Chapter 22

At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360 feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones, some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, 100 feet long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the side between the inclosure and the river.

WAIMEA

There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.

At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way. On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner, the third about midway between them. No doubt their position determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope. The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are the south and west walls along their entire length except for a protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to the ruin.

Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below. If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank among their divinities.

CONCLUSIONS

As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to 1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr. Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise which will include all his observations and deductions along the same lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the principal structures.

All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum and Dr. Brigham.

INDEX

Page.

ACCOUNT'S CAVES 131

ADAIR, quoted on construction of houses 170

ADZES-- chert, from Miller's Cave 79 stone, in Molokai 177

AKERS POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 18

ALABAMA, explorations in 133-150

ALABASTER-- from Wyandotte Cave 108-109 _See_ Stalagmite; Travertine.

ALFORD'S CAVE 140

ALLEN, VALENTINE, acknowledgment to 29

ALTARS, SUPPOSED SACRIFICIAL, origin of 172 _See_ SACRIFICIAL STONES.

ALTON, house mounds near 161

ANIMALS-- bones of, found in cave 33 of Molokai 176

ANTLER, OBJECTS OF, from Sell Cave 48

ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARK., excavation of mound in 170

ARKLOW CAVE 125

ARLINGTON-- cairns in vicinity of 40 caves in vicinity of 34, 35

ARMSTRONG, B.G., tradition investigated by 172

ARNHOLDT CAVE 90

ARROWHEADS discovered in caves 31, 39

ASH CAVE 89

ASHES-- beds of, in caves 31, 32, 33, 38 curious cavities in 67-68 deposit of, in Miller's Cave 65-66

ASHLEY CREEK, cave on 19

AWLS-- bone, in Miller's Cave 74 from Goat Bluff Cave 37

AXES-- from Miller's Cave 78 grooved, found in cave 39, 40

AZTALAN, WIS., theory concerning wall at 172

BAGNELL HILL, cave on 94

BAILEY'S CAVE 140

BAKER'S LAKE, cave on 89

"BALLROOM" of Bates Cave 23

BARNARD CAVE 140-141

BARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in 119

BAT CAVE-- in Colbert County 134 in Shannon County 18 near Crocker 55 on the Osage River 95

BATES CAVE 22-23

BATTLE GROUND near Miller's Cave 59

BEADS-- columella, from cairn 87 shell, found in cairn 28 stone, in cave 31

BEAR CREEK, rock house on 118

BECKER, PHILIP, examination of cave refuse by 84

"BECKWITH'S FORT," mounds near 169

BEDFORD, caves in vicinity of 103, 104

BEER CAVE, popular name for Steuffer Cave 99

BELCHER CAVE 121

BELL, ROBERT A., cave on farm of 51

BELL'S CAVE 122

BEN SMITH'S CAVE 119

BERRY, GEORGE, cave on land of 43

BIG CREEK CAVE 18

BIG-MOUTH CAVE 138

BIG PINEY-- caves in vicinity of 57, 81 house mounds on 162

BIG PINEY POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 56

BIRTHSTONE of Kauai Island 192

BISHOP MUSEUM, value of, to students 174

BLATCHLEY, W.S.-- caverns described by 102 quoted 103-104, 107, 110

BLEDSOE COUNTY, TENN., cave in 128

BLOODLAND, house mounds near 57

BLOWING CAVE 136

BLUE RIVER, caves on 111

BLUE SPRING CAVE 18

BLUEWATER CAVE 134

BLUFF CITY, caves in vicinity of 124, 125

BODE CAVE 94

BOILING SPRING OF THE GASCONADE, cave near 34

BOND, JOHN R., cave on farm of 92

BONE CAVE 120

BONES, ANIMAL, in caves 33, 37, 72, 73

BONES, HUMAN-- in Bell's Cave 51 in cairn at Devil's Elbow 86-87 in cairns on Helm's farm 88 in Caldwell's Cave 132 in cave on Meshach Creek 121 in Colyer's Cave 133 in Cub Run Cave 113 in dune burials 193 in Goat Bluff Cave 36, 37, 38, 39 in Gourd Creek Cave 34 in Haunted Cave 116 in Hawaiian caves 182 in Miller's Cave 67, 69-72, 73, 76 in mound 151 in Ramsey's Cave 82 in Sell Cave 47-49 _See_ Skeletons; Skulls.

BOWLING GREEN, caves near 118

BRADLEY CAVE 112

BRANDON, cave near 138

BRIDAL CAVE, beauty of 90

BRIGGS, CAPT. J.B., cave owned by 117

BRIGGS, IKE, cave on land of 116

BRIGGS'S CAVE 116

BRIGHAM, DR., work of 174, 194

BROOKS CAVE 56

BRUMLEY, cave in vicinity of 91

BRYANT'S BLUFF, rock shelters in 40

BUCHER CAVE 51

BUCKNER CAVE. _See_ Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.

BUFFALO WALLOWS, so-called 152

BUNCH CAVE 90

BURIAL CAVE near Sheffields 135

BURIAL CUSTOMS in Hawaii 192

BURIAL PLACES on Maui Island 190

BURIALS-- communal 151, 153, 157 dune 193-194 in Goat Bluff Cave 36 in Gourd Creek Cave 30 inclosed in flat stones 88 on Lost Hill 27 _See_ Cairns; Graves.

BURKSVILLE, cave near 111

BUSHNELL, D.I., JR.-- conclusion of, regarding house mounds 164 quoted on house mounds 161

CAIRNS-- at Miller's Cave 59 at Sugar Tree camp 40 containing double burial 19 in vicinity of Eugene, Mo. 96 near Pillman's Cave 83 near Woodland Cave 84 of common occurrence 17 on Helm's farm 87-89 on Lost Hill 24-28, 84 on the Gasconade 40, 99 _See_ Burials; Graves.

CALDWELL'S CAVE 131-132

CAMDEN COUNTY, MO.-- explorations in 89-91 geological formations in 91

CAMERON, WILLIAM, tradition obtained by 172

CAMP-GROUND CAVE 51

CANNIBAL HOUSE, so-called, near Omaha 156

CANNIBALISM, discoveries indicating 77

CAVE, meaning of term, in Hawaii 182

CAVE EARTH, composition of 16

CAVE EXPLORATION, conditions considered in 101

CAVE MAN, no trace of, in Ozark Hills 15

CAVES. _See_ CAVERNS.

CAVERNS-- air of 14-15 as habitations 14 development of 13-14 floors of 14 method of measuring 17 proper examination of 16

CAVITIES IN ASH-BED 67-68, 73

CEDAR GROVE, cave in vicinity of 18

CHATTANOOGA, caves in vicinity of 132

CHAUMONT STATION, cave near 117

CHEATHAM'S FERRY, cave near 134

CHIPPEWAS, Sioux driven westward by 172

CHUNKEY STONES in Molokai 177, 180

CITY OF REFUGE-- at mouth of Wailua River 193 wall of 184

CIVIL WAR, caves as shelters during 23

CLARKSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 123

CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE 89

COAHOMA COUNTY, MISS., large mound in 171

COAL PIT HOLLOW, mention of 24

COFFEE CAVE 134

COKELY CAVE 90

COLBERT COUNTY, ALA., caves of 134, 135

COLE COUNTY, MO., explorations in 100

COLLEGE CAVE 128

COLLINSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 139

COLOSSAL CAVE 115

COLYER'S CAVE 133

COMMUNAL BURIAL. _See_ Burials, communal.

COOK, CAPTAIN, death of 184

COOKE, GEORGE, acknowledgment to 175

COOKING, method of, in Molokai 179

COOKVILLE, caves in vicinity of 42

CRAWFORD COUNTY, IND., explorations in 107

CRITTENDEN COUNTY, ARK., mound excavations in 169

CRUMP'S CAVE 118

CUB RUN CAVE 113-115

CULVER'S CAVE 136

CURRENT RIVER, caves of 18

DAERHOFF, BEN, cave on farm of 95

DALLAS COUNTY, MO., house mounds in 161

DANCING PLATFORMS in Molokai 181-182

DAVIS, J.W., caves on farm of 42

DAYLIGHT IN CAVES, use of term 16

DEKALB COUNTY, ALA., caves of 137-139

DENT COUNTY, MO., caves of 20-22

DEVIL'S ELBOW-- burials at 88 house mounds at 162 walled graves at 84

DILLON, house mounds near 42, 162

DINSMORE, DR. R.S., excavations made by 153-154

DISCOIDS, STONE, in Molokai 177

DIXON, cave in vicinity of 89

DIXON'S CAVE 116

DONNEHUE'S CAVE 103

DONNELSON'S CAVE 103-106

DOUBLE CAVE 54-55

DRIP ROCK-- deposits of, in Berry Cave 43 meaning of the term 16 _See_ Stalactite; Stalagmite.

DRY CAVE 90

DRY CREEK, cave on 56

DRY FORK POST OFFICE, caves near 119

DUNBAR'S CAVE 123-124

DUNES, BURIALS IN 193

DUNLAP, caves in vicinity of 128-129

EDENVILLE ROAD, cave on 57

EDGAR SPRINGS, cave in vicinity of 23

EDMONSON COUNTY, KY., caves of 115-118

EIDSON, WILL ROBERT, cairns on farm of 90

EIGENMANN, PROFESSOR, conclusions of 105

ELDON, cave in vicinity of 96

ELLIS CAVE 138

EMINENCE, supposed cave near 20

ESMITH CAVES 119-120

EUGENE, graves in vicinity of 96

FARMINGTON, mounds near 162, 166

FEARIN CAVE 139

FERGUSON, MO.-- excavation of mound near 168 house mounds near 161

FISH, eyeless 18

FISHING CAVE 18

FISHPONDS-- at Niumahu 192 of Molokai 175

FLINTWORKING SITE 59

FOOD SUPPLY of Molokai 175

FOOTE, A.L., cave on land of 44

FORD'S CAVE 119

FORT DEPOSIT CAVE-- cross sections of 144-149 description of 143-150

FORT PAYNE CAVE 137-138

FORTIFICATION, INDIAN, near Miller's Cave 59

FOSSIL CAVE-- 91 plan of 92 section of 92

FRANKLIN COUNTY, TENN., caves of 131

FREEBURG, caves in vicinity of 97, 99

FREEMAN'S CAVE 81-83

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, cavern near 107

GAME played in Molokai 177

GARVIN CAVE 112

GASCONADE RIVER, caves on 96, 97, 98, 99

GASCONDY, cave in vicinity of 98

GILDER'S DISCOVERY 157

GILL, DE LANCEY-- observations of 48 theory of 17

GLAIZE CREEK, cave near 91

GLASS FRAGMENT, from Goat Bluff Cave 37

GLOVER, ROBERT, cave on farm of 122

GOAT BLUFF CAVE, description of 35-39

GODS, STONE 186, 193

GOLD IN CAVES, beliefs concerning 21, 30

GORDON, tradition related by 173

GOUGE, from Miller's Cave 79

GOURD CREEK-- cairns at mouth of 24-25 village site on 34

GOURD CREEK CAVE-- description of 29 exploration of 28-34

GRAHAM CAVE 83

GRANITE MOUNTAIN, mounds near 168

GRAVEL in caves 16

GRAVES-- cist, at Iowa Point 152 near Bell's Cave 123 near McKennan's 52 of Molokai 178 on Laughlin's ranch 44 on Saline Creek 95 walled, at Devil's Elbow 84-87 _See_ Cairns; Burials.

"GREAT TEMPLE" of Hawaii 183-184

GREEN RIVER, rock shelters on 118

GREGORY, PROFESSOR-- mention of 175 work of 174

"GROUND HOUSE INDIANS," mounds made by 172

GROUND HOUSE RIVER, probable origin of name 173

GRUNDY COUNTY, TENN., caves of 130

GULFS, formation of 108

GULFS OF LOST RIVER 107

GUMBO for making vessels 69

GUNTERSVILLE, caves in vicinity of 139, 140

GUTHOERL, PETER-- cave on farm of 20 mounds on farm of 22

HA-HA-TON-KA, caves in vicinity of 89

HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN., caves of 132

HAMMERS found in cave 39

HARDIN COUNTY, KY., caves of 112

HARDIN'S CAVE 139-140

HARLOW CAVE 112

HARRISON COUNTY, IND., explorations in 111

HARRISON'S CAVE 136

HARRY BUCKNER CAVE 113

HART COUNTY, KY., explorations in 112

HAUNTED CAVE 116

HAWAII, archeological work in 174-195

HEIAUS-- at Kaupo 188 at Napoopoo 184 described by Mr. Thrum 194 of Hawaii Island 185-187 of Wailua 192-193 of Waimea 194 on Maui Island 190 on Mauna Loa 178-180 sacred to priesthood 192

HELM, DANIEL, cairns on farm of 87

HENSON'S CAVE 129

HILO, archeological work in vicinity of 182

HIXSON'S CAVE 129

HOLMES, W.H., suggestion made by 15

HOLSTON RIVER, cave on 125

HONAUNAU, work of Stokes at 184-185

HONEY LANDING, cave at 139

HOPKINS, ISAAC, mounds on farm of 166-167