CHAPTER XXVII
ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ACTS AND EPISTLES
THE POLITARCHS OF THESSALONICA. AN ALTAR TO UNKNOWN GODS. AN INSCRIPTION FROM DELPHI AND THE DATE OF PAUL’S CONTACT WITH GALLIO. SOME EPISTLES FROM EGYPT. INSCRIPTIONS MENTIONING ARETAS, KING OF ARABIA.
=1. The Politarchs of Thessalonica.=
In Acts 17:6 the rulers of Thessalonica are called in the Greek “politarchs.” It is a unique term, and its accuracy had been called in question by some scholars. Within the past hundred years no less than nineteen inscriptions have come to light which prove its accuracy, by referring to the rulers of Thessalonica as “politarchs.” One of the most important of these is from an arch in Thessalonica. It runs in part as follows, the beginning being illegible:[616]
In the time of the Politarchs, Sosipatros, son of Cleopatra, and Lucius Pontius Secundus Publius Flavius Sabinus, Demetrius, son of Faustus, Demetrius of Nicopolis, Zoilos, son of Parmenio, and Meniscus Gaius Agilleius Poteitus ......
Another fragmentary inscription shows that the rulers of the city bore this title as early as the time of Augustus. It is in part:[617]
Bosa, proconsul, made a stone-quarry for the temple of Cæsar, in the time of the priest and judge, the Emperor Cæsar, the divine son Augustus .........., the politarchs remaining faithful, viz.:--Diogenes, the son of Kleon, the ...., etc.
It is not clear from the inscriptions whether the number of politarchs was five or six.
=2. An Altar to Unknown Gods.=
In Acts 17:23 it is stated that Paul saw in Athens an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. In the year 1909 an altar was discovered in the sacred precinct and temple of Demeter at Pergamos in Asia Minor, the home of one of the seven churches of the book of Revelation (Rev. 2:12, f.), which bore a mutilated inscription; (see Fig. 299). This inscription in the judgment of several impartial epigraphists should be restored as follows:[618]
To unknown gods, Capito, torch-bearer.
This is not only a confirmation of the statement of Acts 17:23, but of Pausanias[619] (second century A. D.) and Philostratus[620] (third century A. D.) that altars to unknown gods existed.
=3. The Date of Paul’s Contact with Gallio.=
The chronology of the life of Paul cannot be fully determined from the Bible itself. Such chronological data as the New Testament affords help us only to a relative chronology. Could the year of one of the dates given by the New Testament be determined by a date of the Roman empire, it would enable scholars to fix with approximate certainty the other dates. Hitherto the endeavor to do this has centered about the recall of Felix from Palestine and the coming of Festus (Acts 24:27), but there has been so much uncertainty about the date of this recall, that systems of chronology, differing from one another by from four to five years, have been constructed. A fragmentary inscription has come to light from Delphi, which seems to give us the desired aid for our Pauline chronology in that it fixes the date of the coming of Gallio to Corinth (Acts 18:12). This inscription, as its lacunæ are supplied by Deissmann, is as follows:
Tiberius Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, of tribunican authority for the 12th time, imperator the 26th time, father of the country, consul for the 5th time, honorable, greets the city of the Delphians. Having long been well disposed to the city of the Delphians .......... I have had success. I have observed the religious ceremonies of the Pythian Apollo .................... now it is said also of the citizens .................... as Lucius Junius Gallio, my friend, and the proconsul of Achaia, wrote .......... on this account I accede to you still to have the first[621] ..........
At this point the inscription is too broken for translation, although the beginnings of several lines can be made out. The importance of the inscription lies (1) in the fact that it mentions Gallio as proconsul of Achaia, and (2) in the reference to the 12th tribunican year and the 26th imperatorship of Claudius. It can be deduced from these, in comparison with other inscriptions of his, that this letter was written between January and August of the year 52 A. D.[622] If Gallio was then in office, and had been in office long enough to give information to Claudius of material importance to the purpose of the emperor’s letter to the Delphians, Gallio must have arrived in Corinth not later than the year 51. According to Dio Cassius, Claudius had decreed that new officials should start for their provinces not later than the new moon of the month of June.[623] Gallio must, therefore, have arrived in Corinth not later than July.
Paul’s stay in Corinth extended over eighteen months (Acts 18:11), and the narrative in Acts implies that a large part of it had passed before Gallio went there. Paul must, then, have arrived in Corinth not later than the end of the summer of the year 50. As the journey described in Acts 16 must have occupied some months, the council at Jerusalem, described in Acts 15, cannot have taken place later than the year 49 A. D. In Gal. 2:1 Paul says that this visit occurred fourteen years after the visit which followed his return from Damascus. As the Jews in counting time usually reckoned the two extremes as a part of the number, even if a part of them only should really have been included, the visit of Paul to Jerusalem, mentioned in Gal. 1:18 must have occurred not later than 36 A. D., nor earlier than 35 A. D. As this visit occurred “three” years after his conversion, we find, if we make similar allowance for the possibilities of Jewish reckoning, that his conversion occurred not later than 34 A. D., and possibly as early as 31 A. D.[624]
=4. The Epistles.=
The Epistles of the New Testament, especially those of Paul, are cast in the form of ancient letter-writing. This form in its more stately aspects has long been known through the letters of Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero, Seneca, Pliny, etc., but the papyri discovered in Egypt afford us many examples of the more familiar and affectionate style of informal letter-writing, and frequently, at the beginning, afford parallels to expressions which are found in the introductions of Paul’s Epistles. The following examples will illustrate this:
Isias to her brother, greeting: If you are well and other things happen as you wish, it would be in accordance with my constant prayer to the gods. I too am in good health, and so is the boy; and all at home make constant remembrance of you. When I got the letter through Horus, in which you explain that you are in sanctuary at the Serapeum in Memphis, I straightway gave thanks to the gods for your being in good health, but as for your not coming to us when the evils that threatened you there have passed away, I am disconsolate because such a long time I have been keeping myself and the child, and am come to the lowest point on account of the price of bread, and I did think that now you were coming I should find a little relief, but you seem to have no idea of coming to us, nor to have an eye to our circumstances, as you would if you were still here. We are in need of everything, not only because such a long time and so many seasons have passed since you were here, but because you have not sent us anything. And besides that, Horus, who brought your letter, tells me further that you are released from sanctuary, and I am perfectly miserable. No, indeed! and your mother, too, takes it very hard, and you will do well to come for her sake as well as ours to the city, unless some more pressing need draws you elsewhere. Farewell, then, and have a care for your body so as to be in health. Good-bye.
Epephi 30th, of the 9th year.[625]
This letter was written in the year 172 B. C. “Brother” in it probably means husband. The husband had gone on a religious mission and has left the wife without support. He at last sent her a letter, and this is her reply. She wishes to persuade him to return, and writes with great tact. What she says about remembering her husband in her prayers, and her thanks to the gods for his health, reminds one of the language of Paul in 1 Thess. 1:2; 3:9; 2 Thess. 1:3, 11; 2:13; 1 Cor. 1:4; 2 Cor. 1:4-6; Phil. 1:3, 9; Col. 1:3; Philemon 4.
Another letter which illustrates the same points is this:
Ammonios to his sister Tachnumi, much greeting: Before all things I pray that you may be in health, and each day I make the act of worship for you. I salute heartily my goodest little boy Leo. I am jolly and so is the horse and Melas. Don’t neglect my son. I salute Senchris, and I salute your mother. I likewise salute Pachnumi and Pachnumi junior. I salute ...... and Amenothis. Hurry up about the boy until we go to my place. If I come to the place and see the place, I will send for you and you shall come to Pelusium, and I will come to you at Pelusium. I salute Steches, the son of Pancrates. I salute Psemmouthis and Plato. If your brothers dispute with you, come to my house and stay there until we see what to do. Don’t neglect it. Write me of your own welfare and of my boy’s. Hurry up over the matter of the farm. I wrote this letter in Themuis on the fifth of the month Phamenoth. We have two days more, and then we will arrive at Pelusium. Melas greets you all by name. I salute Psenchnumi, the son of Psentermout. I pray that you may be well and strong.[626]
The sentence of this letter which follows the greeting is couched in almost the same language as 3 John 2, and the number of people saluted in it and the manner of their salutation reminds one strongly of Rom. 16:3-16.
Clearly the New Testament Epistles conform in their affectionate expressions to the forms that were often employed by other letter-writers of that period of history.
=5. Paul and Aretas, King of Arabia.=
Paul says: “In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king guarded the city of the Damascenes in order to take me.”[627] Aretas is called by Josephus king of Arabia. He was Haretat IV, King of the Nabathæan Arabs. These Nabathæans were found in Arabia by the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (668-626 B. C.); they conquered Edom about 400 B. C., driving the Edomites over into southern Judah; they helped one of the successors of Alexander the Great at the battle of Gaza in 312 B. C., and founded a dynasty of kings that lasted until overthrown by the Roman Emperor Trajan in 106 A. D. Haretat IV belonged to this line. The following Aramaic inscription, dated in his reign, affords monumental confirmation of his existence:
This is the tomb which Halafu, son of Kosnatan, made for himself and for Shaidu, his son, and his brothers, whatever males are born from this Halifu, both their sons and descendants by right of inheritance forever. And those who may be buried in this sepulcher and in this structure are this Shaidu and Manuath, Kenushath, and Ribamath, and Umaiyath and Shalimath, daughters of this Halifu. Also no descendant of Shaidu has authority, and no man after him of their sons or descendants, to sell this sepulcher, or to inscribe an epitaph or an emblem for anyone, except for the wife of one of them, or for his daughters, or kinsman, or relative by marriage he may inscribe the tomb. If any one shall do contrary to this, then the fine of Dushara, the god, our lord, shall be imposed upon him to the extent of five hundred silver shekels of Haretat, and in accordance with this inscription shall be deposited in the temple of Kaisha. Month Nisan, year fortieth of Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his people. Rauma and Abdobodat, stone-cutters.[628]
As Haretat ruled from 9 B. C. to 40 A. D., this inscription was written in 31 A. D., just a few years before Paul escaped from the officers of Haretat at Damascus. There are many other inscriptions dated in the reign of this king.
Another reads as follows:
This is the sepulcher and two monuments over it, which Abdobodat, the general, made for Aitebel, the general, his father, and for Aitebel, the commander of the two camps which are in Luhitu and Abarta, the son of Abdobodat. This is in the district of their command, which they exercised in the two places for thirty-six years in the reign of Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his people. The above-mentioned (monument) was constructed in the forty-sixth year of his reign.[629]
The forty-sixth year of Haretat was the year 37 A. D. The monument here translated was found at Medeba east of the Jordan (see Num. 21:30; Josh. 13:9), and the two places mentioned in it are believed to be Nabathæan names for Medeba and Rabbah Ammon (2 Sam. 11:1, etc.). It is evidence that Haretat had held this territory for a long time. Paul’s escape from Damascus (2 Cor. 11:32) occurred between the date of the preceding inscription and this one.
APPENDIX
(Appearing first in Second Edition.)
I
Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §2, (3), p. 70.
The discoveries at Carchemish included Hittite inscriptions, one of which is said to be longer than any Hittite writing yet discovered. A number of stone deities were also found, one of which is a bearded god of the eighth century B. C. seated on a heavy base supported by two lions. Three large gateways were found. On the inside of the court of one of these were dadoes from five to six feet high, “with sculptured slabs of alternating black diorite and white limestone adorned with carved figures of bulls, horses, and chariots.” The acropolis was surmounted by the ruins of a palace of King Sargon of Assyria, who conquered Carchemish, and by the ruins of a Roman palace. An avenue of broad steps, more than a hundred feet long, led up to these.
II
Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §3, to be read after (7) on p. 74.
(8) _Hrozny_, a Hungarian scholar, published in the _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin_, No. 56 (December, 1915), a new study of the problem of Hittite decipherment. Owing to the war the publication has not reached the writer. An excellent _résumé_ of it has, however, been published by Professor J. H. Moulton in the _Expository Times_, xxviii, 106 ff. (December, 1916).
It appears that in April, 1914, Professor Hrozny and Doctor Figulla went to Constantinople and copied cuneiform inscriptions from Boghaz Koi until the war recalled them. Hrozny’s study is based on this cuneiform material. He reaches the conclusion that Hittite is not only an Indo-European language, but that it also belongs to the western half of the Indo-European family. In other words, he finds it more closely related to Greek, Latin, Keltic, and the Teutonic tongues than to the Slavonic, Lithuanian, Armenian, and Persian languages, or to Sanscrit and its daughters. According to Hrozny, then, the Hittites came from western Europe, or the center from which the western European peoples radiated. He thinks they crossed into Asia by way of the Bosphorus. He supports his contention by some most interesting philological analogies. The Mitanni, on the other hand, belonged, he thinks, to the eastern half of the Indo-European family. They were closely related to the Slavs, Lithuanians, Armenians, Persians, etc. The indications seem to be that they entered Asia by way of the Caucasus. We await further evidence with great interest.
III
Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §9, p. 102.
Professor George L. Robinson, who was in Jerusalem in the spring of 1914 as Director of the American School, has published in the _American Journal of Archæology_, Vol. XXI, p. 84 (January-March, 1917), a brief statement of the discoveries on Ophel and at Balata. He mentions the finding on Ophel of a tower with rock-cut foundations, certain cave-tombs with oval roofs, a cistern with Roman baths, an inn, a Greek inscription (which tells of a synagogue), and an underground, rock-cut aqueduct, running parallel to and probably older than that of Hezekiah, which conducts the water of Gihon to the Pool of Siloam.
At Balata the foundations of old Hebrew houses were discovered, together with a portion of the Amorite city-wall, which was thick and oblique. The ruins of a palace were also found and a great triple gateway, the longest yet excavated in Palestine. This gate was on the west of the city. Near the tell an Egyptian sarcophagus was found, which some have thought might be the coffin of Joseph.
IV
A NEW BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION OF MAN
To supplement Part II, Chapter II, p. 257.
Since the first edition of this book went to press, the writer has had the good fortune to discover among the tablets from Nippur in the University Museum in Philadelphia a new Babylonian account of the creation of man. The text is written in the Sumerian language, and the script is of the mixed cursive variety that was employed during the time of the first dynasty of Babylon and the Kassite dynasty. The text is accordingly older than 1200 B. C., and may have been written before 2000 B. C. It reads as follows:
1. The mountain of heaven and earth
2. The assembly of heaven, the great gods, entered. Afterwards,
3. Because Ashnan had not come forth, they conversed together.
4. The land Tikku had not created;
5. For Tikku a temple-platform had not been filled in;
6. A lofty dwelling had not been built;
7. The arable land was without any seed;
8. A well and a canal (?) had not been dug;
9. Horses and cattle had not been brought forth,
10. So that Ashnan could shepherd herd and corral.
11. The Anunna, the great gods, had made no plan;
12. There was no _šes_-grain of thirty-fold;
13. There was no _šes_-grain of fifty-fold;
14. Small grain, mountain-grain, and great _sal_-grain there were not;
15. A possession and houses there were not;
16. Tikku had neither entered a gate nor gone out;
17. Together with the lady Nintu the lord had not brought forth men.
18. The god Ug came; as leader he came to plan;
19. Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.
20. Food and sleep he planned for them;
21. Clothing and dwellings he did not plan for them.
22. The people with rushes and rope came,
23. By making a dwelling a kindred was formed.
24. To the gardens ...... they gave drink.
25. On that day their [gardens] sprouted (?) ....
26. Their lands covered (?) ............
.....................................................
..........................................................
.............................................................
...............................................................
Reverse
1. ........................................
2. Father Enlil (?) .............................
3. ........ standing grain ....................
4. For mankind ............................
5. .................. creation of Entu ....................
6. Father Enlil ................................
7. Duazagga, the way of the gods ............
8. Duazagga, the brilliant, for my god I guard (?).
9. Entu and Enlil to Duazagga ............
10. A dwelling for Ashnan from out of Duazagga I will [make?] for thee.
11. Two-thirds of the fold perished (?);
12. His plants for food he created for them;
13. Ashnan rained on the field for them;
14. The moist (?) wind and the fiery storm-cloud he created for them.
15. Two-thirds of the fold stood.
16. For the shepherd of the fold joy was overthrown;
17. The house of rushes did not stand;
18. From Duazagga joy departed.
19. From his dwelling, a lofty height, his boat
20. Descended; from heaven he came
21. To the dwelling of Ashnan; the scepter he brought forth to them;
22. His brilliant city he raised up, he appointed for them;
23. The reed-country he planted, he appointed for them;
24. The falling rain the hollows caught for them;
25. A dwelling-place was their land; food made men multiply;
26. Prosperity entered the land; it caused them to become a multitude.
27. He brought to the hand of man the scepter of command.
28. The lord caused them to be, and they came into existence.
29. Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell.
30. At night as fitting companions they are together.
A colophon states that the tablet contained sixty lines. Only five lines are entirely broken away.
Ashnan was a god of vegetation. Tikku, who had not created the land, was a personified river-bank. The story begins, therefore, before the beginning of vegetation and before the creation of dykes in Babylonia. As in the text translated in Chapter VIII, Part II, considerable space is occupied with the things that were non-existent when the process of creation began. The last sentence of this section asserts that the lord and Nintu had not brought forth men. Nintu is the goddess who in the creation story translated in Chapter VII, Part II, appears as the mother of mankind (see p. 279). The new tablet then states that Ug, the lion god, identified by a later text with Shamash, the sun god, first came forth to plan. “Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.” The word rendered “planned” has also the meaning “know,” as in Gen. 4:1, where Adam is said to have known Eve. It seems probable, therefore, that the text indicates that men were born from a natural union of Ug and Nintu, just as it is said on p. 284, in another text from Nippur, that irrigation resulted from a similar union of the sun-god and Nintu. This shows that among the Sumerians there were different conceptions of the way mankind was made. A Babylonian story of the making of a man which is much more like the narrative of Gen. 2 than that contained in this new tablet is given on p. 256.
After telling how men were brought forth, and how they were left to provide houses and clothing for themselves, the new tablet tells how reed huts, similar to those still seen in the Babylonian marshes, were made. Clans were formed and irrigation begun. Here the obverse becomes too broken for connected translation.
At the beginning of the reverse several lines are fragmentary. From what can be made out, some god seems to be addressing Enlil. Reference is made to Duazagga, the heavenly abyss, which is described as “the way of the gods,” probably an allusion to the Milky Way. It is implied that the gods live along this way. It seems that all was not going well with men on the earth, so this deity proposed to make a dwelling for Ashnan, the god of agriculture, outside of Duazagga, presumably on the earth. Two-thirds of the fold perished; Ashnan accordingly created plants as food for men. This reminds us of how plants and fruits were given to man as food in Gen. 1:29. Ashnan also caused it to rain in order to promote the growth of vegetation. This, however, created a new evil. The reed huts were washed away, together with a third of the fold. Some god, probably Enlil, accordingly came down from heaven, and built a city. This gave to human society the required stability. In this stable society the god gave the scepter of command into man’s hand just as in Gen. 1:28 man is given dominion over all the lower orders of life. In this connection we find the statement:
“The lord caused them to be and they came into existence,” the form of which reminds one of the statement in Gen. 1:3, “God said, Let there be light: and there was light.”
The next line: “Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell,” recalls Gen. 2:18 and 24. The last line of the text is the Babylonian equivalent of the last clause of Gen. 2:24.
This text as a whole describes the creation of man, sketches the vicissitudes of pastoral life, and ends with a statement of the greater security and prosperity of urban life. It attributes the origin of everything to the gods.
* * * * *
Addition to Part II, Chapter XI, p. 309.
The entrance of Abraham and later of Jacob and his sons into Egypt in time of famine (Gen. 12:10 and 47:5-12) is strikingly illuminated by the following reports of officials stationed at fortresses on the Egyptian border.
The first of these texts was inscribed in the tomb of Harmhab, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty, though there is reason to believe that it was written during the reign of Amenophis IV of the eighteenth dynasty (1375-1357 B. C.). Some of the lines are broken. It reads as follows:
....... Asiatics; others have been placed in their abodes ...... they have been destroyed, and their town laid waste, and fire has been thrown ......... [they have come to entreat] the Great in Strength to send his mighty sword before ....... Their countries are starving, they live like goats of the mountain, [their] children ....... saying: “A few of the Asiatics, who knew not how they should live, have come [begg]ing [a home in the domain] of Pharaoh ....., after the manner of your fathers’ fathers since the beginning under, ......... Now, the Pharaoh .... gives them into your hand, to protect their borders.”[630]
The second text comes from the reign of Merneptah (1225-1215 B. C.). It reads as follows:
Another matter for the satisfaction of my lord’s heart [to wit]: We have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma ... in Theku, to the pools of Pithom, of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh ..., the good sun of every land ......... I have caused them to be brought ........ other names of days when the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma may be passed, ....[631]
These texts make it evident that at different periods of Egyptian history Asiatic tribes in time of famine and stress sought and found refuge in Egypt as the Israelites are said to have done.
VI
ALLEGED TRACES OF THE “TEN TRIBES” IN EXILE
To supplement Part II, Chapter XVII, at the end of § 10, p. 372.
In 2 Kings 15:29 it is said that Tiglath-pileser [IV] captured certain cities in Galilee, and carried their inhabitants captive to Assyria. In 2 Kings 17:6 it is said that when Samaria was destroyed by the Assyrian king [Sargon, in 722 B. C.], Israelites were carried captive to Halah and Gozan, which were situated on the Khabur River in Mesopotamia.
Two groups of cuneiform tablets, one in the museum at Berlin, the other in the British Museum, are thought to confirm these statements by the evidence they give that Hebrews who reverenced Jehovah were living in that region.[632] The evidence consists chiefly of a divine name _A-u_, employed as a component part of proper names just as _Jo-_ and _Jeho-_, abbreviations of the name of Jehovah, are employed in Hebrew proper names in the Old Testament. Indeed, _A-u_ is the form that _Jo-_ or _Jeho-_ would take, if expressed in Assyrian characters.
The names in question occur in a series of documents which record the transfer of slaves. If the men in question were Hebrews they would seem to have been interested in the business of buying and selling slaves. The documents are much alike. It will suffice to translate one of them:
1. Seal of Atarkhasis,
2. son of Aushezib,
3. the Kannuean,
4. owner of the slave-girl. A transfer
5. of Kabili, his slave-girl he
6. has made, and Nabushallimshunu
7. for the price of 1½ manas of silver
8. has taken her. The money in full
9. is paid. That slave
10. is purchased and delivered. Whoever in the future
11. at any time shall rise up and
12. lay claim, whether Atarkhasis
13. or his sons,--whoever against
14. Nabushallimshunu or his sons
15. legal process
16. shall begin, 10 manas of silver
17. shall pay. Against an attack of rheumatism for 100 days
18. and legal claim for all time (he is guaranteed).
19. Month Airu, 17th day,
20. eponym of Ashurrimani, rabshekeh.
21. In the presence of Padi,
22. In the presence of Khani,
23. In the presence of Ashurnadinakhi,
24. In the presence of Tubusu,
25. In the presence of Belbelshaduni,
26. In the presence of Ilumia.
27. In the presence of Ashurikhtamusur
28. In the presence of Bariku,
29. In the presence of Kennusharruni.
The significant name here is Aushezib, meaning, “Au saves.” If _Au_ is a translation of _Jeho-_, the name, in its entirety, would be a translation of one of the Hebrew forms of the name Joshua. Other names, into which the name of the god _Au_ enters, appear sometimes in the body of a contract and sometimes among the witnesses. They are _{il}A-u-salim_, “the god Au gives peace”; _A-u-iddina_, “Au gives,” equivalent to the Hebrew Jonathan; _A-u-akhiddin_, “Au has increased the brothers”; _A-u-daninani_, “Au is our mighty-one”; _A-u-e-ballitani_, “O Au, make us live”; _{il}A-u-dân_(?)_-ilani_, “Au is judge of the gods”; _A-u-sabi_, “Au satisfies.”[633]
The tablets were written at Kannu, the Canneh of Ezek. 27:23, which was near Haran in Mesopotamia. One text states that if the seller of the slave ever brings legal action, he shall pay ten silver manas and one gold mana “at the sanctuary of the god _A-u_, who dwells in Kannu.” If the god _A-u_ be really the Hebrew Jehovah, the captives from Samaria and Galilee had built for him a temple in Kannu, as the Jews at Elephantine afterward did on the island in the Nile. (See p. 387, f.)
The documents in which these names occur appear to be dated between 666 and 606 B. C. They are dated according to the Assyrian method of dating, which shows that they were written under the Assyrian monarchy, but the eponyms in which they are dated are not found in the extant portions of the Assyrian Eponymlist. They were therefore written after the year 666.[634] This fixes the dates of these documents in the seventh century--the century after Tiglath-pileser IV and Sargon transported to this region parts of the ten “lost tribes,” and, if _A-u_ really is a form of the name Jehovah, these tablets afford us a little glimpse of some of these Hebrews in exile.
INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES
GENESIS--
1 247 1:7 248 1:24-26 266 2 256 3 260 3:18, 24 289 4:1, 2, 16-23 269 5 264 5:24 266 6, 7, 8, 9 277 9:20 287, 289 10:10 44, 47, 58 10:11 43, 47, 60 10:23 116 11:2 58 11:9 42 11:27 109 11:31 77 11:31, ff. 112 12:4 77, 109 14:1 58, 294, 295, 297, 298 14:5 215 14:6 106, 116 14:15 213 15:2 213 16:5-7 329 16:7 95 19:1 129 21 111 21:9, 10 329 22 172 22:2 168 22:6, 10 152 22:9 169 23 76 23:10 68 24:22 161 24:30 156 25:15 307 25:34 134 26:34 68 29:1 108 30:1-13 328 34:20 129 36:20 106, 308 36:20-22 109 36:21 106 36:24 308 36:29 106, 109 37:17 133 40:11 136 41:30 305 41:39 303 41:42 157 41:45 34 41:47-57 306 41:54 305 46:17 349 50:13 180 50:26 303, 411
EXODUS--
1:11 35 2:1-10 311 3:8, 17 139, 309 4:25 152 5:7-18 36 11:5 135 12 390 12:37 36 13:20 36 14:23-28 37 16:36 158 18:13-26 315 20:8-11 258 20:12 411 20:24 172 20:24-26 198 21:2-6 316, 323 21:2-11 324 21:6 340 21:12-14, 18-27 334 21:16 316 21:17 332 21:24 340 21:28-35 337 22:1-4, 9 315 22:5 319, 320 22:5, 6 319 22:7-10 323 22:10-13 339 22:11, 25 320 22:16, 17 328 22:18 314 22:26, 27 324 23:10, 11 319 29:40 158 34:20 172 35:22 156 38:26 161
LEVITICUS--
5:13 343 6:3-5 315 6:18, 29 343 7:8-10, 14, 34 343 11:35 149 18:6-18 329 19:9 319 19:20-22 328 20:10 328 20:11, 12, 19-21 329 22:30 329 23 390 24:20 340 25:5 137 25:25-46 316 26:26 149
NUMBERS--
5:9, 10 343 5:11-28 314, 328 13:23 136 14:8 139 16:13, 14 139 21:13 365 21:15, 16 116 21:21 116, 308 21:30 443 26:45 349 27:8-11 332 31:29, 41 343 31:50 157 32:8 95 32:34 112, 365 32:38 365 32:42 215 33:5, 6 36 36:2-12 332
DEUTERONOMY--
1:4 111, 112, 116, 308 2:12, 22 106 2:24 365 2:26 307 3:9 116 3:11 217 5:12-15 258 5:16 411 6:3 139 7:5 91 10:18 420 11:10 84 12:3 91 14:29 420 15, 16, 17 340 15:7-18 323 15:12-18 316, 324 16:9 135 16:18-20 315 18:10 314 19:4 334 19:5 152 19:16-21 314 19:21 340 21:1-9 316 21:15-21 332 22:6 139 22:13-21 325 22:22-29 328 22:30 329 23:15 316 23:17 323, 326 23:17, 18 333 23:24 137 23:24, 25 319 24:1-4 329 24:6 136 24:10-13 324 24:19-22 319 25:4 135 26:2, 4 153 28:5, 17 153 34:1 365
JOSHUA--
2:6 138 5:2, 3 152 6:20 125 9:17, 20 111 10:3 89, 112 10:33 92, 112, 116, 117 11:1, 2 111 11:22 91 12:4 111 12:21 96, 97 12:22 133 13:9 443 13:16-19 365 13:25 217 15:10 94, 112 15:37 114, 116 15:41 111, 116 15:44 346 15:59 111 15:63 188 17:11 111, 114, 133, 214 18:24 111 19:6 110 19:18-20, 25, 28 111 19:35, 37 111, 114 19:44 377 20:7 133 20:8 365 21:19 111 21:23 377
JUDGES--
1:5, 27-36 116 1:17 111 1:21 188 1:27 92, 111 1:29 117 4, 5, 6 133 4:2 111 4:21 153 5:19 97 5:26 153 6:3 108, 307 6:11 111, 193 6:19 153 6:33 108 7:12 108, 307 7:22 111 8:10 108, 307 9:4, 46 351 9:53 136 11:3, 5 111 13:2 112 13:19 193 16:23-30 93, 176 18:7, 18 111 18:29 133 19:10, 11 188
1 SAMUEL--
2:13, 14 151 4:1 111 5:8 91 9:12 169 10:5 155 10:26 133 11:4 133 13:20, 21 161 17:1 111 17:4 91 17:43 139 19:24 356 23:1 112, 188 25:2 188 28:41 111 31:5 154 31:10 133 31:10, 12 214
2 SAMUEL--
1:10 156 2:16 154 3:27 129 5:6-8 188 5:9 189 5:25 92 7:2 176 8:9, ff. 81 11:1 217, 443 12:27 130 12:31 152 15:2 190 16:9 139 17:28 134 20:14 111 21:12 214 23:11 134 24 190, 192 24:16 193 24:16, 17 377 24:18, 22 135
1 KINGS--
1:33 101 1:40 155 3:1 190 3:1, ff. 30 3:2 169 4:7 317 4:12 214 5:6, 17 358 6:4 194, 195 6:29, 32, 35 194 6:36 195 7:2, 6 196 7:8, 12, 23-37, 39 195 7:9 152 7:49 194 9:15 112, 190 9:15-19 94 9:16 30 9:24 189 10:1 371 10:1-13 381 10:5, 18-20 193 11:14-25 118 11:27 190 11:40 30 12:12 359 14:25 37, 118, 360 14:25-28 30, 259 15:20 111 16:23-29 365 16:24 127 16:34 99, 100, 125, 128 16:36 128 17:10 133 19:16, 17 124 19:19 134, 135 21:8 155 22:39 100, 127
2 KINGS--
2:19-22 98 3:4 364 3:4-12 197 3:5-27 365 4:8 111 4:23 259 5:12 214 6:5 152 6:13 133 6:25 158 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 268 11:12, 13 195 12:17 91 12:20 189 13:20, 21 183 14:7 173 14:8-14 94, 95 14:13 196 14:19 89 14:21 367 14:23 259 15:1-27 367 15:19 61, 62 15:29 370 15:29, 30 62, 369 15:37 367 16:5-9 367 16:10 369 16:10-16 198 16:14 195 17:3-5 369 17:4 370 17:5 62, 123 17:16 370 17:24 124, 125, 370 17:24-34 100, 118 18 374, 375 18:1-6, 9 198 18:4 171 18:13 44 18:13-16 375 18:13--19:8 376 18:14 89 18:14, ff. 374 18:17 375 18:32 139 19 374, 375 19:9 31, 375 19:9-36 376 19:35 374 19:36 377 19:37 44, 64, 378 20:12 63 20:20 198, 377 20:21 378 21 378 21:6 172 22:14 199 23:5, 8 169 23:10 172, 199 23:29 32, 96 23:29, ff. 379 23:34 32, 379 24, 25 44, 65, 380 25:9, 10 200 25:27. 381 25:27-30 66
1 CHRONICLES--
1:30 307 1:38 109 1:40 308 2:18 116 4:8 116 7:31 349 8:12 111 18:9, ff. 82 21:23 135 23:4 315 24 117 29:7 163
2 CHRONICLES--
1:5, 6 195 2:8 358 3:1 168 5:2 189 11:5-10 90 19:5-7 315 33 64
EZRA--
1 386 2:69 163 3:12 201 4:2 378 4:10 379 5:16 200 8:27 163
NEHEMIAH--
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 118 1:1 47 1:3 200 2:10, 19 389 3, 4, 5, 6 90 3:13, 28 202 4:1, ff. 389 6:1, ff. 389 7:2 390, 391 7:37 111 7:70-72 163 11:25 111 12:31-40 202 13:28 389
ESTHER--
1:2 47 3:10, 12 157
JOB--
1:3 108 3:8 253 9:13, 14 251 12:7, 8 430 26:12, 13 251, 252 28:28 409 29 395 29:13 420 31 395 38:14 154 39:13 139 41 253 41:24 136 42:4-6 395
PSALMS--
6:3 400 8 401 17:1 400 18:6 400 19 401 21:9 149 68:4 147 68:5 420 74:10 400 74:13, 14 282 74:13, 14, 16, 17 252 85:5 400 87:4 254 89:10 253 90:7, 13 400 104 406 104:24 404 137 200 146, 147, 148 401
PROVERBS--
1:9 156 5:3 410 6:9-11 411 10:19 409 10:26 411 11:1 162 13:3 409 13:4 411 14:3 409 14:35 408 17:28 409 18:24 409 20:23 162 24:17 408 24:21 409 31:13 138 31:31 129
ECCLESIASTES--
7:15-17 409 9:6-9 412 9:9 410 11:9 409
CANTICLES--
1:10 156 2:13 136 3:6 156 4:1-7 414 5:1 416 6:2, 3 416 8:1-3 415
ISAIAH--
1:13 259 1:17, 23 420 3:18 157 3:19, 20 156 5:1-8 137 5:12 155 6 418 7:1 197 7:1, ff. 62 7:3 198 7:16 369 8:1 154 8:6 198 9:1-6 422 9:17 420 10:2 420 10:9 63, 81, 116, 361, 371 10:14 139 10:28-32 372 11:1-8 422 11:6-9 284 14:9-11 180, 422, 426 15:1 116 15:2, 4, 5 365 19 389 19:13 27 19:19-22 38 20:1 43, 372 22:22 151 27:1 253 30:7 254 31:5 64 36 44 36, 37 63, 374 37:9 31 37:38 378 39:1 377 40:12 158 41:15 135 44:28 383 45:1 383 47:8 420 51:9 253 57:3 172 66:23 259
JEREMIAH--
2:10 293 2:16 27 7:6 420 7:31 172, 199 15:8 420 18:21 420 22:3 420 23:27 418 23:29 153 32:35 172 36 32 41:4, 5 200 43:7, 8 37 43:8 38 44:1 27, 37 46 32, 65 46:2 361 46:2, ff. 379 46:14, 19 27 48:22-24 365 49:11 420 50:16 135
LAMENTATIONS--
4:3 139 5:10 150
EZEKIEL--
1:1 65, 66 4:9 134 4:12-15 149 5:1, 2 152 8:14 426, 427 8:16 194 16:3 77, 349 16:11 156 16:45 349 22:7, 25 420 23:40 156 27:6 293 27:8, 9 112 30:13, 16 27 30:17 31 32:21-31 422, 426 32:22-32 180 43:13-17 198 45:11, 14 158 46:3 259
DANIEL--
3:5, 15 155 4:29 380 5:11, 18 382 5:25 160 5:30, 31 384 8:2 47
HOSEA--
2:5, 9 138 2:11 259 7:4, 6, 7 150 9:6 27
JOEL--
3:13 135
AMOS--
5:19 126 6:2 116 7:14 356 8:1, 2 153 8:5 162, 259 9:7 116, 357
MICAH--
1:14 92, 140 6:15 136
NAHUM--
3:8 31, 64
ZEPHANIAH--
1:10, 11 199
ZECHARIAH--
3:1 418 4 201 7:10 420
MALACHI--
3:5 420
ECCLESIASTICUS--
50:1-4 203
1 MACCABEES--
1:21, 22 201 1:33 204 5:37 215 7:32, 33 204 9:52 124 13:48 128 14:34 94 14:36 204
MATTHEW--
1:8 268 3:12 135 4:25 213, 218 5:14 123, 429 5:15 151 5:26 165 5:29 199 6:30 149 6:33 430 7:5 428 7:7 430 7:24, 25 429 10:26 431 10:28 199 10:29 165 11:27 405 12:1 132 13:4 132 13:57 408, 429 14:3 165 16:13 133 19:24 151 19:30 431 22:19 165 23:37 140 24:41 135, 136 25:1-12 148 26:34, 74 140 26:36 137 26:57 101 28:2 184
MARK--
2:23 132 4:4 132 4:23 431 5:1 218 5:20 213, 218 6:4 429 6:17 165 7:11 159 7:31 213, 218 8:27 133 10:12 329 10:25 151 10:31 431 12:15-17 165 12:41 209 12:42 165 13:35 140 13:44 430 14:26 211 14:30, 68, 72 140 14:32 137, 211 16:3, 4 184
LUKE--
2:1-5 432 2:2 434, 437 2:3-5 435 3:17 135 3:19 165 4:24 429 4:26 133 5:9 430 6:1 132 6:42 428 7:5 98 8:5 132 9:51-54 119 11:47, 48 183 12:2 431 12:6 165 12:28 149 13:30 431 15:8 165 15:22 157 17:21 430 18:25 151 20:36 430 21:1 209 21:2 165 22:34, 60 140 22:39 211 23:18, 21 206 24:2 184
JOHN--
2:20 208 3:16, 36 431 3:29 416 4:5 133 4:9, 20 119 4:44 429 5:4 187 5:24 431 13:38 140 18:1 211 18:24 101 18:27 140 20:1 184
ACTS--
3:2 210 8:27 39 8:27-39 33 9:11 214 9:32 111 12:23 377 15, 16 440 16:14 226 17:6 438 17:22-31 220 17:23 438, 439 17:27 178 18:1 220 18:4, 7 221 18:11 220, 440 18:12 221, 439 19:23-41 224 20:15, 17 222 20:35 431 23:23, 24 133 24:27 439 26:14 135
ROMANS--
16:3-16 441
1 CORINTHIANS--
1:4 441 3:10-17 223 14:7 155 15:32 224
2 CORINTHIANS--
1:46 441 3:14 194 11:32 174, 442, 443
GALATIANS--
1:18 440 2:1 440
PHILIPPIANS--
1:3, 9 441
COLOSSIANS--
1:3 441 4:13 230
1 THESSALONIANS--
1:2 441 3:9 441
2 THESSALONIANS--
1:3, 11 441 2:13 441
PHILEMON--
4 441
HEBREWS--
13:12 211
3 JOHN--
2 441
REVELATION--
2:10 230 2:12 438 2:13 225 2:18-29 226 3:1-6 227 3:5 228 3:12 229 3:15, 16 230 6:13 136 21:2, 9 416
INDEX
Abana, 214
Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, 80
Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, 76
Abi-Adda, 80
Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, 35; purchase of the cave of Machpelah, 76; home in Mesopotamia, 112; sacrifice of Isaac, 172
Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, 108, 290
“Absalom’s Pillar,” 183
Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, 46
Abu Shusheh (Gezer), 93
Abydos, chief town of This, 25
Acts, archæological light on the book of, 438
Adab (Bismya), 47, 57
Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 53
Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, 61, 365
Adam, Biblical account of, 289; Babylonian forms of the name, 266
Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, 260
Adime, 266
“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” 28
Adzes, 153
Ælia Capitolina, 122, 212
Africanus, Julius Sextus, _Chronigraphiai_ of, 21
Agade (Sippar), 54, 57, 266
Agricultural implements, 134; calendar, 138
Agriculture, 134
Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, 61; palace of, 100; pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, 369
Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, 62; altar of, 198
Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, 110
Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), 98
Ain Kades, 95
Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), 94
Ain Sitti Miriam, see _Gihon_.
Akkad, derivation of, 58
Akra, 203
Alaparos, 271
Alexander Jannæus, 120, 201, 205
Alexander the Great, empire of, 33; conquests of, 66; death of, 119
Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, 120
Alorus, 271
Altar of incense, 173
Amanus, source of cedar, 58, 358
Amēlon, 271
_Amelu_, 267, 271
Amempsinos, 271
Amenemhet I, 76
Amenemhet III, 28
Amenophis I, 23, 110
Amenophis III, 60, 304
Amenophis III and IV, 29
American Exploration Society, 86
American Palestine Exploration Society, 86
American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, 99
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 221
Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 66; inscription of, 381
Amman, 218
Ammenon, 271
Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, 108, 109
Ammi-zadugga, reign of, 53
Amorites, conquests of the, 107
Amosis I, 29
Amosis II, 32
Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, 86
Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, 436
Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, 47; inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, 52
Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, 24; domestic, 138
Anklets, 157
Antigonus, 120, 205
Antiochus III, 130
Antiochus IV, 203
Antipas, 121
Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, 19; of Babylonian, 41
Antonia, fortress, 205
Anu, 260
Anubanini, King of Lulubi, 57
Apollophanes, tomb of, 183
Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, 58
Aramæans, migration of, 113
Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, 79
Araunah the Jebusite, 168
Archæological Institute of America, 99
Archelaus, 121
Areopagus, 220
Aretas, see _Haretat IV_.
Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 58
Aripi, 266
Aristobulus I and II, 120
Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, 81
Arpad, overthrow of, 371
Arrows, 153
Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, 77; alliance with Thothmes IV, 77
Artatama II, King of the Harri, 78
Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, 48
Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, 66
Asarjik, Hittite remains at, 70
Asenath, wife of Joseph, 33
Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, 169
Ashmolean Museum, 19
Ashteroth-Karnaim, 215
Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, 173
Ashur, 47, 60
Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, 64; his account of his campaign against Tyre, 378; proverbs from library of, 407
Ashur-dan, 52
Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, 60; military exploits of, 61; advance toward Hebrew territory, 360
Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, 53, 60
Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, 60
Asia, churches of, 221
Asmonæan coins, 164
Asmonæans, 120
Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, 101; collection of flint implements, 103
Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, 31
Assyria, wars with Egypt, 31; the land, 40; explorations in, 47; relations to Babylonia, 59; early period of, 60; second period of, 61
Atbara, 18
Athenæ Polias, temple of, 225
Athens, 219
Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, 403
Atys, worship of, 226
Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, 178
Awls, 152
Axes, 152
Azariah (Uzziah), 367
Azekah, excavation at, 90
Aziru, Amorite king, 79, 113, 304
Babylon, capture of, 383
Babylonia, the land, 40; exploration by Harper and Banks, 47; historical periods, 55; early period, 59; Persian period, 66; psalms from, 398; proverbs from, 407
Babylonian column, 50
Babylonian creation epic, 235, 247; account of the flood, 273
Babylonian exile, 65; termination of, 118
Bacchides, Syrian general, 124
Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67
Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, 66
Baking-trays, 150
Balata, 102
Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, 47
Barada, 214
Bar Chocaba, 121
Baris, castle of, 204
Barsalnunna, 267
Baskets, 153
Bath, 158
Beads, 156
Beautiful gate, 210
Bees, 139
Behistun inscription of Darius I, 50
Beit Jibrin, caves at, 106
Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, 55; Babylonian hymn to, 401
Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, 382
Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, 61
Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, 42
_Beqa_, 161
Bergama, 224
Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, 54; Babylonian priest, 247; list of kings, 270
Bethesda, Pool of, 210
Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), 95
Beth-shemesh, excavations at, 94; capture of, 117; walls of, 125; gates of, 129; burial caves at, 180
Bezetha, hill, 212
Birds, 139
“Bishop Gobat’s School,” 191
Bismya (Adab), mound of, 47; Luguldaudu, King of, 57
Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, 91
Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, 89
Boghaz Koi, excavations at, 69; Hittite kingdom at, 77; the “Hittite City,” 78
Bor (Tyan), 82
Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, 73
Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, 43
Bowls, 150
Bracelets, 156
Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, 23; _Ancient Records, Egypt_, 76, 352
British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, 70
Bruce, James, 20
Brugsch, H., _History of Egypt_, 76; inscription at Elephantine, 305
Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, 71; explorations in Edom, 88
Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, 31
Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, 70
Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, 85
Burial customs, 180
Burnaburiash, 60
Burnouf, Eugène, 50
Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, 102, note; excavations at Sardis, 228
Cab, 158
Cain, list of descendants, 269
Cairo, 17, 19
Calah, made capital of Assyria, 60
Calendar, 138
Calvary, site of, 211
Cambyses, son of Cyrus, 32; extends power of Persia, 66
Canaanites, migration of the, 109
Capernaum, identification of, 98
Caphtor, home of the Philistines, 115, 116
Captivity, Babylonian, 65
Carchemish, excavations at, 70; alliance with Assyria, 81
Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, 342
Cataracts of the Nile, 18
Cave-dwellers, 142, 187
Caves of the stone age, 104
Chaldæan Empire, 65
Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), 21, 22
Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, 160
Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, 70; _Travels and Studies in the Nearer East_, 73
Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, 85
Chedorlaomer, 295
Cheops, 25
Child sacrifice, 172
Chisels, 152
Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, 122
Christian Nubians, 39
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 211
Churches of Asia, 221
Cistern burial, 180
Cities, topography of Palestinian, 123; situated near springs, 186
City gates, 129
Clark, Herbert, 160
Clay, A. T., _Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection_, 384
Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, 88, 89, 198; Moabite Stone, 363
Code of Hammurapi, 313
Coins, 162; Roman, 165
“Columbarium,” 182
Combs, 156
Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., _The Hittites and Their Language_, 72; survey of Palestine, 88
Constantine, interest in holy places, 84, 85, 122
Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, 48
Cor (Homer), 158
Corinth, 220
Corners, considered sacred, 128
Cossæans, see _Kassites_.
Creation, epic of, 235; comparison with first chapter of Genesis, 247; second account of, found at Babylon, 255; compared with second chapter of Genesis, 256
Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, 278
Cremation, 179
Crœsus, temple of, 223; wealth of, 227; overthrown by Cyrus the Great, 163, 383
Cromlech (heap of stones), 104
Cros, Gaston, explorations of, 45
Crucifixion, site of the, 211
“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, 56
Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, 102
Cybele, worship of, 226; temple of, 228
Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, 57
Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, 32; conquests of, 66; overthrows Crœsus, 163, 383; captures Sardis, 227; inscription of, 385
Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, 88
Damascus, 213, 248, 369
Danaoi, migration of, 115
Daniel, book of, 384
Daonos (Daos), 271
Daphne, 38
Darics, 163
Darius I, rule in Egypt, 32; inscriptions of, 48; extends power of Persia, 66; coinage of, 163
Darius the Mede, 384
David, conquests of, 117, 118; captures Jebus, 188; Tower of, 206
Decapolis, description of, 213
Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, 74
_Deutscher Palästina-Verein_, 96
Dilmun, 283
Dion, 216
Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, 88
Domestic animals, 138
Doorway tombs, 182
Dor, excavations at, 117
_Drachma_, 165
Drovetti, M., collection of, 22
Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, 81
Dûdu, 304
Dulcimer, 155
Dumuzi, 271
Dung Gate, 202
Dungi, King of Babylonia, 58
Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, 69; two El-Amarna letters from, 71; contemporary with Amenophis IV, 77; death of, 78
“Dynastic tablets,” 52
Ea, 260
Eannatum, King of Lagash, 56
Early Assyrian period, 60
Early Babylonian period, 59
Earth-graves, 181
Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, 113
Ebed-Hepa, 187; letters of, 345; history of, 349
Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, 50
Ecclesiastes, parallel to, 412
Ecclesiasticus, 203
Eclipse at Nineveh, 51
Egypt, the land, 17; history of, 21, 23; division of, 24; Roman period, 33; Hyksos invasion of, 34; period of the Oppression and the Exodus, 35; Jewish colony in, 387; psalms from, 402; parallels to Song of Songs from, 413; social conscience in, 418; wisdom literature of, 421
Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, 59
El-Amarna letters, 35, 60; from Dushratta, 69; Palestinian cities mentioned in, 112; source of information regarding Jerusalem, 187; selections from, 303; from Rib-Adda of Gebal, 344; from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, 345; reflecting conditions in Palestine, 348
Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, 56; invade Babylonia, 60
Elephantine, papyri discovered at, 37, 387
El-Gib, 130
Elisha’s Fountain, 98
“Eloquent Peasant, The,” 28, 418
El-Wad, 185
Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, 81
Enlil, 279; see also _Bel_.
Enmeduranki, King of Sippar, 266, 271
Enmeirgan, 267
Enmenunna, 267
Enoch, identified with Etana, 266
Enosh, 267
En-rogel, 186
Enrolment of Quirinius, 432
Entemena, successor of Eannatum, 57
Enu-ilu, King of Hamath, 82
Ephah, 158
Ephesus, 221
Ephraim, gate of, 202
Epic of creation, text of, 235
Epiphanius, on measures, 158, 159
Epistles, archæological light on the, 440
“Eponym Canon,” 359
“Eponym Lists,” 51
Erech, exploration at, 44, 47; dynasties of, 54; founding of, 55
Eridu, 55, 283
Esarhaddon, invasion of Egypt, 31; succeeds Sennacherib, 64; money in reign of, 163; kings conquered by, 378
Eski Hissar, 230
Etana, 266; identified with Abel, 270
Etruscans, relation to Lydians, 227
Euedorachos, 271
Eumenes I, 224
Euphrates river, 40
Eusebius, _Chronicon_ of, 21; list of Palestinian names, 85, 133
Evil-Merodach (Amil-Marduk), 66; inscription of, 381
Exile, Babylonian, 65; termination of, 382
Eye-paint, 156
Eyuk, Hittite monuments at, 78
Ezekiel, 65
Fahl, 216
Famine, the seven years of, 305
Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit, 258
Feeding-bottles, 150
Fibulæ, 156
Files, 153
Fish Gate, 199
Fish-hooks, 154
Flesh-hooks, 151
Flood, Babylonian account of, 273; comparison with the Biblical account of, 277; second Babylonian account of, 277
Forks, 151
Foundation sacrifices, 128
Fountain Gate, 202
Fraktin, Hittite remains at, 70
Fruits, 136
“Furnaces, Tower of the,” 202
Gadara, 216
Gallio, 439
Galumum, 266
Gate, see _descriptive name_.
Gateways, 129
Gath (Tell es-Safi), 91; walls of, 124
Gebal, excavations at, 117
Gebel Fureidis, 121, 131
Gennath, gate of, 211
Genouillac, H. de, exploration at Ukhaimir, 48
Gerasa, topography of, 123, 216
Gerizim, Mount, 119
Germer-Durand, Père, 159
Gethsemane, Garden of, 137, 210
Gezer, excavations at, 92; caves at, 104; walls of, 109, 124; besieged by Merneptah, 115; captured by the Hebrews, 117; gates of, 129; pottery at, 142, 145; weights found at, 160; sanctuary at, 167; high place of, 169; temple at, 175; tombs at, 179
Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite remains at, 70
Gibeon, water supply of, 130
Gihon, springs at, 87, 186; caves at, 101, 106
Gilgal (menhirs set in a circle), 104; burial in, 180
Gilgamesh, epic, 256
Glassware, 150
Gobryas, 384
Golgotha, site of, 211
Gordon, Gen. C. E., suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Granaries, 134
Green, William Henry, 269
Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt, discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428
Griffith, F. L., 39
Grinding, 135
Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, interpretation of inscriptions found at Persepolis, 49
Gudea, ruler at Lagash, 58; rebuilds Eninnû, 358
Guérin. H. V., explorations in Palestine, 86
Gurun, Hittite remains at, 70
Guthe, H., excavations in Jerusalem, 96
Gutium, dynasty of, 54; hordes from, overrun Babylonia, 58
Gyges, dynasty of, 163
Habiri, 113, 188, 349
Hadrian, restores Jerusalem under name of Ælia Capitolina, 212
Haggai, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118
Hamadan (Ecbatana), visited by Rawlinson, 50
Hamath, Hittite kingdom at, 81; overthrow of, 371
Hammeah, tower of, 202
Hammers, 153
Hammurapi, laws of, 47; King of Larsa, 53, 58; conqueror of Babylonia, 59; conquest of the “west land,” 108; identified with Amraphel, 294; code of, 313
Hananel, tower of, 202
Hananiah, Passover letter of, 390
Haran, possibly a Hittite capital, 77
Haretat IV, Nabathæan king, 174; besieges Jerusalem, 205; inscription regarding, 442
Harper, Robert, exploration in Babylonia, 47
Harps, 155
Harri, become part of Subbiluliuma’s kingdom, 78
Hasmonæans, see _Asmonæans_.
Hattusil I, King of Boghaz Koi, 78
Hattusil II, successor of Mutallu, 69, 80
Hawara, 28
Haynes, John H., Babylonian explorations of, 46
Head, B. V., date of ancient coins, 162
Hebrews, migration of, 116
Hebron, possessed by the Hittites, 76
Helena, mother of Constantine, 211
Helena of Adiabene, tomb of, 183
Heliopolis, 35
Hens, 139
Herod Agrippa I, 121
Herod the Great, rebuilds the Jewish temple, 121; capture of Rabbah Ammon, 130; coinage of, 165; building in Jerusalem, 205
Herodotus, on early navigation, 32; on wars between Egypt and Assyria, 32; comparison with 2 Kings, 376
Hezekiah, threatened by Sennacherib, 63, 374; improvements made by, 198
High places, 167
Hill, G. F., on Palestinian coins, 164
Hilprecht, Herman V., Babylonian explorations of, 46
Hin, 158
Hincks, Edward, 50
Hinnom, valley of, 185, 199
Hippacus, tower of, 206, 212
Hippos, 215
Hittites, invade Babylonia, 59; monuments of, 68; theories concerning, 68; ethnology of, 74; history of, 75
Hoes, 134
Homer, _The Odyssey_, 79
Homer, a measure, 158
Hophra, lures Judah to destruction, 32; palace of, at Memphis, 37
Horam, King of Gezer, 117
Horites, 106
Horse, domestication of the, 74
Horse Gate, 202
Hoshea, rebels against Assyria, 62, 369
Houses in ancient Palestine, 126
Howe, Fisher, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Hull, Edward, geological survey of the valley of the Dead Sea, 89
Human sacrifice, 172
Hunt, A. S., discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428
Huntington, Ellsworth, 95
Hyksos, invasion of Egypt, 28, 34, 110; possibly Hittites, 75
Hystaspes, father of Darius, 49
Ilu-bidi (Yau-bidi), 82
Ilumailu, founder of the second dynasty of Babylon, 59
Ilu-shumma, King of Assyria, 52
Ina-uzni-erêsu, 267
Ipuwer, Egyptian sage, 421
Irad, 270
Irhulina, King of Hamath, 82
Ishmi-Dagan, 52
Ishtar, on coins, 163; Babylonian prayer to, 399
Israel, the northern kingdom, 118
Ivriz, Hittite remains at, 70
Jacob, historical study of the name, 299
Jacobel, 111, 112
Jars, 142
Jebus, 188
Jehoahaz, deposed by Necho, 32
Jehoash, breaks wall of Jerusalem, 196
Jehoiachin, imprisoned by Nebuchadrezzar, 66
Jehoiakim, rebellion of, 65
Jehu, pays tribute to Shalmaneser III, 61
Jensen, Peter, studies in the Hittite and the Mitanni languages, 71
Jerabis, site of ancient Carchemish, Hamath, etc., 71, 72
Jerash, temple at, 178; ruins at, 217
Jericho, excavations at, 98; walls of, 109; capture of, 117; topography of, 123; area of, 125; remains of buildings, 127
Jeroboam, 30; name on seal, 359
Jerome, _Onomasticon_, 85, 133
Jerusalem, sieges and destruction of, 65; captured by Orodes I, 120; besieged by Pompey, 120; destroyed by Titus, 121; captured by the Persians, 122; passes under Mohammedan control, 122; area of, 126; water supply of, 130; rock altar at, 168; topography of, 185; in the time of Solomon, 190; destruction of, by Nebuchadrezzar, 199; walls of, rebuilt, 202; capture of, by Ptolemy I, 203; during the Asmonæan period, 204; construction during reign of Agrippa I, 212
Jesus, in the Decapolis, 218; reputed sayings of, found in Egypt, 428
Jewish colony in Egypt, 387
Joab, captures Rabbah, 217
Job, Babylonian parallel to, 392
John Hyrcanus, conquers Samaria and Edom, 100, 120; coinage of, 165; builds palace in Jerusalem, 204; supplies Jerusalem with water, 205
John Hyrcanus II, 120
Johns, C. H. W., 163
Jordan, Julius, exploration at Warka, 47
Joseph, texts bearing on story of, 33, 303; historical study of the name, 300
Josephel, 111, 112
Josephus, story of Onias, 38; on measures, 158
Joshua, conquest of Palestine, 117
Jovanoff, Alexander, numismatist of Constantinople, 70
Judah, the southern kingdom, 118
Judas Maccabæus, 119
Judges, period of, 352
Justus, house of, 221
Kadashman-turgu, 60
Kadesh, battle at, 80
Kadesh-Barnea, identification of, disputed, 95
Kalah-Sherghat, exploration at, 47
Kanatha, 215
Kara-Bel, Hittite remains at, 70
Karaburna, Hittite remains at, 70
Kara Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70
Karaindash, King of Babylon, 53, 60
Karanog, exploration of, 39
Kara Su, 69
Karnak, temple of, 37
Kassites, invade Babylonia, 59; migration of the, 109
Kenan, 267
Keys, 151
Khafre, 26
Khartum, 18
Khattu land, name given to Hittite settlement in Cappadocia, 75
_Kheta_, see _Hittites_.
Khnum, 305
Khufu (Cheops), 25
Kidron, valley of, 185
King list of Karnak, etc., 22
Kings, books of, archæological light on, 358
King’s Gardens, 189
Kish, exploration at, 48; dynasty of, 54
Kitchener, H. H., Major and Lord, survey of Palestine, 88; surveys in Arabia, 89
Kizil Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70
Klein, F. A., 363
Knives, 152
Knudtzon, J. A., _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, 303
_Kok_ (shaft), 182
Koldewey, Robert, Babylonian exploration, 46, 65
Kudur-Mabug, 295
Kugler, Franz Xaver, astronomical calculation relating to Assyrian chronology, 53
Kukukumal, 297
Kummukh, Hittite kingdom, 82
Kurigalzu, invasion of Elam during reign of, 59
Labyrinth, 28
Lachish, excavations at, 89; walls of, 124
Lagash, 47; founding of, 55; colonists from, found Ashur, 47, 60
Lamartine, A. M., explorations in Palestine, 85
Lamech, 267
Lamentation for Tammuz, 426
Lamp-stands, 151
Langdon, Stephen, _Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man_, 283
Laodicea, 230
Larsa, kings of, 53; divided power with Nisin, 58
Lassen, Christian, 50
Lawrence, T. E., explorations in the wilderness of Zin, 95
Layard, Austen Henry, explorations of, 43; discoveries at Nineveh, 64, 71
Lebanon, copper from, 58
Leontopolis, Jewish temple at, 38
_Lepton_, 165
Letters from Palestine, 344
Leviticus, alleged parallel to, 342
Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, 64
Liverpool, University of, directs Hittite exploration, 70
Loftus, William Kennett, explorations of, 44
Log, 158
Lotan, 109
Lowenstern, Isidore, 50
Lugaldaudu, statue of, 48; King of Adab, 57
Lugalzaggisi, 54, 57
Lydia, origin of coinage in (?), 163; kingdom of, 226
Lynch, Lieut. W. F., explorations in Palestine, 86
Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, 100
Lyres, 155
Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, 105
Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, 92; conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, 124
Maccabæan period, 203
Maccabees, 119
MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, 39
Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, 94
Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, 57; quarries at, 58
Magdol, 34
Mana, 160
Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, 64
Manetho, Egyptian priest, 21
Manishtusu, King of Kish, 47
Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 77, 79
Marash, Hittite remains at, 70, 92
Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, 247
Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of, 258
Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, 51, 52
Margolis, Max L., meaning of _Pim_, 161
Mars’ Hill, 220
Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, 101
Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, 78
“Maudsley’s Scarp,” 90, 191
Measures, 158
Medeba, taken by Omri, 365
Megalaros, 271
Megiddo, battle of, 32; excavations at, 96; wall of, 109; topography of, 123; area of, 126; remains of buildings, 128; gates of, 129; rock altar at, 168; temple at, 176; seal found at, 359
Melamkish, 267
Memphis, capital of Egypt, 27
Mena, accession of, 23; reign of, 25
Menahem, 62
Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Menhir (stone columns), 104; burial in, 180
Menkaure, 26
_Men-nofer_, 27
Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, 30; Pharaoh of the Exodus, 37; siege of Gezer, 114, 115; pillar of, 311
Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, 63; relations with Hezekiah, 377
Meroe, 32, 39
Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, 86
Meruitensi, 420
Meselim, King of Kish, 56
Mesha, King of Moab, 170, 363
Meskingashir, 267
Mesopotamian Valley, 40
Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, 72
Methuselah, 267
Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, 23; origin of the Philistines, 357
Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, 86
Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), 27
Migdol, 34
Miletus, 222
Millo, 189, 190
Millstones, 136
Mina, 160
Mitanni, 69; kingdom of, 77
Mite, coin, 165
Moabite Stone, 363
Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, 122
Money, 162
Monoliths, at Gezer, 170
Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, 70
Moresheth-Gath (Marash), 70, 92
Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, 47, 313
Moriah, Mount, 168; site of the temple, 192
Mortars, 136
Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, 340
Mosque of Omar, 168
Moulton, W. J., 100
Mount, see _descriptive name_.
Mukês, 216
Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, 69
Mursil, successor of Arandas, 79; makes treaty with the Amorites, 80; death of, 80
Mutallu, successor of Mursil, 80
Mutu-elu, 267
Mutu-ša-elu, 267
Mutu-šalal-eqla, 267
Nabathæans, 174
Nabopolassar, 65
Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, 54, 55; inscriptions of, 382
Nails, 153
Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268
Napata, 31
Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, 20
Naram-Sin, 54, 57
Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, 35
Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, 60
Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, 32, 65; destroys Jerusalem, 199; inscriptions of, 379
Necho, 32, 65, 379
Necklaces, 156
Needles, 151
Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, 202
Nehushtan, 171
Neo-Babylonian period, 65
Neolithic implements, 103
Nicanor’s gate, 210
Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, 49
Nile, 17
Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, 43; by Rassam and Loftus, 44; by George Smith, 45; eclipse at, 51; Ashurbanipal’s library at, 64
Ninkharsag, 279, 289
Nippur, exploration of, 46; founding of, 55; account of creation and flood discovered at, 278; account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, 283
Nisin, 53, 54, 58
Noah, 268, 287
Nomes, divisions of Egypt, 24
Noph, 27
Norden, F. L., 19
Nubians, Christian, 39
Nuffar, exploration of, 46
Odoric, 49
_Odyssey, The_, referred to, 79
Old Gate, 202
Olive-presses, 137
Olives, Mount of, 211
Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, 70
Omar, Mosque of, 168
Omer, 158
Omri, 100, 365, 366
On, 35; priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, 26
Onias, 38
_Onomasticon_, by Jerome, 85, 133
Ophel, excavations on, 102; topography of, 123
Opis, dynasty of, 54
Oppert, Jules, explorations of, 44, 50
_Orient-Gesellschaft_, Babylonian exploration, 46
Ornaments, personal, 156
Ornan, 168
Orodes I, King of Parthia, 120
Osorkon II, 30
Otiartes, 271
Ovens, 149
Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, 39, 428
Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, 86
Palaces of ancient Palestine, 127
Palæolithic implements, 103
“Palermo Stone,” 22
Palestine, physical geography of, 83; Mohammedans invade, 122
Palestine Exploration Fund, 87
Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, 37; at Oxyrhynchus, 39, 428
Papyrus Ebers, 23
Parchment, origin of the word, 224
Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, 101
Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67
Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, 60
Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, 100
Patriarchs before the flood, 264
Paul, scene of his missionary activity, 219
_Payim_, 161
Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Pekah, 62, 369
Peleset (Philistines), 356
Pella, 114, 216
Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, 313; laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, 340
Perfume-boxes, 156
Pergamum, 222, 224
Persepolis, inscriptions at, 49
Persia, languages of ancient, 48
Persian period of Babylonia, 66
Persians, dominant in Palestine, 122
Pesibkhenno II, 30
Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, 45; discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102
Petra, 173, 174
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 34, 38; discovery of Raamses, 36; of Hophra’s palace, 37; excavation at Tell Defenneh, 38; at Lachish, 89; _Egyptian Tales_, 302
Phæstos, disc discovered at, 115, 357
Pharaoh of the Exodus, 30, 311
Philadelphia, 123, 217, 228
Philadelphus, 33
Philetærus, King of Pergamum, 224
Philip, son of Herod the Great, 121
Philistia, 83
Philistines, migration of, 115; civilization of, 117; Ramses III, reference to, 356; Meyer’s opinion of origin, 357
Phœnicians, weight standards of, 160
Pilate, Pontius, 121
Pilikam, 267, 271
Pillar of Merneptah, 311
Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, 169; at Taanach, 173
_Pim_, 161
Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, 384
“Pipe,” musical instrument, 155
Pithom, 34, 35
Place, Victor, explorations of, 43
Plows, 134
Pococke, R., 19
Poebel, Arno, 54, 267, 271, 278
Politarchs, of Thessalonica, 438
Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, 120, 205
Pool of Bethesda, 210
Pools of Solomon, 131
Potiphar, 34
Pottery, 141
Pre-Babylonian period, 56
Prophets, character of the Hebrew, 417
Proverbs, parallels to book of, 407
Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, 398
Psammetik I, 31
Psammetik II, 387
Psephinus, tower of, 212
Ptahhotep, precepts of, 409
Ptolemaic period, 32
Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, 203
Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, 51
Ptolemy Lagi, 33, 119
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 33
Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, 70
Pul, 61
Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, 74
Put-akhi, Amorite king, 80
Pyramids, 25
Qarqar, 61
_Quadrans_, 165
Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, 432
Raamses, built by the Israelites, 35
Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, 33; topography of, 123; site of Philadelphia, 217
Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, 434
Ramses II, 29, 35, 69; treaty with Hattusil, 69; conquests in northern Syria, 80; Palestinian rule of, 114
Ramses III, 30, 115
Ramses IV, IX, XII, 30
Raphana, 215
Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, 44, 45, 64
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, 44, 50, 51
Rehoboam, 30; opposed by Shishak, 118
Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, 100
Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, 86
Rephaim, 104
Reservoirs, 130
Retenu (Lotan), 109
Rich, Claude James, explorations of, 42
Richardson, Rufus B., excavations at Corinth, 221
Rim-Sin, King of Larsa, 58
Rings, finger, 157; money, 162
Roads, 132
Robinson, Edward, explorations in Palestine, 85
Robinson, George L., discovery at Petra, 102
“Robinson’s Arch,” 87, 204
Rockefeller, John D., 47
Roman rule of Egypt, 33
“Rosetta Stone,” 20
Sacrifices in foundations, 128; human, 172; Carthaginian law concerning, 342
Sacy, Sylvestre de, interpretation of Sassanian inscriptions, 49
Sakje-Geuze, excavations at, 75
Samal, kingdom of, 81
Samaria, siege of, 62; excavations at, 100; topography of, 123; remains of palaces at, 127; temple at, 178
Samaritans, origin of, 118
Samsuiluna, King of Larsa, 53
Sarbut el-Khadem, 28
Sardis, 226, 228
Sargon of Agade, 54, 57; conquests of, 63, 107; legend of, 310
Sargon of Assyria, besieges Samaria, 63, 369
Sarzec, Ernest de, explorations of, 45
Sassanian dynasty of Persia, 49, 67
Saturninus, Sentius, 437
Saul, reign of, 117
Saws, 152
Sayce, A. H., theories regarding Hittites, 68; decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 70, 73
“Scarp, Maudsley’s,” 191
Scheil, V., exploration of, 46, 54
Schick, Dr. Conrad, discoveries in Jerusalem, 207
Schmidt, Nathaniel, explorations in Palestine, 100
Schumacher, Gottlieb, explorations in Palestine, 88; excavations at Megiddo, 96, 124
Scythians threaten Assyria, 64
Scythopolis, 214
Seah, 158
Seals, 154; found at Megiddo, 359
Sebaste, see _Samaria_.
Second Assyrian period, 61
Sela, 173
Seleucus, King of Babylonia, 67
Sellin, Ernst, excavations at Taanach, 97, 124; excavations at Jericho, 98
Semites, first inhabitants of Mesopotamia, 55
Sendjirli, excavations at, 69
Seneferu, 25
Sennacherib, 31; discovery of seal at Babylon, 52; succeeds Sargon, 63; his account of his campaigns, 372
Seplel, see _Subbiluliuma_.
Septuagint, translation of, 33
Sesostris, monarchs of Middle Kingdom, 27
Seth, 267; list of descendants, 269
Seti I, 29; campaigns against Palestine, 80; conquests in Asia, 114
_Shabatum_, 259
Shaft tombs, 181
Shalmaneser I, 60
Shalmaneser III, campaigns of, 61; oppression of Palestine, 360
Shalmaneser V, 62
Shamash-shumukin, 64
Shamshi-Adad, 52
Shamshi-Adad IV, 61
Shamsu-ditana, King of Babylon, 75
Shamsu-iluna, successor of Hammurapi, 108
Sheba, 381
Shechem, captured by Sesostris III, 28; excavations at, 102
Sheep Gate, 202
Shema, seal of, 176
Sheol, 423
Shephelah, borderland between Judæa and Philistia, 90, 94, 186
“Shepherd Kings,” 28
Sheshonk, see _Shishak_.
“Shinar” (Sumir), 58
Shishak, 30; record of his campaign in Palestine, 37, 118, 359
Shitḫu-elu, 267
Shur, 95
Shushan, 47
Shutarna I, successor of Artatama I, 77
Siamon, 30
Sicilians, migration of, 115
Sickles, 135
Siloah, 189
Siloam inscription, 377
Simon the Maccabee, coinage of, 164
Sin, the moon-god, Babylonian hymn to, 400
Sinuhe, adventures of, 108, 307
Sippar (Agade), temple at, 54
Smith, Eli, explorations in Palestine, 85
Smith, George, explorations of, 45
Smyrna, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 76, 79; general account of, 229
Solomon marries daughter of Pharaoh, 30; empire of, 118; Pools of, 131, 205; buildings of, 192
Song of Songs, Egyptian parallels to, 413
“Sothic Cycle,” 22
Spatulæ, for eye-paint, 156
Spears, 154
Sphinx, 26
Spinning “whorls,” 151
Spoons, 150
Springs, favorite sites for cities, 186
“Stele of the vultures,” 56
Step Pyramid, 25
Stone age in Palestine, 103
Styli, 154
Subbiluliuma, extends power of the Hittites, 77; deposes Sutatarra, 78; Amorites conquered by, 113
Sumerian, early language of Babylonia, 51
Sumerian names, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268
Sumerians, ethnology of, 56
Sumir, derivation of, 58
Sun-god, Egyptian hymn to the, 402
Susa, exploration at, 47
Sutarna II, King of the Harri, 78
Sutatarra, successor of Dushratta, 78
Swords, 154
“Synagogue of the Hebrews” in Corinth, 221
Sypilus, Mount, 70
Taanach, excavations at, 97; walls of, 124; buildings at, 127; pillars and altar of incense at, 173; letter from, 350
Tabu-utul-Bêl, 395
Tagtug, 288, 289
Tahpanhes, castle at, 37
Talbot, Fox, 50
Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 418
Tale of Sinuhe, 307
Tale of the Two Brothers, 300
Tamerlane, 227
Tammuz, lamentation for, 426
Tanut-amon, 31
Tashji, Hittite remains at, 70
Taylor, J. E., explorations of, 44
Tell Defenneh, 38
Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), 89, 110
Tell el-Jazar, excavations at, 92
Tell el-Judeideh, excavations at, 91
Tell el-Retabeh, site of Raamses, 36
Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 38
Tell es-Safi, 91, 110, 124, 169
Tell Hum (Capernaum), 98
“Tell of the Jewess,” 38
Tell Sandahanna (Marash), 92; weight found at, 162
Tell Taanek, see _Taanach_.
Tell Zakariya (Azekah), 90
Temple, Solomon’s, site of, 168; description of, 193; building of the second, 200; Herod’s, 207
Temple at Gezer, 175
Temple to Augustus at Samaria, 178
Temple of Jewish colony in Egypt, 387
Thakut, 34
Thebes, nome of, 27
Thekel, migration of, 115, 116
Thenius, Otto, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Thessalonica, politarchs of, 438
Thiersch, Hermann, discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102
This, nome of, 25
Thompson, R. Campbell, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 73
Thothmes I, raids through Palestine, 110
Thothmes III, 29, 77, 111
Thothmes IV, alliance with Artatama I, 77
Threshing, 135
Thyatira, 226
Ti, tomb of, 26
_Tiâmat_, 248, 251
Tiberius, coinage of, 165
Tiglath-pileser I, 51, 60
Tiglath-pileser IV, conquests of, 61, 366
Tigris river, 40
Timur (Tamerlane), 227
Tirhakah, 31, 64
Titus, destroys Jerusalem, 121
Tiuman, King of Elam, 417
Tobler, Titus, explorations in Palestine, 86
Toi, King of Hamath, 81
Tombs, 181
“Tombs of the Judges,” 182
“Tombs of the Kings,” 183, 212
Topheth, 199
Tou, see _Toi_.
Towers, 202
Toys, 155
Trajan, 133; organizes province of Arabia, 174
Travel, between Babylonia and Palestine, 293
Trumbull, Henry Clay, identification of Kadesh-Barnea, 95
Tukulti-Ninib I, 52, 60
“Turin Papyrus,” 22
Two Brothers, Tale of the, 300
Tyana, Hittite capital, 82
Tyropœon valley, 199
Ukhaimir, exploration at, 48
Umm Keis, 216
Ummanu, 267
Uni, officer of Pepi I, 107
University Museum, Philadelphia, 53, 54
Upper Retenu, 109
Ur, founding of, 55; kings of, 53, 54, 58
Urkagina, King of Lagash, 57
Ur-Nina founds dynasty at Lagash, 56
Utensils, 149
Uzziah, 196, 367
Valley Gate, 202
Van Dyke, Henry, reference to _Felix_, 429
Vincent, Hughes, 99, 101
Vineyards, 137
Wady Maghara, turquoise mines in, 25
Walls of Palestinian cities, 109, 123, 125, 202
Ward, William Hayes, Babylonian explorations of, 45
Warka, exploration at, 47
Warren, Gen. Sir Charles, excavations at Jerusalem, 87; at Gihon, 101
Water Gate, 202
Water supply in Palestine, 129
Weidner, Ernst, 74
Weights, 160
Weil, Captain, excavations on Ophel, 102
Wenamon, report of, 117, 352
Whetstones, 153
White Wall, 27
Wilderness of Zin, explorations in, 95
Winckler, Hugo, excavations at Boghaz Koi, 69, 79; first instalment of the El-Amarna letters, 71
Winckler und Abel, _Thoutafelnfund von El-Amarna_, 303
Wine-vats, 137
Winnowing, 135
_Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach_, 203
Wood, J. T., discoveries in Ephesus, 223
Woolley, C. Leonard, 75, 95
Wrench, J. E., explorations in Asia Minor, 70
Wright, William, _The Empire of the Hittites_, 68
Xerxes, inscriptions of, 48
Xisouthros, 271
Xystus, 203
Yadi, kingdom of, 81
Yaila, Hittite remains at, 70
Yakut, Arabian geographer, 217
Yau-bidi, King of Hamath, 82
Yaudi, identity of, 371
Year, divisions of, 138
Zamama, temple of, 48
Zaphenath-Paneah, 34
Zechariah, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118, 200
Zedekiah, rebellion against Babylon, 32, 65
Ziggurat of Zamama temple, 48
Zin, explorations in the wilderness of, 95
Zion, site of Jebus, 188
Ziugiddu, 280
Zoser, first king of third dynasty, 25, 305
Zugagib, 266
PLATES
PLATE 1
PLATE 2
PLATE 3
PLATE 4
PLATE 5
PLATE 6
PLATE 7
PLATE 8
PLATE 9
PLATE 10
PLATE 11
PLATE 12
PLATE 13
PLATE 14
PLATE 15
PLATE 16
PLATE 17
PLATE 18
PLATE 19
PLATE 20
PLATE 21
PLATE 22
PLATE 23
PLATE 24
PLATE 25
PLATE 26
PLATE 27
PLATE 28
PLATE 29
PLATE 30
PLATE 31
PLATE 32
PLATE 33
PLATE 34
PLATE 35
PLATE 36
PLATE 37
PLATE 38
PLATE 39
PLATE 40
PLATE 41
PLATE 42
PLATE 43
PLATE 44
PLATE 45
PLATE 46
PLATE 47
PLATE 48
PLATE 49
PLATE 50
PLATE 51
PLATE 52
PLATE 53
PLATE 54
PLATE 55
PLATE 56
PLATE 57
PLATE 58
PLATE 59
PLATE 60
PLATE 61
PLATE 62
PLATE 63
PLATE 64
PLATE 65
PLATE 66
PLATE 67
PLATE 68
PLATE 69
PLATE 70
PLATE 71
PLATE 72
PLATE 73
PLATE 74
PLATE 75
PLATE 76
PLATE 77
PLATE 78
PLATE 79
PLATE 80
PLATE 81
PLATE 82
PLATE 83
PLATE 84
PLATE 85
PLATE 86
PLATE 87
PLATE 88
PLATE 89
PLATE 90
PLATE 91
PLATE 92
PLATE 93
PLATE 94
PLATE 95
PLATE 96
PLATE 97
PLATE 98
PLATE 99
PLATE 100
PLATE 101
PLATE 102
PLATE 103
PLATE 104
PLATE 105
PLATE 106
PLATE 107
PLATE 108
PLATE 109
PLATE 110
PLATE 111
PLATE 112
PLATE 113
PLATE 114
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _Century Dictionary_, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293.
[2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of seventeenth century calculations and guesses.
[3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s _History of Egypt_, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s.
[4] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, London, 1906.
[5] See Naville, _The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus_, 4th ed., London, 1903.
[6] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 28, f.
[7] See Petrie, _The Palace of Apries_, London, 1909.
[8] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 191, ff.
[9] See _Annals of Archæology and Anthropology_, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp. 1-10.
[10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written.
[11] First published by Hilprecht, _Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania_, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46.
[12] See Poebel, _Historical and Grammatical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914, Nos. 2-5, and _Historical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140.
[13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a _résumé_ of other views will be found in G. A. Barton’s _Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious_, New York, 1902, Chapter I.
[14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by Nimrod.
[15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff.
[16] The Chaldæans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in Babylonia about 1000 B. C.
[17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W. King’s _History of Sumer and Akkad_, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’ _History of Babylonia and Assyria_. 2d ed., New York, 1915.
[18] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1899, Heft. 4.
[19] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1900, Hefte 4 and 5.
[20] See Pumpelly, _Explorations in Turkestan_, Washington, 1908, I, p. 50, f.
[21] See L. W. King, _Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings_, London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22.
[22] _History of Egypt_, II. 404, 405.
[23] _Expository Times_, November, 1914, p. 91.
[24] _Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern_, 319, note 3.
[25] _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, 227, 228.
[26] Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, II, § 773.
[27] Winckler in _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1913, Heft 4, p. 81.
[28] _Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem_, Paris, 1811.
[29] _Travels in Syria_, 1821.
[30] _Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient_, Paris, 1835.
[31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, _The Development of Palestine Exploration_, New York, 1906.
[32] See _Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan_, Baltimore, 1852.
[33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third _Statement_ of the American Exploration Society, 1870.
[34] See his _East of the Jordan_, New York, 1883.
[35] Warren’s results were first published in _The Recovery of Jerusalem_, London, 1870, and more fully in _Jerusalem_, London, 1889, one of the Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called “Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by Robinson.
[36] _Across the Jordan_, London, 1886; _Jaulan_, London, 1886, and _Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun_, London, 1889.
[37] _Die Provincia Arabia_, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes).
[38] _Petra_, Leipzig, 1908, and _Neu-Petra Forschung_, Leipzig, 1912.
[39] _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, London, 1896-1899.
[40] _Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petræa_, London, 1886.
[41] See Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy (Lachish)_, London, 1891.
[42] See his _Mound of Many Cities_, London, 1894.
[43] See Bliss, _Excavations at Jerusalem_, London, 1898.
[44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature.
[45] Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900_, London, 1902.
[46] See his _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, II, p. 251, f.
[47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.”
[48] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 381-403.
[49] _Ibid._, 406-408.
[50] _Ibid._, I, 256-268.
[51] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 200-223.
[52] _Ibid._, 236-266.
[53] See the _Annual_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II, for the details here given, and for many others.
[54] _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins._
[55] See _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, V, pp. 7-204.
[56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, Leipzig, 1908.
[57] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, Wien, 1904.
[58] See _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_, No. 29, Berlin, 1905, p. 14, f.
[59] See Sellin und Watzinger, _Jericho_, Leipzig, 1913.
[60] See _Journal of Biblical Literature_, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp. 164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95.
[61] See _Harvard Theological Review_, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92.
[62] _Ibid._, II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263.
[63] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; _Wars of the Jews_, i, 2, 7.
[64] _Revue biblique_, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116.
[65] _Biblical World_, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306.
[66] See Germer-Durand in _Revue biblique_, 1914, pp. 71-94, and Frontispiece.
[67] See _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the Appendix, p. 446.
[68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary, Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary; see Chapter XI, p. 173, f.
[69] Discovered in 1902 by Dr. J. P. Peters and Dr. Thiersch; see their _Painted Tombs of Marissa_, London, 1905.
[70] Reference should also be made to the expedition from Princeton University, referred to on p. 107, led by Prof. H. C. Butler, which went out in 1899-1900, in 1904-1905, and in 1909, and examined the ruins in the Hauran (or region east of the Sea of Galilee), in the Lebanon Mountains, and in that part of Syria to the east of Lebanon. The expedition gathered many inscriptions, most of which belong to the Christian period. The results of this exploration are published in _The Publications of an Archæological Expedition to Syria in 1899-1900_, New York, 1904, and _Publications of the Princeton Archæological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909_, Leyden, 1908-1914.
[71] See R. A. S. Macalister, _History of Civilization in Palestine_, Cambridge University Press, 1912, pp. 10, 11.
[72] See Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 143.
[73] See Barton, in the _Biblical World_, Chicago, 1904, Vol. XXIV, p. 177.
[74] See Conder, _Survey of Eastern Palestine_, I, pp. 125-277, and Mackenzie in the _Annual_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I, pp. 5-11.
[75] See Gen. 14:5; 15:20.
[76] See H. S. Cowper, _The Hill of the Graces, a Record of Investigation among the Trilithons and Megalithic Sites of Tripoli_, London, 1897, and Brandenburg, _Über Felsarchitektur im Mittelmeergebiet_ in _Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellchaft_, 1914.
[77] See the _Annals of Archæology and Anthropology_, Vol. V, Liverpool, 1913, pp. 112-128.
[78] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 72-152.
[79] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 145-152.
[80] _Ibid._, 236, ff.
[81] R. A. S. Macalister, _Bible Side-lights from the Mound of Gezer_, London, 1906, Chapter II.
[82] See P. E. Mader in _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, Vol. XXXVII, 1914, pp. 20-44.
[83] See Amos 4:4; 5:5.
[84] See Dr. Masterman, in _Biblical World_, XXXIX, 301, f.
[85] See the legend concerning him translated in Part II, p. 310, f.
[86] See Clay, _Amurru_, Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 102, 103.
[87] See _Recueil de travaux relatifs à phil. et à arch. egpt. et assyr._, XXXIV, 105-108.
[88] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, Vol. I, Chicago, 1906, § 315.
[89] See Chapter II, p. 59.
[90] Translated in Part II, p. 313, f.
[91] See Part II, p. 293.
[92] See Part II, p. 290, ff.
[93] See Part II, p. 299, ff.
[94] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, p. 233, f.
[95] See Barton, _Commentary on Job_, New York, 1911, pp. 5-7, and Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, p. 238, note _a_.
[96] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, § 680, and Barton in _Journal of Biblical Literature_, Vol. XXVIII, p. 29.
[97] Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 238-243 and 253.
[98] _Tell el-Mutesellim_, Tafeln, vii-xi.
[99] See Chapter IV, p. 96.
[100] See Chapter II, p. 59, f.
[101] See Chapter I, p. 28.
[102] See Chapter III, p. 75, f.
[103] See Chapter IV, pp. 89, 91.
[104] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III, § 616.
[105] Translated from W. Max Müller’s publication in the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1907, Heft 7.
[106] Hammath means “hot.”
[107] See Chapter I, p. 29.
[108] See pp. 79, 80, and 345.
[109] See the letters of its king translated in Part II, p. 345, f.
[110] Chapter XIII.
[111] See Chapter III, p. 78, f.
[112] See Part II, p. 349, f.
[113] See Breasted’s _History of Egypt_, New York, 1909, p. 414.
[114] See Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III. §§ 81 and 140.
[115] Translated from W. Max Müller’s _Egyptological Researches_, Washington, 1906, pl. 59, ff.
[116] See Part II, p. 311.
[117] See Sir Arthur Evans. _Scripta Minoa_, Oxford, 1909, pp. 280, 282, and R. A. S. Macalister in the _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, Vol. XXX, § C, p. 342; also his _Philistines, Their History and Civilization_, London, 1913, pp. 84, 85.
[118] See _Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy_, 1909, p. 1022, f.
[119] Caphtor is the same as _Keftiu_ of the Egyptian inscriptions, but it is uncertain whether _Keftiu_ refers to Crete or Asia Minor.
[120] Translated from W. Max Müller’s _Egyptological Researches_, I, pl. 64, f.
[121] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, p. 21.
[122] See p. 99.
[123] See p. 95.
[124] See the books of I and II Samuel.
[125] See Chapters VI, IX, and XI.
[126] See Part II, Chapter XVII.
[127] See Part II, p. 385, f.
[128] See J. A. Montgomery, _The Samaritans, the Earliest Jewish Sect, Their History, Theology, and Literature_, Philadelphia, 1907.
[129] For the narrative of the struggle, see the book of I Maccabees, and S. Mathews, _History of the New Testament Times in Palestine_, New York, 1908.
[130] See I Macc. 14:41.
[131] For details see Guy Le Strange, _Palestine Under the Moslems_, London, 1890.
[132] For details see C. R. Conder, _The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem_, London, 1897.
[133] See Chapter XIV.
[134] See p. 94.
[135] On these walls, see Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 236-256.
[136] Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy_, p. 17 and Plates 2 and 3.
[137] See his _Tell Taanek_, p. 13.
[138] See p. 96 and Fig. 41.
[139] See p. 91.
[140] _Harvard Theological Review_, III, 137.
[141] Palestine Exploration Fund’s _Annual_, II, 17, f.
[142] Sellin and Watzinger’s _Jericho_, p. 29, f. and Tafel I.
[143] _Ibid._, 54, ff.
[144] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 244.
[145] See Dickie, in _Quarterly Statement_ of Palestine Exploration Fund, 1897, 61-67.
[146] These remarks about the house are based on the excavation at Gezer. The excavators of other sites have not given as much attention to the construction of houses as Mr. Macalister did.
[147] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, p. 21.
[148] One of these is translated in Part II, p. 350.
[149] See the writer’s article, “Corners,” in Hastings’ _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, Vol. IV 119, ff.
[150] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, p. 61.
[151] Schumacher, _Tell el-Mulesellim_, pp. 45, 54.
[152] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 240.
[153] In 2 Sam. 12:27 we should read “pool of waters” instead of “city of waters”; see Barton in _Journal of Biblical Literature_, XXVII, 147-152.
[154] See Polybius, V, 71.
[155] Josephus, _Jewish Wars_, I, xix, 5, ff.
[156] For the conflicting evidence and theories, see G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, I, 124-131.
[157] Josephus, _Antiquities_, XVIII, iii, 2.
[158] See p. 85.
[159] See Thomsen in _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, XXVI, 170, ff.
[160] See Chapter XIV.
[161] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 199, f; II, 22, ff.
[162] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 22, f.
[163] The reader who cares to pursue the subject is referred to Macalister’s _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 48, ff., and Sellin’s _Tell Taanek_, 61, f., and Bliss and Macalister’s _Excavations in Palestine_, 1898-1900, pp. 193, 196, f., 208, 227, and 248.
[164] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 1-15.
[165] See Pumpelly, _Excavations in Turkestan_, Washington, 1908, p. 384, f.
[166] See Schumacher, _Mutesellim_, p. 89.
[167] Ward, _Seal Cylinders of Western Asia_, p. 422, and Nos. 554, 556, 1126, and 1254.
[168] See Dr. John P. Peters’ article “The Cock” in the _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 363-396.
[169] See Peters and Thiersch, _The Painted Tombs of Marissa_, London, 1905.
[170] See Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, 61, f.
[171] Especial mention may be made of the following: Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy_; Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900_,