Chapter IV.) The Sumerian form of his name was Laluralim and in

Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, Vol. V, p. 44, 17b, is glossed as Zugagib or “scorpion.” Zugagib is one of the early kings of Babylonia, who is said to have ruled 840 years.

[561] Translated from S. Langdon’s _Historical and Religious Texts from the Temple Library of Nippur_, Munich, 1914, No. 16.

[562] Translated from Haupt’s _Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte_, 116, ff., with comparison of Zimmern’s _Babylonische Busspsalmen_, 33, f.

[563] Translated from Haupt’s _Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte_, p. 122, f.

[564] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum_, Part XV, pp. 16, 17.

[565] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c. in the British Museum_, XV, 10.

[566] An epithet of the inhabitants of Babylonia.

[567] Taken from Breasted’s _Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 315, f.

[568] A fabulous mountain beyond the western horizon, over which the sun was believed to pass at evening.

[569] Taken from Breasted’s _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 324, f.

[570] There is a pun on the word Re; it is the same as “all.” Such puns are frequent in the Hebrew of the Old Testament prophets.

[571] Compare Psa. 104:24.

[572] Ikhnaton is the name adopted by Amenophis IV in connection with his reform. It means “Aton’s man.” His old name meant “Amon is gracious” and had heathen associations. On the sentiment of lines 120, 121, compare Matt. 11:27.

[573] See Weigall, _The Treasury of Ancient Egypt_, London, 1911, p. 206.

[574] The first twenty are culled from a tablet in the British Museum, published by Langdon in the _American Journal of Semitic Languages_, Vol. XXVIII, 217-243, under the title “Babylonian Proverbs.” For convenience those quoted are numbered consecutively without reference to the parts omitted.

[575] Translated from Delitzsch’s _Assyrische Lesestücke_, 4th ed., p. 118, f.

[576] Translated from Meissner’s _Beiträge zum Altbabylonischen Privatrecht_, p. 108.

[577] Taken from Macmillan’s translation, _Beiträge zur Assyriologie_, V, 557, ff.

[578] The sun-god, the god of justice.

[579] _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 231, f. Breasted’s references to the sections of the original text are here omitted.

[580] The Gilgamesh Epic is an early Babylonian poem in twelve tablets or cantos. It is a collection of early legends and myths. The Babylonian account of the flood, translated in Chapter VI (Part II), forms the eleventh canto of it.

[581] Translated from the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1902, Heft 1, p. 8.

[582] These are translated from the German rendering in W. Max Müller’s _Liebpoesie der alten Ägypter_, Leipzig, 1899.

[583] From Müller, p. 15.

[584] _Ibid._, p. 16.

[585] From Müller, _ibid._, p. 17.

[586] Perhaps the name of a Nileometer station in the vicinity of Memphis.

[587] Müller, _ibid._, p. 22.

[588] Müller, _ibid._, p. 22.

[589] Müller, _ibid._, p. 23.

[590] Married couples are usually so represented in Egyptian pictures.

[591] The Egyptian is here followed, rather than the German.

[592] Müller, p. 24.

[593] _Ibid._, p. 27. It describes a walk in a garden.

[594] The garden again.

[595] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, III, 32, 16, f.

[596] _I. e._, the thing thou hast prayed for.

[597] Translated from the German of Vogelsang und Gardiner, _Klagen des Bauern_, Leipzig, 1908.

[598] The original contains a list of plants, stones, birds, etc., the modern equivalents of which are not known.

[599] See Gardiner in _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, XXXV, 269.

[600] Taken from A. H. Gardiner’s _Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage_, Leipzig, 1909, pp. 19 and 39, f., pp. 69 and 78.

[601] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, Vol. IV, p. 31.

[602] The spirits of earth.

[603] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum_, Part XV, 18.

[604] These sayings are translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _Sayings of Our Lord_, 1897, with a comparison of Lock and Sanday’s _Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus Recently Discovered at Oxyrhynchus_, 1897.

[605] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _New Sayings of Jesus and Fragment of a Lost Gospel from Oxyrhynchus_, 1904.

[606] Compare John 21:24, 25.

[607] Translated from Viereck’s publication of the text in _Philologus_, Vol. LII, 234, f.

[608] These assessments, then, occurred in the following years: 174-5; 160-1; 146-7; 132-3; 118-9; 104-5; 90-1; 76-7; 62-3; 48-9; 34-5; 20-1; 6-7; 9-8 B. C.

[609] From _Hermes_, XXVIII, 1893, p. 233.

[610] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _Oxyrhynchus Papyri_, II, 1898, p. 214. Kenyon, _Greek Papyri in the British Museum_, II, 19, thinks that this cannot refer to a census because the term by which it is described is different, but, as Grenfell and Hunt remark, the simpler term in the papyri earlier than the year 61 A. D., indicates that we are nearer the beginning of the institution of the census.

[611] _Ibid._, p. 205; cf. p. 206.

[612] _Ibid._, p. 282.

[613] Translated from Kenyon and Bell’s _Greek Papyri in the British Museum_, Vol. III, 1907, p. 125.

[614] Translated from the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, XIV, No. 3613.

[615] Translated after Ramsay, _Expositor_, series 8. Vol. IV, 1912, p. 401. For Ramsay’s opinions, see the article of which the inscription forms a part.

[616] Translated from Burton’s publication in the _American Journal of Theology_, II, 600.

[617] Translated from _ibid._, p. 604.

[618] Taken from Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, p. 261, f.

[619] Pausanias, i, 1:4, and v. 14:8.

[620] Philostratus, _Vita Apollonii_, vi, 3.

[621] Translated from Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, pp. 246, 247.

[622] See Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, p. 248, ff.

[623] Dio Cassius, lvii, 14, 5.

[624] The most reliable chronologies of the life of Christ now place his crucifixion not later than 30 A. D.

[625] The original is in Berlin and the publication is not accessible to the writer. The above translation is taken from that of J. Rendel Harris in the _Expositor_, 5th series, Vol. VIII, p. 164.

[626] Translated by J. Rendel Harris, _ibid._, p. 166.

[627] 2 Cor. 11:32.

[628] Translated from the _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii, No. 209.

[629] _Ibid._, Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii. No. 196.

[630] Taken from Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III, p. 7.

[631] Taken from Breasted, _ibid._, p. 273.

[632] See S. Schiffer, _Keilschriftliche Spuren in der zweiten Hälfte des 8ten Jahrhunderts von den Assyrern nach Mesopotamien deportierten Samarier_, Berlin, 1907.

The text of the Berlin tablets was published by Ungnad in _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler_, I, Leipzig, 1907, Nos. 84-94, 101, 104. Those in the British Museum, by Johns, in _Assyrian Deeds and Documents_, I, Cambridge, 1898, Nos. 22, 69, 73, 74, 98, 153, 154, 170, 229, 234, 245, 312.

[633] _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler_, I, No. 88. 15.

[634] See Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_, New York, 1912, p. 226.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.

End of Project Gutenberg's Archæology and the Bible, by George A. Barton