Architecture: Classic and Early Christian
Chapter 6
MOHAMMEDAN ARCHITECTURE.
Egypt, Syria and Palestine, Sicily and Spain, Persia and India. 252
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE THE PARTHENON AT ATHENS, AS IT WAS IN THE TIME OF PERICLES, _circa_ B.C. 438. _Frontispiece_
ATRIUM OF A ROMAN MANSION. (_on title-page_)
FRIEZE FROM CHURCH AT DENKENDORF. x
ROCK-CUT TOMB AT MYRA, IN LYCIA. IMITATION OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN STONE. xviii
THE TEMPLE OF VESTA AT TIVOLI. xxiv
1. OPENING SPANNED BY A LINTEL. ARCH OF THE GOLDSMITHS, ROME. 3
2. OPENING SPANNED BY A SEMICIRCULAR ARCH. ROMAN TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT POLA. 4
3. OPENINGS SPANNED BY POINTED ARCHES. INTERIOR OF ST. FRONT, PÉRIGUEUX, FRANCE. 5
4. TEMPLE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA. RESTORED ACCORDING TO ADLER. 8
5. PART OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE COLOSSEUM, ROME. 10
6. TIMBER ARCHITECTURE. CHURCH AT BORGUND. 12
7. AN EGYPTIAN CORNICE. 14
8. SECTION ACROSS THE GREAT PYRAMID (OF CHEOPS OR SUPHIS). 17
9. ASCENDING GALLERY IN THE GREAT PYRAMID. 19
10. THE SEPULCHRAL CHAMBER IN THE PYRAMID OF CEPHREN AT GIZEH. 19
11. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KING'S CHAMBER IN THE GREAT PYRAMID. 19
12. IMITATION OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN STONE, FROM A TOMB AT MEMPHIS. 21
13. IMITATION OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION IN STONE, FROM A TOMB AT MEMPHIS. 21
14. PLAN AND SECTION OF THE TOMB AT BENI-HASSAN. 23
15. ROCK-CUT FAÇADE OF THE TOMB AT BENI-HASSAN. 24
16. GROUND-PLAN OF THE TEMPLE AT KARNAK. 26
17. THE HYPOSTYLE HALL AT KARNAK, SHOWING THE CLERESTORY. 27
18. ENTRANCE TO AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE, SHOWING THE PYLONS. 27
19. PLAN OF THE TEMPLE AT EDFOU. 30
20. EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THE MAMMISI AT EDFOU. 30
21. GROUND-PLAN OF THE ROCK-CUT TEMPLE AT IPSAMBOUL. 31
22. SECTION OF THE ROCK-CUT TEMPLE AT IPSAMBOUL. 31
23. EGYPTIAN COLUMN WITH LOTUS BUD CAPITAL. 33
24. EGYPTIAN COLUMN WITH LOTUS FLOWER CAPITAL. 33
25. PALM CAPITAL. 34
26. SCULPTURED CAPITAL. 34
27. ISIS CAPITAL FROM DENDERAH. 35
28. FANCIFUL COLUMN FROM PAINTED DECORATION AT THEBES. 35
29. CROWNING CORNICE AND BEAD. 36
30. PAINTED DECORATION FROM THEBES. 42
31. SCULPTURED ORNAMENT AT NINEVEH. 43
32. PALACE AT KHORSABAD. BUILT BY KING SARGON ABOUT 710 B.C. 48
33. PAVEMENT FROM KHOYUNJIK. 51
34. PROTO-IONIC COLUMN FROM ASSYRIAN SCULPTURE. 53
34a. PROTO-IONIC CAPITAL FROM ASSYRIAN SCULPTURE. 53
34b. PROTO-CORINTHIAN CAPITAL FROM ASSYRIAN SCULPTURE. 53
35. TOMB OF CYRUS. 54
35a. GENERAL PLAN OF THE BUILDINGS AT PERSEPOLIS. 56
35b. COLUMN FROM PERSEPOLIS--EAST AND WEST PORTICOES. 58
36. COLUMN FROM PERSEPOLIS--NORTH PORTICO. 58
37. THE ROCK-CUT TOMB OF DARIUS. 60
38. SCULPTURED ORNAMENT AT ALLAHABAD. 64
39. DAGOBA FROM CEYLON. 66
40. CHAITYA NEAR POONA. 68
41. THE KYLAS AT ELLORA. A ROCK-CUT MONUMENT. 69
42. PLAN OF THE KYLAS AT ELLORA. 70
43. VIMANA FROM MANASARA. 71
44. BRACKET CAPITAL. 73
45. COLUMN FROM AJUNTA. 73
46. COLUMN FROM ELLORA. 73
47. COLUMN FROM AJUNTA. 73
48. A SMALL PAGODA. 76
49. GREEK HONEYSUCKLE ORNAMENT. 80
50. PLAN OF A SMALL GREEK TEMPLE IN ANTIS. 82
50a. PLAN OF A SMALL GREEK TEMPLE. 83
51. ANCIENT GREEK WALL OF UNWROUGHT STONE FROM SAMOTHRACE. 86
52. PLAN OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS AT MYCENÆ. 86
52a. SECTION OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS AT MYCENÆ. 86
53. GREEK DORIC CAPITAL FROM SELINUS. 87
53a. GREEK DORIC CAPITAL FROM THE THESEUM. 87
53b. GREEK DORIC CAPITAL FROM SAMOTHRACE. 87
54. THE RUINS OF THE PARTHENON AT ATHENS. 89
55. PLAN OF THE PARTHENON. 90
56. THE ROOF OF A GREEK DORIC TEMPLE, SHOWING THE MARBLE TILES. 91
56a. SECTION OF THE GREEK DORIC TEMPLE AT PÆSTUM. AS RESTORED BY BÖTTICHER. 92
57. THE GREEK DORIC ORDER FROM THE THESEUM. 93
58. PLAN OF A GREEK DORIC COLUMN. 94
59. THE FILLETS UNDER A GREEK DORIC CAPITAL. 94
60. CAPITAL OF A GREEK DORIC COLUMN FROM ÆGINA, WITH COLOURED DECORATION. 95
61. SECTION OF THE ENTABLATURE OF THE GREEK DORIC ORDER. 96
62. PLAN, LOOKING UP, OF PART OF A GREEK DORIC PERISTYLE. 96
63. DETAILS OF THE TRIGLYPH. 97
64. DETAILS OF THE MUTULES. 97
65. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF THE CAPITAL OF A GREEK ANTA, WITH COLOURED DECORATION. 99
66. PALMETTE AND HONEYSUCKLE. 102
67. SHAFT OF AN IONIC COLUMN, SHOWING THE FLUTES. 103
68. IONIC CAPITAL. FRONT ELEVATION. 103
69. IONIC CAPITAL. SIDE ELEVATION. 103
70. THE IONIC ORDER. FROM PRIENE, ASIA MINOR. 105
71. THE IONIC ORDER. FROM THE ERECHTHEIUM, ATHENS. 106
72. NORTH-WEST VIEW OF THE ERECHTHEIUM, IN THE TIME OF PERICLES. 107
73. PLAN OF THE ERECHTHEIUM. 108
74. IONIC BASE FROM THE TEMPLE OF THE WINGLESS VICTORY (NIKÈ APTEROS). 108
75. IONIC BASE MOULDINGS FROM PRIENE. 108
76. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER. FROM THE MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES AT ATHENS. 111
77. CORINTHIAN CAPITAL FROM THE MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES. 112
78. MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES, AS IN THE TIME OF PERICLES. 113
79. CAPITAL OF AN ANTA FROM MILETUS. SIDE VIEW. 114
80. RESTORATION OF THE GREEK THEATRE OF SEGESTA. 115
81. CAPITAL OF AN ANTA FROM MILETUS. 117
82. GREEK DOORWAY, SHOWING CORNICE. 123
83. GREEK DOORWAY. FRONT VIEW. (FROM THE ERECHTHEIUM.) 123
84. THE ACANTHUS LEAF AND STALK. 128
85. THE ACANTHUS LEAF. 129
86. METOPE FROM THE PARTHENON. CONFLICT BETWEEN A CENTAUR AND ONE OF THE LAPITHÆ. 130
87. MOSAIC FROM THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPIA. 131
88. SECTION OF THE PORTICO OF THE ERECHTHEIUM. 132
89. PLAN OF THE PORTICO OF THE ERECHTHEIUM, LOOKING UP. 132
90. CAPITAL OF ANTÆ FROM THE ERECHTHEIUM. 133
91-96. GREEK ORNAMENTS IN RELIEF. 134
97-104. GREEK ORNAMENTS IN RELIEF. 135
105-110. GREEK ORNAMENTS IN COLOUR. 136
111-113. EXAMPLES OF HONEYSUCKLE ORNAMENT. 137
114. COMBINATION OF THE FRET, THE EGG AND DART, THE BEAD AND FILLET, AND THE HONEYSUCKLE. 137
116-120. EXAMPLES OF THE FRET. 137
121. ELEVATION OF AN ETRUSCAN TEMPLE (RESTORED FROM DESCRIPTIONS ONLY). 138
122. SEPULCHRE AT CORNETO. 140
123. THE CLOACA MAXIMA. 142
124. "INCANTADA" IN SALONICA. 147
125. THE IONIC ORDER FROM THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA VIRILIS, ROME. 148
126. ROMAN-CORINTHIAN TEMPLE AT NÎMES (MAISON CARRÉE). PROBABLY OF THE TIME OF HADRIAN. 150
127. GROUND-PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF VESTA AT TIVOLI. 151
128. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER FROM THE TEMPLE OF VESTA AT TIVOLI. 152
129. THE TEMPLE OF VESTA AT TIVOLI. PLAN, LOOKING UP, AND SECTION OF PART OF THE PERISTYLE. 153
130. GROUND-PLAN OF THE BASILICA ULPIA, ROME. 155
131. PLAN OF THE COLOSSEUM, ROME. 157
132. THE COLOSSEUM. SECTION AND ELEVATION. 158
133. PLAN OF THE PRINCIPAL BUILDING, BATHS OF CARACALLA, ROME. 163
134. INTERIOR OF SANTA MARIA DEGLI ANGELI, ROME. 165
135. THE PANTHEON, ROME. GROUND-PLAN. 166
136. THE PANTHEON. EXTERIOR. 167
137. THE PANTHEON. INTERIOR. 168
138. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER FROM THE PANTHEON. 169
139. THE ARCH OF CONSTANTINE, ROME. 172
140. GROUND-PLAN OF THE HOUSE OF PANSA, POMPEII. 176
141. GROUND-PLAN OF THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET, POMPEII. 177
142. THE ATRIUM OF A POMPEIAN HOUSE. 178
143. WALL DECORATION FROM POMPEII. 180
144. CARVING FROM THE FORUM OF NERVA, ROME. 182
145. ROMAN-CORINTHIAN CAPITAL AND BASE. FROM THE TEMPLE OF VESTA AT TIVOLI. 188
145a. A ROMAN COMPOSITE CAPITAL. 188
146. PART OF THE THEATRE OF MARCELLUS, ROME. SHOWING THE COMBINATION OF COLUMNS AND ARCHED OPENINGS. 190
147. FROM THE RUINS OF THE FORUM OF NERVA, ROME. SHOWING THE USE OF AN ATTIC STORY. 191
148. FROM THE BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME. SHOWING A FRAGMENTARY ENTABLATURE AT THE STARTING OF PART OF A VAULT. 192
149. FROM THE PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPALATRO. SHOWING AN ARCH SPRINGING FROM A COLUMN. 192
150. MOULDINGS AND ORNAMENTS FROM VARIOUS ROMAN BUILDINGS. 193
151. ROMAN CARVING. AN ACANTHUS LEAF. 194
152. THE EGG AND DART ENRICHMENT--ROMAN. 194
153. WALL-DECORATION OF (SO-CALLED) ARABESQUE CHARACTER FROM POMPEII. 195
154. DECORATION IN RELIEF AND COLOUR OF THE VAULT OF A TOMB IN THE VIA LATINA, NEAR ROME. 197
155. BASILICA CHURCH OF SAN MINIATO, FLORENCE. 198
156. INTERIOR OF A BASILICA AT POMPEII. RESTORED, FROM DESCRIPTIONS BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. 200
156a. BASILICA, OR EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH, OF SANT' AGNESE AT ROME. 202
157. SANT' APOLLINARE, RAVENNA. PART OF THE ARCADE AND APSE. 205
158. APSE OF THE BASILICA OF SAN PAOLO FUORI LE MURA, ROME. 207
158a. FRIEZE FROM THE MONASTERY AT FULDA. 210
159. CHURCH OF SANTA SOPHIA AT CONSTANTINOPLE. LONGITUDINAL SECTION. 212
160. PLAN OF SAN VITALE AT RAVENNA. 216
161. SAN VITALE AT RAVENNA. LONGITUDINAL SECTION. 216
162. PLAN OF ST. MARK'S AT VENICE. 217
163. SCULPTURED ORNAMENT FROM THE GOLDEN DOOR OF JERUSALEM. 219
164. CHURCH AT TURMANIN IN SYRIA. 220
165. TOWER OF A RUSSIAN CHURCH. 221
166. TOWER OF EARL'S BARTON CHURCH. 223
167. CATHEDRAL AT PIACENZA. 225
168. VAULTS OF THE EXCAVATED ROMAN BATHS IN THE MUSÉE DE CLUNY, PARIS. 227
169. CHURCH OF ST. SERNIN, TOULOUSE. 228
170. NAVE ARCADE AT ST. SERNIN, TOULOUSE. 229
171. ARCHES IN RECEDING PLANES AT ST. SERNIN, TOULOUSE. 230
172. NORMAN ARCHES IN ST. PETER'S CHURCH, NORTHAMPTON. 234
173. NAVE ARCADE, PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. 236
174. DECORATIVE ARCADE FROM CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 237
175. HEDINGHAM CASTLE. 238
176. INTERIOR OF HEDINGHAM CASTLE. 239
177. ROUNDED ARCH OF CHURCH AT GELNHAUSEN. 240
178. PLAN OF THE CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES AT COLOGNE. 241
179. SPIRE OF SPIRES CATHEDRAL. 242
180. CHURCH AT ROSHEIM. UPPER PORTION OF FAÇADE. 244
181. CUBIC CAPITAL. 246
182. DOORWAY AT TIND, NORWAY. 247
183. MOULDINGS OF PORTAL OF ST. JAMES'S CHURCH AT KOESFELD. 248
184. BYZANTINE BASKET WORK CAPITAL FROM SAN MICHELE IN AFFRICISCO AT RAVENNA. 251
185. ARABIAN CAPITAL. FROM THE ALHAMBRA. 252
186. HORSE-SHOE ARCH. 254
187. EXTERIOR OF SANTA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE. SHOWING THE MINARETS ADDED AFTER ITS CONVERSION INTO A MOSQUE. 255
188. ALHAMBRA. HALL OF THE ABENCERRAGES. 257
189. MOSQUE "EL MOYED" AT CAIRO. 259
190. ARABIAN WALL DECORATION. 260
191. PLAN OF THE SAKHRA MOSQUE AT JERUSALEM. 261
192. SECTION OF THE SAKHRA MOSQUE AT JERUSALEM. 262
193. DOORWAY IN THE ALHAMBRA. 264
194. GRAND MOSQUE AT DELHI, BUILT BY SHAH JEHAN. 267
195. ENTRANCE TO A MOORISH BAZAAR. 269
GLOSSARY.
ABACUS, a square tablet which crowns the capital of the column.
ACANTHUS, a plant, the foliage of which was imitated in the ornament of the Corinthian capital.
AGORA, the place of general assembly in a Greek city.
ALÆ (_Lat._ wings), recesses opening out of the atrium of a Roman house.
ALHAMBRA, the palatial fortress of Granada (from _al hamra_--the red).
AMBO, a fitting of early Christian churches, very similar to a pulpit.
AMPHITHEATRE, a Roman place of public entertainment in which combats of gladiators, &c., were exhibited.
ANTÆ, narrow piers used in connection with columns in Greek architecture, for the same purpose as pilasters in Roman.
ARABESQUE, a style of very light ornamental decoration.
ARCHAIC, primitive, so ancient as to be rude, or at least extremely simple.
ARCHIVOLT, the series of mouldings which is carried round an arch.
ARENA, the space in the centre of an amphitheatre where the combats, &c., took place.
ARRIS, a sharp edge.
ASTRAGAL, a small round moulding.
ATRIUM, the main quadrangle in a Roman dwelling-house; also the enclosed court in front of an early Christian basilican church.
BAPTISTERY, a building, or addition to a building, erected for the purposes of celebrating the rite of Christian baptism.
BASEMENT, the lowest story of a building, applied also to the lowest part of an architectural design.
BAS-RELIEF, a piece of sculpture in low relief.
BIRD'S-BEAK, a moulding in Greek architecture, used in the capitals of Antæ.
BYZANTINE, the style of Christian architecture which had its origin at Byzantium (Constantinople).
CARCERES, in the ancient racecourses, goals and starting-points.
CARTOUCHE, in Egyptian buildings, a hieroglyphic signifying the name of a king or other important person.
CARYATIDÆ, human figures made to carry an entablature, in lieu of columns in some Classic buildings.
CAVÆDIAM, another name for the atrium of a Roman house.
CAVEA, the part of an ancient theatre occupied by the audience.
CAVETTO, in Classic architecture, a hollow moulding.
CELLA, the principal, often the only, apartment of a Greek or Roman temple.
CHAITYA, an Indian temple, or hall of assembly.
CIRCUS, a Roman racecourse.
CLOACA, a sewer or drain.
COLUMBARIUM, literally a pigeon-house--a Roman sepulchre built in many compartments.
COLUMNAR, made with columns.
COMPLUVIUM, the open space or the middle of the roof of a Roman atrium.
CORONA, in the cornices of Greek and Roman architecture, the plain unmoulded feature which is supported by the lower part of the cornice, and on which the crowning mouldings rest.
CORNICE, the horizontal series of mouldings crowning the top of a building or the walls of a room.
CUNEIFORM, of letters in Assyrian inscriptions, wedge-shaped.
CYCLOPEAN, applied to masonry constructed of vast stones, usually not hewn or squared.
CYMA (recta, or reversa), a moulding, in Classic architecture, of an outline partly convex and partly concave.
DAGOBA, an Indian tomb of conical shape.
DENTIL BAND, in Classic architecture, a series of small blocks resembling square-shaped teeth.
DOMUS (_Lat._), a house, applied usually to a detached residence.
DWARF-WALL, a very low wall.
ECHINUS, in Greek Doric architecture, the principal moulding of the capital placed immediately under the abacus.
ENTABLATURE, the superstructure--comprising architrave, frieze and cornice--above the columns in Classic architecture.
ENTASIS, in the shaft of a column, a curved outline.
EPHEBEUM, the large hall in Roman baths in which youths practised gymnastic exercises.
FACIA, in Classic architecture, a narrow flat band or face.
FAUCES, the passage from the atrium to the peristyle in a Roman house.
FLUTES, the small channels which run from top to bottom of the shaft of most columns in Classic architecture.
FORUM, the place of general assembly in a Roman city, as the Agora was in a Greek.
FRESCO, painting executed upon a plastered wall while the plaster is still wet.
FRET, an ornament made up of squares and L-shaped lines, in use in Greek architecture.
GARTH, the central space round which a cloister is carried.
GIRDER, a beam.
GROUTED, said of masonry or brickwork, treated with liquid mortar to fill up all crevices and interstices.
GUTTÆ, small pendent features in Greek and Roman Doric cornices, resembling rows of wooden pegs.
HEXASTYLE, of six columns.
HONEYSUCKLE ORNAMENT, a decoration constantly introduced into Assyrian and Greek architecture, founded upon the flower of the honeysuckle.
HORSE-SHOE ARCH, an arch more than a semicircle, and so wider above than at its springing.
HYPOSTYLE, literally "under columns," but used to mean filled by columns.
IMPLUVIUM, the space into which the rain fell in the centre of the atrium of a Roman house.
INSULA, a block of building surrounded on all sides by streets, literally an island.
INTERCOLUMNIATION, the space between two columns.
KEYED, secured closely by interlocking.
KIBLA, the most sacred part of a Mohammedan mosque.
LÂTS, in Indian architecture, Buddhist inscribed pillars.
MAMMISI, small Egyptian temples.
MASTABA, the most usual form of Egyptian tomb.
MAUSOLEUM, a magnificent sepulchral monument or tomb. From the tomb erected to Mausolus, by his wife Artemisia, at Halicarnassus, 379 B.C.
METOPES, literally faces, the square spaces between triglyphs in Doric architecture; occasionally applied to the sculptures fitted into these spaces.
MINARET, a slender lofty tower, a usual appendage of a Mohammedan mosque.
MONOLITH, of one stone.
MORTISE, a hollow in a stone or timber to receive a corresponding projection.
MOSQUE, a Mohammedan place of worship.
MUTULE, a feature in a Classic Doric cornice, somewhat resembling the end of a timber beam.
NARTHEX, in an early Christian church, the space next the entrance.
OBELISK, a tapering stone pillar, a feature of Egyptian architecture.
OPUS ALEXANDRINUM, the mosaic work used for floors in Byzantine and Romanesque churches.
OVOLO, a moulding, the profile of which resembles the outline of an egg, used in Classic architecture.
PENDENTIVE, a feature in Byzantine and other domed buildings, employed to enable a circular dome to stand over a square space.
PERISTYLAR, or PERIPTERAL, with columns all round.
PERISTYLIUM, or PERISTYLE, in a Roman house, the inner courtyard; also any space or enclosure with columns all round it.
PISCINA, a small basin usually executed in stone and placed within a sculptured niche, fixed at the side of an altar in a church, with a channel to convey away the water poured into it.
POLYCHROMY, the use of decorative colours.
PRECINCTS, the space round a church or religious house, usually enclosed with a wall.
PRESBYTERY, the eastern part of a church, the chancel.
PROFILE (of a moulding), the outline which it would present if cut across at right angles to its length.
PRONAOS, the front portion or vestibule to a temple.
PROPYLÆA, in Greek architecture, a grand portal or state entrance.
PROTHYRUM, in a Roman house, the porch or entrance.
PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL, resembling, but not really being peristylar.
PYLON, or PRO-PYLON, the portal or front of an Egyptian temple.
QUADRIGA, a four-horse chariot.
ROMANESQUE, the style of Christian architecture which was founded on Roman work.
ROTUNDA, a building circular in plan.
SACRISTY, the part of a church where the treasures belonging to the church are preserved.
SHINTO TEMPLES, temples (in Japan) devoted to the Shinto religion.
SPAN, the space over which an arch or a roof extends.
SPINA, the central wall of a Roman racecourse.
STILTED, raised, usually applied to an arch when its centre is above the top of the jambs from which it springs.
STRUTS, props.
STUPA, in Indian architecture, a mound or tope.
STYLOBATE, a series of steps, usually those leading up to a Classic temple.
TAAS, a pagoda.
TABLINUM, in a Roman house, the room between the atrium and the peristyle.
TALAR, in Assyrian architecture, an open upper story.
TENONED, fastened with a projection or tenon.
TESSELATED, made of small squares of material, applied to coarse mosaic work.
TETRASTYLE, with four columns.
THERMÆ, the great bathing establishments of the Romans.
TOPES, in Indian architecture, artificial mounds.
TRABEATED, constructed with a beam or beams, a term usually employed in contrast to arches.
TRICLINIUM, in a Roman house, the dining-room.
TRIGLYPH, the channelled feature in the frieze of the Doric order.
TUMULI, mounds, usually sepulchral.
TYPHONIA, small Egyptian temples.
VELARIUM, a great awning.
VESTIBULE, the outer hall or ante-room.
VOLUTES, in Classic architecture, the curled ornaments of the Ionic capital.
VOUSSOIRS, the wedge-shaped stones of which arches are made.
N.B. For the explanation of other technical words found in this volume, consult the Glossary given with the companion volume on Gothic and Renaissance Architecture.
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE.