Chapter 1. General Character of the Society 1

2. Historical Setting 9

Early Origin--Formation of the Principalities-- Western Influences--National Independence--World War I--Interwar Years, 1918-40--World War II-- Communist Seizure of Power--The Communist State

3. Physical Environment and Population 29

Natural Features and Resources--Boundaries and Political Subdivisions--Population--Living Conditions--Transportation

4. Social System and Values 49

Ethnic Composition--Social Structure--Social Values

5. Religion 65

Church-State Relations--The Romanian Orthodox Church--The Roman Catholic Church--Protestant Churches--Other Religions and Churches

6. Education 73

Background--Educational Reforms Since 1948-- Literacy--The Educational System--Education of Minorities

7. Artistic and Intellectual Expression 91

The Role of the Arts Under Communism--Art, Sculpture, and Architecture--Music--Theater--Films --Literature--Scholarship and Research

SECTION II. POLITICAL

8. Governmental System 109

The Constitutional System--The Structure and Functioning of the Government--The Electoral System

9. Political Dynamics and Values 129

Major Political Developments, 1965 to 1970-- Political Organizations--Party Policies and Programs--Political Values and Attitudes

10. Foreign Relations 155

Determinants of Foreign Policy--Conduct of Foreign Affairs--International Relations

11. Public Information 175

Government and Freedom of Information--The Press --Radio and Television--Book Publishing--Libraries --Films--Informal Information Media

SECTION III. NATIONAL SECURITY

12. Public Order and Internal Security 193

Internal Security--Public Order--Crime and the Penal System

13. Armed Forces 211

Historical Background--Governmental and Party Control Over the Armed Forces--Organization and Mission--Foreign Military Relations--Manpower, Training, and Support--The Military Establishment and the National Economy

SECTION IV. ECONOMIC

14. Character and Structure of the Economy 229

Organization--Structure and Growth--Planning-- Price System--Budget--Banking--Currency--Foreign Trade

15. Agriculture 253

Agricultural Regions--Land Use--Organization--Farm Labor--Investment and Credit--Production

16. Industry 275

Natural Resources--Electric Power--Organization-- Labor--Investment and Construction--Production

BIBLIOGRAPHY 291

GLOSSARY 305

INDEX 307

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Romania xiv

2 Romania, Historic Provinces 10

3 Topography of Romania 31

4 Romanian Transportation System 44

5 Romania, Distribution of Ethnic Groups, 1966 51

6 Romania, Structure of Education, 1972 81

7 Structure of the Government of Romania, 1971 115

8 Romania, Organization of the Council of Ministers, 1971 120

9 Organization of the Romanian Communist Party, 1972 138

10 Romania, Organization of the Armed Forces, 1972 214

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Romania, Population Structure, by Age and Sex, 1971 Estimate 40

2 Use of Transportation Facilities in Romania, 1950, 1960, and 1969 45

3 Principal Romanian Daily Newspapers, 1971 179

4 National Income (Net Material Product) of Romania, by Economic Sector, 1960, 1967, and 1970 232

5 Gross National Product of Romania, by Sector of Origin, 1960 and 1967 233

6 Foreign Trade of Romania, by Groups of Countries, 1960 and 1969 250

7 Land Use in Romania, Selected Years, 1960-70 255

8 Cultivated Acreage in Romania, by Major Crops, 1960 and 1969 256

9 Agricultural Land in Romania, by Type of Ownership, 1969 258

10 Production of Major Crops in Romania, Selected Years, 1960-69 272

11 Output of Livestock Products in Romania, Selected Years, 1960-69 272

12 Crop Production and Livestock Products in Romania, by Type of Farm, 1969 274

13 Output of Selected Industrial Products in Romania, 1960 and 1969 288

SECTION I. SOCIAL