CHAPTER XXIV

Statistical and Political 408

APPENDIX I National Constitution of the Armenians in the Turkish Empire 445

APPENDIX II Chemical Constitution of some Armenian Lakes 468

BIBLIOGRAPHY 471 INDEX 497

LIST OF PLATES

Lake Van with Sipan from Artemid Frontispiece Plain of Alashkert from the Slopes of Aghri Dagh To face page 2 Group of Kurd Hamidiyeh Cavalry Back to page 4 Group of Karapapakh Hamidiyeh Cavalry 5 The Kuseh Dagh from the Plain of Alashkert To face page 10 Yusuf Bey of Köshk 16 Kurd of Köshk in Gala Dress 17 Sipan from the Plain of Patnotz 19 Van from the Slopes of Mount Varag 53 Van: Interior of the Mosque of Ulu Jami Back to page 106 Van: Frieze in Ulu Jami 107 Van: Cuneiform Inscription of Meher or Choban Kapusi To face page 112 Van: Mount Varag from the Heights of Toprak Kala 113 Akhtamar: Church from South-East Back to page 130 Akhtamar: Church from North-West 131 Church at Akhtamar: Sculptures on North Wall To face page 132 Crater of Nimrud as seen on the Road from Garzik to Bitlis 142 Bitlis from Avel Meidan 145 Kerkür Dagh from the South: Nimrud Crater in the background 161 Young Kurd Woman at Gotni, Mush Plain 163 Well-to-do Inhabitant of Khaskeui, Mush Plain 166 Monastery of Surb Karapet from the South Back to page 176 Church of Surb Karapet from South-West 177 View South from the Terrace at Surb Karapet To face page 178 The Two Chapels at Surb Karapet 180 The Akh Dagh and the Plain of Khinis from the South 186 The Central Tableland, Bingöl in the distance, from near Kulli 191 Kargabazar, across the Plain of Pasin, from the southern margin of the Central Tableland 193 Erzerum from the Roof of the British Consulate: the Citadel in the middle distance and Eyerli Dagh in the background 208 Erzerum: Chifteh Minareh To face page 211 Looking East-South-East from near the Kop Pass 230 Castle of Kalajik, Upper Kharshut 236 Monastery of Sumelas 239 Tekman and the Bingöl Dagh from near Khedonun 247 Khamur from the Pass between Ali Mur and Khinis 252 Melazkert from the North: Sipan in the background 269 Akhlat: Iki Kube--(the Kala, or Ottoman City, in the background) 285 Akhlat: Isolated Tomb 290 Akhlat: The Kharab-Shehr, or Site of the Ancient City 292 The Nimrud Crater from the Promontory of Kizvag 298 Sipan: View from the Western Summit over the Summit Region 334 Hamidiyeh Cavalry at Gumgum 357 Armenian Village of Gundemir: Bingöl Cliffs in the background 359 The Bingöl Cliffs with the Head Waters of the Bingöl Su from the Village of Chaghelik 360 The so-called Crater of Bingöl from about the centre of the Moraine from Kara Kala 369 View from the Western Summit of Bingöl 373 Panorama from the Hill of Gugoghlan 373

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

Caravan on the Black Sea--Tabriz Trade Route 8 Karakilisa from South-West 10 Akantz 26 Ruins of Arjish from the North 28 Ruins of Arjish from the South 29 Our Boat on Lake Van 30 Scene on the Island of Ktutz 33 Doorway of the Church at Ktutz 34 Bronze Shield from Toprak Kala 62 Bronze Fragment from Toprak Kala (British Museum) 63 Ornament from Toprak Kala (British Museum) 63 House of an Armenian Merchant at Van 81 Interior of Haykavank from the East 102 The Rock and Walled City of Van 104 Street in the Walled City 105 The Crag of Ak Köpri 111 Monastery of Yedi Kilisa (Varag) 114 Interior of the Church at Yedi Kilisa 115 Van on the Road to Bitlis 116 Mountain Range along South Coast of Lake Van 119 Island of Akhtamar 130 Promontory of Surb (on the left the back of the Sheikh Ora Crater; in the distance Nimrud) 140 Bitlis: Fortified Monastery 155 Tunnel of Semiramis 156 Looking down Valley of Bitlis Chai 157 Nimrud Crater from the Volcanic Plateau 161 Armenian Village of Khaskeui, Mush Plain 165 Terrace of Lava resembling Human Fortifications 189 Looking down the Valley of the Upper Araxes from below Mejitli 192 Erzerum and its Plain from the South 207 Armenian Youths 215 Armenian Maidens 216 Five Generations of an Armenian Family 221 Range North of Ashkala 229 On the Banks of the Chorokh above Baiburt 232 Armenian Cemetery at Varzahan 234 Kurdish Dancing Boy at Gopal 254 Piece of Seljuk Pottery from Akhlat 285 Tombstone at Akhlat 291 The Lake in the Crater of Nimrud 302 Village of Uran Gazi with Sipan 332 Grave on the Summit of Khamur 340

LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS

Plan of Van To face page 81 Bitlis and Environs 147 Plan of the Ancient Fortifications of Melazkert 271 Plan of Akhlat 296 Interior of the Nimrud Crater 305 Nimrud and Surroundings 312 Plan of the Summit Region of Sipan 336 The Bingöl Dagh on the North 366 The Bingöl Dagh on the South 378