Chapter 1

2. Historical Setting 9 Antiquity and the Middle Ages--Ottoman Turk Rule--National Awakening and Independence--Creation of Modern Albania--Communist Seizure and Consolidation of Power--The Communist Period

3. Physical Environment 25 Natural Regions--National Boundaries--Local Administrative Areas--Climate--Drainage--Natural Resources--Transportation

4. The People 49 Population--Ethnic Groups--Languages--Settlement Patterns--Living Conditions

5. Social System 67 Traditional Social Patterns and Values--Social Stratifications under Communist Rule--Education--Religion

6. Government Structure and Political System 103 Formal Structure of Government--Court System--Political Dynamics--Foreign Relations

7. Communications and Cultural Development 125 Nature and Functions of the Information Media--The Press--Radio and Television--Book Publishing and Libraries--Cultural Development

8. Economic System 145 Labor--Agriculture--Industry--Finance--Foreign Economic Relations

9. Internal and External Security 175 Historical Background--The Military Establishment--The Military Establishment and the National Economy, Foreign Military Relations--Security Forces

BIBLIOGRAPHY 197

GLOSSARY 209

INDEX 213

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Transportation Systems in Albania xiv

2 Landform Regions in Albania 28

3 Administrative Districts in Albania 34

4 Rivers and Lakes in Albania 38

5 Educational System in Albania, 1969 89

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Temperature and Precipitation Averages for Selected Locations in Albania 36

2 Drainage Basins in Albania 40

3 Albanian Vital Statistics for Selected Years, 1950-68 52

4 Social Composition of the Population of Albania 76

5 Summary of Educational Institutions, Pupils, and Teachers in Albania, for Selected Years 92

6 Students Attending Higher Institutes in Albania 93

7 Selected Albanian Newspapers, 1967 130

8 Selected Albanian Periodicals, 1967 131

9 Albanian Radio Stations, 1969 133

10 Production of Field Crops and Fruits in Albania, 1960 and 1965-70 156

11 Livestock in Albania, 1960, 1964-66, and 1970 Plan 156

12 Industrial Production in Albania, 1960 and 1964-69 163