CHAPTER 16

ARMED FORCES

Bulgaria's regular military forces are organized within the Bulgarian People's Army (Bulgarska Narodna Armiya) and are subordinate in the governmental system to the Ministry of National Defense. Approximately 80 percent of the personnel are in the ground forces. Of the remaining 20 percent about three-quarters are in air and air defense units, and about one-quarter are naval forces.

Although Bulgaria is possibly the most staunch and sympathetic of the Soviet Union's allies in Eastern Europe, the country has no common border with the Soviet Union nor with any other of its Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) allies except Romania. Because Romania has succeeded in establishing a precedent prohibiting movement of any foreign forces across its borders--even those of its closest allies--Bulgaria is to a large degree isolated from pact affairs. Unable to participate in more than token fashion in pact training, short of skilled men to care for complex equipment, and possibly restricted from an ability to become engaged during the early days of a combat situation, Bulgaria has undoubtedly lost some Soviet materiel support.

Because of this the forces have only small armored units, although the military establishment as a whole is large in relation to the population of the country. The air forces have been supplied with a few modern aircraft, but most of its airplanes are older than those of its pact allies. Naval forces are small. Even though logistic support has been meager, morale has been considered good, and the men and their leaders have been considered ideologically reliable.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The communist leadership considers only a few incidents in the history and tradition of the armed forces before World War II to be significant. Even in respect to that war, the sole esteemed service is that of the partisans in their resistance movement against their own government and against German troops in the country. Driving out the Turks to gain national independence in 1878 is remembered, as is the abortive uprising of the leftists against the government in September 1923. Emphasis on only these few historical events is encouraged, at least in part, because in much of their other warfare Bulgaria's fighting men frequently experienced frustration or defeat, sometimes violent and humiliating.

As no indigenous armed forces had been allowed during the five centuries of Ottoman occupation, there were no national forces at the time that independence was gained. The uprising by the local population two years earlier, in 1876, had been heroic, and it contributed to the weakening of the Turkish grip on the land, but it was a failure at the time. It is still, however, remembered. On ceremonial military occasions a roll call of the local men killed in the uprising is read aloud at memorial rites.

Participation in four wars between 1912 and 1945 produced negative results for the country. Bulgarian forces were engaged in a major share of the fighting during the First Balkan War (1912) but, from its standpoint, the country received an inadequate share of the spoils at the peace table. A year later, when Turkey and its former allies joined forces against Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria was defeated.

Allied with Germany in both world wars, Bulgaria experienced defeat twice more, although the situation was somewhat different in World War II. The government and nationalists bent on acquiring territory they considered theirs--primarily from Greece and Yugoslavia--succeeded in joining in the war on Germany's side. The population was generally far more sympathetic to the Soviet Union, however, and during the years of German success in the early part of the war, Bulgarian forces did little in support of their ally. In the latter days of the war, as the Germans were being driven back, the Bulgarians joined the armies of the Soviet Union. In fact, the 30,000 casualties they claim to have suffered in campaigns against the Germans were far more than were suffered in their support (see ch. 2).

After World War II, when the Communists had gained control of the country, training and unit organization were modeled on those of the Soviet army; heavy materiel items were supplied by the Soviet Union; and all other equipment was made to adapt to Soviet specifications. Personnel considered unreliable by the new regime were weeded out as fast as possible, and rigorous measures were taken to ensure that political orientation considered correct in the new atmosphere would be adhered to by those who replaced them.

Equipment received first was surplus to the needs of the Soviet Union as three-quarters or more of its massive wartime forces were demobilized. Replacement materiel came more slowly, having to await the reequipping of Soviet units, but by the late 1950s the most essential combat weapons had been upgraded.

GOVERNMENTAL AND PARTY CONTROL OVER THE ARMED FORCES

The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of National Defense, which is one of the governmental ministries whose chief is a member of the Council of Ministers. Administration and routine operational controls are accomplished through government channels. The party, however, has policy authority and ultimate operational control. Division of authority is more apparent than real because nearly all high-ranking governmental officials are also important party members. The minister of national defense in 1973, Army General Dobri Dzhurov, was also a member of the party's Central Committee. Almost without exception the higher ranking military officers are party members, as are nearly 85 percent of the officers of all ranks. The 15 percent who are not in the party are junior officers who are still members of the Dimitrov Communist Youth Union (Dimitrovski Komunisticheski Mladezhki Suyuz), commonly referred to as the Komsomol. Only a small percentage of Komsomol members become party members, but all except a very few of the young officers are selected for party membership when it becomes apparent that they probably will be successful career officers.

Political education is given priority equal to that of combat training at all levels in the military organization. Party cells are formed in all units where there are three or more party members; Komsomol cells exist in virtually all units. In 1972, 65 percent of the armed forces participated in scientific-technical competitions, symposia, conferences, reviews, exhibitions, and other Komsomol activities.

One-man command has superseded the dual control system of the 1950s. In those days a political officer was placed alongside the commanding officer of all units to ensure the reliability of the forces. The political officer was in many ways equal in authority to, and independent of, the commander. The unit commander has allegedly reassumed a position where he is described as the central figure, leader, planner, and organizer; he is responsible for the discipline and combat effectiveness of his unit and for fulfilling its party tasks. The unit commander's deputy is still a political officer in most units and, although there is no question of his subordinate position, the political officer is still responsible in part directly to the Main Political Administration of the army.

ORGANIZATION AND MISSION

The several military forces under the Ministry of National Defense are referred to collectively as the Bulgarian People's Army. The army includes the ground, naval, and air and air defense forces and also the Border Troops (see ch. 15). Tradition prevails in common usage and even in official pronouncements, so that when the term _army_ is used alone, it invariably refers to the ground forces or the directorates and service organizations that are common to all of the forces. Naval and air forces are frequently referred to as though they were separate service branches.

Uniformed military personnel permeate the Ministry of National Defense. All deputy ministers and, with the exception of the medical branch, all major administrative chiefs are military officers. During the early 1970s the first deputy minister of national defense was also chairman of the General Staff and chief of the ground forces. One of the deputies was chief of the air and air defense forces, and all of the others were generals. Following the pattern of other Warsaw Pact armed forces organizations, the political, rear services (logistics), training, armor, artillery, communications, engineering, and chemical sections are directorates, administrations, or branches responsible to the minister of national defense. This is the case in spite of the facts that such branches as armor and artillery are concerned primarily with the ground forces and that others--training, for example--must be tailored to widely different kinds of operations of all the individual services.

Bulgaria is the point of contact between the Warsaw Pact nations and Greece and Turkey, which are the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries on the southern flank of the Soviet alliance. Although little is known of Warsaw Pact war plans, it is probable that Bulgarian forces would be charged with containing an attack from the south. Statements of military leaders indicate that considerable thought has been given to the problems they would face in a nuclear war. They apparently anticipate involvement in the initial engagements but, if nuclear weapons are used, they would employ holding tactics, staying alert to exploit any opportunities that might develop. Their pronouncements repeatedly affirm a determination to perform their pact mission to the best of their capabilities.

Ground Forces

The ground forces have approximately 120,000 men. Their major units consist of eight motorized rifle divisions and five tank brigades. There are also various smaller special purpose units and support organizations. The forces are distributed among three territorial commands having headquarters at Sofia, Plovdiv, and Sliven. The division is the basic organizational unit in Warsaw Pact combat forces and has about 10,000 men. Five of Bulgaria's divisions are believed to be near combat strength, but three probably have only skeletal strengths and would be built up with the mobilization that would accompany a major national emergency.

Each of the other Warsaw Pact armies has a number of tank divisions. The fact that Bulgaria has only tank brigades, which are probably one-half or less the strength of divisions, reflects the austerity of its armed forces. Motorized rifle divisions have one tank regiment, one artillery regiment, and three motorized rifle regiments. The tank brigades, because they are smaller, probably have fewer tanks than the motorized rifle divisions.

Most of the tanks used by the Bulgarian army are the early post-World War II model T-54. There are some newer models in the inventory, and a few of the older World War II T-34s are still being retained. Artillery pieces include guns and gun-howitzers from 82 mm to 152 mm, antitank weapons up to 100 mm, and small antiaircraft guns. Some units are equipped with short-range missiles and unguided rockets. There are enough personnel carriers or self-propelled weapons so that all men in a unit can be transported simultaneously.

Air and Air Defense Forces

The air and air defense forces have approximately 20,000 men, 250 combat aircraft, an assortment of antiaircraft guns, a few surface-to-air missiles, and a modest quantity of air defense radar and communications equipment. Combat aircraft are organized in squadrons, usually with twelve airplanes each. In 1973 there were six fighter-bomber, twelve fighter-interceptor, and three reconnaissance squadrons.

The fighter-bomber squadrons use the MiG-17, an aircraft that is obsolescent but that performs well in a ground support role. About one-half of the fighter-interceptors are also MiG-17s, but three of the interceptor squadrons have the newer MiG-21. The only bomber aircraft in the air forces is the near-obsolete Il-28. The Il-28 squadron has a reconnaissance role. A few old cargo or passenger planes provide a minimal transport capability, but there are about forty helicopters that can perform shorter range personnel and transport functions.

Air defense forces are positioned to provide protection for the country's periphery as well as for a few cities and air installations. Ground and naval forces have antiaircraft weapons to defend their own units. Early warning radars are located mainly along southern and western borders, and their communications lines are presumably linked with the Warsaw Pact air defense warning network.

Naval Forces

Naval forces, with only about 7,000 men, constitute less than 5 percent of the armed forces' personnel strength. They man a variety of vessels, however, including escort ships, patrol boats, torpedo boats, two submarines, and miscellaneous supply and service vessels. They also include a contingent of naval infantry, or marines. Some of the smaller craft make up a Danube River flotilla. Other than the torpedo- and missile-carrying patrol boats, the major offensive strength consists of the submarines, which are Soviet-built W-class medium boats, and about twenty landing craft. All of the larger vessels built since World War II have been Soviet built or designed.

Although the naval mission includes tasks confined to the portion of the Black Sea near Bulgaria's coastline, a few fleet units have joined the Soviet fleet for maneuvers in the Mediterranean Sea, and the naval cadet training ship sails any of the high seas. For example, it visited Cuba on its 1972 summer cruise.

FOREIGN MILITARY RELATIONS

Bulgaria joined the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Albania in bilateral treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance during the early post-World War II period and added another with the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) a few years later. This group became the tighter and more formal Warsaw Pact military alliance in 1955. Albania dissociated itself from the pact in the early 1960s, and its treaties with Bulgaria and the other members have not been renewed since then. Bulgaria's treaties with the remainder of the original allies have been renewed regularly and are the cause for official observances each year on their anniversary dates.

Although Bulgaria may be the most loyal and reliable of the Soviet Union's allies, military cooperation between the two countries is limited by their geographical separation. Even if Romania were to permit Bulgaria's forces to cross its territory in order to participate in Warsaw Pact training, it is probable that Bulgaria's role in a future European war would be limited to southeastern Europe, an area that would be of less immediate concern at the outset of a war between the Warsaw Pact members and NATO. In any event, air and sea transport is in limited supply and is not used for the delivery of large numbers of Bulgarian troops to exercises in an area where they probably would not be employed. As a consequence, Bulgaria sends only token forces and observers to the larger pact exercises.

Bulgaria is not a warm proponent of ideological coexistence but is strongly in favor of arms reductions and limitations on future weapons. It was a member of a United Nations disarmament committee in the early 1970s, and much space in the printed media is devoted to support of proposals for restricting deployment and use of nuclear weapons in certain areas.

MANPOWER, TRAINING, AND SUPPORT

Manpower

Interpolations of the United Nations estimate of the country's 1973 population indicate that there were about 2.3 million males in the fifteen- to forty-nine-year age-group, which Bulgarian authorities consider military age. There were also about 70,000 in the annual groups that were reaching the draft age of nineteen each year. Those conscripted serve two- or three-year duty tours. The basic ground force tour is two years; that of special units and air and naval forces is three years.

Approximately 70 percent of the military age groups, or 1.6 million males, are considered physically and otherwise fit for military duty. Any number of them could be called up in the event of an emergency requiring total mobilization, but it is likely that many of the group would be occupying positions having higher priority than basic military duty. A somewhat larger proportion, or about 75 percent, of the nineteen-year-olds are in satisfactory physical condition. Most of them are drafted; a turnover of one-third of the 150,000-man regular armed forces each year would require nearly all of the group. Because there is very little room for flexibility, a young man's education is interrupted unless he was actually enrolled in a university or college before he reached the age of eighteen. In this case he continues his education but serves his military obligation upon completion of his education. Occupational deferments were eliminated by law in 1970, and other deferments are given infrequently and reluctantly. Young men unfit for military duty or for work in the Construction Troops, but who are fit to earn a living in some other work, pay a military tax (see ch. 15).

Those who have had military service and who have not reached the age of fifty are considered reserves. Officers remain in the reserve until the age of sixty. Various factors--primarily occupational situations, physical condition, and lack of reserve training--operate to erode this force, and those considered useful, or trained, reserves constitute one-half or less of the group. Most of the some 250,000 men released in the latest five-year period, however, are available, physically fit, and familiar with the weapons and equipment in use by the armed forces.

Training

In common with its Warsaw Pact allies, Bulgaria uses equipment that is produced or designed in the Soviet Union or that is compatible with Soviet designs. The training program is patterned after that of the Soviet army because the Soviet equipment dictates the training required to maintain and operate it, and joint maneuvers participated in by any or all of the pact forces make it necessary to employ standard procedures and tactics.

The program is carried on in an annual cycle. Immediately after induction a conscript's time is spent in so-called individual or basic training. Physical exercise is rigorous, and the soldier is initiated into the care and use of individual weapons, military drill, and the various aspects of military existence with which he had not been familiar and to which he must learn to adjust. He also learns individual actions that may become necessary in group or combat situations, ranging from personal combat techniques to first aid treatment for battle wounds or exposure to gas or nuclear radiation.

As the cycle progresses, the individual usually becomes part of a crew manning a larger weapon or a more complex piece of equipment. When the crew knows its equipment, it then becomes involved in exercises of increasing size, in which it learns to employ weapons and equipment in coordination with other systems. The training cycle culminates in late summer or autumn with the largest of the year's maneuvers. Although the more important Warsaw Pact maneuvers have been held in the northern group of Eastern European countries, smaller exercises are held in Bulgaria and are occasionally participated in by visiting Soviet or Romanian forces.

Air defense crews with small-caliber antiaircraft guns and tracking radar practice in conjunction with the early warning network and air defense communications. After target identification they practice holding their weapons on the aircraft by radar or visual sighting. Target aircraft average about 450 miles per hour and fly just above the treetops.

Ground forces train with a wide variety of weapons and in many situations, but they claim special capabilities and excellence in mountain and winter exercises. These maneuvers are scheduled to exploit the long winter nights and fog, snow, or blizzard conditions to teach troops how to achieve surprise in encircling movements. Troops exercising in the snow are provided a white outergarment for camouflage.

Combined arms exercises are held when all support units are engaged in supporting offensive operations led by tank and motorized rifle groups. In such exercises the equipment is used as realistically as possible, with blank ammunition and training grenades. Ultra-shortwave communication equipment, whose normal fifty- to sixty-mile range would suffice more than adequately in small maneuver areas, is relayed over long distances to simulate a more typical combat situation.

Political education is the responsibility of a main administration of the Ministry of National Defense and has status on a par with the other most important ministry functions. The administration states its mission as "cultivating moral-political and combat virtues that train men and units for skillful and selfless action under the conditions of modern warfare." Its leaders stress the point that, although large forces and massive firepower are employed in modern combat, the complexity and use of weapons is such that individual initiative is increasingly important. A small group left alone to employ a highly complex weapon must be able to make decisions and must be motivated to do the best that is possible under any kind of unpleasant circumstances.

Political indoctrination is also aimed at combating potentially subversive elements. Political instructors urge stronger "ideological vigilance" and act to counter the influences of, for example, Western radio stations.

Schools and the Komsomol, with the various youth clubs and organizations that it sponsors, are charged with preparing predraft-age youths for military service. A preliminary training program was reorganized and revitalized in 1968. National leaders had noted that the physical condition of the average conscript was becoming less satisfactory each year and that the idea of serving in the armed forces appeared to be meeting with resistance from a small but increasing number of youths. They also were aware that juvenile crime was increasing. Sensing that poor physical fitness, a reluctance to perform military duty, and increasing crime could be related and have common causes, they attributed much of the problem to a change in youth attitudes. Political indoctrination and ideological subjects, presented in an attempt to encourage a more proper attitude are, therefore, given highest priorities in the new program.

The formal portion of the program initiated in 1968 consists of a schedule of premilitary training, obligatory for all young men and women between the ages of sixteen and eighteen. Facilities for it were made available in schools for those who were students and at cooperative farms, enterprises, or anywhere that groups of working youths were employed. Young army officers on active duty and reserve officers in the local area were made available for classroom and field instruction.

The party's Politburo issued a statement in March 1971 to the effect that the Komsomol had successfully organized the required program. It cited statistics on recreational facilities, among which were camps that were preparing to accept 125,000 boys and girls for that summer. Camp programs feature political instruction, physical training, sports activities, military field training, and a wide variety of specialized subjects. Other Komsomol cells sponsor aero clubs for those interested in air force service and rowing, sailing, and diving clubs for those interested in the navy. Radio communication, vehicle driving, marksmanship, and many other subjects are sponsored at year-round classes in local areas.

Other than preinduction orientation, conscripts get their basic training, weapons and skills specialization, and combat training while in the service. Noncommissioned officers may also come up from the ranks and be prepared for better positions at in-service schools, but they may also attend special schools and enter regular military units for the first time with a noncommissioned officer grade. Noncommissioned officer secondary schools were provided for in a 1971 law. The schools were to be available to acceptable applicants who had completed the eighth grade and were seventeen years of age or younger. The courses would last a minimum of three years, during which students would be considered to be on active military duty and after which graduates could continue in the service as noncommissioned officers. If an individual did not go on with a military career, he would be credited with a completed secondary school education and also with the completion of his regular required military service. Under any but exceptional circumstances, however, graduates would be obligated to serve in the armed forces for at least ten more years.

Cadet programs in several university-level higher military schools provide officers for the services. Applicants to these schools must have completed secondary school, be active members of the Komsomol, and indicate an intention that, upon graduation, they would accept appointment to serve in one of the armed services. They must also be single, in excellent physical condition, and under twenty-four years of age. Many apply during their tours of conscript service but are accepted only if they have the prerequisite educational qualifications.

Line officers for infantry or armored units and logistics officers have four-year courses. Engineer, signal, transportation, artillery, electronics, and other technical specialties are five-year courses, as are those that fit candidates for air and naval careers. The men are commissioned in a common ceremony shortly after they have graduated.

Morale and Conditions of Service

The basic ingredients of good morale are present in good measure in Bulgaria's armed forces. The vast majority of the troops believe in their overall mission, take their obligation for granted, enjoy a respected status, and receive valuable training. The country's principal ally, the Soviet Union, is a long-standing friend and is held in high esteem. Greece and Turkey, the countries that the men are taught to expect to fight, are traditional enemies; so also is Yugoslavia.

In addition to being obligatory, military service is nearly universal, and it is difficult to evade. Service life is extolled in the media, and no widespread criticism, either of the forces as a whole or of individuals as servicemen, is aired. Military experience provides vocational training, much of which is beneficial to the individual and to the national economy.

Special social benefits are available to the forces' personnel. If their service results in unusual hardships for their dependents, the families are given extra consideration. Monthly benefit payments to wives or parents experiencing financial problems exceed those to nonmilitary families by 30 percent. Wives who remain behind get preferential treatment for prenatal or child care or while job hunting. As the men come to the end of their duty tours, they are assisted in their transition to civilian life, in their search for educational opportunities, or in job placement. If disabled in the service, a veteran gets a pension that is more liberal than usual for the same disability acquired elsewhere and continuing assistance that includes free transportation on public transport as well as medical treatment and care of such things as orthopedic apparatus.

Medicine

The medical service provides treatment and preventive medicine for military personnel and, in certain circumstances, for dependents and for persons employed by the military. Its services are also available to the public at large during individual emergencies, if they are the most immediately available, and on a larger scale during epidemics or natural disasters. Military personnel may also avail themselves of emergency facilities in nonmilitary hospitals or clinics.

Since about 1960 the medical service has been upgraded in several major respects. That year saw the formation of a higher military medical institute, located on the site of the army's general hospital, for advanced, specialized training of physicians. In addition to providing better training for military doctors, the objective was to establish a research center for in-depth study of the special military aspects of medical science. A more pragmatic objective was to initiate long-overdue improvement in medical services for the armed forces. In its first ten years the institute gave advanced instruction to 6,500 medical personnel and an additional specialty to some 200 medical officers.

After the formation of the higher medical institute, the medical services were given considerably broader authority over sanitation and hygienic conditions throughout the military establishment. They determine standards to be maintained and make inspections of living quarters, food services, water supplies, bathing and laundry facilities, and training and recreational areas; they give instruction in personal and group hygiene. They also participate in the planning and design of new barracks and any other buildings where troops work or train.

Appropriate to the enhanced status and authority of the medical service, its section of the ministry was upgraded and has become one of the dozen more important branches under the minister of national defense. Its chief has been a doctor, the only major staff member who has been neither a general officer of one of the armed services nor a high-ranking party official.

Military Justice

Military courts, or tribunals, are special courts but are part of the national judicial system and subject to the same codes as are the civilian courts. In the same kind of relationship, military crimes are a special category of crime but are listed within the overall Bulgarian criminal code. The separation of military justice from the rest of the judicial machinery is almost complete, however, although jurisdiction in a criminal situation could be in question and, in its early treatment, a case could be transferred from the jurisdiction of a military to a civil court or vice versa. Once tried before a military tribunal, the proceedings and sentence of a trial might be reviewed by a higher military court or might go to the Supreme Court, but it would be extremely rare for a case to be reviewed by a civil court. Within the Supreme Court a review would be accomplished only by a military panel of that court.

Military crimes are those committed on military installations or those that relate to the performance of military duty, to military property or personnel, to military honor, or to certain aspects of national security. Servicemen of all ranks, military reserves during their training or whenever they are under military control, personnel of the police or any of the other militarized security units, or any other persons involved in military crimes are liable to military justice. In general, sentences for military crimes are more severe than for equivalent crimes tried before civilian courts. For example, failing to carry out the order of a superior is punishable by up to two years' deprivation of freedom, and conviction for "clearly indicating dissatisfaction with an instruction" can result in a year's confinement. On the other hand, in many such crimes the perpetrator's fate is subject to the discretion of his commander. If the commander determines that the offense does not "substantially affect military discipline," he may administer some lesser punishment without a trial, or he may refer the case to a Komsomol or party cell in his unit and allow it to take whatever action it sees fit. In times of war or under combat conditions possible sentences are much more severe, and the death penalty may be handed down for many more crimes.

Logistics

Bulgaria's armed forces cost the country considerably less per man than do those of its allies, and the amount spent on equipment and maintenance is relatively austere. This is also indicated by the composition of its forces, in which all armored units, for example, are of less than division strength.

Nearly all heavier and more complex items of military hardware are produced in the Soviet Union, and Bulgaria receives only those items that are being replaced in the Soviet forces' inventory or that have been produced in quantities greater than needed in Soviet units. Older equipment, however, is seldom retained after it has become obsolete. Armies engaged in combined operations must have compatible equipment, and maintaining supply channels required for indefinite maintenance of old items can become more costly than replacing them.

Each of the Warsaw Pact allies produces ammunition, small arms, some vehicles, and spare parts for a portion of its materiel that was originally produced elsewhere. Bulgaria, with its less developed industrial base, produces a relatively small amount of military equipment locally. In order to preserve items on hand, much of the training schedule is devoted to proper storage and handling of equipment. Because the standard of living in the country is low, most of the troops are familiar with few luxuries and get along with fewer nonessentials than do the forces of its more relatively affluent allies.

Ranks, Uniforms, and Decorations

Ground and air forces use the same system of ranks although, at least during peacetime, the four-star army general rank has no equivalent in the air or naval forces. Below the army general there are three general grade, three field grade, and four company grade officer ranks. In descending order the general grades are colonel general, lieutenant general, and major general; the field grades are colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major; and the company grades are captain, senior lieutenant, lieutenant, and junior lieutenant. Naval officer ranks include three admiral, four captain, and three lieutenant grades. The ground and air forces have six enlisted grades: four sergeant and two private. The naval forces have equivalent petty officer and seaman grades.

According to military spokesmen there has been a continuing program to improve uniforms since about 1958, when the forces began to replace Soviet World War II styles with locally designed and manufactured models. Most of the changes adopted since the original change-over have consisted of improvements in the materials used and increasing the number of clothing items issued to each man. Until the early 1960s, for example, the same uniform was used by several classes of draftees. Each draftee now receives a complete new issue and receives new trousers and footwear each year.

New styles, several including changes in materials and minor changes in color, were shown and tested in 1970. Issue of the newer varieties to the forces was begun in 1972. Most changes involved tailoring details and the use of more wrinkle-resistant and lighter, tighter woven cloth. The aim has been to improve the appearance of the men with as little as possible sacrifice in long-wearing qualities.

Officers continue to wear a service uniform consisting of a tailored blouse with patch pockets and trousers that tuck into high boots. A Sam Browne belt and sidearms are optional. The styles introduced in the early 1970s have a vent in the blouse to make it fit in a better tailored fashion, and they are a lighter green than their predecessors. Ground forces have stripes and piping on caps and rank insignia that vary in color to identify their branch of service (armored forces, infantry, transport, engineer, and others). The enlisted men's uniform is similar in design but has different quality material and less ornate trim. Air forces have the same uniforms but may be identified by their blue stripes and piping. Naval personnel wear the traditional navy blues and whites.

Rank insignia on the uniforms seen most frequently consists of stars or stripes on shoulder boards. Officer ranks are identified by varying numbers of stars. The boards themselves become progressively more ornate with higher rank. Those of the company grades are relatively plain; those of the generals are highly ornate. Enlisted grades are shown by stripes. Privates have none, their shoulder boards are plain; and the number and width of the stripes increase with promotion to higher grades.

Decorations and medals are awarded profusely, and most of them are ornate and colorful. The highest ranking and most respected, however, is a simple gold star, which identifies its recipient as a Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The Order of Georgi Dimitrov and the newer Stara Planina medal, which has been declared equal to the former in seniority, are the next most important. These three most highly cherished decorations are awarded in only one class each. The highest of the orders that are presented in several classes are the Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Madarski Konnik medal, which are equal in seniority. They are awarded in three and two classes, respectively.

THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Bulgaria's gross national product (GNP) is only about one-third the average of the other Warsaw Pact allies, and during the late 1960s and early 1970s Bulgaria spent a smaller proportion of its GNP on defense than did any of its allies. Although its 1973 estimated population was less than one-half the average of its allies, it maintained about five-sixths as many men in its regular forces. On the surface, therefore, it would appear that the armed forces were a less-than-average financial burden but a greater-than-average manpower burden.

The appearances may be misleading to some degree. The country has been the slowest of the pact nations to industrialize, and its standard of living has been the lowest. It is probably, therefore, less able to afford its relatively moderate defense costs. Its labor force is large enough for the level of the country's industrialization, but there is a shortage of skilled workers. The training and experience that young men receive in the armed forces broaden their familiarity with complex mechanical and electronic equipment and provide many of them with skills that are of value to the national economy. The regime also considers that the disciplinary habits and the political orientation acquired in military service are of positive social value, outweighing the time that young men are withheld from the labor force.

When extraordinary measures are required in an emergency situation--such as during the 1972 drought--the armed forces are able to provide a mass labor force and to contribute the use of a considerable amount of heavy mechanical equipment. In 1972 force units were called upon to get maximum efficiency from irrigation systems and to add to the sources of irrigation water whenever possible. Military units also do field work on public projects. They are encouraged to contribute the days before public holidays, the holidays themselves, and other time that does not interfere with training schedules.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Section I. Social

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Cary, William. _Bulgaria Today._ New York: Exposition Press, 1965.

Davis, Fitzroy. "Bulgarian Filmmakers: Looking for a Place in the Cinematic Sun," _East Europe_, XX, No. 3, March 1971, 29-35.

Dellin, L. A. D. (ed.) _Bulgaria: East-Central Europe Under the Communists._ New York: Praeger, 1957.

Egbert, Donald D. "Politics and the Arts in Communist Bulgaria," _Slavic Review_, XXVI, No. 2, June 1967, 204, 216.

The Europa Yearbook, 1972. London: Europa Publications, 1972.

Evans, Stanley G. _A Short History of Bulgaria._ London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1960.

Georgeoff, John. "Elementary Education in Bulgaria," _School and Society_, XCIV, February 5, 1966, 71-74.

Georgeoff, Peter J. _The Social Education of Bulgaria Youth._ Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

Georgiev, Emil, et al. _Bulgaria's Share in Human Culture._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1968.

Grant, Nigel. "Education Reform in Bulgaria," _Comparative Education_, VI, No. 3, November 1970, 179-191.

----. _Society, Schools and Progress in Eastern Europe._ Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969.

"He Who Laughs," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XVI, No. 10, October 1967, 25-26.

Hoffman, George W. _The Balkans in Transition._ Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1963.

----. "Transformation of Rural Settlement in Bulgaria," _Geographical Review_, XL, No. 1, 1964, 45-65.

Ivanov, Vicho. "Vladimir Dimitrov--The Master," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 5, May 1972, 20-21.

_Jane's World Railways_, 1968-69. (11th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara (eds.). _The Balkans in Transition._ (Russian and East European Studies.) Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963.

Jordanov, Lyubomir, and Nikolov, Yuri. _The Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, A Guide._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1971.

Kaiser, Robert G., and Morgan, Dan. "Housing Blight Plagues Planners in _East Europe_," _Washington Post_, December 19, 1972, A1, A20.

Katsarova, Raina D. _Dances of Bulgaria._ New York: Crown, 1951.

Kossev, D.; Hristov, H.; and Angelov, D. _A Short History of Bulgaria._ Sofia: Foreign Languages Press, 1963.

Lauwerys, Joseph A., and Scanlon, David G. "Education in Cities," _The World Year Book of Education, 1970._ New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970.

Manning, Clarence A., and Smal-Stocki, Roman. _The History of Modern Bulgarian Literature._ New York: Bookman Associates, 1960.

Mishev, Dimitur. _The Bulgarians in the Past._ New York: Arno Press, 1971.

Mladenov, Lyubomir. "International Recognition," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 7, July 1972, 15.

Monov, Georgi. "Semi-Boarding Schools," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XX, No. 8, August 1971, 7-8.

Morgan, Dan. "Bulgaria Moving Cautiously to Better U.S. Ties." _Washington Post_, March 29, 1973, A15.

Moser, Charles A. _A History of Bulgarian Literature 1865-1944._ New York: Humanities Press, 1972.

"National Revival Architecture," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 7, July 1972, 16-17.

"The New Architecture," _East Europe_, XIV, No. 4, April 1965, 7-15.

Newman, Bernard. _Bulgaria Background._ London: Robert Hale, 1961.

Olson, Kenneth E. _The History Makers._ Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966.

Oren, Nissan. _Bulgarian Communism._ New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.

----. _Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria._ Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Oshavkov, Zhivko. "Religious Belief in Bulgaria," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XVI, No. 10, October 1967, 20-22.

Parkin, Frank. _Class Inequality and Political Order._ New York: Praeger, 1971.

Perl, Lila. _Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria._ Camden: Thomas Nelson, 1970.

Petrov, Staian. _The Struggle of the Bulgarian Communist Party to Organize the Social Basis of the Revolution._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

Pounds, Norman J. G. _Eastern Europe._ Chicago: Aldine, 1969.

"The Professional Gap," _East Europe_, X, No. 10, October 1969, 40.

Rizov, Alexander (ed.). _Bulgaria, A Survey._ Sofia: Foreign Languages Press, 1965.

Rose, Harold. _Your Guide to Bulgaria._ London: Alvin Redman, 1964.

Rothschild, Joseph. _Communist Eastern Europe._ New York: Walker, 1964.

Rusinov, Spas. _Bulgaria: A Survey._ Sofia, Sofia Press, 1969.

Sanders, Irwin T. _Balkan Village._ Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1949.

Schoepflin, George (ed.). _The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe._ New York: Praeger, 1970.

Severin, R. Keith. "Bulgaria's Agricultural Economy in Brief," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. _Foreign Agriculture_, (ERS-Foreign 136.) September 1965, 1-11.

Sharp, Samuel L., and Fedlam, Fruzsina H. _The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1972._ (The World Series.) Washington: Stryker-Post Publications, 1972.

Staar, Richard F. _The Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe_ (Rev. ed.) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971.

_The Statesman's Year Book, 1972-73._ (Ed., John Paxton.) London: Macmillan, St. Martin's Press, 1972, 789-797.

_Statistical Yearbook, 1971._ Sofia, National Information Office, 1971.

_Statistical Yearbook, 1972._ Sofia, National Information Office, 1972.

Stavrianos, Leften S. _Balkan Federation: A History of the Movement Toward Balkan Unity in Modern Times._ (Smith College Studies in History, XXVII, Nos. 1-4.) Northampton: Department of History, Smith College, 1942.

Stillman, Edmund (and the Editors of Life). _The Balkans_ (Life World Library Series.) New York: _Time_, 1964.

Stoyanov, Lludmil. "Poet, Humanist and Fighter," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 7, July 1972, 22.

Sylvester, Anthony. "The Bulgaria Paradox," _East Europe_, XVII, No. 1, January 1968, 15-19.

Todorov, Nikolai. "Pencho Koulekov, an Original Master of Graphic Art" _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 5, May 1972, 32.

_UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1971._ Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1971, 59.

U.S. Department of Army. _Communist Eastern Europe: Analytical Survey of Literature._ (DA Pam 550-8) Washington: GPO, 1971.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series _Translations on Eastern Europe: Economic and Industrial Affairs_.

"Analysis of Changes in Average Family Budget Made," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, March 27, 1973. (JPRS 58,842, No. 874, 1973.)

"Dynamics of Personal Income Described, 1965-70," _Ikonomicheski Zhivot_, Sofia: December 16, 1970. (JPRS 52,476, No. 424, 1971.)

"Household Income, Consumption Statistics Given," _Statistika_, Sofia, No. 5, September-October 1970. (JPRS 52,106, No. 397, 1971.)

"Light Ministry Plans to Supply Lacking Goods Revealed," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, May 7, 1972. (JPRS 56,742, No. 727, 1972.)

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series _Translations on Eastern Europe: Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs_.

"Admission Rules to Foreign-Language High Schools," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, June 8, 1971. (JPRS 53,764, No. 396, 1971).

"Aspects of Standard of Living Analyzed," _Statistika_, Sofia, No. 3, 1969. (JPRS 48,717, No. 126, 1969).

"Caloric Intake of Blue-Collar Workers and Cooperative Farm Members," _Khranitelna Promishlenost_, Sofia, No. 2, 1968. (JPRS 45,795, No. 8, 1968).

"Causes for 1961-65 Infant Mortality Reviewed," _Statistika_, Sofia, December 1969. (JPRS 49,929, No. 187, 1970).

"Census Studies Bulgarian Educational Level," _Statistika_, Sofia, November-December 1968. (JPRS 47,697, No. 81, 1969).

"Class Influence on Consumption Analyzed," _Ikonomicheski Zhivot_, Sofia, October 10, 1968. (JPRS 46,866, No. 42, 1968).

"The Communists and the Family," _Partien Zhivot_, Sofia, XVI, November 1971. (JPRS: 55,275, No. 485, 1972).

"Decree on Post-Graduate Training for Specialists Issued," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, February 20, 1973. (JPRS 58,807, No. 700, 1973).

"Economics of Higher Education Reviewed," _Novo Vreme_, Sofia, September 1970. (JPRS 50,328, No. 280, 1970).

"Health Minister Describes Public Health Plans," _Zdraven Front_, Sofia, June 19, 1971. (JPRS 54,178, No. 421, 1971).

"Improvements in Standard of Living Traced," _Ikonomicheski Zhivot_, Sofia, November 1970. (JPRS 52,321, No. 310, 1971).

"Military Training for Secondary Students," _Narodna Mladezh_, Sofia, March 20, 1972. (JPRS 55,828, No. 516, 1972).

"Minister Cites Progress in Public Health Service," _Khigiena i Zdraveopazvane_, Sofia, No. 1, January-February 1969. (JPRS 48,333, No. 110, 1969.)

"New Model for Secondary Polytechnical School," _Vecherni Novini_, Sofia, January 25, 1972. (JPRS 55,447, No. 495, 1972).

"Party Policy at Center of Educational Work," _Armeyski Komunist_, Sofia, December 1972. (JPRS 58,368, No. 676, 1973).

"Physicians' Attitude Toward Polyclinics Surveyed," _Suvremenna Meditsina_, Sofia, No. 12, 1970. (JPRS 52,840, No. 337, 1971).

"Religious Survey in Plovdiv Okrug Taken," _Filosofska Misul_, Sofia, VI, June 1968. (JPRS 46,478, No. 30, 1968).

"Schools Experiment with New Educational Program," _Zemedelsko Zname_, Sofia, July 24, 1968. (JPRS 46,334, No. 25, 1968).

"School Statistics," _Uchitelsko Delo_, Sofia, September 7, 1971. (JPRS 54,419, No. 435, 1971).

"Serious Shortage of Medical Personnel Reported," _Pogled_, Sofia, July 19, 1971. (JPRS 54,004, No. 409, 1971).

"Shortages of Schoolteachers in Some Areas Noted," _Trud_, Sofia, August 21, 1971. (JPRS 54,094, No. 415, 1971).

"Sociological Legal Analysis of Divorce," _Khigiena i Zdraveopazvane_, Sofia, III, 1970. (JPRS 51,271, No. 250, 1970).

"Specialization, Training of Polyclinic Physicians Discussed," _Zdraven Front_, Sofia, June 12, 1971. (JPRS 53,958, No. 407, 1971).

"Statistics on Rising Living Standard Given," _Naruchnik na Agitatore_, Sofia, No. 24, December 1972. (JPRS 58,480, No. 851, 1973).

"Status Prospects of Medical Science Discussed," _Zdraven Front_, Sofia, April 24, 1971. (JPRS 53,482, No. 375, 1971).

"Study of Services in Burgas Area Reviewed," _Narodni Suveti_, Sofia, No. 1, 1970. (JPRS 50,150, No. 197, 1970).

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. _Educational and Cultural Exchanges Between Communist and Non-Communist Countries in 1970._ (Research Study RSES-34.) Washington: 1971.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of Media Services. "Educational and Cultural Exchange Between Communist and Non-Communist Countries in 1971." (News Release.) December 8, 1972.

U.S. Department of State. Geographer. Office of Research in Economics and Science. _Bulgaria-Greece Boundary._ (International Boundary Study, No. 56). Washington: 1965.

Wolff, Robert Lee. _The Balkans in Our Time._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.

_World Christian Handbook, 1968._ (Eds., H. Wakelin Coxill and Kenneth G. Grubb.) New York: Abingdon Press, 1967.

_World of Learning, 1972-73._ London: Europa Publications, 1973, 207-212.

_World Population Data Sheet, 1972._ Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 1972.

Yovkov, Yordav. _Short Stories._ (Trans., Monco Mincoff and Marguerite Alexieva.) Sofia: Foreign Language Press, 1965.

(Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in the preparation of this section: _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], 1967-1972; and _East Europe_ [New York], 1965-1973.)

Section II. Political

Antonoff, Nicolas. _The Bulgarian Crisis._ New York: Mid-European Studies Center, 1953.

----. _The Constitutional Evolution of Bulgaria._ New York: Mid-European Studies Center, 1953.

Black, Cyril E. _The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria._ Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943.

Blemenfeld, Yorick. _Seesaw: Cultural Life in Eastern Europe._ New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968.

Bromke, Adam. "The CSCE and Eastern Europe," _World Today_ [London], XXIX, No. 5, May 1973, 196-206.

Brown, James F. "Bulgaria." Pages 11-15 in Richard F. Staar (ed.), _Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1973._ Hoover Institution Press, 1973.

----. _Bulgaria Under Communist Rule._ New York: Praeger, 1970.

Bulgaria. Central Council of the Trade Unions. _Bulgaria Traditions_, Sofia, 1971.

Bulgaria. Laws, Statutes, etc.

_Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1971.

Bulgaria. State Information Office with the Council of Ministers. _Statistical Pocket Book, 1970._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

"Bulgaria," _East Europe_, XVII, No. 2, February 1968, 25-26.

"Bulgaria: History". Pages 385-400 in _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, IV. Chicago: William Benton, 1969.

"Bulgaria: Introductory Survey." Pages 570-588 in _The Europa Yearbook, 1972_, I. London: Europa Publications, 1972.

"Bulgarian Books Abroad," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XVI, No. 10, October 1967, 10.

"Bulgarian Television," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XV, No. 2, February 1966, 36-50.

"Bulgaria." Pages 41-50 in Moshe Sachs (ed.), _Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations_, V: Europe. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.

"Bulgaria." Pages 789-796 in _Statesman's Yearbook, 1971-72_. London: Macmillan, 1973.

"Bulgaria." Pages 205-206 in _The World of Learning, 1972-73_. London: Europa Publications, 1973.

Cary, William. _Bulgaria Today._ New York: Exposition Press, 1965.

Costello, Michael. "Bulgaria." Pages 135-157 in Adam Bromke and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone (eds.), _The Communist States in Disarray, 1965-71_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972.

Davis, Fitzroy, "Bulgarian Filmmakers: Looking for a Place in the Cinematic Sun," _East Europe_, XX, No. 3, March 1971, 29-35.

Dellin, L. A. D. (ed.) _Bulgaria: East-Central Europe Under the Communists._ New York: Praeger, 1957.

Dinkova, Maria. _The Social Progress of the Bulgarian Woman._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1972.

Dobrev, Georgi Mihailov. "Library Organization in Bulgaria," _UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries_, IX, No. 8-9, August-September 1955, 161-164.

_Editor and Publisher International Year Book, 1972._ New York: Editor and Publisher, 1971.

"Exposing the 'Pseudo-Marxists'," _East Europe_, XVIII, No. 7, July 1969, 29-30.

Feron, James. "Ideology on Decline in Eastern Europe," _New York Times_, March 22, 1973, A-15.

Fischer, Lewis A. "COMECON and the Brezhnev Doctrine," _East Europe_, XXI, No. 10, October 1972, 4-7.

Georgeoff, Peter J. _The Social Education of Bulgarian Youth._ Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

Gloghinski, Bogdan (ed.). _Meet Bulgaria and Its Trade Unions._ (Trans., Petko Drenkov, et al.) Sofia: Profizdat, 1966.

Gsovski, V. (ed.) "Bulgaria: Motion Pictures Under New Regulations," _Highlights of Current Legislation and Activities in Mid-Europe_, II, No. 3, March 1, 1954, 55-60.

Gyorgy, Andrew. "External Forces in Europe." Pages 221-235 in Adam Bromke and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone (eds.), _The Communist States in Disarray 1965-71_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972.

Kane, Robert S. _Eastern Europe: A to Z._ New York: Doubleday, 1968.

Karadelkov, Petko. "The Fires of Mount Bouzloudja," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XX, No. 8, August 1971, 3-4.

----. "The Founders of the Bulgarian Communist Party," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XX, No. 8, August 1971, 2.

Kharalampi, Georgiev H. _The Bulgarian Agrarian Union: Seventy Years Since the Foundation._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

Koritarova, Roza. "The Role and the Position of Trade Unions in the System of Social Administration at the Contemporary Stage: A Report." (A report delivered by Roza Koritarova, President of the Central Council of the Trade Unions at the Tenth Plenum of the Central Council of the Bulgarian Trade Unions.) Sofia: Profizdat, 1969.

Kraus, Wolfgang. "Is Bulgaria Closing the Gap?" _East Europe_, XV, No. 4, April 1966, 2-11.

Larabee, F. Stephen. "Bulgaria's Politics of Conformity," _Problems of Communism_, XXI, No. 4, February 20, 1972, 42-53.

Lauwerys, Joseph A., and Scanlon, David G. "Education in Cities," _The World Year Book of Education_, 1970. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970.

"Liberals Under Fire," _East Europe_, XXI, No. 5, May 1972, 35.

Morgan, Dan. "Bulgaria Moving Cautiously to Better U.S. Ties," _Washington Post_, March 29, 1973, A15.

Mossechkov, Nedyalko. "University Library," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], X, No. 7, July 1961, 25-26.

Newman, Bernard. _Bulgarian Background._ London: Robert Hale, 1961.

Olson, Kenneth E. _The History Makers._ Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966.

Oren, Nissan. _Revolution Administered: Agrarianism and Communism in Bulgaria._ Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Ostoich, Peter D. _The Bulgarian Communist Party--Builder of a People's Democratic State._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

Perl, Lila. _Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria._ Camden: Thomas Nelson, 1970.

Popoff, Emil. "Bulgaria's Young: The Silent Nihilists," _East Europe_, XVII, No. 7, July 1968, 7-11.

Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa. "Patterns of Political Change." Pages 323-347 in Adam Bromke, and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone (eds.), _The Communist States in Disarray, 1965-71_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972.

Rothschild, Joseph. _Communist Eastern Europe._ New York: Walker, 1964.

----. _The Communist Party of Bulgaria: Origins and Development, 1883-1936._ New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

Rusinov, Spas. _Bulgaria: A Survey._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1969.

Schoepflin, George (ed.). _The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe._ New York: Praeger, 1970.

Sharp, Samuel L., and Fedlam, Fruzsina H. _The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1972._ (The World Series.) Washington: Stryker-Post Publications, 1972.

Sokolski, Alexander. "A Glance at the New Bulgarian Films," _Bulgaria Today_ [Sofia], XXI, No. 7, July 1972, 28-29.

Staar, Richard F. _The Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe._ Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967.

----. _The Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe._ (Rev. ed.) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971.

_The Statesman's Year Book, 1972-73._ (Ed., John Paxton.) London: Macmillan, St. Martin's Press, 1972, 789-797.

_Statistical Yearbook, 1972._ Sofia, National Information Office, 1972.

Stavrianos, Leften S. _Balkan Federation: A History of the Movement Toward Balkan Unity in Modern Times._ (Smith College Studies in History XXVII, Nos. 1-4.) Northampton: Department of History, Smith College, 1942.

Sylvester, Anthony. "The Bulgarian Paradox," _East Europe_, XVII, No. 1, January 1968, 15-19.

"Television in Eastern Europe," _East Europe_, XV, No. 4, April 1966, 12-15.

Toma, Peter A. (ed.) _The Changing Face of Communism in Eastern Europe._ Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970.

Triska, Jan F. (ed.) _Constitutions of the Communist Party-States._ Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1968.

United Nations. "Delegations to the General Assembly and the Councils Delegations to the Twenty-fifth Session of the General Assembly 15 September-17 December 1970." Page 1083 in _Yearbook of the United Nations_, 1970. New York: U.N. Office of Information, 1972.

_UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1971._ Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1972, 700-731.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. _World Communications: Press, Radio, Television, Film._ (4th ed.) New York: UNESCO, 1964.

United Nations. Office of Public Information. Press Section. "United Nations Bodies and Their Membership, 1972." (Press Release ORG/ 713.) May 1, 1972, 1-58.

U.S. Department of the Army. _Communist Eastern Europe: Analytical Survey of Literature._ (DA PAM 550-8.) Washington: GPO, 1971.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series _Translations on Eastern Europe: Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs_.

"Aspects of New Constitution Interpreted," _Novo Vreme_, Sofia, January 1969, 1. (JPRS: 47,959, No. 93, 1969).

"Attention Called to Problems of Working Women," _Trud_, Sofia, March 14, 1972. (JPRS 55,798, No. 514, 1972).

"BCP Greetings Message Outlines Tasks of Bulgarian Propaganda," Sofia, December 3, 1971. (Speech by Georgi Bokov recorded on Sofia Radio.) (JPRS 54,763, No. 458, December 22, 1971).

"Book Publication Circumstances Criticized," _Partien Zhivot_, Sofia, II, February 1970. (JPRS 50,510, No. 197, March 25, 1970).

"Communist Party Courts Full Support of KOMSOMOL," _Rabotnichesko Delo_, Sofia, March 27, 1971. (JPRS 52,862, No. 339, 1971).

"Constitutional Problems of People's Councils Viewed," _Narodni Suveti_, Sofia, No. 4, 1971. (JPRS: 54,667, No. 388, 1971).

"Control Committee Scores Serious Lack of Textbooks," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, August 1, 1970. (JPRS 51,187, No. 246, August 18, 1970).

"Czechoslovak Normalization Process Discussed," _Literaturen Front_, Sofia, No. 39, September 19, 1968. (JPRS 46,866, No. 42, November 14, 1968).

"Development of TV Relay Station Network Discussed," _Radio i Televiziya Sofia_, No. 11, 1969. (JPRS 50,112, No. 268, March 20, 1970).

"The Effectiveness of Ideological Propaganda at the Contemporary Stage," _Politichecka Prosveta_, Sofia, July 1972. (JPRS 57,025, No. 592, 1972).

"Facts, Figures on Printed Broadcast Media Published," _Rabotnichesko Delo_, Sofia, November 25, 1971. (JPRS 54,716, No. 456, December 16, 1971).

"Further Upgrading of Role of Fatherland Front," _Novo Vreme_, Sofia, No. 7, July 1970. (JPRS 51,271, No. 250, 1970).

"Greater Role Urged for People's Councils," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, August 10, 1972. (JPRS: 57,149, No. 600, 1972).

"Ideological Peaceful Coexistence Criticized," _Literaturen Front_, Sofia, April 18, 1968. (JPRS 45,428, No. 346, May 17, 1968).

"Importance of Leading Role of Party Emphasized," _Politicheska Prosveta_, Sofia, December 1970. (JPRS 52,298, No. 309, 1971).

"Improvement in Construction Troops Work Urged," _Trudovo Delo_, Sofia, January 23, 1973. (JPRS 58,600, No. 690, 1973).

"Increased National Assembly Role Foreseen," _Pravna Misul_, Sofia, No. 2, 1971. (JPRS: 53,656, No. 387, 1971).

"Medicosocial Problems of the Antialcoholism Campaign," _Nevrologiya Psikhiatriya i Nevrokhirurgiya_, Sofia, XI, No. 2, 1972. (JPRS 56,973, No. 589, September 7, 1972).

"Military Training for Secondary Students," _Narodna Mladezh_, Sofia, March 20, 1972. (JPRS 55,828, No. 516, 1972).

"Minister Stoilov's Keynote Address at World Conference on Pollution," BTA, Sofia, April 27, 1972. (JPRS 55,907, No. 520, May 5, 1972).

"National Conference on Party Propaganda Reviewed," _Politicheska Prosveta_, Sofia, No. 5, May 1970. (JPRS 50,880, No. 233, 1970).

"New Television Studio Opens in Ruse," _Zemedelsko Zname_, Sofia, November 6, 1972. (JPRS 57,590, No. 631, November 24, 1972).

"The Obshtina Party Committees and Organizations--Political Leaderships," Partien Zhivot, Sofia, No. 18, December 1968. (JPRS 47,447, No. 69, 1969).

"Party Application of Democratic Centralism Discussed," _Partien Zhivot_, Sofia, No. 8, June 1970. (JPRS 51,534, No. 257, 1970).

"Party Guidance of the Fatherland Front," _Partien Zhivot_, Sofia, No. 9, 1972. (JPRS 57,109, No. 598, 1972).

"Patriotism and Internationalism Defined," _Trudovo Delo_, Sofia, April 16, 1969. (JPRS 48,138, No. 100, 1969).

"Political Knowledge of Working People Analyzed," _Partien Zhivot_, Sofia, February 1972. (JPRS: 56,081, No. 530, 1972).

"Qualifications for Party Membership Analyzed," _Novo Vreme_, Sofia, April 1969. (JPRS 48,428, No. 114, 1969).

"Radio, TV Development, Progress Viewed," _Transporten Glas_, Sofia, April 7, 1971. (JPRS 53,205, No. 471, May 24, 1971).

"Special TV Program for Tourists Inaugurated," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, July 30, 1972. (JPRS 56,813, No. 579, August 18, 1972).

"State Council Formation Discussed," _Pravna Misul_, Sofia, No. 2, 1971. (JPRS 53,656, No. 387, 1971).

"Strengthening of Contemporary Ideological Struggle Needed," _Rabotnichesko Delo_, Sofia, August 4, 1972. (JPRS 56,851, No. 582, August 23, 1972).

"Study of Religiousness of Socialist Society Made," _Politicheska Prosveta_, Sofia, No. 10. (JPRS 47,047, No. 52, December 10, 1968).

"Twenty-Five Years of Publishing Reviewed," _Bulgarski Knigi_, Sofia, September 1969. (JPRS 49,166, No. 152, October 30, 1969).

"Youth Warned Against Western Psychological Warfare," _Mladezh_, Sofia, No. I, January 1973. (JPRS 58,807, No. 700, April 19, 1973).

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. "Bulgaria." Pages 61-63 in _World Strength of the Communist Party Organization_, (23rd annual edition.) Washington: GPO, 1971.

U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of Media Services. "Educational and Cultural Exchange Between Communist and Non-Communist Countries in 1971." (News Release.) December 8, 1972.

Verin, Velko. "Getting Into Print in Bulgaria," _East Europe_, XVIII, No. 1, January 1969, 22-24.

_Women in the People's Republic of Bulgaria._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1971.

_World Radio-TV Handbook, 1973._ (Ed., J.M. Frost.) Hvidovre: World Radio-TV Handbook, 1973.

"Youth Time" _East Europe_, XXI, No. 10, October 1972, 23-24.

Section III. Economic

Alton, Thad P. "Economic Structure and Growth in Eastern Europe." In U.S. Congress. 91st, 2d session. Joint Economic Committee. _Economic Development in Countries of Eastern Europe._ Washington: GPO, 1970.

Costello, Michael. "Bulgaria." Pages 135-157 in Adam Bromke, and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone (eds.), _Communist States in Disarray, 1965-1971_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972.

Dellin, L. A. D. (ed.) _Bulgaria: East-Central Europe Under the Communists._ New York: Praeger, 1957.

Dobrin, Boguslav. _Bulgarian Economic Development Since World War II._ New York: Praeger, 1973.

Koleva, M. "Size, Structure and Efficiency of Production Funds Invested in Dairy Cattle Breeding." _Ikonomika Selskoto Stopanstvo_ [Sofia], August 1971, 71-83.

Narodna Respublika Bulgariya. Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie pri Ministerskiya Suvet. _Statisticheski Godishnik na Narodna Respublika Bulgariya, 1963._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1963.

----. Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie pri Ministerskiya Suvet. _Statisticheski Godishnik na Narodna Respublika Bulgariya, 1966._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1966.

----. Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie pri Ministerskiya Suvet. _Statisticheski Godishnik na Narodna Respublika Bulgariya, 1968._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1968.

----. Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie pri Ministerskiya Suvet. _Statisticheski Godishnik na Narodna Respublika Bulgariya, 1971._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1971.

----. Tsentralno Statistichesko Upravlenie pri Ministerskiya Suvet. _Statisticheski Godishnik na Narodna Respublika Bulgariya, 1972._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1972.

Osborne, R. H. _East-Central Europe._ New York: Praeger, 1967.

Pick, Franz. _Pick's Currency Yearbook, 1972._ New York: Pick Publication, 1972.

Pounds, Norman J. G. _Eastern Europe._ Chicago: Aldine, 1969.

Rusinov, Spas. _Bulgaria: A Survey._ Sofia, Sofia Press, 1969.

Selucky, Radoslav. _Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe._ New York: Praeger, 1972.

Starodubrovskaya, V. N. _Kooperativnaya sobstvennost v selskom khozyastve sotsialisticheskikh stran._ Moscow: Nauka, 1970.

_Statistical Yearbook, 1971._ National Information Office, Sofia, 1971.

_Statistical Yearbook, 1972._ National Information Office, Sofia, 1972.

_Statisticheskii Ezhegodnik, 1971._ Moscow: Tipografiia Sekretariata SEV, 1971.

U.S. Congress. 91st, 2d Session. Joint Economic Committee. _Economic Developments in Countries of Eastern Europe._ Washington: GPO, 1970.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. _The Agricultural Economy and Trade of Bulgaria._ (Bulletin ERS-Foreign 256.) Washington: GPO, February 1969.

U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Mines. "The Mineral Industry of Bulgaria." Washington: GPO, n.d. (Preprint from _1971 Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook_.)

Wilczynski, J. _Socialist Economic Development and Reforms._ New York: Praeger, 1972.

_Yearbook of National Account Statistics, 1971._ New York: United Nations, 1973.

Section IV. National Security

Baldwin, Godfrey (ed.). _International Population Reports._ (U.S. Department of Commerce, Series p-91, No. 18.) Washington: GPO, 1969.

Bulgaria. State Information Office with the Council of Ministers. _Statistical Pocket Book 1970._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

Cary, William. _Bulgaria Today._ New York: Exposition Press, 1965.

Dellin, L. A. D. (ed.) _Bulgaria: East-Central Europe Under the Communists._ New York: Praeger, 1957.

_The Military Balance, 1972-73._ London: Institute for Strategic Studies, 1972.

Newman, Bernard. _Bulgarian Background._ London: Robert Hale, 1961.

Oren, Nissan. _Bulgarian Communism._ New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.

Perl, Lila. _Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria._ Camden: Thomas Nelson, 1970.

Popoff, Emil. "Bulgaria's Young: The Silent Nihilists," _East Europe_, XVII, No. 7, July 1968, 7-11.

Pounds, Norman J. G. _Eastern Europe._ Chicago: Aldine, 1969.

Rothschild, Joseph. _Communist Eastern Europe._ New York: Walker, 1964.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series _Translations on Eastern Europe: Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs_.

"Bulgarian Criminal Code," _Sbornik postanovleniya i razporezhdaniya na Ministerskiya suvet na NRB_, Sofia, May 1968. (JPRS: 45,757, No. 5, 1968).

"Bulgarian Customs Operations," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, 1971, (JPRS: 55,110, No. 475, 1972).

"Civil Defense Plans and Tasks," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, February 21, 1972. (JPRS: 58,495, No. 685, 1973).

"Crime Treatment in Socialist Society," _Filosofska Misul_, Sofia, 1971. (JPRS: 53,920, No. 405, 1971).

"Execution of Court Sentences," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, April 15, 1969. (JPRS: 48,065, No. 98, 1969).

"History of Military Medical Institute," _Voenno Meditsinsko Delo_, Sofia, No. 5, 1970. (JPRS: 52,242, No. 308, 1971).

"Intermediate-Level Service School Entrance Exams," _Trudovo Delo_, Sofia, May 12, 1970. (JPRS: 50,783, No. 228, 1970).

"Internment Without Deprivation of Liberty," _Pravna Misul_, Sofia, 1971. (JPRS: 56,452, No. 550, 1972).

"Law Governing Stay of Foreigners in Belgium," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, November 28, 1972. (JPRS: 58,035, No. 658, 1973).

"Law on Universal Military Service," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, August 11, 1970. (JPRS: 51,354, No. 257, 1970).

"Medicosocial Problems of Alcoholism," _Nevrologiya Psikhiatriya i Nevrokhirurgiya_, Sofia, 1972. (JPRS: 56,973, No. 589, 1972).

"Military School Cadet Entrance Exams," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, May 17, 1970. (JPRS. 50,687, No. 224, 1970).

"Military Training for Secondary Students," _Narodna Mladezh_, Sofia, March 20, 1972. (JPRS: 55,828, No. 516, 1972).

"New Medals," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, September 11, 1969. (JPRS: 48,790, No. 129, 1969).

"New Training Year," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, December 1969. (JPRS: 49,929, No. 187, 1970).

"New Uniforms for Officers and Noncoms," _Pogled_, Sofia, March 22, 1971. (JPRS: 53,014, No. 347, 1971).

"Party Program for Defense," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, July 8, 1971. (JPRS: 53,641, No. 386, 1971).

"People's Councils Legal Departments," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, March 6, 1970. (JPRS 50,415, No. 210, 1970).

"Pre-Induction Military Training Reorganized," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, August 8, 1968. (JPRS: 46,551, No. 31, 1968).

"Provisions for Servicemen, Families," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, February 8, 1973. (JPRS: 58,336, No. 676, 1973).

"Regulations on Obshtina Militia," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, May 12, 1970. (JPRS: 50,920, No. 236, 1970).

"Scientific Training for Youth," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, December 6, 1968. (JPRS: 47,136, No. 56, 1968).

"Significance of CEMA Defense Programs," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, September 22, 1971. (JPRS: 54,261, No. 549, 1971).

"Winter Defense Exercise," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, December 1969. (JPRS: 49,929, No. 187, 1970).

Wolff, Robert Lee. _The Balkans in Our Time._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.

GLOSSARY

BKP--Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Communist Party). Party dates its origins from the founding of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party in 1891. Through many years of factional splits, coalitions, changes of designation, underground operations, and front organizations, the BKP finally emerged from World War II (with Soviet backing) as the only viable political force in the country.

COMECON--Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Economic alliance founded in 1949 to further cooperation among member states. Members are Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Headquarters is in Moscow.

Fatherland Front--An umbrella organization for all other mass organizations; provides a structure for democratic electoral processes but, actually, is controlled by the BKP.

greenback--United States legal tender. Term used in international monetary transactions since convertibility of the United States dollar into gold was suspended on August 15, 1971.

lev (pl., leva)--Basic unit of currency; divided into 100 stotinki (_q.v._). Officially rated at the artificial level of 0.97 per US$1. Lev is nonconvertible and is actually exchanged at several different rates depending on type of transaction.

stotinki (sing., stotinka)--100 stotinki equal one lev.

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact)--A military alliance founded in 1955. The Soviet minister of defense is traditionally the supreme commander of the joint pact forces. Members are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

INDEX

Academy of Agricultural Sciences: 135

Academy of Sciences: 135

Agitation and Propaganda Department (Agitprop): 160, 169, 187

Agrarian Party. _See_ Bulgarian Agrarian Union

agriculture (_see also_ agroindustrial complexes): viii, 21, 160, 225-247, 260; civil defense teams, 276; collectivization, 3, 33, 34, 52-53, 69, 74, 77, 204; cropping pattern, 230-231; erosion, 227-228; faulty practices, 243-244, 245-246; fertilizers and pesticides, 243-244, 266-267; five-year plans, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240; income, 84; investment, 211, 238-239, 245; irrigation, viii, 41, 42, 44, 226, 229-230, 231, 300; labor, 207, 225, 237-238; land protection, 227-229; land use, viii, 45-46, 227-231; livestock and livestock products, viii, 225, 234, 241, 242, 244-247, 260; marketing, 240-241; mechanization, 239-240; national income, 207, 241; organization, 231-235; planning and management, 235-237, 246; private farm plots, 204, 225, 231, 234-235, 241, 245; production, viii, 160, 225, 230, 241-247; shortage of skilled workers, 225, 237, 244, 245, 246; Thracian Plain, 45-46; trade, 178, 222, 225, 247; traditional, 76-77

agroindustrial complexes: viii, 5, 53, 203, 205, 225, 231-234; communications problems, 236-237; labor, viii, 232, 237, 238, 246; land ownership, 234; legal and economic aspects, 233-234; marketing, 241; planning and management, 236; types, 232-233; voluntary nature, 233

air and air defense forces: ix, 7, 287, 289, 290, 291, 298, 299; training, 294, 295

airlines: ix, 62-63

Albania: 35, 172, 176, 179, 180, 292; historic, 12, 14, 17

alcoholism: 190, 278, 281-282

Algeria: 257

Andonov, Ivan: 129

Angel, Isaac: 13

architecture: 133-135

armed forces (_see also_ air and air defense forces; army; navy): 7-8, 287-300; cadet programs, 295-296; equipment, 288, 291, 298; logistics, 298, 300; manpower, 292-293; medical service, 296-297; military justice, viii, 297-298; military service, 142, 274, 275, 292-293, 296; morale, 287, 296; officers, 8, 289, 293, 298-299; officers' training, 275, 295; political indoctrination, 8, 289, 294, 300; ranks, uniforms, and decorations, 298-300; reserves, 293; social benefits, 296; Soviet aid, 291, 298; Soviet officers, 179; state and party control, 146, 288-289; training, 293-296, 300

Armenians: 2, 55, 65

army: ix, 7-8, 32, 290-291; border troops, ix, 7, 269, 273, 289; Bulgarian People's Army, ix, 273, 287, 289; Construction Troops, 269, 273-275, 293; equipment, 290-291; Soviet model, 288, 293

art: 131-133; National Revival, 131-132; Turnovo School of, 131

artisans and craftsmen: 72, 73, 86-87, 204, 211, 245, 249; historic, 12, 17

artistic and intellectual expression: 21, 123-135, 162; First Congress on Culture--1967, 155; Golden Age, 7, 12, 14, 121, 126, 131, 134; government and party control, 7, 123, 124-125, 155, 187; ideological messages, 124, 128; library clubs, 125; minority groups, vii; National Revival, 18, 131-132, 134, 135; National Theater, 123, 128; prestige, 7, 123; self-censorship, 7, 125; Soviet model, 7, 124; Stalinist period, 124; subsidies, 123, 125, 127, 128; unions, 7, 125, 187, 276

Asen: 13

Attila the Hun: 54

Australia, relations: 179

Austria, historic: 17

Bagrianov, Ivan: 28

Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines (BALKAN): ix, 62-63

Balkan Pact: 26-27

Balkan wars, 1912, 1913: 21, 22-23, 288

banks and banking: viii, 204, 215-219; Bulgarian Foreign Trade Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219; Bulgarian National Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219; credit, 204, 216-217; state lotteries, 217; State Savings Bank, viii, 215-216, 217

Basil II: 13

Battle of Ankara: 17

Battle of Varna: 17

Belgium, relations: 178-179

Black Sea: viii; effect on climate, 43, 44, 45, 46, 226; patrol boats, 273; ports, 54; tourism, 196

Black Wind: 44

Blagoev, Dimiter: 30

Bobov Dol: 253-254, 255

Bokov, Georgi: 186

border troops: ix, 7, 269, 273, 289

Boris I: 11, 66

Boris III: 25, 26, 27, 28, 30

Botev: 196

Botev, Khristo: 126

boundaries: 2, 48-50; Congress (Treaty) of Berlin--1878, 2, 22; Greece, 49-50, 273; post-World War I, 25, 49; post-World War II, 29, 49; Romania, 49, 50, 273; Treaty of San Stefano--1878, 2, 20, 22; Turkey, 49, 50, 273; Yugoslavia, 49, 273

Boyana Church: 131

Bozhinov, Alexander: 132

Brezhnev, Leonid: 3, 156, 162

budget: 213-215

Bulgars: vii, 2

Bulgaranov, Boyan: 161

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 245

Bulgarian Agrarian Union: 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 141, 150, 153, 163-164, 165, 191; membership, 163, 277; organization, 163

Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) (_see also_ Politburo; State Council; Tenth Congress): 3, 25, 141, 157-163; Central Committee, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157-158, 160, 191; democratic centralism, 157, 166; first secretary, vii, 4, 140, 143, 158, 160; growth of, 30-36, 158-159; membership, 158-160, 276; New Course, 34; news organization, 192; nomination of candidates, 150-151; organization, 157-158, 284; Party Congresses, 3, 155, 157, 159, 160-163; party uprising--1923, 25-26, 30; pre-World War II, 25, 26; purges, 32, 34, 35, 36, 159, 161; Secretariat, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157, 158, 162-163; Soviet leadership, 156, 157, 160, 171; structure, 3, 137; supremacy over all aspects of Bulgarian life, 156, 184, 276-277; women members, 160, 168

Bulgarian Hunting and Fishing Union: 277

Bulgarian National Library: 187,199

Bulgarian Red Cross: 167, 277

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency: 186-187

Bulgarian Union for Physical Culture and Sports: 277

Bulgarian Union of Tourists: 277

Bulgarians abroad: 55, 272

Bulgars: 9, 10, 11, 52

Burgas: 47, 54, 57, 62, 199, 227, 250, 254, 255

Byzantine Empire: 9, 10-11, 12-17 _passim_

Canada, relations: 178

Carpathian Mountains: 38

caves: 40, 47

Central Leninist Party School: 121

Chelopets: 259

Chervenkov, Vulko: 3, 34, 35, 113, 115, 153, 159, 160, 161, 186

China, People's Republic of: 35, 160-161, 189

citizenship: 272

civil defense: 167, 275-276

civil rights: 142, 186, 283, 285-286

climate: vii, 37, 42-44, 226

Committee for Science, Art, and Culture: 106

Committee of Bulgarian Women: 168-169

Committee of State Security: 36, 271

Committee on Art and Culture: 125, 140, 155, 198, 199

communications. _See_ mass communications

Communist Party. _See_ Bulgarian Communist Party

Congress of Berlin: 2, 22

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON): vii, 171, 176, 179-180, 240; trade with, viii, 180, 222

Council of Ministers: vii, 4, 106, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145-147, 218-219, 220; administration of ministries, viii, 5; agricultural programs, 228, 238; Department of Motion Pictures, 201; establishment, 139; functions, 5, 140, 145-147, 173, 174, 204, 205, 216, 235-236, 250, 261, 274; legislative initiative, 32, 140, 141; organization (chart), 146; police power, 146

Couve de Murville, Maurice: 178

crime: 190, 269-270, 273, 279-282; criminal code, 282-283; death penalty, 283, 298; economic, 281; juvenile, 280, 294; military, 297-298; penalties, 280, 283; political, 142, 269, 270, 274, 280-281, 283

Crusades: 13

Cuba: 117, 180, 222

currency: viii, 14, 219-220; exchange rates, 219, 221

Cyril: 11, 126

Czechoslovakia: 106, 172; Bulgarian students, 117; relations, 175, 222; Soviet invasion, 1968, 155, 189-190

dams: 42

Danube River: viii, 41, 44, 54, 61-62, 227; as boundary, 49, 50; Iron Gate, 38, 62; patrol boats, 273, 291

Danubian plateau: 38, 39, 41, 43, 226-227; population density, 57

Dimitrov, Georgi: 2-3, 25, 32, 34, 121, 165, 172

Dimitrov, Vladimir: 132

Dimitrov Communist Youth Union (Komsomol): 155, 166-168, 169, 185, 277-278; membership, 217-218; officer training, 289; premilitary training, 294-295; source of manpower reserve, 167, 294

Dimitrovgrad: 55

Dimov, Dimitur: 127

divorce: 70, 190

Dobrudzha: 15, 27, 28, 29, 40, 43, 50, 226

Dolni Dubnik: 254

Dospevaki, Vladislav: 132

Dragoman Pass: 59

Dragoycheva, Tsola: 161

drainage: 38, 41-42

Dzhurov, Dobri: 289

Economic Commission for Europe: 181

economy: viii, 5, 203-223; automation, 203-204, 236-237, 249; BKP policies, 215, 250; Bulgaria's Great Leap Forward, 160-161; decentralized management, 156, 205, 250; five-year plans, viii, 154, 157, 160, 250, 254, 255; investment, 210-213, 260-261; national income, 204, 206-207, 210, 300; New Economic Model, 156; organization, 204-206; Soviet aid, viii, 156, 175, 203, 212, 223; State Planning Committee, 5; trusts, 205-206, 220-221, 233, 251; Twenty-Year Plan of Economic Development, 161; World War I, 24; World War II, 28

education: viii, 6-7, 21, 93-122; abroad, 96, 97, 116-117; administration, 96, 106-107; adult, 97, 120, 121; boarding schools, 120; Center for Amateur Scientific and Technical Activities among Youth and Children, 279; Communist policies, 97-99, 113, 115; ethnic minorities, 96, 99, 102; financing, 107-108; foreign student exchange, 94, 116-117; graduate, 116; higher (_see also_ students of worker or peasant origin, preference, _infra_), 6-7, 21, 94-95, 97, 98, 100-101, 104, 105, 111, 113-118; history, 21, 95-97; ideological indoctrination, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169, 284, 285; literacy, 21, 93, 95-96, 97, 98, 106, 120, 169; of prisoners, 284; polytechnic schools, 103, 104, 105, 110-111, 112; private schools, 120-121; reforms, 6-7, 96, 99-105, 109, 110, 159, 162; religious, 94, 95, 96, 98-99, 100, 121; scholarships, 102, 117; science and technology, emphasis on, viii, 58, 93, 94, 117-118, 167, 237, 263; Soviet pattern, 93, 98, 100, 102, 115, 118, 119; special, 113, 119-120; state control, 76, 97-99, 100, 113, 120; students of worker or peasant origin, preference, 6, 73, 74, 76, 93-94, 99, 162; teacher training, 101, 102, 103, 115, 118-119; Teachers Union, 277; technical and vocational schools, 96-97, 99, 100, 101-102, 104, 110, 111, 112-113, 116, 121, 284; Turkish period, 16; work concept, 98, 101-102, 103, 109

elections: 3-4, 149-151; BKP membership, 150; Central Election Commission, 149-150; Law of Election for the National Assembly, 149; 1971 Constitution, 149; nominations, 150, 165; Secretariat, 158; trade unions, 166

electric power: 255-257, 266; hydroelectricity, 41, 42, 176, 180, 252, 255

Elin Pelin Bulgarian Bibliographical Institute: 199

Eliseyna: 259

ethnic groups: Armenians, 2, 55, 65; Bulgar, vii, 2; Greek, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106; Jews, 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106; Macedonians, vii, 55, 58, 65, 66; minority languages, vii, 97; Romanians, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65; Turks, vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177

European Conference for Security and Cooperation: 176

family: 65, 67-71; extended family (_zadruga_), 67-68, 70-71, 76; family allowance payments, 90; traditional, 67-69

Father Paisi: 18, 95, 126

Fatherland Front: 7, 33, 77, 100, 137-138, 139, 141, 165-166, 277; BKP use of, 7, 166, 276; _Izgrev_, official organization, 191; National Council (Committee), 31, 137, 150, 164; State Council, relationship, 164; World War II, 1, 29, 31-32

Ferdinand, King: 22, 24, 25

films: viii, 91, 129, 184, 187, 200-202; Soviet, 201

finance (_see also_ budget): viii, 21

folk arts: 126,130-131

folk songs: 18

forced labor camps: 273

foreign policy: 155, 171-181; Chervenkov, 34; Communist countries, 175-176; conduct of, 173-175; historical factors, 172-173; irredentism, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176; military relations (_see also_ Warsaw Treaty Organization), 292; noncommunist states, 175, 176-179; Soviet model, 35, 171, 172, 173, 178; Western Europe, 155, 178-179, 190

foreigners, laws governing stay of: 272-273

France: 178, 222

freedom of information: 186-187

French Revolution: 18

Gabrovo: 253

Genkov, Genko: 133

Genov, Todor: 127

geography: v, vii, xiv, 2, 137

Georgiev, Iliya: 185

Georgiev, Kimon: 26, 29, 32

German Democratic Republic: 117, 172, 175, 222

Germany (_see also_ World War I; World War II): 9, 27

Germany, Federal Republic of: 178, 222

Ghiaurov, Nikolai: 129

Goths: 10

government (_see also_ Bulgarian Communist Party; Chervenkov; Council of Ministers; Dimitrov, Georgi; National Assembly; State Council; Zhivkov): vii, 3-5, 137-151; BKP control, 137, 143, 149, 153; central, 142-147; Dimitrov constitution, 1947, 1, 32-33, 97-98, 100-101, 106, 139-140, 143, 168, 186; Fatherland Front coalition--1944-1947, 1, 2, 31-32, 139, 158, 163, 165, 172; interwar years, 25-27; local, _see_ local government; 1971 constitution, 137-138, 140-142, 145, 149, 156, 162, 163-164, 168, 173, 186; Soviet model, 137, 140; structure (chart), 144; Turkish rule, 16; Turnovo Constitution--1879, 21, 32, 138-139; unity of rule, 35, 138, 140, 141-142, 148, 149, 153, 157

Greece: 26-27, 35, 177, 290, 296; Balkan Wars, 22-23; historic, 9, 10, 11, 14; radio relay lines, 195; World War I, 23

Greeks: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106

Grigorov, Mitko: 161

Gypsies: 55, 66, 106

health: 79-83; feldshers, 82; hospitals, 80, 82; life expectancy, 79-80; physicians, 81, 82; polyclinics, 80-82; Public Health Service, 80-83

history (_see also_ Turkish rule): 9-36; Balkan wars--1912 and 1913, 21, 22-23, 288; Byzantine Empire, 9, 10, 11, 12-14, 17; early, 9-15; early migrations, 10; feudalism, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16; First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms, 1, 9, 10, 11-15; Golden Age, 7, 12, 121, 126, 131, 134; independence, 21; interwar years, 25-27; monarchy abolished in 1946, 32; postliberation, 20-21; Slavs, 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Holy Roman Empire: 14

housekeeping: 70, 91

housing: 85, 87-89, 211; conveniences, 53, 79, 89; rural, 88; shortage, 71, 87-88, 213, 250

Hungary: 28, 172, 175; historic, 15, 17

Huns: 10, 11

hydroelectricity: 41, 42, 252, 255; Danube River cooperative project, 176, 180, 255

industry: viii, 3, 5, 24, 161, 222-223, 249-261; civil defense teams, 276; economic crime, 281; forced labor camps, 273; growth, 6, 21, 34, 264; investment, 211, 253, 260-261; labor, _see_ labor; organization, 249-252; production, 263, 264-265; programs for improvement, viii, 5, 154, 160, 249, 250, 264; quality, 264-265; raw materials, 175, 252, 257-260; raw materials, fuels and power shortages, 203, 249, 252, 257, 259, 260, 261; Soviet aid, 6, 175, 223, 249, 254, 255, 260; State Inspectorate for Industrial Power and Power Control, 256; state ownership, viii, 3, 32-33, 69, 249; supply system, 251-252; textile, 208, 264, 267; trusts, 5-6, 203, 213, 249, 250, 251

Institute for the Improvement of Teachers: 118-119

Institute for Political Instruction: 121

international organizations: vii

irredentism: 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176

Iskur River: 41, 42, 49

Italy: 9, 27, 28, 179, 222

Ivan Asen II: 14

Ivan Vazov State Library: 199

Jews: 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106; emigration, 34, 58; World War II, 28

Johnson, Lyndon B.: 177

judicial system: viii, 7, 138, 144, 148-149, 269, 283-284; Chief Prosecutor, 138, 141, 144, 148-149; district courts, 148; military courts, viii, 148, 297-298; party control, 149; penal institutions, 7, 269, 284-286; special courts, viii; Supreme Court, viii, 141, 144, 148, 149, 297

Kalarov, Vasil: 25, 32

Kaloyan: 14

Kamchiya River: 46

Karavelov, Lyuben: 126

Khristov, Boris: 129

Khrushchev, Nikita: 3, 34, 35, 102-103, 161, 173, 192

Komsomol. _See_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Union

Kostov, Traicho: 34, 35

Koulekov, Pencho: 133

Kozloduy: 255

Kremikovtsi: 257

Krumovo: 257

Kurdzhali: 259

Kyustendil: 196

labor: viii, 58, 207-210, 252, 261, 262-264, 300; agricultural, viii, 207, 225, 232, 237-238, 246; BKP membership, 159; Construction Troops, 269, 273-275; employment, 207, 264; Labor Army, 274; lack of incentive, 204; preferential treatment of workers, 6, 73, 74, 76, 93-94, 99, 162; shortage of skilled workers, viii, 203, 207-208, 225, 237, 244, 245, 246, 256, 263, 300; sickness and disability benefits, 89-90; wages, 84, 208-210, 237-238, 262-263; workweek, 91

language: vii, 97, 102; Cyrillic alphabet, 12, 126; foreign, education in, 113; minorities, vii; Russian, compulsory education, 109, 110

Lasarov, Ivan: 133

Levski, Vasil: 19

liberation, 1878: 1-2, 19-21, 52, 287, 288; Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, 19; Congress (Treaty) of Berlin, 2, 22; growth of nationalism, 17-20; Internal Secret Revolutionary Organization, 19; "moderates"-"radicals", 19; revolution of 1876, 19-20, 288; Russian role in, 1, 19, 20, 172; Treaty of San Stefano, 1878, 2, 20, 22; Turnovo Constitution, 21, 32, 138-139

libraries: 183-184, 199-200; Cyril and Methodius Library, 187

literature: 125-128, 187; historic, 12, 14, 15; periodicals, 126, 128; _Slav-Bulgarian History_, 18, 95, 126; writers' revolt, 127-128; Writers' Union, 125

living conditions (_see also_ health; housing): 79-91, 300; Commission on the Living Standard, 84, 205; consumer goods, shortage, 83, 84, 86; cost of living, 83-84, 85; leisure, 91; rural, 53, 88; special plenum on, viii, 83-84, 87, 203, 205, 209-210; workers and peasants, 84, 85

local government: vii, 50-52, 137, 138, 140, 141, 147-148; budget, 213; cities and towns (_rayoni_), 50, 147, 271; civil defense, 276; districts (_okruzi_), vii, 50, 52, 107, 144, 147, 159, 236; elections, 149; legal departments, 284; police, 148, 271; townships (_obshtini_), vii, 50, 52, 147, 271

Lovech: 254

Lulchev, Kosta: 32, 33

Macedonia: Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 13-14, 21-23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 49, 176; historic, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20-23, 29; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 22, 25, 26; People's Republic of, 66

Macedonians: vii, 55, 58, 65, 66

Macedonian terrorism: 23, 25, 26

Madan: 55, 259

Magyars: 12, 13

Manov, Emil: 128

Maritsa-Iztok coalfield: 253

Maritsa River: 40, 42, 45, 49, 55, 59, 60, 226, 227, 255

Marxism-Leninism (_see also_ ideological indoctrination _under_ education): 141, 167, 175

mass communications (_see also_ films; press; publishing; radio and television): viii, 183-202; administration, 187-188; local groups, 185; objectives, 183, 184-185; party control, 183, 186; pro-Soviet themes, 183, 188, 189, 191; public opinion, 184; relative popularity, 185; state ownership and regulation, viii, 183; themes, 183, 188-189, 191

mass organizations (_see also_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Group; Fatherland Front): 7, 65, 76, 77, 164-169; BKP control through, 7, 153, 164, 165, 166; civil defense, 276; ideological training, 169; memberships, importance, 76; public order role, ix, 276; social pressure by, 269; sources of popular opinion, 7; trade unions, 89, 166, 185, 193, 276, 277; youth groups, 8, 76, 167-168, 277-279

merchant marine: 62

Mesta River: 42, 49, 226

Methodius: 11, 126

Mihailov, Ivan: 161

Milev, Ivan: 132

mineral resources: 37, 47-48, 252-257

mineral waters: 48

Ministry of: Agriculture (and Food Industry), 193, 205, 228, 233, 235, 236, 240; Chemical Industry and Power Generation, 204; Culture, 106, 195; Education, 106; Finance, viii, 89, 204, 213, 219, 221; Foreign Affairs, 173-174; Foreign Trade, viii, 173-175, 204, 219, 221; Information and Communications, 187; Interior, 32, 35, 154; Internal Affairs, ix, 7, 148, 167, 269, 271, 273, 284; Justice, viii, 7, 32, 283-284, 285; National Defense, ix, 7, 8, 167, 193, 273, 275, 287, 288, 289-290, 294; National Education, 106-107, 116, 167, 198, 208, 263; Public Education, 96; Public Health, 80; Supply and State Reserves, 251-252; Transport, 63

Montenegro: 22, 28

motor vehicles: 59

Murad I: 15

Murkvichka, Ivan: 132

music: 129-130

National Assembly. (_See also_ State Council): vii, 4, 137, 138, 142, 144, 147; elections, 139, 147, 149, 150; establishment, 139; functions, 4, 5, 32, 139-140, 145, 147, 148, 149, 173, 213-214; presidium, 139, 141, 143

National Liberation Army: 31

National School of Choreography: 113

national security (_see also_ armed forces; border troops; civil defense; police): ix, 154, 269-286; organization, 270; police state period, 159, 270-271; state security police, 7, 269, 270

nationalism: 189; historic, 16

naval base (Varna): 54

navy: ix, 7, 287, 289, 291, 295, 298, 299

Nedkova, Maria: 133

Nicephorus: 11

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 290

opera: 123, 129-130

_Otechestven Front_: 191, 192-193

Ottoman Turks (_see also_ Turkish rule): 15-16

Panagyurishte: 259

_Partisan Song_: 132

Pavlov, Todor: 161, 187

Pavlovich, Nikola: 132

Peasant Union Party: 32

peasants (_see also_ Bulgarian Agrarian Union): 6, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74; BKP membership, 159; populism movement, 25; postliberation period, 21; preferential treatment for education, 6, 73, 74, 76; Turkish rule, 16-17, 131

Pelin, Elin: 127

penal institutions: 7, 269, 284-286

pensions: 89, 90

Pernik coalfields: 253, 254

Peter, rebellion against Byzantine Empire: 13

Petkov, Nikolai: 32

Petrov, Ilia: 132

Philip of Macedon: 10, 54

Pioneers (Young Septembrists): 167-168

Pirdop: 259

Pirin range: 40, 42, 46, 57, 227

Pleven oil refinery: 254-255

Pliska: 11

Plovdiv: 45, 54, 226, 250, 255, 259; libraries, 199; railroads, 59, 60; universities, 115

Poland: 172, 175

police: ix, 7, 269; People's Militia, 148, 269, 270, 271-273; registration of weapons, etc., 272; secret police (police state period), 159, 270-271; voluntary paramilitary auxiliaries, 269

Politburo: vii, 3, 4, 5, 143, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 187; composition, 154, 156, 162-163; foreign policy role, 171

Pomaks: 16, 55, 67

Popov, Lyuben: 194

population (_see also_ ethnic groups): vii, 37, 55-58; by age and sex, 55, 56; exchanges, 57-58; growth rate, vii, 57; minorities, percent, 37, 55, 65; rural, 56, 57

ports: Black Sea (_see also_ Burgas; Varna): 54, 62

Preslav: 12

press: 183, 184, 190-193; BTA, 187, 188, 189; circulation, 193; foreign language, 188; party control, 186-187, 190-191, 192; periodicals, 193; provincial, 192, 193; public attitude, 185; Sofia Press Agency, 187-188; Soviet pattern, 191-192; Union of Bulgarian Journalists, 186, 191

private ownership: 33, 140, 142, 204; Law on Citizens' Property, 142

propaganda: 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 194; anti-Western (_see also_ Western influence), 155, 169, 188-189, 190, 191; Soviet Press Agency, 187-188

publishing: viii, 183, 187, 197-199; ideological content, 198-199; party control, 187, 197, 198; promotion of books abroad, 199; textbooks, 197-198, 199; translations, 197

_Rabotnichesko Delo_: 191, 192

radio and television: 125, 183, 184, 193-196, 267; color TV, 183, 196; foreign language, 195, 196; Intervision, 196; party control and use, 187, 194, 195; popularity, 185; programming, 195, 196; radio relay ties, 195; TV subscribers, 196

railroads: viii, 59-61; Orient Express, 59

rainfall: 43-44, 226

Rakovsky, Georgi: 19

religion: vii, 33, 65, 66-67, 189; Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 15, 19, 33, 66, 95, 98, 99, 121; Christianity, early, 12, 13, 14; church schools, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 121; Committee for Religious Affairs, 33; freedom of, vii, 66-67, 142; government control, 67; Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church, 12, 16, 95; Jews, vii, 34, 67; Moslem, vii, 16, 33, 67; Protestants, vii, 33-34, 67; religious art, 131; Roman Catholics, vii, 14, 33, 67; Russian Orthodox Church, 33; Turkish era, 16, 66

Rila Monastery: 134

Rila mountains: 40, 41, 42, 46, 57, 226, 227; mineral resources, 253; Mount Musala, 40

Rilska River: 42

roads: 61

Rodopi (Rhodope) Mountains: 25, 39-40 _passim_, 55, 226, 227; as boundary, 49; mineral resources, 48, 257, 259; Pomaks in, 67; population density, 57

Romania: 26-27, 35, 172, 175, 176, 256, 287; Balkan War--1913, 22-23; border crossing, 50; cooperative hydroelectric power complex, 176, 180, 255; World War I, 24

Romanians: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65

Romans: 9-10, 11, 12, 54

Rositsa River: 42

Rumili (Rumelia): 16, 20

Ruse: 54, 115, 199, 232, 250; railroads, 59, 60

Russia: 9, 17, 19, 22, 106, 172; Revolution--1917, 24

Saint Sophia church: 54

Saint Theodor of Plateina: 131

Sakar mountains: 40

Samuel, King: 13

Scientific and Technical Union: 277

sculpture: 133

Serbia: 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28

settlement patterns: 52-55

shipbuilding: 62

Shumen: 199

Simeon, regency for: 28

size: vii, 37

Slaveikov, Pencho: 127

Slaveikov, Petko: 126

Slavs: 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Sliven: 253

Slunchev Bryag: 196

smuggling: 273

Smyrnenski, Khristo: 127

social benefits: 89-91, 142

Social Democratic Party: 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 159, 191

social system: 6, 65-77; BKP membership, 6, 75; Communists, effect of, 65, 69, 73-77; feudal, 11; party elite, 6, 73-74, 75; peasants (_see also_ peasants), 6, 71,72, 74; rural-urban differences, 71-73; social mobility, 6, 7, 75-76; traditional, 6, 65, 72-73, 76-77; urban intelligentsia, 72, 73

Socialist patriotism: 189

Sofia: 40, 53-54, 250; Academy of Fine Arts, 132; administrative district, 50; Bulgarian National Library, 199; climate, 44, 53; education in, 107, 115, 117; Higher Institute of Construction and Engineering, 275; hot springs, 48, 53-54; industry, 259; libraries, 199; media administrative center, 187; mineral resources, 47, 48; Radio Sofia, 195; television, 196; theaters, 128, 129; transportation, ix, 59, 60, 63; Turkish period, 16, 17; University of, 96, 97, 113, 135; World War II, 28, 29

Sofia Basin: 38, 41, 227

soils: 44-45, 226-227

Soviet Union: Bulgarian students, 116; Bulgarian timber workers, 260, 263; electricity imports from, 256; influence, 3, 9, 10, 29-30, 155; relations, 153-154, 156, 162, 171, 172, 175, 296; trade, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257; World War II, 27, 28-29, 30-31, 288

sports: 91

Sredna Gora: 38, 42, 45, 259

Stalin, Joseph: 3, 34, 159, 172-173, 191-192, 270

Stambolisky, Alexander: 25, 163

Stara Planina: 38-46 _passim_, 226, 227; Botev Peak, 38; mineral resources, 47, 48, 253, 257, 259; population density, 57

Stara Zagora: 194, 199, 255

State Committee for Education and Technical Progress: 116, 140

State Council: vii, 137, 147; BKP membership, 143; establishment, 156, 162; executive council of Council of Ministers, 145, 174; Fatherland Front, relationship, 164; functions, 4-5, 143-145, 149, 173, 174; legislative initiative, 138, 141, 144; president, 143

Strandzha mountains: 40, 47, 227, 257

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: 181

Struma River: 42, 49, 226, 227, 253

suffrage: 21, 138, 139, 149

Suleiman the Magnificent: 17

Svishtov: 97, 115

Tarabanov, Milko: 180

Tatars: 15, 17

taxes: 84, 214

Tenth Party Congress: 140-141, 154, 156, 157, 161-163, 211, 212; Soviet-Bulgarian relations, 173; theme, 162

theater: 123, 125, 128-129

Thrace: 10, 14, 15, 20, 29; Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 49

Thracian Plain: 38-45 _passim_, 226, 227 agriculture, viii, 45-46; population density, 57

timber: 260, 266

Timok River: 49

Todorov, Stanko: 143, 161

topography: vii, 37-41

tourism: 133, 134; laws on stay of foreigners, 272-273; official currency exchange rate, 219; special problems, 282; television programs, 196

trade (_see also_ Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): 27, 179, 207, 220-223, 259; Arab countries, 179, 222; balance of trade, 223; foreign trade organizations, 220, 221; historic, 14, 17, 18, 27; imports of minerals, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260; incentives and subsidies, 220-221; Soviet Union, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257; state monopoly, viii, 220; U.S., 177-178

transportation: viii, 59-63, 86; airways, ix, 62-63; Berlin-to-Baghdad route, 59; cargo, viii, 59, 61-62; merchant marine, 59; passenger, viii, 61; railroads, viii, 59-61; roads, viii, 61; waterways, viii, 61-62

Traykov, Georgi: 164

Treaty of San Stefano: 2, 20, 22

Tsar Ivailo: 14

Tsar Simeon: 12

Tundzha River: 42, 45, 227

Turkey (_see also_ Turkish rule; Turks): 26-27, 177, 290, 296; Balkan Wars, 22; radio relay lines with Bulgaria, 195

Turkish rule (_see also_ liberation): 9, 13, 15-20, 52; administration, 16; culture, 15, 17, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134; education, 16, 93; reforms, 18-19; religion, 16, 66; rise of nationalism, 17-20

Turks: vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177; emigration, 57-58, 66

Turnovo: 15, 199; Balkantourist Hotel, 134

Tyulenovo: 254

Union of Working Youth: 277

United Nations: Committee on Disarmament, 181, 292; membership, vii, 34, 172, 180; participation, 180-181

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 181

United States relations: 34, 35, 177-178, 222

urban development: 53

Ustashi: 26

Valley of Roses: 38, 45

Vaptsarov, Nikola: 127

Varna: 54, 57, 62, 199, 250; radio and television, 195, 196; railroads, 59, 60; universities, 97, 115

Vazov, Ivan: 126-127

vegetation: 45-46

Velev, Angel: 150

Veliko Turnovo: 54

Velsko: 199

Vidin Kingdom: 15

Vietnam, North: 117, 222

Visigoths and Ostrogoths: 10

Vitosha mountains: 40

Vladigerov, Pancho: 130

Vratsa: 254

Vucha River: 42

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact): vii, 7, 171, 175, 179, 287, 290, 292, 293-294, 298

Western influence: 18, 34, 176, 185, 294

wildlife: 47

women: 69-70; alcoholism, 281; BKP membership, 160; Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169; labor, 237, 262; maternity leave, 90; penal institutions, 285; rights of, 142, 168; traditional role, 68

Workers Party: 30

World War I: 23-25

World War II: 1, 9, 10, 23-25, 288; declaration of war against Germany, 29; effect, 29-30; partisans, 30-31, 132, 277, 287; relations with Soviet Union, 27, 30-31, 288; Soviet occupation, 28-29, 31

youth: crime, 280, 285, 294; films on, 202; ideological training, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169, 284, 285; labor, 237; news organization, 193; nihilist attitude, 155-156, 167, 278-279, 295; sources of information, 185

youth organizations (_see also_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Union): 8, 76, 167-168, 277-279

Yovkov, Yordan: 127

Yugoslavia: 26, 35, 172, 256; Macedonians, treatment of, 66; relations, 26-27, 34-35, 176, 192, 296; World War II, 28

Yugov, Anton: 35, 161

Zakhariev, Vasil: 133

Zemen Monastery: 131

Zhivkov, Todor: 1, 3, 35-36; agricultural policy, 230, 231-232, 233; attempted coup against in 1965, 35-36, 153, 154, 156, 271; Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169; cultural policy, 124, 132; economic reforms, 160, 206; foreign policy, 35, 178; head-of-state, 4-5, 143, 153, 158, 160, 161; loyalty to Soviet Union, 1, 35, 153, 156, 171, 173, 175; media restrictions, 186; on education, 98, 103, 104; on Politburo membership, 162-163; pension system, criticism of, 90; reforms, 83, 154-155; Tenth Party Congress, 162; wage system reform, 208-209; "Youth Theses", 155, 167

Zlatni Pyassutsi (Golden Sands): 55

Zveno (link) group: 26, 32

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+-------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | Typographical errors corrected in the text: | | | | Page 17 beseiged changed to besieged | | Page 28 prisioners changed to prisoners | | Page 83 footware changed to footwear | | Page 86 knitware changed to knitwear | | Page 105 knowlege changed to knowledge | | Page 111 gymasium changed to gymnasium | | Page 129 Ghiaourov changed to Ghiaurov | | Page 168 activitists changed to activists | | Page 193 Blageovgrad changed to Blagoevgrad | | Page 205 offically changed to officially | | Page 218 organizaton's changed to organization's | | Page 240 officialy changed to officially | | Page 255 billiion changed to billion | | Page 256 bilowatt changed to kilowatt | | Page 261 distruption changed to disruption | | Page 302 Vladimer changed to Vladimir | | Page 306 Youkov changed to Yovkov | | Page 322 Ghiaourov changed to Ghiaurov | | Page 322 hydroelecticity changed to hydroelectricity | | Page 323 okrugi changed to okruzi | | Page 324 Rabotnickesko changed to Rabotnichesko | +-------------------------------------------------------+