin), 1889-92, obl. fol.

Racinet (M. A.) Le Costume Historique, vol. iii. (pictures of Armenians and Kurds), Paris, 1888.

III. ARMENIAN LITERATURE

Brosset (M. F.) Collection d'historiens Arméniens, St. Pet. 1874-76, 2 vols. 8o.

Dulaurier (E.) Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne, Paris, 1859, 4o.

Recueil des historiens des Croisades, Documents arméniens, Paris, 1869, fol.

Gelzer (H.) Article "Armenien" in Real-Ency. f. protestantische Theologie, Leipz. 1897. See also Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, zweite Auflage, Munich, 1898, being vol. ix. of I. von Müller's Handbuch d. klass. Altertums-Wissenchaft.

Langlois (V.) Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de l'Arménie, Paris, 1867-69, 2 vols. large 8o.

Neumann (C. F.) Versuch einer Geschichte der armenischen Litteratur, Leipz. 1836, 8o.

Nève (F.) L'Arménie Chrétienne, Louvain, 1886, 8o.

Patkanean (K.) Catalogue de la littérature arménienne depuis le commencement du ive siècle jusque vers le milieu du xviie, Bull. Acad. Sc. ii. pp. 49-91, St. Pet. 1860.

In Russian. Bibliographical Sketch of the historical literature of Armenia (from Trans. of Intern. Congress of Orientalists, St. Pet. 1876, pp. 455-511), St. Pet. 1880, 8o.

Sukias Somal (P.) Quadro della storia letteraria di Armenia, Venice, 1829, 8o.

Brosset (M. F.) Variétés Arméniennes (secret ciphers and Arab figures), Bull. Acad. Sc. vii. pp. 90-99, St. Pet. 1864.

Revue de la littérature historique de l'Arménie, Bull. Acad. Sc. xxii. pp. 303-12, St. Pet. 1877.

Dashian (J.) Katalog der armenischen Handschriften in der k. k. Hof-Bibliothek zu Wien (deutsch-armenisch), Vienna, 1891.

Katalog der armenischen Handschriften in der Mechitharisten Bibliothek zu Wien (deutsch-armenisch), Vienna, 1895.

Dulaurier (E.) Littérature arménienne, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, iii. pp. 95-106, Paris, 1856.

Kalemkiar (G.) Katalog der armenischen Handschriften in der k. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek zu München (deutsch-armenisch), Vienna, 1892.

Korganof (--) Lettre de M. Korganof, procureur du Synode Arméno-Grégorien à l'Académie (catalogue of library at Edgmiatsin, notice of Brosset's articles, etc.), Bull. hist.-phil. Acad. Sc. i. pp. 59-64, St. Pet. 1844.

Langlois (V.) Mémoire sur les origines de la culture des lettres en Arménie, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, xiv. pp. 200-23, Paris, 1861.

Mourier (--) La bibliothèque d'Etchmiadzine et les MSS. arméniens (Armenian miniature painting, trans. from Russ. of Uvarov in Trans. of Archæological Congress at Tiflis, published at Moscow, 1882), Tiflis, 1885.

Schrumpf (G. A.) On the progress of Armenian studies, Trans. Oriental Congress, 1892, i. pp. 540-53. Lond. 1893.

Strzygowski (J.) Das Etschmiadzin-Evangeliar, Beiträge sur Geschichte der armenischen, ravennatischen und syro-ägyptischen Kunst, Vienna, 1891.

Tcheraz (M.) Les études Arméniennes en Europe, L'Arménie, Jan. 15, seq., Lond. 1890.

Armenian Writers Translated

Agathangelos. Fifth century. History of King Tiridates and the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator, Constantinople, 1709; Venice, 1862. New edition of Greek text by De Lagarde (P.), Göttingen, 1887.

Translations:

Ital.--Tommaseo (N.) Storia di Agathangelo, Venice, 1843, 8o.

French, with Greek text, in Langlois' Collection. See supra.

Gutschmid (A. von) Agathangelos, Kleine Schriften iii., Leipz. 1892, 8o.

Anania of Shirak (astronomer and mathematician) 7th century. Calendar, Venice, 1821; St. Pet. 1877.

Brosset (M. F.) Extrait d'un manuscrit Arménien relatif au calendrier Géorgien, Jour. Asiat. x. sér. 2, pp. 526-32, Paris, 1832.

Anonymous. 5th century. Life of St. Nerses the Great and genealogy of the family of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Venice, 1853.

Translation:

French.--In Langlois' Collection.

Arakel of Tauris. 17th century. History, 1602-61, Amsterdam, 1669.

Translation:

French--In Brosset's Collection. See supra.

Brosset. Des historiens Arméniens des xviie et xviiie siècles, Mém. Acad. Sc. xix. sér. 7, pp. 1-60, St. Pet. 1873.

Aristakes of Lastivert. 11th century. History of the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, Venice, 1845.

Translation:

French--Prudhomme (E.) Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, xv. pp. 343-70; xvi. pp. 41-59, 158-84, 268-86, 289-318; xvii. pp. 5-33, Paris, 1863-64.

Asoghigh (Stephanos) of Taron. 11th century. Universal History, from the Creation to A.D. 1004, Paris, 1854; St. Pet. 1885.

Translation:

French--(Books I. and II.) Dulaurier (E.), Paris, 1883, 8o.

Chamchean (Michael) 18th century. History of Armenia from B.C. 2247 to A.D. 1780, Venice, 1784-86, 3 vols. 4o.

Translation:

English (abridged)--Avdall (J.), Calcutta, 1827, 2 vols. 8o.

David Anyaght (the Philosopher) 5th century. Theological and philosophical treatises and translations.

Neumann (C. F.) Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de David, philosophe Arménien du ve siècle, Jour. Asiat. iii. sér. 2, pp. 49-86; 97-153, Paris, 1829.

Eghishe or Elisoeus. 5th century. History of Vardan and of the wars of the Armenians, Constantinople, 1764.

Translations:

English--Neumann (C. F.), Lond. 1830, 4o.

Italian--Cappelletti (C.), Venice, 1840, 8o.

French--Karabaghy (G.) Soulèvement national de l'Arménie chrétienne au ve siècle contre la loi de Zoroastre, Paris, 1844, 8o, and in Langlois' Collection.

Nève (F.) L'Arménie chrétienne, pp. 299-316. See supra.

Eznik Koghbetzi (of Kolb or Kulpi) 5th century. Refutation of various sects, Smyrna, 1761; Venice, 1826.

Translations:

French--Le Vaillant de Florival (P. E.), Paris, 1853, 8o, and in Langlois' Collection (Book II.).

German--(Book IV.) Neumann (C. F.) Zeits. f. d. hist. Theologie, i. pp. 71-78. Leipz. 1834.

Dulaurier (E.) Cosmogonie des Perses d'après Eznig, auteur arménien du ve siècle, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, v. pp. 253-62, Paris, 1857.

Wickering (A. de) Eznik de Gog'ph et son traducteur français, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, iii. pp. 207-16, Paris, 1856.

Faustus of Byzantium. 4th and 5th centuries. History of Armenia, A.D. 317-85, Constantinople, 1730.

Translations:

French--In Langlois' Collection.

German--Lauer (M.), Cologne, 1879.

Latin--Fragments in Procopius, De Bello Persico.

Menevischean (P. G.) Faustus von Byzanz und Dr. Lauer's deutsche Uebersetzung, Zeits. f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes, iii. pp. 51-68, Vienna, 1889.

See Gelzer (H.) Die Anfänge der armen. Kirche, Berichte der k. sächs. Gesell. Wiss. pp. 109-74, Leipz. 1895.

Ghevond or Levond. 8th century. History of the Invasion of Armenia by the Arabs, Paris, 1856.

Translation:

French--Chahnazarian, Paris, 1856, 8o.

Gregory the Illuminator. 3rd century. Discourses attributed to, Venice, 1838; Vagharshapat, 1896.

Translation:

German--Schmid (J. M.), Regensburg, 1872, 8o.

Gregory Magistros. 11th century. Poems, Venice, 1868. Letters, not published.

Langlois (V.) Mémoire sur la vie et les écrits du prince Grégoire Magistros, Jour. Asiat. xiii. sér. 6, pp. 4-64, Paris, 1869.

Gregory of Narek. 10th century. Prayers, Venice, 1784.

Homilies and Odes, Venice, 1827.

Collected works, Venice, 1840.

Nève (F.) L'Arménie chrétienne, pp. 256-68.

Hethum II. (King of Cilicia) 14th century. Poem on the history of Armenia, published with the Armenian Bibles of Amsterdam, 1666, Constantinople, 1705; Venice, 1733.

Translation:

French--In Dulaurier's Recueil. See supra.

Langlois (V.) Extrait du poème du roi Héthoum II., Bull. Acad. Sc. iv. p. 289, St. Pet. 1862.

Indgidgean (L.) 19th century. Ancient Armenia, Venice, 1835, 4o.

Translation:

Italian--Cappelletti (G.), Turin, 1841, 3 vols. Geographical description of ancient Armenia, Venice, 1822, 4o.

Brosset. Description de l'ancienne Géorgie turke, comprenant le pachalik d'Akhaltzikhé et le Gouria, Jour. Asiat. xiii. sér. 2, pp. 459-87, Paris, 1834.

John Katholikos. 10th century. History of Armenia from the origin of the world to A.D. 925, Jerusalem, 1843.

Translation:

French--Saint Martin (J.), Paris, 1841, 8o.

Boré (E.) De l'action du Christianisme sur la société arménienne, Jour. Asiat. i. sér. 3, pp. 209-38, Paris, 1836.

Nève. L'Arménie chrétienne, pp. 317-40.

Kirakos of Gandzak. 13th century. History of Armenia, A.D. 300-1265, Moscow, 1858; Venice, 1865.

Translations:

French--Brosset, Deux historiens Arméniens, St. Pet. 1870-71, 2 vols. 4o; Dulaurier (extracts) in Recueil, and in Jour. Asiat. xi. sér. 5, Paris, 1858.

See Brosset, Additions à l'histoire de la Géorgie, Hist. ancienne, pp. 412-37, St. Pet. 1851.

Koriun. 5th century. Life of St. Mesrop, Venice, 1833.

Translations:

German--Welte, Tubingen, 1841.

French--In Langlois' Collection.

Lazar of Pharpi. 5th century. History of Armenia, A.D. 388-485, Venice, 1783.

Translation:

French--In Langlois' Collection.

Karabaghy (G.) Abrégé de la vie ... du Prince Vahan le Mamigonien, Paris, 1843, 8o.

Maghakia Abegha. 13th century (?). History of the nation of archers (Invasion of the Mongols to A.D. 1272), St. Pet. 1870.

Translation:

French--Brosset, Additions a l'histoire de la Géorgie, Hist. ancienne, pp. 438-67, St. Pet. 1851, 4o.

Mattheos of Edessa. 12th century. Chronicle from A.D. 952-1136, continued by Gregory the Priest to 1162, Jerusalem, 1869.

Translation:

French--Dulaurier, Paris. 1858, 8o.

Chahan de Cirbied. Notice de deux manuscrits arméniens contenant l'histoire de Matthieu Eretz, Paris, 1812, 4o.

Dulaurier. Recueil, pp. 1-201.

Nève. L'Arménie chretienne, pp. 341-70.

Mkhithar of Ayrivank. 13th century. Chronological history to A.D. 1289, Moscow, 1860.

Translation:

French--Brosset, Mém. Acad. Sc. xiii. sér. 7, pp. 1-110, St. Pet. 1869.

Brosset. Etudes sur l'historien Arménien Mkhitar d'Aïravank, Bull. Acad. Sc. viii. pp. 391-416, St. Pet. 1865.

Moses of Khorene. Date uncertain. History of Armenia, Amsterdam, 1695; Venice. 1843.

Translations:

Latin (with Armenian text)--Whiston (G. and G.), Lond. 1736, 4o.

Italian--Cappelletti (G.), Venice, 1841, 8o. Tommaseo (N.), Venice, 1849-50, 8o.

German--Lauer (M.), Regensburg, 1869.

French (with Armenian text)--Le Vaillant de Florival (P. E.), Paris, 1841, 2 vols. 8o; and in Langlois' Collection, vol. ii. See also, for his sources, ibid. vol. i. translations of Mar Apas Catina, Bardesanes, The Pseudo-Bardesanes, Lerubna of Edessa, The Pseudo-Agathangelos, and list of lost fragments of Greek historians preserved in the writings of Armenian authors.

Baumgartner (A.) Dr. M. Lauer und das zweite Buch des Moses Chorenazi, Leipz. 1885.

Burckhardt (--) Review of Carrière's Légende d'Abgar (sources of Moses of Khorene), Byzantinische Zeitschrift, pp. 426-435, Leipz. 1807.

Carrière (A.) Moïse de Khoren et les généalogies patriarcales, Paris, 1801, 8o. Nouvelles sources de Moïse de Khoren, Vienna, 1893, 8o, and Supplément, 1894. La légende d'Abgar dans l'histoire d'Arménie de Moïse de Khoren, Paris, 1895, 8o.

Gildemeister (J.) Pseudokallisthenes bei Moses von Khoren, Zeits. deuts. Morg. Gesell. xl. pp. 88-91, Leipz. 1886.

Gutschmid (A. von) Moses von Khoren, Klein-Schriften, iii. pp. 332-38, Leipz. 1892, and in English in Encyclopædia Britannica, Lond. 1883. Ueber die Glaubwürdigkeit der armenischen Geschichte des Moses von Khoren, Kleine Schriften, iii. pp. 282-331, Leipz. 1892.

Khalathianz (G.) Zur Erklärung der armenischen Geschichte des Moses von Chorene, Zeits. f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes, vii. pp. 21-28, Vienna, 1893.

Langlois (V.) Étude sur les sources de l'histoire d'Arménie de Moïse de Khorene, Bull. Acad. Sc. iii. pp. 531-83, St. Pet. 1861.

Petermann (--) Die schriftlichen Quellen des Moses Chorenensis, Berichte Verhand. Akad. Wiss. pp. 87-104, Berlin, 1852.

Saint Martin (J.) Notice sur la vie et les écrits de Moïse de Khoren, Jour. Asiat. ii. sér. 1, pp. 322-44, Paris, 1823.

Vetter (P.) Das Sibyllen-Zitat bei Moses von Choren, Theol. Quartalschrift, pp. 465-74, Tubingen, 1892. Das Buch des Mar Abas von Nisibis (sources of Moses of Khorene), Stuttgart, 1893.

Geography, Marseilles, 1683; Lond. 1736, 4o, with Latin trans.; Paris, 1819, 8o, with French trans.; Venice, 1881, 8o, with French trans.

Translations:

Latin--Whiston (G. and G.), Lond. 1736, 4o.

French--Saint Martin (J.) in Mémoires sur l'Arménie, vol. ii., Paris, 1819, 8o; Soukrean (A.), Venice, 1881, 8o.

Treatise on Rhetoric, Venice, 1796, 1843.

Baumgartner (A.) Ueber das Buch "Die Chrie," Zeits. deuts. Morg. Gesell. xl. pp. 457-515, Leipz. 1886.

Nerses Clayetzi (of Romkla) or Snorhali (the Gracious), Katholikos. 1066-1173. Elegy on the fall of Edessa, Madras, 1810; Calcutta, 1832; Paris, 1828.

Poems, Venice, 1830.

Pastoral letter with Latin translation, Venice, 1830.

Synodal Address and Letters, Venice, 1848.

Prayer (translated into thirty-six languages), Venice, 1810, 1862, 1882.

Translations:

Latin--Cappelletti (J.) Opera omnia, Venice, 1833.

French--(Synodal address) Dulaurier (E.) Histoire, rites, dogmes et liturgie de l'Église arménienne; (Elegy on the fall of Edessa) extracts in Dulaurier's Recueil, pp. 223-268, Paris, 1855.

Avdall (J.) Memoir of life and writings of St. Nierses Clajensis, surnamed the Graceful, Pontiff of Armenia, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, v. pp. 129-57, Calcutta, 1836.

Monike (D. G. v.) Nierses Klaietsi ... und dessen Gebete, Zeits. f. hist. Theol. i. pt. ii. pp. 67-104, Leipz. 1832.

Nève (F.) Le patriarche Nerses IV. dit Schnorhali, L'Arménie chrétienne, pp. 269-86.

Nerses of Lambron. 12th century. Synodal Address to Council of Romkla, Venice, 1787.

Treatise on the institutions of the Church, Venice, 1847.

Letters, etc. (with letters of Gregory Tegha) (Katholikos, 1173-80), Venice, 1838.

Translations:

Italian--(Synodal Address) Aucherian (P.) (with Armenian text), Venice, 1812.

German--(Synodal Address) Neumann (C. F.), Leipz. 1834.

French--In Dulaurier's Recueil: Reflections sur les institutions de l'Église (extraits); Lettre adressée au roi Léon II.

Orbelean Stephanos. 13th century. History of Siunia, Paris, 1859; Moscow, 1861.

Translations:

French--Brosset, St. Pet. 1864-66, 2 vols. 4o.

Brosset. Projet d'une collection d'historiens arméniens inédits, Bull. scient. Acad. Sc. viii. pp. 177-89 and ix. pp. 253-68, St. Pet. 1841-42.

Traduction de l'histoire d'Etienne Orbélian, Bull. Acad. Sc. vi. pp. 500-1, St. Pet. 1863.

Histoire des princes Orbélians, ibid. viii. p. 177, 1865.

See also Saint Martin, Mém. sur l'Arménie, Paris. 1819, vol. ii. pp. 1-300, for French trans. of a work attributed to Stephanos Orbelean, published in Madras, 1775, about which see Sukias Somal, Quadro della storia letteraria di Armenia, pp. 119-20, Venice, 1829, 8o.

Samuel of Ani. 12th century. History to A.D. 1179 (continued by unknown author to A.D. 1337), Vagharshapat, 1893.

Translations:

Latin--Zohrab, Milan, 1818; and in Migne's Patrologiæ cursus completus, ser. Græca, xix. pp. 599-742, Paris, 1844-64.

French--In Brosset's Collection.

Brosset. Samuel d'Ani, revue générale de sa chronologie, Bull. Acad. Sc. xviii. pp. 402-42, St. Pet. 1873.

Dulaurier. Recueil, pp. 445-68; and see his Recherches sur la chronologie arménienne.

Sebeos. 7th century. History of Heraklius, Constantinople, 1851; St. Pet. 1879.

Translations:

Russian--Patkanean (K.), St. Pet. 1862.

German--(part) Hübschmann (H.) Zur Geschichte Armeniens und der ersten Kriege der Araber, Leipz. 1875, 8o.

Prudhomme (E.) Essai d'une histoire de la dynastie des Sassanides, etc., Jour. Asiat. sér. 6, vii. pp. 101-238, Paris, 1866.

Sembat (the Constable) 13th century. Chronicle, Moscow, 1856; Paris, 1859.

Translation:

French--Dulaurier, Recueil, pp. 605-80; Langlois (part), Mém. Acad. Sc. sér. 7, iv. St. Pet. 1862.

Thomas Artsruni. 9th and 10th centuries. Armenian history with an account of the Artsruni family (continued by later writers), Constantinople, 1852.

Translation:

French--In Brosset's Collection.

Brosset. Notice sur l'historien arménien Thomas Ardzrouni, Bull. Acad. Sc. v. pp. 538-54, St. Pet. 1863.

Sur l'histoire composée en arménien par Thomas Ardzrouni, ibid. xiv. pp. 438-32, 1870.

Néve. Histoire de la Maison des Ardzrounis, Muséon, vi. pp. 373-77, Louvain, 1887.

Thomas Metsobatzi. 15th century. History of Timur, Paris, 1860; Tiflis, 1892.

Néve. Etudes sur Thomas de Medzoph et sur son histoire de l'Arménie au xve siècle, Paris, 1855, 8o.

Exposé des guerres de Tamerlan et de Schah-Rokh dans l'Asie occidentale d'après la chronique arménienne inédite de Thomas de Medzoph, Brussels, 1860, 8o.

Quelques épisodes de la persécution du Christianisme en Arménie au xve siècle, Louvain, 1861, 8o.

Sources arméniennes pour l'histoire des Mongols, L'Arménie chrétienne, pp. 371-82.

Ukhtanes of Edessa. 10th century. History of the religious separation of the Armenians and Georgians, Vagharshapat, 1871.

Translation:

French--Brosset (M. F.) Deux historiens arméniens, St. Pet. 1870-71 (2 vols.)

Brosset (M. F.) Etudes sur l'historien arménien Ouktanès, Bull. Acad. Sciences, xiii. pp. 401-54, St. Pet. 1869.

Vardan the Great. 13th century. History, edited by Emin, with Russian translation, Moscow, 1861; Venice, 1862.

Dulaurier. Les Mongols d'après les historiens arméniens (extrait de l'histoire universelle de Vartan), Jour. Asiat. sér. 5, xvi. pp. 273-323, Paris, 1860.

Recueil, pp. 431-43.

Brosset. Analyse critique de l'histoire de Vardan, Mém. Acad. Sc. sér. 7, iv. pp. 1-30, St. Pet. 1862.

Geography (attributed to Vardan), Constantinople, 1728.

Translation:

French (with Armenian text)--Saint Martin, in Mém. sur l'Arménie, vol. ii. Paris, 1819.

Fables (attributed to Vardan), St. Pet. 1899 (N. Marr).

Translation:

French--Saint Martin, Jour. Asiat. sér. i. Paris, 1825.

See Sukias Somal's Quadro, p. 111.

Conybeare (F. C.) Review of "The Fables of Wardan," by N. Marr, Folk Lore, pp. 462-75, Lond. 1899.

Zenob of Glak. 4th century. History of Taron, attributed to Zenob of Glak, and continued by John Mamikonean, 7th century, Constantinople, 1719; Venice, 1843.

Translations:

French--Prudhomme (E.) Jour. Asiat. sér. 6, ii. pp. 401-75, Paris, 1863. And in Langlois' Collection.

English--Avdall (J.) Memoirs of a Hindoo colony in Ancient Armenia, Jour. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, Calcutta, 1836.

Stackelberg. Review of "Zenob of Glak" (Vienna, 1893) by Khalatheantz (Chalatiantz) in modern Armenian, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, pp. 368-70, Leipz. 1895.

Brosset's Collection, vol. ii., also contains translations of certain writers of the 17th and 18th centuries. See also his Histoire de la Géorgie (St. Pet. 1851), Voyage Archéologique, and Ruines d'Ani (supra, Travel in Nineteenth Century) for translated extracts from Armenian writers.

History

Artemi of Vagharshapat. Memoirs of his life (trans. from Armenian). English, Lond. 1822, 8o; German by Busse, Halle, 1823, 8o.

Brosset (M. F.) Inscriptions arméniennes de Bolghari, Bull. Scient. Acad. Sc. iii. pp. 18-21, St. Pet. 1838.

Notice historique sur les couvents arméniens de Haghbat et de Sanahin, Bull. Scient. Acad. Sc. x. pp. 303-36, St. Pet. 1842.

Inscriptions arméniennes, Bull. Acad. Sc. i. pp. 399-413. St. Pet. 1860.

Listes chronologiques des princes et métropolites de la Siounie, jusqu'à la fin du xiiie siècle. Bull. Acad. Sc. iv. pp. 497-562, St. Pet. 1862.

Description of the Armenian convents of Haghbat and Sanahin by the vardapet John of the Crimea. In Armenian and Russian with Appendix in French, Mém. Acad. Sc. vi., St. Pet. 1863.

Chahan de Cirbied (J.) Histoire arménienne (détails sur les changements politiques en Géorgie et en Arménie dans les premières années du xixme siècle), Paris, 1818, 8o.

Chahnazarian (--) Esquisse de l'histoire de l'Arménie, coup d'oeil sur l'Arménie ancienne et sur son état actuel, Paris, 1856, 8o.

Daghbaschean (H.) Gründung des Bagratidenreiches durch Aschot Bagratuni, Berlin, 1893.

Défrémery (--) Fragments de géographes et d'historiens arabes et persans inédits, relatifs aux anciens peuples du Caucase et de la Russie méridionale, Jour. Asiat. sér. 4, xiv. pp. 447-513; xvi. pp. 50-75, 153-201; xvii. pp. 105-162, Paris, 1849-50-51.

Dulaurier (E.) Étude sur l'organisation politique, religieuse et administrative du royaume de la Petite Arménie (valuable for its bearings on Armenia Proper), Jour. Asiat. sér. 5, xvii. pp. 377-437; xviii. pp. 289-357, Paris, 1861.

Kazem-Beg (M. A.) Derbend-Nâmeh (conquest of Armenia by the Arabs in 8th century), Eng. trans. from the Turkish, Mém. Acad. Sc. pp. 435-711, St. Pet. 1851.

Klaproth (J. von) Mémoire de Jean Ouosk'herdjan, prêtre arménien (events in Armenia in 18th century; monastery of Haghbat; inscriptions at Marmashen, Ani, Haghbat, etc.), in Mém. relatifs à l'Asie, vol. i. pp. 224-309, Paris, 1824.

Extrait du Derbend-Nâmeh ou de l'Histoire de Derbend (trans. from the Turkish), Jour. Asiat. sér. 2, iii. pp. 439-67, Paris, 1829.

Aperçu des entreprises des Mongols en Géorgie et en Arménie dans le xiiime siècle, Paris, 1833, 8o.

Langlois (V.) Place de l'Arménie dans l'histoire du monde, Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, iv. pp. 321-331, Paris, 1856.

Lettre sur l'histoire politique, religieuse et civile des Arméniens à l'époque des croisades, Bull. Acad. Sc. iii. pp. 241-248, St. Pet. 1861.

Neumann (C. F.) Geschichte der Uebersiedlung von 40,000 Armeniern, welche im Jahre 1828 aus der persischen Provinz Aderbaidschan nach Russland anwanderten (from the Russian of S. Glinka), Leipz. 1834, 8o.

Petermann (H.) Beiträge zu der Geschichte der Kreuzzüge aus armenischen Quellen, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. pp. 81-186, Berlin, 1860.

Petermann (J. H.) De Ostikanis, Arabicis Armeniæ Gubernatoribus, Berlin, 1840 4o. See also Brosset, Hist. de la Géorgie, Hist. Ancienne, Additions, etc., pp. 249 seq.

Saint Martin (J.) Histoire des révolutions de l'Arménie sous le règne d'Arsace II., pendant le ive siècle, Jour. Asiat. sér. 2, iv. pp. 402-52; v. pp. 161-207, 336-74, Paris, 1829-30.

Serpos (G. de) Compendio storico di memorie cronologiche concernenti la religione e la morale della nazione armenia, suddita dell' impero ottomano, Venice 1786, 3 vols. 12o.

IV. VANNIC INSCRIPTIONS

Sayce (A. H.) The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, Jour. R. Asiat. Soc. xiv. pp. 377-732; xx. pp. 1-48; xxv. pp. 1-37; xxvi. pp. 691-732, Lond. 1882-88-93-94.

Belck (W.) and Lehmann (C. F.) Pending the publication of a comprehensive account of the travels and researches of these, the most recent workers in this field of discovery, references are here given to various periodicals in which they have recorded their work up to the present time:--

Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthrop. etc. 1892, pp. 477-88; 1893, pp. 61-82, 217-24, 389-400; 1894, pp. 213-41, 479-87; 1895, pp. 578-92, 592-601, 601-16; 1896, pp. 309-21, 321-27, 586-89; 1897, pp. 302-8; 1898, pp. 522-27, 568-92; 1899, pp. 193-94, 411-20.

Zeits. für Ethnologie (Berl. Gesell. für Anthrop. etc.), 1892, pp. 122-52; 1899, pp. 99-132.

Zeits. für Assyriologie (Berlin, etc.), 1892, pp. 255-67; 1894, pp. 82-99, 339-60; 1897, pp. 113-24, 197-206; 1899, pp. 307-22.

Sitzungsb. der k. preuss. Akad. der Wiss. (Berlin), 1899, pp. 116-20, 745-49; 1900, pp. 619-33.

Nachrichten der k. Gesell. der Wiss. zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Classe, 1899, pp. 80 seq.

Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptienne et assyrienne (Paris), 1896, pp. 209-17.

Mittheilungen der geog. Gesell. (Hamburg), 1898, pp. 1-23, 189-221; 1899, pp. 16-70.

Globus (Brunswick), 1893, pp. 153-58.

Deutsche Rundschau (Berlin), 1894, pp. 402-18.

Hyvernat (H.) L'histoire ancienne de l'Arménie et les inscriptions cunéiformes du bassin de Van (in Müller-Simonis's Du Caucase au Golfe Persique), Paris, 1892, 4o.

Basmadjian (K. J.) Note on the Van Inscriptions, Jour. R. Asiat. Soc. xxi. ser. 3, pp. 579-83, Lond. 1897.

Brosset (M. F.) Notice sur deux inscriptions cunéiformes (Armavir), Bull. Acad. Sc. v. pp. 428-35, St. Pet. 1863.

Rapport sur diverses inscriptions (Armavir), Bull. Acad. Sc. vii. pp. 275-77, St. Pet. 1864.

Sur l'histoire ancienne de l'Arménie, Bull. Acad. Sc. xvi. pp. 332-40, St. Pet. 1871.

De Saulcy. Recherches sur l'écriture cunéiforme assyrienne; inscriptions de Van, Paris, 1848, 8o.

Ducreux (C.) L'Arménie primitive, Rev. Encyclopédique, pp. 336-37, Paris, 1897.

Grotefend. (Inscription of Isoglu, discovered by Mühlbach), Original Papers of Syro-Egyptian Soc., Lond. 1840.

Guyard (S.) Les inscriptions de Van, Jour. Asiat. xv. sér. 7, pp. 540-43, Paris, 1880.

Etude sur les inscriptions de Van (Mélanges d'Assyriologie), Paris, 1883, 8o.

1. Notes sur quelques particularités des inscriptions de Van. 2. Inscriptions de Van; les estampages de M. Deyrolle, Jour. Asiat. i. sér. 8, pp. 261, 517, Paris, 1883.

Note sur quelques passages des inscriptions de Van, Jour. Asiat. ii. sér. 8, p. 306, Paris, 1883.

Etudes Vanniques, Jour. Asiat. iii. sér. 8, pp. 499-517, Paris, 1884.

Hincks (E.) On the Inscriptions at Van, Jour. R. Asiat. Soc. ix. ser. 1, pp. 387-449, Lond. 1848.

Jensen (P.) Die Sitze der Urarto-Chalder zur Zeit Tiglathpileser's I., Zeits. Assyriologie, xi. pp. 306-9, Berlin, 1897.

Kästner. See Brosset, supra, Notice sur deux inscriptions cunéiformes (Armavir), and Rapport sur diverses inscriptions (Armavir).

Layard (Sir A. H.) Discoveries in the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (excursion to Van), Lond. 1853, 8o.

Lenormant. Lettres assyriologiques, i. pp. 113-64, Paris, 1871, 4o.

Lerch. See Brosset, supra. Notice sur deux inscriptions cunéiformes (Armavir).

Maspero (G.) Histoire Ancienne des peuples de l'Orient Classique; vol. iii. Les Empires, Paris, 1899, large 8o.

Meyer (E.) Geschichte des Alterthums, vol. i. Stuttgart, 1884, 8o.

Mordtmann (A. D.) Entzifferung und Erklärung der armenischen Keilinschriften von Van und der Umgegend, Zeits. Deuts. Morgenländ. Gesell. xxvi. pp. 465-696; xxxi. pp. 406-38, Leipz. 1872 and 1877.

Mühlbach. (Inscription of Isoglu), Monatsb. Verh. Gesell. Erdk. i. pp. 70-75, Berlin, 1840.

Müller (D. H.) Eine neue Keil-Inschrift von Van, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift f. d. Orient, Vienna, 1885.

Neue Van-Inschriften (Ashrut-Darga) (Armavir), Oesterreichische Monatsschrift f. d. Orient, Vienna, 1886.

Die Keilinschrift von Aschrut-Darga, Vienna, 1886.

Drei neue Inschriften von Van, Vienna Oriental Jour. i. pp. 213-19, Vienna, 1887.

Die Keil-Inschrift von Aschrut-Darga, Denkschriften der Wiener Akad. der Wiss., Vienna, 1888.

Nikolsky (M. V.) (In Russian) The Cuneiform inscriptions of the country beyond the Caucasus, Moscow, 1896, 4o.

Patkanoff (K.) De quelques nouvelles inscriptions cunéiformes découvertes sur le territoire russe, Le Muséon, ii. p. 358, Louvain, 1883.

Rawlinson (Sir H.) Notes on a journey from Tabriz, etc. (Kelishin stele, pp. 12 and 21), Jour. R. Geog. Soc. x., Lond. 1840.

Saint Martin (J.) Notice sur le voyage littéraire de M. Schulz en Orient et sur les découvertes ... dans les ruines de la ville de Sémiramis en Arménie, Jour. Asiat. ii. sér. 2, p. 160, Paris, 1828.

Sayce (A. H.) On the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, Kuhn's Zeits. f. vergleich. Sprachforschungen, xxiii pp. 407-9, Berlin, 1877.

Les inscriptions vanniques d'Armavir; Inscriptions vanniques d'Armavir et de Tsolakert, Le Muséon, ii. pp. 5-9 and 358-64, Louvain, 1883.

Deux nouvelles inscriptions vanniques, Le Muséon, iii. pp. 222-24, Louvain, 1884.

Deux nouvelles inscriptions vanniques (Ashrut Darga and Armavir), Le Muséon, v. pp. 374-78, Louvain, 1886.

Inscription of Menuas, king of Ararat, in the Vannic language, Records of the Past, i. ser. 2, pp. 163 seq., Lond. 1890.

The Great Inscription of Argistis on the Rock of Van; Monolith Inscription of Argistis, king of Van, Records of the Past, iv. ser. 2, pp. 114-46, Lond. 1890.

Presidential Address to the Philological Society (1888) Transactions of Phil. Soc., Lond. 1891.

Early Israel and the surrounding nations, Lond. 1899, 8o.

Scheil (Fr. V.) Note sur l'expression vannique "Gunusa Haubi," Recueil des travaux rel. à la philologie et à l'archéologie égypt. et assyr. xiv. p. 124 (ed. by G. Maspéro, Paris, 1880, ff.), Paris, 1892.

La stèle de Kel-i-chin, ibid. xiv. pp. 153-60, Paris, 1893.

1. Inscription vannique de Melasgert. 2. Notes d'épigraphie et d'archéologie assyrienne, ibid. xviii. pp. 75-80, Paris, 1896.

Schrader (E.) Die Namen der Meere in den assyrischen Inschriften, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss. pp. 169-95, Berlin, 1878.

Zur Geographie des assyrischen Reichs, Sitzungsberichte K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. pp. 321-44, Berlin, 1890.

Schulz (F. E.) Mémoires sur le lac de Van et ses environs (1827-28), Jour. Asiat. ix. sér. 3, pp. 257-323, Paris, 1840.

Streck (M.) Das Gebiet der heutigen Landschaften Armenien, Kurdistan und Westpersien nach den babylonisch-assyrischen Keilinschriften, Zeits. Assyr. xiii. pp. 57-110; xiv. pp. 103-72, Berlin, 1898.

V. ARMENIAN CHURCH

Anon. Narratio de Rebus Armeniæ, in La Bigne's Maxima Bibliotheca veterum Patrum, vol. xii. pp. 814-17, Lyons, 1677, fol.

Ecclesiæ Armeniacæ Canones selecti, in Mai's Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, vol. x. pp. 269-316, Rome, 1838, 4o.

Bianchini (P.) The Armenian Liturgy, with European musical notation, in Armenian, English, French, and Italian, Venice, 1876, 4o.

De la Croix (--) La Turquie Chrestienne sous la protection de Louis-le-Grand, contenant l'estat présent des nations et églises grecque, arménienne et maronite, Paris, 1695, 1715, 12mo.

Katerjian (J.) De fidei symbolo quo Armenii utuntur observationes, Vienna, 1893, 8o.

Dadian (B.) L'église d'Arménie, Revue de l'Orient, sér. 3, ii. pp. 217-26, Paris, 1855.

Dulaurier (E.) Histoire, rites, dogmes et liturgie de l'Église Arménienne, Paris, 1855, 12o.

Fortescue (E. F. K.) The Armenian Church (history, calendar of festivals, translation of Liturgy, notes on rites and ceremonies, account of position of patriarchates and relations with the Turkish Government and Rome), Lond. 1872, 8o.

Gelzer (H.) Der gegenwärtige Bestand der armenischen Kirche, Zeits. f. Wiss. Theologie, xxxvi. pp. 163-71, Berlin, 1893.

Die Anfänge der armenischen Kirche, Berichte Verh. Sächs. Gesell. Wiss. Phil. Hist. Cl. pp. 109-74, Leipz. 1895.

Article "Armenien" in Real-Ency. f. protestantische Theologie, Leipz. 1897.

Issaverdentz (J.) The Armenian Ritual, Venice, 1872-76, 16o.

Armenia and the Armenians, part iii., Ecclesiastical History, Venice, 1875, 16o.

Jacob (R. P.) The ordinal of the Holy Apostolic Church of Armenia, Indian Church Quart. Rev. xi. pp. 211, 363, 465, 1899.

Malan (S. C.) Life and times of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Lond. 1868, 8o.

Divine Liturgy of the Armenian Church (The introduction contains an interesting description of the ritual at Edgmiatsin, translated from the account of an eye-witness (Muravieff)), Lond. 1870, 8o.

Mesrop and Sahak. Rituel arménien, ouvrage classique ive siècle, comprenant toutes les cérémonies sacramentales de l'église arménienne; composée d'abord par les SS. PP. Mesroob et Sahac et augmenté depuis par St. J. Mandaghuni et autres, Venice, 1831-40, 8o.

Neale (J. M.) History of the Holy Eastern Church, General Introduction, vols. i. and ii., Lond. 1850, 8o.

Nève (F.) Constantin et Théodose devant les Eglises Orientales, Louvain, 1857, 8o pam. Reprinted in L'Arménie Chrétienne. Louvain, 1886, 8o.

Picart (B.) Cérémonies et coutumes de tous les peuples du monde; vol. iii. pp. 210-32, De la créance et des coutumes des Arméniens, Amsterdam, 1733. Eng. trans. Lond. 1736.

Ricaut (P.) The Present State of the Greek and Armenian Churches, Lond. 1679, 8o.

Tchéraz, Minas. L'Église Arménienne, son histoire, ses croyances, Le Muséon, xvi. pp. 222-42, Louvain, 1897.

Ter-Mikelian (A.) Die armenische Kirche in ihren Beziehungen zur byzantinischen, vom iv. bis xiii. Jahrhundert, Leipz. 1892, 8o.

Balgy (A.) Historia doctrinæ catholicæ inter Armenos unionisque eorum cum Ecclesia Romana in concilio Florentino, Vienna, 1878.

D'Avril (A.) Documents relatifs aux Églises d'Orient et à leurs rapports avec Rome, Paris, 1885.

Galanus (C.) Conciliatio ecclesiæ armenæ cum romana, Rome, 1650. Vol. i. was republished under title Historia Armena ecclesiastica et politica, Cologne, 1686.

Vernier. Histoire du Patriarcat Arménien Catholique, Paris, 1891, 8o.

Boré (E.) St. Lazare de Venise, Venice, 1835, 8o.

Langlois (V.) Notice sur le couvent de St. Lazare, Venice, 1863, 1891, 12o.

Le Vaillant de Florival (P. E.) Mekhitaristes de Saint Lazare, Venice, 1841, 1856, 12o.

Conybeare (F. C.) The Key of Truth (Paulicians), Oxford, 1898, 8o.

Lombard (A.) Pauliciens, Bulgares et Bons-Hommes en Orient et en Occident, Geneva and Basle, 1879.

Ter-Mkrttschian. Die Paulikianer im byzantinischen Kaiserreiche und verwandte ketzerische Erscheinungen in Armenien, Leipz. 1893, 8o.

VI. POLITICAL

Engelhardt (E.) La Turquie et le Tanzimat (histoire de réformes dans l'Empire Ottoman depuis 1826), Paris, 1884, 2 vols. 8o.

Holland (T. E.) A Lecture on the Treaty Relations of Russia and Turkey, 1774-1853, Lond. 1877, 8o.

The European Concert in the Eastern Question, a collection of treaties and other public acts, Oxford, 1885, 8o.

Rolin-Jaequemyns (M. G.) L'Arménie, les Arméniens et les traités, Paris, 1887, 8o. Eng. trans., Lond. 1891, 8o.

Anon. Rapports sur l'oppression des Arméniens en Arménie, Lond. 1877, 8o.

The Armenian question, by an Eastern Statesman, Contemporary Rev. xxxvii. pp. 533-47, Lond. 1880.

Quelques indications sur les réformes à introduire dans l'administration de l'Arménie, Constantinople, 1880, 8o pam.

Mémoire sur la question arménienne, présenté aux Grandes Puissances à l'occasion du Congrès de Berlin, Constantinople, 1880, 12o pam.

La Question arménienne. Note collective addressée à la Sublime Porte, Constantinople, 1880, 8o pam.

The Case for the Armenians, Lond. 1893, 8o.

Atrocities, Armenian and others, Lond. 1895, 4o pam.

Violations of the Hatti-Humayum, New York, 1895.

The Armenian Question, by a Diplomatist, New Rev. xii. pp. 62-66, Lond. 1895.

Our obligations to Armenia, Macmillan's Mag. vol. lxxi. pp. 340-45, Lond. 1895.

Historical sketch of Armenia and the Armenians in ancient and modern times, with special reference to the present crisis, by an old Indian, Lond. 1896, 8o.

La vérité sur les massacres d'Arménie (rapports de témoins oculaires, correspondances particulières), par un Philarmène, Paris, 1896, 8o.

Armenia and the Powers: from behind the scenes, Contemporary Rev. lxix. pp. 628-43, Lond. 1896.

The Constantinople Massacre, Contemporary Rev. lxx. pp. 457-65, Lond. 1896.

The Two Eastern Questions (by W.), Fortnightly Rev. lix. pp. 193-208, Lond. 1896.

England's policy in Turkey (by a Turkish officer), Fortnightly Rev. lix. pp. 286-90, Lond. 1896.

Lord Rosebery's Second Thoughts (by Diplomaticus), Fortnightly Rev. lx. pp. 615-25, Lond. 1896.

The Eastern Question, Blackwood, clx. pp. 847-58, Edin. 1896.

Achguard (K. S.) Les Arméniens de Turquie (Rapport du patriarche Arménien (Nerses) de Constantinople à la Sublime Porte. Trad. de l'Arménien), Paris, 1877, 8o.

Apcar (S.) The Armenians and the Eastern Question (series of letters by an Armenian and text of "Mémoire" addressed to the Cabinets of Europe), Lond. 1878, 8o.

Argyll (8th Duke of) Our responsibilities for Turkey, Facts and Memories of forty years, Lond. 1896, 8o.

Balgarnie (F.) Interview with Professor and Madame Thoumaian, Great Thoughts, v. pp. 88-90, Lond. 1895.

Benjamin (S. G. W.) The Armenians and the Porte, Atlantic Monthly, lxvii. pp. 524-30, Boston (Mass.) 1891.

Bent (J. T.) Travels among the Armenians, Contemporary Rev. lxx. pp. 695-709, 1896.

Bishop (I. L.) The Shadow of the Kurd, Contemporary Rev. lix. pp. 642-54; and 819-35, Lond. 1891.

Bowles (T. G.) The Cyprus Convention, Fortnightly Rev. lx. pp. 626-34, Lond. 1896.

Broussali (J.) Revendications des Arméniens, Rev. Française, iii. pp. 507-21, Paris, 1886.

Bryce (J.) The Armenian Question, The Century, li. pp. 150-54, New York, 1895.

Clinch (B. J.) The Christians under Turkish rule, Amer. Catholic Quart. Rev. xxi. pp. 399-409, Philadelphia, 1896.

Collet (C. D.) The new crusade against the Turk, I. and Asiat. Quart. Rev. ix. pp. 53-56, Lond. 1895.

Cons (E.) Armenian Exiles in Cyprus, Contemporary Rev. lxx. pp. 888-95, Lond. 1896.

Coode (G. B. M.) The Armenian Church, its history and its wrongs, New Rev. ix. pp. 207-210, Lond. 1893.

Creagh (J.) Armenians, Koords and Turks, Lond. 1880, 2 vols. 8o.

Dadian (M. B.) La société Arménienne contemporaine, Rev. des deux Mondes, lxix. pp. 903-28, Paris. 1867.

Davey (R.) Turkey and Armenia, Fortnightly Rev. lvii. p. 197, Lond. 1895.

Des Coursons (R. de) La Rébellion arménienne, Paris, 1895, 8o.

D'Estrey (H. Meyners) Caucase et Arménie, avenir de la question d'Orient, Annales de l'extrême Orient, ix. 4 articles, Paris, 1886-7.

Dicey (E.) Nubar Pasha and our Asian protectorate (trans. of his Memorandum on administration of Turkish Armenia), Nineteenth Cent. iv. pp. 348-559, Lond. 1878.

Dillon (E. J.) The condition of Armenia, Contemporary Rev. lxviii. pp. 153-189, Lond. 1895.

Dillon (E. J.) Armenia: an Appeal, Contemporary Rev. lxix. pp. 1-19, Lond. 1896. The fiasco in Armenia, Fortnightly Rev. lix. pp. 341-58, Lond. 1896.

Dulaurier (E.) La société arménienne au xixme siècle, sa situation politique, religieuse et littéraire, Rev. des deux Mondes, sér. 2, xix. pp. 209-65, Paris, 1854.

Engelhardt (E.) L'Angleterre et la Russie à propos de la question arménienne (Extrait de la Rev. de droit international, tome xv.), Brussels and Leipz. 1883, 8o.

Eynaud (--) Les Arméniens dans l'Arménie turque (French Foreign Office paper on condition of Armenian people, their numbers, commerce, industries, local government, etc.), Bull. Soc. Géog. sér. 5, xviii. pp. 337-57, Paris, 1869.

Geffcken (F. H.) Turkish Reforms and Armenia, Nineteenth Century, vol. xxxviii. pp. 991-1000, Lond. 1895.

Ghulam-us-Saqlain. The Mussalmans of India and the Armenian question, Nineteenth Century, xxxvii. pp. 926-39, Lond. 1895.

Gladstone (W. E.) The Armenian question, Lond. 1895, 8o pam.

The Massacres in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, xl. pp. 676-80, Lond. 1896.

Greene (F. D.) The Armenian Crisis and the Rule of the Turk, Lond. 1895; revised edition, New York, 1897.

Guinness Rogers (J.) The Massacres in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, xl. pp. 654-59, Lond. 1896.

Harris (J. R.) Letters from the scene of the recent massacres in Armenia, Lond. 1897, 8o.

Harris (W. B.) An unbiased view of the Armenian question, Blackwood's Mag. pp. 483-92, Edinburgh, 1895.

Haweis (H. R.) A Persian on the Armenian Massacres, New Century Rev. i. pp. 70-76, Lond. 1897.

Heyfelder (O.) Die Armenier mid ihre Zukunft, Deuts. Rundschau, xii. pp. 343-51, Vienna, 1890.

Hobart Pasha. An Anglo-Turkish alliance, Nineteenth Century, xvii. pp. 575-82, Lond. 1885.

Hodgetts (E. A. B.) Armenia (massacres; Russian policy), Twentieth Century, No. 3, pp. 405-12, Lond. 1895.

Hron (K.) Material zur Beurtheilung der armenischen Frage, Allgem. Zeitung, Beilage 241-42, Tubingen, 1895.

Kélékian (D.) La Turquie et son souverain, Nineteenth Century, xl. pp. 689-98, Lond. 1896.

Khalil Khalid. The Armenian Question, I. and Asiat. Quart. Rev. x. pp. 469-72, Lond. 1895.

Knapp (G.) The Story of an Armenian Refugee Nat. Mag. vi. p. 3, Boston (Mass.), 1897.

Lamy (T. G.) La question arménienne (position of Armenian Catholics), Rev. Catholique, Aug. and Dec. 1874 and Jan. 1875, Louvain, 1874-75.

Lanin (E. B.) Armenia and the Armenian people, Fortnightly Rev., Lond. 1890.

Lepsius (J.) Armenia and Europe: an Indictment, Lond. 1897.

Lynch (H. F. B.) The Armenian Question, Contemporary Rev., 3 articles, June, July, September, Lond. 1894.

The Armenian Question: Europe or Russia? Contemporary Rev. pp. 270-76, Lond. 1896.

MacColl (M.) England's responsibility towards Armenia, Lond. 1895, 8o pam.

The Constantinople Massacre, Contemporary Rev. lxviii. pp. 744-60, Lond. 1895.

Armenia and the Transvaal, Fortnightly Rev. lix. pp. 313-29, Lond. 1896.

Malcolm (J. A.) An Armenian's Cry for Armenia, Nineteenth Century, xxviii. pp. 640-47, Lond. 1890.

Marillier (L.) La Question arménienne (statistics of massacres), Rev. Chrétienne, sér. 3, iv. pp. 401-20, Paris, 1896.

Nazarbek (A.) Armenian Revolutionists upon the Armenian Problem, Lond. 1895, 8o pam.

Prudhomme (E.) Constitution nationale des Arméniens (trad. de l'Arménien), Rev. de l'Orient, sér. 3, xiv. pp. 1-18, 9-107, Paris, 1861. [This Constitution appears to have been drawn up in 1860, and promulgated in May of the same year. It is much the same as that printed in the Appendix to the present work, but is differently arranged. The article contains a list of the constituencies with their representation.--Note by H. F. B. L.]

Rafiuddin (A.) A Moslem view of Abdul Hamid and the Powers, Nineteenth Century, xxxviii. pp. 156-64, Lond. 1895.

A Moslem's view of the Pan-Islamic Revival, Nineteenth Century, xlii. pp. 517-26, Lond. 1897.

Ramsay (W. M.) Two Massacres in Asia Minor, Contemporary Rev. lxx. pp. 435-48, Lond. 1896.

Rassam (H.) The Armenian difficulty: results of a local enquiry, I. and Asiat. Quart. Rev. ix. pp. 42-47; x. pp. 49-57, Lond. 1895.

Sadik Effendi. The Armenian agitation: a reply to Mr. Stevenson, M.P., New Rev. ix. pp. 456-65, Lond. 1893.

Safir (--) The Armenian Question, I. and Asiat. Quart. Rev. ix. pp. 48-52, Lond. 1895.

Salmoné (H. A.) The real rulers of Turkey, Nineteenth Century, xxxvii. pp 719-33, Lond. 1895.

The Massacres in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, xl. pp. 671-75, Lond. 1896.

Sandwith (H.) How the Turks rule Armenia, Nineteenth Century, iii. pp. 314-29, Lond. 1878.

Sevasly (M.) The Armenian question, New Rev. i. pp. 305-16, Lond. 1889.

Shaw Lefevre (G.) Constantinople revisited, Nineteenth Century, xxviii. pp. 927-44, Lond. 1890.

Stevenson (F. S.) The Armenian Church, its history and its wrongs, New Rev. ix. pp. 201-6, Lond. 1893.

The Armenian agitation: a rejoinder to Sadik Effendi, New Rev. ix. pp. 648-54, Lond. 1893.

Armenia, Contemporary Rev. lxvii. pp. 201-209, Lond. 1895.

Troshine (Y.) A Bystander's Notes of the Armenian massacre at Constantinople, Scribner, xxi. pp. 48-67, New York and Lond. 1897.

Vámbéry (H.) Das nationale Erwachen der Armenier, Allgem. Zeitung, 1890, 224-25; Beilage 188-89, Tubingen, 1890.

Zur armenischen Frage, Deuts. Rev. xx. May, pp. 228-44, Stuttgart, 1895.

Vartooguian (A. P.) Armenia's, ordeal, New York, 1896, 8o.

Watson (W.) The Purple East. A series of sonnets on England's desertion of Armenia, Lond. 1896, 8o.

Woods (H. F.) (Woods Pasha) The truth about Asia Minor, Lond. 1890, 8o pam.

See also the newspaper L'Arménie (French and English), editor M. Tcheraz, published in London from Nov. 1889 onwards; and the Bull. de l'OEuvre des Écoles d'Orient, vols. xviii. and xix., for letters from the scenes of the Armenian massacres from R. Catholic clergy and others, Paris, 1895-98.

British Parliamentary Papers

Despatch from the Marquis of Salisbury enclosing a copy of the Treaty signed at Berlin, 13th July 1878, Turkey, 1878, No. 38.

Correspondence respecting the condition of populations in Asia Minor and Syria, Turkey, 1879, No. 10; 1880, Nos. 4 and 23; 1881, No. 6.

Correspondence relating to the Asiatic provinces of Turkey, Turkey, 1889, No. 1 (trial of Moussa Bey); continued, 1890, No. 1; 1890-91, No. 1, and 1892, No. 1; 1889, No. 1; 1895, No. 1, Part I. (Events at Sassoon and commission of enquiry at Mush), continued, Part II.; 1896, Nos. 3, 5, 6.

Correspondence respecting the Kurdish invasion of Persia, Turkey, 1881, No. 5.

Correspondence respecting the introduction of reforms in the Armenian provinces of Asiatic Turkey, Turkey, 1896, No. 1; Correspondence relative to the Armenian question, 1896, No. 2.

NOTES

[1] The following are my estimates of the mileage distances along our route from Karakilisa to Akantz:--

Distances.

Karakilisa-Tutakh 23 miles Tutakh-Köshk 11 ,, Köshk-Patnotz 17 ,, Patnotz-Akantz 36 ,, -------- Total 87 miles.

[2] At the time of Taylor's journey (1868) there were some 13,500 Karapapakhs in the mutesarriflik of Chaldir, which comprised the towns of Olti, Ardahan and Ardanuch. The mutesarriflik of Kars counted 12,900 of this people, and that of Bayazid 2500 (Archives of British Consulate at Erzerum).

[3] Temperature at 9 P.M. 53° F., and at 6.30 A.M. 41°. None of my readings at Karakilisa reached as high as the first of these, though some were taken in the middle of the day.

[4] The comparison was also suggested to Koch, as he approached Sipan from the side of Melazkert (Reise im pontischen Gebirge, p. 428).

[5] Upon my ascent of Sipan during my second journey it was ascertained that the highest ridge of rock, as seen in this illustration, is not actually the southern rim of the crater. It is merely the side of the flat-topped mass of lava, upon which is situated the eastern summit. The western summit is just visible in this illustration.

[6] Mignan tells us that he purchased a gelding at Sulimanieh which carried him from Baghdad to Tiflis across Kurdistan in 16 days, a distance of at least 800 miles (Winter Journey, etc., London, 1839). I have heard of similar feats in the East, but have not been anxious to place the veracity of my informants to the test.

[7] La Turquie d'Asie, Paris, 1892, vol. ii. p. 710, "Tout près d'Akantz, à 2 kilomètres vers l'est, se trouve une montagne qui renferme une carrière de pierre calcaire, de 3 kilomètres d'étendue, large d'environ 300 mètres. Le sommet de cette montagne se termine par un vaste plateau couvert des ruines d'une ville antique nommée Zernak qui fut très florissante. Les rues de la dite ville sont larges et coupées à angle droit; on retire de ses édifices de belles pierres siliceuses régulièrement taillées dont on se sert pour les nouvelles constructions."

[8] Cuinet (op. cit.) goes quite astray in his statistics both of the caza and town. He estimates the Mussulman inhabitants of the whole caza at only 5129. Akantz and the villages between it and the lake would alone contain as many or more.

[9] I do not think that Vivien de Saint Martin is justified in supposing that the town which was destroyed by the Georgians in A.D. 1209 was situated in a different locality from that occupied by these ruins (Nouveau Dictionnaire de Géographie Universelle, Paris, 1879-95, sub voce Ardjiz).

[10] Schulz, in Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1840, series 3, vol. ix. p. 322. Sayce, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1882, vol. xiv. pp. 649 seq., and 1888, vol. xx. pp. 3 and 19.

[11] According to Dr. Belck (Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, etc., 1895, Heft VI. p. 599) the third tablet can never have possessed an inscription.

[12] See especially Müller-Simonis, Du Caucase au Golfe Persique, Paris, 1892, p. 393.

[13] Müller-Simonis, op. cit. pp. 292 and 555.

[14] Verhandlungen der B. G. für Anthropologie, 1898, Heft VI. p. 591. These travellers add yet another name to the supposed ruins, viz. that of Sirnakar.

[15] Verhandlungen der B. G. für Anthropologie, 1898, Heft VI. p. 573.

[16] See the extract from Ibn-Alathir in Fragments de géographes et d'historiens Arabes et Persans inédits, by Defrémery, in Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1849, series 4, vol. xiii. p. 518.

[17] Saint Martin, Mémoires sur l'Arménie, vol. i. p. 136. We know that Ani was a fairly populous town long after the date when it was formerly supposed to have been deserted.

[18] Marco Polo, Yule's translation, London, 1874, vol. i. p. 47; and "Merchant in Persia" in Italian Travels in Persia, Hakluyt Society, London, 1873, p. 160. The other six castles were Tadvan, Vostan, Van, Berkri, Adeljivas and Akhlat.

[19] Loftus, who visited Arjish in 1852, has collected the facts relative to the inundation (Quarterly Journal of Geological Society, London, 1855, vol. xi. p. 319).

[20] It may help to advance the study of the changes of level in the waters of Lake Van if I record that at the time of our visit (November 2) the island of Ktutz was almost a peninsula. The monks told us that in a few weeks' time the long neck of sand which almost joined it to the land would be exposed from end to end. In spring the waters cover it.

[21] This rock, a specimen of which I brought home, may be described as a compact limestone, largely consisting of foraminifera and fragments of mollusca and other invertebrate organisms.

[22] The long pole shown in the picture projecting against the sky serves as a lever for lifting the bucket.

[23] The measurements of the interior are as follows:--Pronaos, length 36 feet 2 inches by 34 feet 4 inches. Church proper, length to head of apse, 40 feet 7 inches (25 feet 10 inches to the daïs supporting the altar, and 14 feet 9 inches from the daïs to the wall of the apse); breadth, 24 feet 8 inches.

[24] The reader of early travels in the East will be familiar with the figure of the European watch and clock maker, to whom he is introduced in some distant city of Asia.

[25] Strabo, xi. 529. This account exactly corresponds to the phenomena presented by Lake Urmi, and it is impossible to apply it to Lake Van as Ritter (Erdkunde, ix. p. 784) has done. It is quite true that Strabo has already six chapters back mentioned and described the former under the name of Spauta, which is quite likely a misprint for Kapauta, a corruption of the Armenian name Kapotan, which, in turn, is evidently derived from the Armenian word kapoyt, signifying blue (Saint Martin, Mémoires, i. p. 59). In that passage he rightly places the lake in the Atropatian Media; while in chapter 529 he speaks of it under a different name, that of Mantiane, and says that it extends as far as Atropatia. But that the Mantiane, as described by Strabo, is not our Lake Van, and that the latter is in many respects most faithfully portrayed by him under the name Thopitis in sentences immediately following, there can, I think, be little doubt.

[26] Liddell and Scott, sub voce nitron.

[27] Pliny, Hist. Naturalis, vi. ch. 31, translated by Philemon Holland, London, 1635. I have myself added the sentences in brackets.

[28] I have derived these particulars not from personal observation, but for the greater part from the notices of Abich (Vergleichende chemische Untersuchungen der Wasser des Caspischen Meeres, Urmia und Van-See's, Mém. Acad. Sc. St. Petersburg, 1859, Series 6 math. et phys. vol. vii. pp. 22 seq.); Loftus (Quarterly Journal Geological Soc. London, 1855, vol. xi. pp. 306 seq.); and Mr. R. T. Günther (Geographical Journal, November 1899, and Proceedings of the Royal Society, October 1899).

[29] Brandt and Wagner quoted by Sieger (Die Schwankungen der hocharmenischen Seen, Vienna, 1888, p. 22).

[30] Dr. W. Belck in Globus, 1894, vol. lxv. p. 302; A. Owerin in Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1858, p. 471; Professor Hughes in Nature, February 1898.

[31] The traveller journeying along the Güzel Dere on the way from Van to Bitlis cannot fail to be impressed by the insignificance of the water-parting between the small stream, called Sapor Su, tributary to Lake Van, and the brooks which find their way to the Tigris.

[32] To the analysis of my sample by Mr. William Thorp I append that of Dr. Serda of Strasbourg from one brought by M. Müller-Simonis from Van and published on p. 258 of Du Caucase au Golfe Persique, Paris, 1892. I have also thought it well to include the analysis published by Mr. Günther of the water of Lake Urmi. These will be found in the appendix to this volume.

Small lakes impregnated with soda have been found along the south-east foot of the Ararat fabric on the right bank of the Araxes. From sodas so derived an excellent soap used to be made in Alexandropol, and, for all I know, may be still manufactured there. The same practice is related of the inhabitants of Van. See Abich's article (op. cit. pp. 32 seq.), and Loftus (op. cit. p. 320).

[33] It must, however, be noted that certainly in the case of Lake Van no islands are found far from the shore. The last rise in level took place about 1895; and in that year there was an earthquake at Adeljivas. The inhabitants of Uran Gazi on the slopes of Sipan assured us that this earthquake produced a rise in level of the Jil Göl, adjacent to the village.

[34] The subject is fully discussed by Abich (op. cit.) and by Dr. Sieger (Die Schwankungen der hocharmenischen Seen seit 1800, Vienna, 1888, and Globus, 1894, vol. lxv. pp. 73-75). Notable contributions have been made by Loftus (op. cit.), by Strecker (Zeitschrift der Gesell. für Erdkunde, Berlin, 1869, pp. 549 seq.) and by Dr. Belck (Globus, vol. lxiv. pp. 157 seq. and vol. lxv. pp. 301 seq.; Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Berlin, 1898, p. 414).

[35] It will, however, be observed that there is a discrepancy between the condition of Lake Gökcheh and that of Lake Van during the seventies and eighties. The testimony of General Schindler and of Dr. Rodler is in favour of the view that Lake Urmi was in agreement with Lake Van during the same period (Sieger, Die Schwankungen, etc., p. 18).

[36] Loftus, op. cit. p. 319.

[37] Globus, 1894, vol. lxv. pp. 301 and 303.

[38] Geographical Journal, November 1899, p. 513.

[39] Zeits. Gesell. f. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1869, vol. iv. p. 550.

[40] Indications of a similar rise in the norm of the level of Lake Göljik in the southern peripheral region have been noted by Prof. Josef Wünsch (Mitth. der K. K. geog. Gesellschaft, Vienna, 1885, vol. xxviii. pp. 15-17).

[41] Moses of Khorene, i. 18.

[42] Ibid. i. 3.

[43] See the memoir of Saint Martin by Brosset prefixed to vol. xiii. of Lebeau's Histoire du Bas-Empire, and Saint Martin's article in the Journal Asiatique for 1828.

[44] Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1828, vol. ii. series 2, pp. 160-188.

[45] Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, London, 1853, p. 394.

[46] "On the Inscriptions of Van," Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1848, vol. ix., two papers read by Dr. Hincks on 4th December 1847, and 4th March 1848.

[47] Journal Asiatique, Paris, 1880, vol. xv. series 7, pp. 540-543.

[48] Professor Sayce's papers are contained in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xiv. 1882; vol. xx. 1888; vol. xxv. 1893; vol. xxvi. 1894. They should be referred to in the first instance by the student who wishes to penetrate further into the subject.

[49] To the names of Belck, Guyard, Lehmann, and Sayce, should be added that of Professor D. H. Müller of Vienna, the author of several papers on the subject, of which the most important is entitled "Die Keilinschrift von Aschrut-Darga, entdeckt und beschrieben von Professor J. Wünsch, publicirt und erklärt von Dr. D. H. Müller," Vienna, 1886.

[50] So we read in the newly-acquired text of the stele at Topsana (Sidikan), near Rowanduz:--"Urzana, son of Shekikajana, fled to Khaldia; I, Rusas (i.e. Rusas I. of Van) marched as far as the mountains of Assyria" (Dr. Belck in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Berlin, 1899, p. 116). [The translation of this passage appears, however, to have been altered by Messrs. Belck and Lehmann. See Sitzungsberichte der K. K. Preuss. Akad., Berlin, June 1900. It would appear natural that the Khaldians should have called their land after their god, and Dr. Belck (loc. cit.) appears to entertain no doubt upon the point. On the other hand Prof. Sayce informs me that he has never found the name Khaldia in the Vannic inscriptions; and that in Assyrian Khaldia signifies the god Khaldis.]

[51] Cedrenus, Hist. ii. 774.

[52] Saint Martin, Mémoires sur l'Arménie, vol. i. pp. 131 and 138. Cp. Moses of Khorene, iii. 35, "inhabiting Van in the province of Dosp" with the title of the king in the inscriptions "king of Biaina inhabiting the city of Dhuspas."

[53] Professor Sayce makes the suggestion (Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1882, vol. xiv. p. 394). The expression Bitani seems to have been loosely used; but it appears to have been applied to the peripheral region south of Lake Van, and it may survive in the name of the river Bohtan.

[54] Messrs. Belck and Lehmann adopt a later date, viz. c. 1000 B.C. See Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, p. 569.

[55] Recently discovered by Messrs. Belck and Lehmann (Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, p. 574).

[56] Great confusion has been caused by the fact that the Assyrians had no distinctive names for the two great lakes. The subject is elucidated by Schrader (Die Namen der Meere in den assyrischen Inschriften, Abh. Berl. Akad. Wiss., 1877, Berlin, 1878, pp. 169 seq.; Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1886, pp. 81 seq.; Sitzungsberichte der K. Pr. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1890, pp. 321 seq.) and by Dr. Belck in Verhandlungen (ut supra), 1894, p. 485.

[57] See Vol. I. Ch. XXI. p. 423.

[58] I retain the former spelling of the names of Shamshi-Hadad and Hadad-nirari.

[59] An admirable account of the operations of Tiglath-Pileser III. is given by Professor Lehmann in the Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1896, pp. 321 seq. The scheme of the defences of the Vannic kings is ably elucidated by Dr. Belck (Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1894, vol. ix. p. 350, note).

[60] His next successor, Ispuinis, is styled king of Nairi in the Kelishin inscription and king of Biaina in that of Ashrut Darga. The succeeding monarchs are kings of Biaina, inhabiting the city of Dhuspas (Van).

[61] The best account of the Shamiram-Su or canal of Menuas is that given by Dr. Belck (Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1892, pp. 137 seq.). I am under the impression that the greater part of the waters of the canal still find their way to the quarter of Van called Shamiram.

[62] Perhaps Dr. Belck, to whose penetration this discovery is due, has a little exaggerated his point when he assumes the necessity of an interval of 5 kilometres between the former site of the garden town and the rock of Van (Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1894, p. 350). It would seem, rather, that the present quarter of Shamiram represents a portion of the old settlement as watered by the Menuas canal.

[63] "Set up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare the nations against her (sc. Babylon), call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni and Ashchenaz ..." (Jeremiah li. 27). The latter kingdom seems to have been situated between the Medes at Hamadan and the Minni.

[64] It must always be remembered that such enterprises are due with us to the energy of individuals, rarely encouraged and inspired by our learned societies or assisted financially by our Government. I trust, however, that the trustees of the British Museum will awake to the fact that excavations of the most comprehensive order can now be conducted in Armenia, and that the soil is practically virgin. With the assistance of the German Embassy at Constantinople Messrs. Belck and Lehmann were enabled not only to dig down the hill of Toprak Kala to the solid rock, but also, as it would appear, to transport their finds to Berlin.

[65] I cannot discover that any report of these excavations has ever been published. But, since writing this chapter, Mr. Hormuzd Rassam's book, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod (New York, 1897), has come into my hands. Mr. Rassam's excavations on the hill of Toprak Kala took place in 1880, and some account of them may be found in his work, pp. 377-8.

[66] For the excavations at Toprak Kala the various writings of Messrs. Belck and Lehmann should be consulted (Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1895, pp. 612 seq., and 1898, pp. 578 seq. Cp. also Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1894, pp. 356 and 357, note). For the canal and the city of Rusas or New Dhuspas see their remarks in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1892, pp. 141 seq.; Verh. der Berl. Gesell. für Anth. 1892, pp. 477 seq.; 1893, pp. 220, 222, 223; 1898, p. 576; Zeitschrift für Assyr. 1894, pp. 349 seq., and 1899, p. 320.

[67] This is evidently the older form of the legend of Semiramis in Armenia. The Christian hierarchy softened down or obliterated the coming to life again of Ara.

[68] The name of this goddess only occurs in one inscription, viz. Sayce, No. XXIV.; and it is interesting to observe that this is an inscription of Menuas. The name is written ideographically like that of Istar in Assyrian and is rendered Saris by Professor Sayce. It is noticeable that Sariduris or Sarduris is the name borne by three of the Vannic kings.

[69] The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1882, vol. xiv. p. 678. The languages are Babylonian, Persian and "Protomedic," placed in parallel columns.

[70] Professor Sayce (Early Israel, London, 1899, pp. 238-239) adopts this date and considers that the classical writers confounded the Scythians with the Medes. A priori this view would seem probable, having regard to the natural evolution of the history of the times.

[71] According to Herodotus (vii. 73) the Armenians were Phrygian colonists and were armed in the Phrygian fashion. The view of the ancients seems to have been that the Phrygians, as well as the Asiatic Thracians, had migrated from Europe into Asia Minor.

[72] Herodotus, i. 72 and 194; v. 49 and 52. In the catalogue of the satrapies of the empire of Darius Armenia is joined with the unknown district of Pactyica (iii. 93). In the Behistun inscriptions of Darius, the Persian and Scythic texts everywhere employ Armenia for the more ancient Assyrian title Urardhu.

[73] For the certain identification of the Alarodians with the inhabitants of the kingdom of Urardhu or Ararat, see Sir. H. Rawlinson's essay in Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. iv. p. 245.

[74] Herodotus, iii. 94, and cp. vii. 79.

[75] Ibid. i. 104.

[76] Professor Rawlinson would identify the Saspeires with the Iberians of later writers (Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. iv. p. 233). In view of the prevailing opinion that the old Vannic language has some affinity with modern Georgian, this identification is most interesting. Ispir is situated on the threshold of the northern peripheral region, on the river Chorokh.

[77] Xenophon, Cyropædeia, bk. iii. chs. 1, 2 and 3.

[78] Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1892, p. 131; Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1892, p. 487, 1895, pp. 578 seq., 1896, p. 320; Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1894, pp. 82 seq., and p. 358, note 1.

[79] Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, translated by C. R. Markham, Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.

[80] Xenophon, Anabasis, iv. ch. 3, v. ch. 5, vii. ch. 8.

[81] The remarks of Layard (Nineveh and its Remains, London, 1849, vol. i. p. 257) and Badger (The Nestorians and their Rituals, London, 1852, pp. 177 seq.) serve to illustrate the complexity of this question.

[82] Compare the remarks of Sir H. Rawlinson (Rawlinson's Herodotus, iv. p. 248) and of Professor Lehmann (Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1895, p. 580).

[83] Vol. I. Ch. XVI. p. 286.

[84] Xenophon, Cyropædeia, bk. iii. ch. ii. 23.

[85] Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, p. 591. I would especially refer my reader to Dr. Belck's remarks upon this subject in the same publication, 1895, p. 606.

[86] While this chapter is going through the press some further articles by Drs. Belck and Lehmann come into my hands. These deal with their recent journeys and researches in Armenia (Sitzungsberichte der K. P. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1899, pp. 116 seq. and pp. 745 seq.; the same publication for 1900, pp. 619 seq.).

[87] Messrs. Belck and Lehmann commence the sequence: 1. Lutipris, 2. Sarduris I., 3. Arame, 4. Sarduris II., thus attributing to their Sarduris I. the inscriptions which record the construction of the walls from the rock of Van to the harbour. They suppose a Sarduris II., son of Arame, as the antagonist of Shalmaneser II., and suggest that Sarduris I. was the contemporary of Ashur-nasir-pal II. (885-860 B.C.) (Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1897, p. 201). This arrangement throws back Lutipris to about 900 B.C. They promise us an essay upon the subject (see Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1894, p. 486; Z. Assyr. 1897, pp. 200, 201, 202). At present I do not feel convinced by the grounds they have brought forward. No inscriptions of this Sarduris II. have been discovered; nor does any mention appear to be made of works by a predecessor of the same name or by Arame in the inscriptions near the Tabriz gate at Van which they have discovered (see under Ispuinis infra). Of Lutipris no inscriptions exist; he is only known as the father of Sarduris. Pending further enquiry the hypothesis of Professor Sayce seems to me to hold the field: "I am more inclined to conjecture that Sarduris I. was the leader of a new dynasty; the ill success of Arrame in his wars with the Assyrians forming the occasion for his overthrow ... the introduction of a foreign mode of writing into the country looks like one of those innovations which mark the rise of new dynasties in the East. The consolidation of the power of Darius Hystaspis was, we may remember, accompanied by the introduction of the cuneiform alphabet of Persia" (J.R.A.S. 1882, p. 406). To this I should like to add that it seems consonant with the true order of events that not until after the defeat of Arame was the site of Van most happily selected as a sure stronghold against Assyrian attacks--a choice which was largely instrumental in producing the extraordinary development of the northern kingdom under Ispuinis, Menuas, and Argistis.

[88] May Arzasku have been situated in the great plain at the southern foot of the Ararat system, now known as the district of Alashkert? The inscription of Shalmaneser runs: "From Dayaeni (which Dr. Belck identifies with the district about the modern Delibaba) I struck camp and approached Arzasku, the capital of the Urardhian Arame. The Urardhian Arame was filled with fear ... and deserted his city. To the mountains Adduri he fled up; behind him I followed; a great battle I fought in the mountains.... Arame was compelled, in order to save his life, to take refuge in an inaccessible mountain." Dr. Belck suggests that Adduri may have been the name applied by the Khaldians to Ararat and the Ararat system; and that it may survive in the modern Akhury or Arguri (V. Anth. 1893. p. 71).

[89] V. Anth. 1896, pp. 323 and 325. The translation is, however, open to question.

[90] The inscription is contained on one face of a recumbent stone which can with difficulty be distinguished from the boulders lying round. The stone has been well shaped and dressed. The characters have been much mutilated by the figure of a cross which has been incised upon the face of the stone. The first line evidently contains the name of Sarduris, while the second was probably occupied by that of Argistikhinis, or the son of Argistis. In line 7 a conquest is recorded, and in line 8 occurs the name of Alusia. Professor Sayce has kindly supplied this brief account of the contents, and I trust that he will publish the text.

[91] Arakel, ap. Abich, Geolog. Forsch. in den kauk. Länd. Vienna, 1882, part ii. p. 440.

[92] Saint Martin, Mémoires sur l'Arménie, i. 138.

[93] Moses of Khorene, ii. 8.

[94] Ibid. ii. 19.

[95] Faustus of Byzantium, iv. 55.

[96] Vol. I. Ch. XVIII. pp. 357, 359.

[97] Merchant in Persia (Italian Travels in Persia, Hakluyt Society, 1873, pp. 179 seq.). The Kurd is called Zidibec.

[98] Von Hammer, Geschichte des Osm. Reiches, iii. 145.

[99] Ritter, Erdkunde, ix. 980. But the date he gives, viz. 1636, will not suit the chronology.

[100] Brant in Journal of R. Geog. Soc. 1841, vol. x.

[101] Taylor in archives of the British Consulate at Erzerum. Report of March 18, 1869. The estimates of Jaubert in 1805 (Voyage en Arménie, etc. p. 138), and of Layard in 1850 (Nineveh and Babylon, p. 392), appear to have reference to the walled town only. The former counts 15,000 to 20,000 souls, the majority Armenian. The latter says that Van may contain from 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. Shiel's figure for the population, including the suburbs, in 1836, of 12,000 people, "of whom 2000 are Armenians," is plainly in error (J.R.G.S. 1838, vol. x.). Vital Cuinet (La Turquie d'Asie, Paris, 1892, vol. ii. pp. 654, 691), whose statistics I have seldom found reliable, includes 500 Jews in the population of Van--the remnant of the colony transported thither by the Arsakid Tigranes. My enquiries in several quarters elicited replies that no Jews were known to inhabit either the town or the caza, but that there were 25 families at Bashkala.

With regard to any special elements in the population of the town and caza of Van I was informed as follows:--There may be some few score Circassians; but there is no regular Circassian settlement here. The Armenians are practically all Gregorians. Of Chaldæan Christians, whether adherents of their old faith or converts to Roman Catholicism, only a few stray individuals would be found in the town of Van. But I was informed of a settlement of them--Nestorians--about the shores of Lake Archag, north-east of Van.

[102] Du Caucase au Golfe Persique, Paris, 1892, p. 190.

[103] One lira or Turkish pound contains 100 piastres and is equal to 18 shillings.

[104] I append the names and situations of the Armenian schools. Private schools are marked with a P.

===================+========+========+=================================== | No. of | No. of | Name of School. | Male | Female | Where situated. | Pupils | Pupils | ===================+========+========+=================================== 1. Arakh | 450 | 150 | Arakh quarter of the gardens. 2. Norashen | 300 | ... | Norashen quarter of the gardens. 3. Yisusean | 200 | 100 | Walled city. 4. Hankusner | ... | 250 | Hankusner quarter of the gardens. 5. Sandukhtean | ... | 150 | Norashen ,, ,, ,, 6. Khach-poghan | 155 | ... | Central avenue of gardens. 7. Lusavorchean P.| 90 | 30 | ,, ,, ,, 8. Haykavank | 85 | 15 | Haykavank quarter. 9. Paragamean P. | 50 | 25 | Norashen quarter of gardens. 10. Pusantean P. | ... | 75 | ,, ,, ,, 11. Lukasean | 45 | 10 | Norshen-Sufla quarter of gardens. +========+========+ | 1375 | 805 | ===================+========+========+===================================

[105] The text of the slab in this mosque (which he calls the Kurshun mosque) has been copied and published by Dr. Belck in the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1892, vol. vii. pp. 257 seq. See also Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, pp. 570, 575 (Sayce, No. LXXX., Journal R.A.S. 1894, p. 707).

[106] For the cuneiform inscriptions in Surb Paulos (Boghos) see Schulz's Memoir, pp. 298-99; Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, p. 400 (I do not know why he calls it the church of St. Peter and St. Paul); Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, pp. 570 and 573, and Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 1899, p. 320. They are being subjected to fresh examination by Messrs. Belck and Lehmann (Sayce, Nos. XXXI. and XXXII.). In addition to these I noticed a mutilated inscription on a stone in the doorway of Surb Vardan (see Verh. Anthrop. 1898, p. 572), and two inscribed slabs in the apse of the ruined Surb Petros, one in fair preservation (Sayce, No. XLVIII.). I was unable to penetrate into the chapel of Surb Sahak, into the walls of which similar fragments of the stelai of the Vannic kings have been inserted (Sayce, Nos. XLV. and XLVI.).

[107] The most detailed, as well as the most lucid and impressive, account of the Gurab, or rock of Van, is still that of Schulz (Journal Asiatique, 1840, vol. ix. ser. iii. pp. 264 seq.). But the remarks of Layard (Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 395 seq., with woodcuts of the rock chambers), Tozer (Turkish Armenia, London, 1881, pp. 347 seq.) and Müller-Simonis (Du Caucase au Golfe Persique, Paris, 1892, pp. 246 seq.) may be consulted. The only entrance to the citadel is by a path which is conducted up the western declivities of the rock from a point closely adjacent to the gate called Iskele in the north-west angle of the fortified town. In Schulz's time this path ascended in a north-easterly direction between a double row of modern walls, composed for the most part of mud. After following these walls for some little distance it arrived in front of a solid wooden door, studded with large nails and strengthened by bars of iron. This gate afforded access to the castle, and was never opened except by an express order from the Pasha. The castle enclosure was flanked by walls of greater height and solidity than those without; it contained a number of modern buildings, such as barracks, a small mosque, and a powder magazine. Mr. Tozer was shown a very deep naphtha well in this neighbourhood, running down vertically into the rock. The oil, which he describes as a brown, half liquid mixture, could be reached by means of a pole. The house of the commandant and the prison are situated within the enclosure, where may be seen a number of old bronze cannons, curiously ornamented and quite obsolete. Schulz describes the antiquities upon this portion of the rock as consisting of two groups of cave chambers. 1. The southern front of a mass of rock which immediately adjoins the most elevated part of the whole formation--that part which lower down displays the tablet of Xerxes, and which is crowned by the powder magazine--has been hewn down in a vertical direction for a space of about 60 feet. Nearly in the centre is situated an open doorway, surmounted by a smaller aperture to admit light. Both openings have been damaged by human hands, evidently with intention; and no trace of any ornaments or inscriptions remains. The doorway conducts into a vaulted cave chamber, some 45 feet long and 25 feet high. The rock has been less carefully worked than in the case of the caves of Khorkhor. Nearly in front of the entrance, a second doorway in the opposite wall gives access to a smaller apartment, 20 feet long and 10 feet broad, called the Neft Koïou or spring of naphtha, the fumes of which fill the room. At the time of Schulz's visit this inner chamber was nearly filled up by a structure in kiln-burnt bricks and very hard mortar, of which the purpose was not apparent. 2. Quite close to the Neft Koïou, in the block of limestone, adjoining it on the left hand, which rises from the tablet of Xerxes to the powder magazine, may be seen a hole of irregular shape and some 3 feet in diameter, through which one crawls into a group of five rock chambers, of which the largest is 30 feet long and 20 feet broad. The walls of these caves are rudely fashioned, without ornament or niches. In one of them Schulz found human bones.

Perhaps the most remarkable and certainly the most famous series of such excavations upon the rock of Van are known by the name of the caves of Khorkhor. They are situated in the steep south-west side of the mass, overlooking a garden which in Schulz's time belonged to the Pasha, but which is now in a desolate and weed-grown condition. The garden bears the same name as the caves--a name of which the etymology is neither Armenian nor Turkish, and which, according to Professor Sayce, may perhaps be taken back to the word Kharkhar, signifying to excavate, found in Vannic texts (J.R.A.S. 1882, p. 572). The chambers are visited from the same side as the citadel, and at first by the same path. The remains of steps and of even spaces, hewn out of the rock, suggest that one of the principal approaches to the platform in antiquity was taken by this way. But, after following this avenue for some little distance, you turn to the right, leave the stairs, and clamber along the side of the rock, until you emerge through a fissure upon the southern face and see the garden at your feet. From here a staircase of twenty steps, almost obliterated in some places, slopes along the face of a mass of precipitous crags, in which is placed the entrance to the chambers. The limestone has been carefully flattened and polished, and is covered with inscriptions outside. At the commencement of the stair is seen a little grotto, containing a seat which commands fine views over town and plain. On the right of the grotto is a long inscription in three columns, separated from one another by vertical lines. It has suffered not a little from the impact of cannon balls; but is still in a fairly legible condition. It records the conquests of Argistis I. (Sayce, Nos. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX.). The continuation of this record is found a little further on, at the end of the stair, and after turning an angle of the rock. It is incised upon the outer face of the polished limestone about the doorway to the caves (Sayce, Nos. XL.-XLIV.; see also Hyvernat's memoir in Müller-Simonis, op. cit. p. 531). This aperture, some 6 feet by 5 feet in dimensions, leads into a chamber 32 feet long, 19 feet broad, and 10 1/2 feet high, which again communicates with four lesser rooms. The walls are hewn out with extraordinary care, and ten niches or oblong recesses, 3 feet high and 2 feet broad, are distributed over the sides of the principal apartment about 3 1/2 feet above the ground. Incisions with holes in the centre are placed in the spaces between each pair of niches, and may have held metal lamps. The floor has been excavated in two places into squares a few inches deep. The smaller rooms are furnished with recesses similar to those described. One of them adjoins a space resembling the head of a pit or shaft, which, however, has been completely filled in with rubble. It probably represents a subterraneous communication with a spring which gushes from the foot of the rock in the garden below.

The remaining excavations and inscriptions are disposed as follows over the circumference of the ridge:--1. East of the Khorkhor, but on the same south face, and approached from the side of the gate of Tabriz, you easily recognise a partly natural and partly artificial platform, fairly high up on the rock. A spacious doorway connects this ledge with a cave of which the dimensions, according to my own measurements, are 31 feet by 21 feet. This chamber communicates with three smaller grottos, one approached by a door in the wall opposite the entrance, and the other two by similar apertures in the adjacent walls. The three subsidiary rooms are long and narrow. The one opposite the entrance contains a daïs and steps at its narrow west end; and that on the left hand is furnished with recesses at each extremity. Lower down on the side of the rock one observes a small aperture to which it is possible to gain access. It only measures some 4 feet by 3 feet. In the stone above has been hewn a long but shallow recess, about 3 feet in width. One wonders whether it may have been destined to receive a coffin. The hole gives access to a chamber 23 feet 7 inches in length and 14 feet in breadth. Three sides are furnished with recesses 2 feet 6 inches in depth, placed 3 feet 4 inches from the ground. 2. Inscription on the rock near the gate of Tabriz, much effaced, but copied and deciphered by Messrs. Belck and Lehmann. It contains the names of the kings Menuas and Ispuinis, together with those of the father of Ispuinis, Sarduris, and his grandson Inuspuas (Verhandlungen der Berl. Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1898, pp. 571, 575). The same travellers mention the discovery by them of three new inscriptions on the ridge, which appear, however, to be of minor importance (ibid. p. 571). 3. On the northern face of the rock, not far from the Tabriz gate and below the line of fortifications, are situated two artificial recesses at an interval of about twenty paces. That on the right contains a long inscription upon the wall which is on your left as you stand within the recess; it records conquests by Sarduris II. (Sayce, No. XLIX.). This grotto bears the name of Khazane-Kapusi or gate of treasure. 4. On the same side, a short distance further west, and upon a surface which has been hewn down vertically and flattened, are seen three tablets incised into the rock, one of them being on a level with the base of the ridge. Each member of the group contains an inscription; and the three inscriptions have one and the same text. It is of Menuas, and appears to commemorate a restoration of the tablets by that monarch (Sayce, No. XX.). 5. On the same side, near the summit, and almost directly above the grotto Khazane Kapusi (Hyvernat ap. Müller-Simonis, op. cit. p. 548), is a large cave, at present comprised within the fortifications, and inaccessible from below. On the right of the entrance is an inscription of King Menuas, purporting that a series of chambers were constructed by him as tombs in this place (Sayce, No. XXI.).

[108] The Armenian gentleman in whose company I visited the locality regarded Ak Köpri as a Turkish misnomer for Ak Karapi, a word which he derived from Kar, a stone, and Ap, narrow way in Armenian. The word would signify the narrows of the white crag, or the narrow way separating the crag from the hill. That is a sample of Armenian etymologies. Another derivation is from Ak Kirpi, the white hedgehog.

[109] Sayce, No. V. It is an inscription of Ispuinis and Menuas, and is known locally as Meher Kapusi (the gate of Meher, derivation unknown) or Choban Kapusi (the shepherd's gate; so called from a shepherd to whom the "Open Sesame" of the treasure-house, which the slab is supposed to seal, is said to have been revealed in sleep. He entered; but forgot the talisman, and never returned).

[110] Since I have mentioned the name of Daniel Vardapet it is only just that I should add that he stated to me that the press had been hired.

[111] The inside dimensions of this chapel are: extreme length from recess to recess, 38 feel 7 inches, and extreme breadth, 30 feet.

[112] See Vol. I. Ch. XVI. p. 237.

[113] The statement of Layard (Nineveh and Babylon, p. 409) that the church is a modern edifice is scarcely correct, and is quite erroneous if it be taken to include the inner sanctuary or chapel.

[114] For the history of the mediæval kings of Vaspurakan who flourished in the tenth century, I would refer my reader to Vol. I. Ch. XVIII. of the present work, to the second volume of Chamchean (History of Armenia, translated by Avdall, Calcutta, 1827, pp. 65 seq.) and to Saint Martin's translation of the history of John Katholikos, who was an eye-witness of the events which he records during this period, and one of the principal actors in them (Paris, 1841. See the index, sub voce Gagig). The vivid narrative of the last of these writers transports us into that distant age. The eagle which was the emblem of the princes of the Artsruni dynasty appears to have been connected with the ancient prerogative of their family to be the bearers of the golden eagle before the king (see Saint Martin, Mémoires sur l'Arménie, vol. i. p. 424). I have already related how the present ruler of the Armenian Church has taken revenge upon the last of the kings of this dynasty for his cowardly cession of his dominions to the Byzantine emperor (see Vol. I. Ch. XVI. p. 237).

[115] The following are the intermediate distances along the track according to my estimates:--Van to Artemid, 8 miles; Artemid to Vostan, 15 miles; Vostan to Akhavank (Iskele), 8 miles; Akhavank (Iskele) to Enzakh, 13 1/2 miles; Enzakh to Kindirantz, 17 miles; Kindirantz to Garzik, 9 miles; Garzik to Sach, 16 miles; Sach to Bitlis, 11 miles--Total, 97 1/2 miles.

As far as the promontory of Surb the path either leads over little plains interposed between the lake and the mountains, or crosses the rocky spurs which descend from the range into the waters, forming promontories. Of these spurs the most formidable is that which is scaled beyond Enzakh (Pass, 7600 feet); but the descents to the plains of Kindirantz and Surb are both long and arduous. Beyond Surb the track for the first time follows along the base of an almost vertical parapet of mountain, rising immediately from the water's edge. This romantic course is pursued for some distance west of Garzik; when the lake is left behind, the Güzel Dere is entered, and you pass almost imperceptibly from the basin of Lake Van into that of the Tigris. It now only remains to cross from the Güzel Dere into the valley of Bitlis, which is done by way of the Bor Pass, 7490 feet.

On the whole the route along the southern shore of Lake Van is by no means an easy one. The principal difficulties to an engineer occur between Enzakh and the Güzel Dere.

[116] The compiler of the index to Ritter's Erdkunde confuses this Artemid with the Artemita hê en tê Babylônia of Strabo xi. 519, which, according to Ritter (ix. 508), is probably identical with the Artemita in Apolloniatis of Isidorus Charax (Mansiones Parthicæ,