CHAPTER XI.

CEREMONIES OF DEATH.

The ceremonies attendant upon death and burial are nearly the same in the cases of men and women. The face or the head of the dying person is turned towards the direction of Mekkeh. When the spirit is departing, the eyes are closed; and then, or immediately after, the women of the house commence a loud lamentation, in which many of the females of the neighbourhood generally come to join. Hired female mourners are also usually employed, each of whom accompanies her exclamations of "Alas for him!" etc. by beating a tambourine. If possible, the corpse is buried on the day of the death;[289] but when this cannot be done, the lamentation of the women is continued during the ensuing night; and a recitation of several chapters, or of the whole, of the Ḳur-án is performed by one or more men hired for the purpose.

The washing consists, first, in the performance of the ordinary ablution that is preparatory to prayer, with the exception of the cleansing of the mouth and nose, and secondly, in an ablution of the whole body with warm water and soap, or with water in which some leaves of the lote-tree have been boiled. The jaw is bound up, the eyes are closed, and the nostrils, etc., are stuffed with cotton; and the corpse is sprinkled with a mixture of water, pounded camphor, dried and pounded leaves of the lote-tree, and sometimes other dried and pulverized leaves, and with rose-water. The ankles are bound together;[290] and the hands placed upon the breast.

The grave-clothing of a poor man consists of a piece or two of cotton, or a kind of bag; but the corpse of a man of wealth is generally wrapped first in muslin, then in cotton cloth of a thicker texture, next in a piece of striped stuff of silk and cotton intermixed, or in a ḳafṭán (a long vest) of similar stuff merely stitched together, and over these is wrapped a Kashmeer shawl.[291] The colours most approved for the grave-clothes are white and green. The body thus shrouded is placed in a bier, which is usually covered with a Kashmeer shawl, and borne on the shoulders of three or four men, generally friends of the deceased.

There are some slight differences in the funeral ceremonies observed in different Arab countries; but a sufficient notion of them will be conveyed by briefly describing those which prevail in Cairo. The procession to the tomb is generally headed by a number of poor men, mostly blind, who, walking two and two, or three and three together, chant, in a melancholy tone, the profession (or two professions) of the faith, "There is no deity but God" and "Moḥammad is God's apostle," or sometimes other words. They are usually followed by some male relations and friends of the deceased; and these, by a group of schoolboys, chanting in a higher tone, and one of them bearing a copy of the Ḳur-án, or of one of its thirty sections, placed upon a kind of desk formed of palm-sticks, and covered with an embroidered kerchief. Then follows the bier, borne head-foremost. Friends of the deceased relieve one another in the office of carrying it; and casual passengers often take part in this service, which is esteemed highly meritorious. Behind the bier walk the female mourners, composing a numerous group, often more than a dozen; or, if of a wealthy family, they ride. Each of those who belong to the family of the deceased has a strip of cotton stuff or muslin, generally blue, bound round her head, over the head-veil, and carries a handkerchief, usually dyed blue (the colour of mourning), which she sometimes holds over her shoulders, and at other times twirls with both hands over her head or before her face, while she cries and shrieks almost incessantly; and the hired female mourners, accompanying the group, often celebrate the praises of the deceased, though this was forbidden by the Prophet. The funeral procession of a man of wealth is sometimes preceded by several camels, bearing bread and water to give to the poor at the tomb; and closed by the led horses of some of the attendants, and by a buffalo or other animal to be sacrificed at the tomb, where its flesh is distributed to the poor, to atone for some of the minor sins of the deceased.[292]

The bier used for conveying the corpse of a boy or a female has a cover of wood, over which a shawl is spread; and at the head is an upright piece of wood: upon the upper part of this, in the case of a boy, is fixed a turban, with several ornaments of female head-dress; and in the case of a female, it is similarly decked, but without the turban.

A short prayer is recited over the dead, either in a mosque or in a place particularly dedicated to this service in or adjacent to the burial-ground. The body is then conveyed, in the same manner as before, to the tomb. This is a hollow, oblong vault, one side of which faces the direction of Mekkeh, generally large enough to contain four or more bodies, and having an oblong monument of stone or brick constructed over it, with a stela at the head and foot. Upon the former of these two stelae (which is often inscribed with a text from the Ḳur-án, and the name of the deceased, with the date of his death), a turban, cap, or other head-dress, is sometimes carved, showing the rank or class of the person or persons buried beneath; and in many cases, a cupola supported by four walls, or by columns, is constructed over the smaller monument. The body is laid on its right side, or inclined by means of a few crude bricks, so that the face is turned towards Mekkeh; and a person is generally employed to dictate to the deceased the answers which he should give when he is examined by the two angels Munkar and Nekeer. If the funeral be that of a person of rank or wealth, the bread and water before mentioned are then distributed to the poor.[293]

Towards the eve of the first Friday after the funeral, and often early in the morning of the Thursday, the women of the family of the deceased repeat their wailing in the house accompanied by some of their female friends: male friends of the deceased also visit the house shortly before or after sunset; and three or four persons are hired to perform a recitation of the whole of the Ḳur-án. On the following morning, some or all of the members of the deceased's family, but chiefly the women, visit the tomb; they or their servants carrying palm-branches, and sometimes sweet basil, to lay upon it, and often the visitors take with them some kind of food, as bread, pancakes, sweet cakes of different kinds, or dates, to distribute to the poor on this occasion. They recite portions of the Ḳur-án or employ people to recite it, as has been already mentioned.[294] These ceremonies are repeated on the same days of the next two weeks; and again on the eve and morning of the Friday which completes, or next follows, the first period of forty days after the funeral; whence this Friday is called El-Arba´een, or Jum´at el-Arba´een.

It is believed that the soul remains with the body until the expiration of the first night after the burial, when it departs to the place appointed for the abode of good souls until the last day, or to the appointed prisons in which wicked souls await their final doom; but with respect to the state of souls in the interval between death and judgment, there are various opinions which Sale thus states.[295] As to the souls of the good, he says, "1. Some say they stay near the sepulchres; with liberty, however, of going wherever they please; which they confirm from Moḥammad's manner of saluting them at their graves, and his affirming that the dead heard those salutations as well as the living, though they could not answer. Whence perhaps proceeded the custom of visiting the tombs of relations, so common among the Mohammadans. 2. Others imagine they are with Adam, in the lowest heaven; and also support their opinion by the authority of their prophet, who gave out that in his return from the upper heavens in his pretended night-journey, he saw there the souls of those who were destined to paradise on the right hand of Adam, and those who were condemned to hell on his left. 3. Others fancy the souls of believers remain in the well Zemzem, and those of infidels in a certain well in the province of Haḍramót, called Barahoot:[296] but this opinion is branded as heretical [?]. 4. Others say they stay near the graves for seven days; but that whither they go afterwards is uncertain. 5. Others that they are all in the trumpet, whose sound is to raise the dead. And 6. Others that the souls of the good dwell in the forms of white birds, under the throne of God. As to the condition of the souls of the wicked, the more orthodox held that they are offered by the angels to heaven, from whence being repulsed as stinking and filthy, they are offered to the earth; and, being also refused a place there, are carried down to the seventh earth, and thrown into a dungeon, which they call Sijjeen, under a green rock, or according to a tradition of Moḥammad, under the devil's jaw, to be there tormented till they are called up to be joined again to their bodies." But the souls of prophets are believed to be admitted immediately into paradise, and those of martyrs are said to rest in the crops of green birds which eat of the fruits of paradise and drink of its rivers.[297]

Of the opinions above mentioned, with respect to the souls of the faithful, I believe the first to be that which is most prevalent. It is generally said that these souls visit their respective graves every Friday; and according to some they return to their bodies on Friday, after the period of the afternoon prayers, and on Saturday and Monday; or on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday; and remain until sunrise.[298]--I believe also, from having heard frequent allusions made to it as a thing not to be doubted, that the opinion respecting the Well of Barahoot commonly prevails in the present day. El-Ḳazweenee says of it, "It is a well _near_ Haḍramót; and the Prophet (God bless and save him!) said, 'In it are the souls of the infidels and hypocrites.' It is an ´Adite well [_i.e._ ancient, as though made by the old tribe of ´Ad], in a dry desert, and a gloomy valley; and it is related of ´Alee (may God be well pleased with him!), that he said, 'The most hateful of districts unto God (whose name be exalted!) is the Valley of Barahoot, in which is a well whose water is black and fetid, where the souls of the infidels make their abode.' El-Asma'ee hath related of a man of Haḍramót that he said, 'We find near Barahoot an extremely disgusting and fetid smell, and then news is brought to us of the death of a great man of the chiefs of the infidels.' It is related, also, that a man who passed a night in the Valley of Barahoot, said, 'I heard all the night [exclamations] of O Roomeh! O Roomeh! and I mentioned this to a learned man, and he told me that it was the name of the angel commissioned to keep guard over the souls of the infidels.'"[299]

FOOTNOTES:

[289] "When any one of you dies," said the Prophet, "you must not keep him in the house; but carry him quickly to his grave:" and again he said, "Be quick in lifting up a bier; for if the deceased be a good man, it is good to take him up quickly, and carry him to his grave, to cause the good to arrive at happiness; and if the deceased be a bad man, it is a wickedness which ye put from your neck." (Mishkát el-Maṣábeeḥ, i. 374, 387.)

[290] Two customs, namely, tying the toes of the corpse, and placing a knife, or rather a sword, upon the body, are still common in some Muslim countries; but I did not hear of their being observed in Egypt, nor the custom of putting salt with the knife or sword. Iron and salt are both believed to repel genii, and to prevent their approach, and hence, perhaps, are thus used.

[291] It is a common custom for a Muslim, on a military expedition, or during a long journey, especially in the desert, to carry his grave-linen with him; for he is extremely careful that he may be buried according to the law.

[292] More than one is unusual; but at the funeral of Moḥammad ´Alee, which I witnessed in Cairo, about eighty buffaloes were thus driven in the procession.--E. S. P.

[293] See further Modern Egyptians, ch. xxviii.

[294] See above, 23 and 24.

[295] Preliminary Discourse, section iv.

[296] So in the Ḳámoos, and in my MS. of the ´Ajáïb el-Makhlooḳát of El-Ḳazweenee; but by Sale written "Borhût."

[297] The Mohammadan law distinguishes several different descriptions of martyrs. This honourable title is given to the soldier who dies in fighting for the faith, or on his way to do so, or who dies almost immediately after his having been wounded when so engaged; to a person who innocently meets with his death from the hand of another; to a victim of the plague, who does not flee from the disease, or of dysentery; to a person who is drowned, and to one who is killed by the falling of a wall or any building.

[298] Murshid ez-Zoowár ilà Ḳuboor, el-Abrár (the Director of the Visitors to the Tombs of the Just) by ´Abd-er-Raḥmán El-Khazrejee El-Anṣáree: MS. in my possession.

[299] ´Ajáïb el-Makhlooḳát.

INDEX.

Aạshà, El- (poet), 155

Aạwar, El- (son of Satan), 33

´Abd-El-Ḳádir El-Jeelánee (saint), 50, _n._

´Abd-El-Melik (Khaleefeh, A.D. 685-705), 113, 114, 156, 168

Abel, 92

Ablutions, 11

---- before meals, 136

Abodes of the Jinn (Genii), 37, 104

Aboo-Bekr Eṭ-Ṭoosee (theologian), 73

Aboo-Murrah (surname of Satan), 31

Aboo-Zeyd, romance of, 127

Abraham, 2, 93

Abstinence, 14

Abu-l-´Atáhiyeh (poet), 114, 115

Abu-l-Ghimr (surname of Satan), 31

Abu-l-Ḳásim El-Jeelánee, 55

Abyssinian slaves, 250, 253, 254

Accomplishments, 205, 239

´Ad, ancient tribe of, 105, 265

Adam, 2

Adán (call to prayer), 11, 186

Adhriyoon (anemone), 166, _n._

´Adid, El-, (Fáṭimee Khaleefeh, A.D. 1160-1171), 216, _n._

Adultery, 17

Agathodaemon, 39

Aḥmad El-Bedawee (saint), 50, _n._, 62, 63, 72

Aḥmad Rifá´ah (saint), 50, _n._

Aḥmedeeyeh darweeshes, 50, _n._

´Aïsheh (wife of Moḥammad), 34, 239

´Ajameeyeh (a sweet paste), 23

´Ajweh (pressed dates), 160

´Aḳeeḳah (victim), 191

Alchymy, 94

´Alee, 266

´Alee's wives, 222

´Alee El-Bekree (saint), 65-69

´Alee ibn-El-Ma-moon, 53

´Alee El-Leythee (saint), 60-63

´Alḳamah, 45

Alláh (God), 133

Alláhu Akbar! (God is Great!), 37

Almond, 161, 167

Almsgiving, 14, 23

Aloes-wood, 157

Ambassadors of Constantine VII., 121

Ambergris, 157

Ammooneh (female saint), 65-67

Amphora, 158

Amputation for theft, 17, 20, 21

Amulets, 85

Analysis of Arabian beauty, 215

Anemone, 166

Angel of Death, 90

Angel who bears the earth, 106

Angels, 2, 25, 26

----, fallen, 82

´Annáb (jujube), 161, _n._

´Antarah, romance of, 127

Antechamber of bath, 180

Antelope hunting, 183-185

Apartments, 145

Apostasy, 18

Apostles, 2

Apostolic angels, 26

Apple, 161

Apricot, 161

Arabs, early, 109-112

´Arafát, Mount, 14, 21, 39

Arba´een, El- (fortieth day after funeral), 263

Archangels, 26

Arms, 183

´Arsh Er-Raḥmán (Throne of the Compassionate), 99

´Arsh Iblees, 102

Ás (myrtle), 165

Asaf (Wezeer of Solomon), 40, 81

Ascension of Moḥammad into Heaven, 164

Asceticism, 53, 55-59

Aṣḥáb ed-Darak (overseers), 48

´Asḳalán, 141

Asma´ee, El- (poet), 114, 124-126

´Asr (afternoon prayer), 11

Ass of Umm ´Amr, 213

----, wild, hunting the, 185

Astrology, 84, _n._, 86, 237

Atlantic Ocean, 102

Auguration, 86, 87

Author made a darweesh, 62

´Azázeel (the youthful Satan), 30, 31

Azhar (the university mosque in Cairo), 50

´Azraeel (Angel of Death), 26, 33, 90

Bábil (Babel), 82

Baghdád, literary period at, 112, 114

Bahamoot (the fish that bears the earth), 107

Bahár (buphthalmum), 167, _n._

Baḥr el-Moḥeeṭ, El- (Circumambient Ocean), 100, 102

Baḥr el-Muzlim, El- (Atlantic Ocean), 102

Baḥr eẓ-Ẓulumát, or eẓ-Ẓulmeh (Sea of Darkness, _i.e._ Atlantic Ocean), 102

Bakhteree, El- (poet), 118

Báḳillà (beanflower), 167, _n._

Bán (willow), 167, _n._

Banana, 161

Banquets, public, 139-141

Baráhimeh darweeshes, 50, _n._

Barahoot, well of, 264, 266

Báriḥ (inauguration), 87

Barḳooḳ (plum), 161, _n._

Barmekees (Barmecides), 115

Basil, sweet, 24, 167

Basket-making saint, 52

Baṣrah, owl of El-, 114

Bath, 179-183

---- spirits, 37, 38

Báṭiyeh (jar), 158

Baṭṭah (leather bottle), 158

Baṭṭeekh (water-melon), 160

Battues, 184

Bat-winged Jinn, 46

Beanflower, 167

Beasts, language of, 133

Beauty, Arab ideal of, 213-216

Bedawee, El-, 50, _n._

----, poetic, 116

----, love of the, 211-213

Beer, 149

Behaviour, 198, 199

Behemoth, 107

Bekree, El- (saint), 65-69

Belaḥ (date), 159

Benefsej (violet), 165

Beshneen (lotus), 167, _n._

Betrothal, 230, 231

Betrother, professional, 225

Beverages, 142

Beyt-owwal (antechamber), 180

Biers, 258, _n._

Birds, language of, 133

Birth, ceremonies attending, 186-192

Bisected Jinn, 45

Biṭṭeekh (water-melon), 160

Blacks, country of the, 102

Blood, 15

Blood-revenge, 19

Blood-wit, 18, 35

Books, destruction of, 54

Boots, 169, _n._

Boozeh (beer), 149

Bottles, leather and glass, 158

Bout of wine, 159

Bow, 183

Brandy, 154, 157

Bread and salt, 144

Breeding, good, 198, 199

Bridal ceremonies, 232-238

Bridegroom's ceremonies, 236, 237

Buffalo sacrificed at funerals, 261

Bull who bears the earth, 106

Bunduḳ (hazel-nut), 161, _n._

Buphthalmum, 167

Burák, El- (the miraculous beast), 164

Burckhardt, criticism of, 208, _n._

Burial, 258-262

Burḳo´ (face-veil), 225, _n._

Burning the dead, 117

Burtuḳán (orange), 161 _n._

Butchering, 15

Cain, 92

Cakes, 23

Call to prayer, 11, 12

Camel's flesh, 15

Camp, rules of hospitality, 143

Cannibal Jinn, 41-44

Carouse, 159

Carpet, 146

Carving, 147

Cask, 158

Ceiling, 147

Censer, 157

Centre of earth, 101

Ceremonies attending death, 258, ff.

Chamomile, 167

Chant of Muëddin, 11, 12

---- of the Zikr, 75, 76

Character, national, 205

Charity, 14, 15, 54

Charms, 6, 8, 82, 193

Childhood and education, 186-206

China, 44, 46, 102

Chiromancy, 87

Chrysolite, green, 104

Circassian slaves, 249

Circumcision, 15, 192, 200

Cities, immorality of European, 243

Citron, 161

Civet, 157

Civil laws, 16, 17

Clean and unclean food, 141

Clogs, 180

Clothes, 16

Cock, cry of, 133

Code of Islám, 1

Coffee, 150

Coffee-seller, 235

Coffee, white (brandy), 154

Coiffure, 216-218

Concubines, 17, 119, 124, 209, 222, 227, 247, 250-257

Congress, literary, 109

Coral, 218

Corpse, treatment of, 258, 259

Correspondence of Muslims, 127

Corrupt dialect, 113

Cosmography, 97-108

Couch, 139

Cousins' marriages, 227

Creation of Jinn, 26-29

Creed, 1-10

Cremation, 117

Cressets, 236

Crier, 11

Cries of birds, 133, 134

Criminal law, 17-21

Crocus, 167

Crops of birds, 265

Crossbow, 183

Crowns, women's, 218

Cruciform hall, 147

Culture, Muslim, 202

Cup, 158, 159

Cupboards, 147

Cup companion, 172

Cushions, 146

Da´eefeh (a slave-girl), 210

Dahlán (species of Jinn), 44

Daïs, 145

Damascus, 118, 119

Dancers, 201, 235

Daniel, 86, _n._

Darabukkeh (drum), 205

Dár el-Jelál (Mansion of Glory, first stage of Paradise), 90

Dár es-Selám (Mansion of Peace, second stage of Paradise), 99

Darb el-Mendel (mode of divination), 85, 94

Ḍarb er-Raml (geomancy), 86, _n._

Dar-gáh, 145

Dark regions, 103

Darkness beneath the earth, 107

Darkness, Sea of, 102

Ḍarrah (co-wife), 245, _n._

Darweeshes (Dervishes), 47, 48, 50, _n._

Darweesh performance (zikr), 73-77

Dásim (son of Satan), 33

Dásooḳee, Ed-, 50, _n._

Date, 159

Date-wine, 148, 149

Day of Judgment, 108

Days, lucky and unlucky, 92

Dead, examination of, 262

Death, Angel of, 90

----, ceremonies of, 258-266

Debts, 17

Deenár (gold coin), 14, etc.

Deev (spirit), 27

Deewán (divan), 146

Degrees, prohibited, 226

Delhán (species of Jinn), 44

Delláleh (female broker), 239

Demonology, 25-46

Denn (earthen vessel), 158

Dervishes, 47, 48, 50, _n._

Destiny, 3-10

Destoor yá mubárakeen! (Permission, ye blessed!), 37

Devils, 2, 25, ff.

Dhu-l-Ḥijjeh (last month of the Muslim year), 15, 21

Dhu-l-Kaạdeh (eleventh month), 110

Dhu-l-Ḳarneyn, 103

Diabolic magic, 82-93

Dialect, corrupt, 113

Dilḳ (a loose coat), 63

Dinners, public, 139-141

Dirhem (silver coin), 14, etc.

---- (a governor of Sijistán), 144

Diseases, 7, 10

Dishes, 137 ff., 159

Divan, 146

Divination, 82, 84, 85

Divine magic, 81, 82

Diving Jinn, 44

Divorce, 17, 222, 240-248

Dogmas of Islám, 1-10

Doors, 147

Dóraḳ (water-bottle), 188

Dove, cry of, 133

Dowry of a bride, 229, 230

Dreams, 88-92

Dress at wine-parties, 157

Dresses of honour, 116-118

Drinking, 150

---- moderate, 154

Drinks, 142

Drives in hunting, 184

Drum, 205

Drunkenness, 18

Duck, hawking, 183

Dukhool, or dukhleh (visit), 237

Dungeon under the Devil's jaw, 265

Durḳá´ah (floor), 145

Earth, 99-104

---- divisions of, 101-104

---- what it stands upon, 105-108

Earths, the seven, 97, 105

Earthquakes, 105, 107, _n._

Eating, manner of, 135-137, 242, _n._

Ecstasy, 50, 59, 77

Education, 186-206

´Eed (festival), 21

Eewán, El- (daïs), 145

Eezár (veil), 225, _n._

´Efreets (species of Jinn), 27 ff.

Eglantine, 167

Eiyoob (Job), 93

Elias, 49, 103

Emancipation, 250-253

Emblematic conversation, 129-133

Embroidery, 205, 239

Emeen, El- (Khaleefeh, A.D. 809-813), 256

Enchantment, 82, 83

´Eneb (grape), 161, _n._

Enoch, 86, _n._

Epistles, Mohammadan, 127

´Erk-soos (licorice), 149

´Eshè (nightfall prayer), 11

Establishment of Khaleefeh, 121

Etiquette, 16

---- in correspondence, 128

Eunuchs, 254

Ewers, 158

Excitement, religious, 77

´Eyáfeh, El- (auguration), 86

Eye, evil, 84, 188, 193-195

Eyes, blue, 214, _n._

Ezbekeeyeh (quarter in Cairo), 68

Faḍl ibn Yaḥyà (the Barmekee), 151

Fághiyeh (privet), 165, _n._

Fair of ´Okáḍh, 109-111

Faith, confession of, 1

Fál (omen), 87

Family duty, 192

Fans, 159

Fasting, 14, 21

Fate, 3-10

Faṭeerehs (pancakes), 235

Father and sons, 194, 195

Fátiḥah, 24, 62, 74, 229, 230

Fáṭimee Khaleefehs, A.D. 909-1171, 139

Fáṭimeh (daughter of Moḥammad), 186, 222, 228

Feasting and merrymaking, 135-185

Feasts, public, 139-141

Female education, 204, 205

Festivals, 14, 15, 21-24

---- of saints, 71, 72

Fig, 161

Fig wine, 149

Filial respect, 194

Fines, 18

Fire, smokeless, 27, 28

Fire-eating saints, 49

Fish that bears the world, 107

Flax, 167

Flowers, 161-167

---- for graves, 24

Fly-whisks, 159

Food, 137

---- manner of eating, 242, _n._

---- clean and unclean, 15, 141

Forms of the Jinn, 34-36

Formulæ of faith, 1

Fortune-telling, 85

Fountain, 145, 180

---- of Life, 138

---- of Paradise, 239

Freethinkers, 28

Freewill, 5

Friday prayers, 12

Fruits, 159

Funerals, 260 ff.

Furniture, 146

----, bridal, 230

Fustuḳ (pistachio-nut), 161, _n._

Gabriel, 26

Gait of women, 178, 219

Galen, 166

Galla slaves, 253

Gallantry, affairs of, 220

Game, 183-185

Gaming, 15

Gardens of Rest, of Eternity, of Delight, of Paradise, and of Eden (or Perpetual Abode), third to seventh stages of Paradise, 99

Gazelle hunting, 183-185

Genii, 2, 25-46

Geography, Arab, 101-104

Geomancy, 38, 86, _n._

George, St., 103

Georgian slaves, 249

Ghareeb (a slave poetess), 256

Gharrár (species of Jinn), 43, 44

Gházool el-azrár (a plant), 130, _n._

Ghools, 41-43, 104

Ghós, El- (chief saint), 48

Ghowwáṣah, El- (diving Jinn), 44

Gilding, 147

Gilliflower, 166

Glass bottles, jugs, and cups, 158

Glass, coloured, 147

Gluttony, 141

Goat, sacrifice of, 191

God, 2

Gog and Magog, 101, 102, 104

Gold and silver ornaments, 16

Goose, wild, hawking, 183

Gospels, 3

Gourmets, 141

Grape, 161

Grave, 262

---- clothes, 259

---- stones, 261

---- visiting, 23, 69-71, 263

Grouse, hawking, 183

Guard, 254

Guardian angels, 26

---- genius, 38, 39

Guests, 143

Ḥabarah (kind of veil), 225, _n._

Ḥabbábeh (Yezeed's slave-girl), 209

Hábeel (Abel), 92

Habitations of the Jinn, 37

Ḥadeed (iron), 36

Haḍramót (province), 45, 264, 266

Hagiology, 47-79

Hair-dressing, 216-218

Hair, sign of submission, 216, _n._

Ḥájj (pilgrimage), 14

Ḥalḳat eṣ-ṣeyd (circle of the chase), 184

Hall, 147

Ham, 86, _n._

Hambelees (Muslim sect), 1

Ḥammád Er-Ráwiyeh (poet), 118-120

Hammám (bath), 179-183

Ḥanafee quarter in Cairo, 88

Ḥanafees (sect), 1, 20

Ḥaráreh (chief room in bath), 180

Hare, 183

Ḥareem (women's apartments), 194

---- employments, 238, 239

Ḥárith, El- (surname of Satan), 31

Hároon Er-Rasheed (Khaleefeh, A.D. 786-809), 114-117, 169, 171, 172, 210, 256

Hároot and Mároot, 82, 83

Ḥasan, El- (grandson of Moḥammad), 186

Ḥashr (formula of faith), 198

Hat, sugarloaf, 169

Hawking, 183

Hazel-nut, 161

Heavens, the seven, 97

Heirs, 17

Hell, 105, 108

Hemp, 149, 150

Hennà, 215, 234

Heresy, 1

Hermes Trismegistus, 86, _n._

Heroic age of literature, 109-111

Hijár, 160

Hind, El- (India), 45, 102

Hippocrates, 167

Hishám (Khaleefeh, A.D. 724-743), 118-120

Ḥobaḳ (sweet basil), 167, _n._

Holiday meetings, 22

Homicide, 18

Honour, place of, 146

Hood, 93

Horoscope, 237

Hospitality, 143

Houses, Arab, 145

Hunting, 183-185

Iblees (Satan), 2, 27, 28, 30-33, 38, 105

Ibráheem (Abraham), 103

Ibráheem Ed-Dásooḳee, 50, _n._

Ibráheem El-Khowwáṣ (saint), 51

Ibráheem El-Móṣilee (poet), 169-172

Ibráheem ibn-El-Mahdee (poet), 176

Ibreeḳ (ewer), 119, 158

Ibn-´Obeyd El-Bakhteree (poet), 118

Idrees, 86, _n._

Ijjás (plum), 161, _n._

Iḳámeh (form of praise), 186, _n._

´Ilm en-Nujoom (astrology), 86

´Ilwee, or high, magic, 81

Ilyás (Elias), 49, 103

Images, 15

Imám (minister), 12

Improvisation, 203

Incarnations of Jinn, 34-36

Incense, 157

India, 46, 102

Infants, 186-192

---- in Paradise, 196-198

Infatuation, 213

Infidels, distinguishing marks, 183

Inheritance, 17

Initiation of a darweesh, 62

Ins (mankind), 25

Insanity, 60

In sháa-lláh (If it be the will of God), 61

Inspector of markets, 158, _n._

Intemperance, 151-157

Intercession of saints, 4

Interpretation of dreams, 88

Intoxication, 18

----, penalty of, 155

Invocations, 38, 39, 81, 82, 84

Isḥáḳ El-Móṣilee (poet), 169, 171, 172

Islám, 1-24

Ism el-Aạẓam, El- (the most great name of God), 81

Isráfeel (blower of Last Trump), 26

Izár (veil), 225, _n._

Jaạfar El-Barmekee, 115, 117, 256

Jaạfar Káshif, 67

Jabart, 50

Jabartee's mother, El-, 246-248

Jábeh (Java), 45

Jahennem (Hell), 105, 108

Jám (empty cup), 159

Jánn (_i.q._ Jinn), 27 ff.

---- ibn-Jánn, 29

Jar, 158

Jasmine, 167

Java, 45

Jebraeel (Gabriel), 26

Jeelánee, El-, 50, _n._

Jemmeyz (sycamore-fig), 161, _n._

Jennet ´Adn (Garden of Eden, seventh stage of Paradise), 99

Jennet el-Firdós (Garden of Paradise, its sixth stage), 99

Jennet el-Khuld (Garden of Eternity, fourth stage of Paradise), 99

Jennet el-Ma-wà (Garden of Rest, third stage of Paradise), 99

Jennet en-Na´eem (Garden of Delight, fifth stage of Paradise), 99

Jerusalem, 101

----, Temple of, 40

Jesus, 2

Jewish and Muslim social systems, 242

Jibreel (Gabriel), 26

Jinn (Genii), 2, 25-46

---- abode of, 37, 104

Jinnee (singular of Jinn), 25

Jinneeyeh wife, 36

Job, 93

Jonas, 92

Joseph, 92

Józ (walnut), 161, _n._

Judgment, 3

---- day, 108

Jug, 158

Jugglers, 24, 235

Jujube, 161

Jullanár, or Julnár (pomegranate flower), 167, _n._

Jum´at el-Arba´een (the Friday forty days after funeral), 263

Jummár (pith of palm), 160

Jummeyz (sycamore-fig), 161, _n._

Kaạb El-Aḥbar, sayings of, 206

Kaạbeh (temple at Mekkeh), 48

Ḳá´ah (hall or saloon), 147

Ḳábeel (Cain), 92

Ḳaḍà, El- (fate), 3

Ḳaḍà el-moḥkam, El- (absolute fate), 3, 4

Ḳaḍà el-mubram, El- (alterable fate), 3, 4

Ḳadaḥ (empty cup), 159

Ḳadar, El-, (destiny), 3

Ḳádee (judge), 67, 151, 229, 230

Ḳádireeyeh darweeshes, 59, _n._

Ḳáf, mountains of, 37, 100, 104

Káfoor, El-Ikhsheedee, Governor of Egypt, 131

Kafráwee, El-, 95

Ḳafṭán (long vest), 259

Kaḥk (cake), 23

Ḳahweh (coffee), 151

Ḳahwejee (coffee-seller), 235

Ḳalensuweh (sugarloaf hat), 169

Karámeh (saint's miracle), 49

Kás (full cup), 159

Ḳaṣab es-sukkar (sugar-cane), 161, _n._

Ḳaṣeedah (ode), 76

Ḳaṭà (grouse), 133, 134, 183

Kebbád (citron), 161, _n._

Keemiyà, El- (alchymy), 94

Ḳeerát (1/20th of a deenár), 117

Kelimeh (profession of faith), 198

Kereem (bountiful), 133

Ketmia, 167

Kettán (flax), 167, _n._

Ḳeys ibn Aṣim, 156

Khaláf (willow), 167, _n._

Khaleefehs' magnificence, 119, 121, 122

Khaleel, El- (Abraham), 93

Khárijeh, 224

Khashkhash (poppy), 167, _n._

Khaṭeeb (minister), 12

Khátibeh (betrother), 224

Khátimeh (epilogue), 45, _n._

Khatmeh (recitation of the whole Ḳur-án), 24, 78, 187, 201, 258

Khaṭṭ (geomancy), 38, _n._

Kheeree (gilliflower), 166

Khiḍr, El- (a mythological saint), 49, 62, 63, 103

Khiláf (willow), 167, _n._

Khiṭb (I ask), 224

Khiṭmee (Ketmia), 167, _n._

Khokh (peach), 161, _n._

Khowwás (basket-maker), 52

Khuffs (soft inside boots), 169

Khuṭbeh (minister's prayer and exhortation), 13, 22, 229, 230

Kiháneh, El- (divination), 81-86

Kináạ (face veil), 225, _n._

Kinneeneh (glass bottle), 158

King of flowers, 161-165

----, niggardly, 124-126

Kiyáfeh, El- (chiromancy), 87

Koḥl (collyrium), 214, 234

Koobeh (wine-cup), 159, _n._

Koofeh El- (city in ´Iráḳ), 118

Koran. _See_ Ḳur-án and index of authors

Ḳulleh (sherbet-cup), 159, _n._

---- (water-bottle), 188

Kumeyt (red), 151, _n._

Kummetrè (pear), 161, _n._

Ḳur-án (Koran), 3. (_See_ index of authors.)

---- recitation, 24, 78, 187, 201, 258, 263

----, style of, 111, 112

Ḳurṣ (crown), 218, _n._

Ḳuṭb (chief saint), 47

Ḳuṭb el-Ghóth (chief saint of invocation), 47

Ḳuṭrub (species of Jinn), 43

Kuyootà (the bull who carries the earth), 106

Lá-iláha-illa-lláh! (There is no deity but God!), 58

Lamentations, 258

Lamp, miraculous, 50

Language of birds and beasts, 133, _n._

Last day, 108

Lattice-work, 147

Laws, civil, 16, 17

---- criminal, 17-21

---- moral and ritual, 10-16

Lebláb (beanflower), 167, _n._

Leewán (daïs), 145

Lemon, 161

Letters, 109-134

Leylà and Mejnoon, 208

Leymoon (lime), 161, _n._

Leythee, El-, (saint), 60-63

Libation at the tomb, 156

Licorice beverage, 149

Life, fountain of, 103

Lily, 167

Lime, 161

Limitations of polygamy, 241

Limits of Arab geography, 101

Looṭ (Lot), 93

Lotus, 161, 167

Love, true, 207-213

Lóz (almond), 161, _n._, 167, _n._

Liqueur-glass, 159, _n._

Liquors, fermented, 148-159

Literature, 109-134

Lunatic saints, 60

Lute, 168, 170, 174, 178

Mace, 183

Mádineh (minaret), 11

Madness, 60

Magic, 38, 39, 80-96

Magician, a famous, 91-96

Magnificence of Khaleefehs, 119, 121, 122

Magog, 101, 102, 104

Mahdee, El- (Khaleefeh, A.D. 775-785), 176

Májooj, 101, 102, 104

Maḳṣoorah (railed enclosure), 68

Málikees (sect), 1

Ma-moon, El-, (Khaleefeh, A.D. 813-833), 117, 172-175, 256

Manners, 16, 198, 199

Mansions of Glory and of Peace, first and second stages of Paradise, 99

Manṣoor Effendee, 153, _n._

Mantle of prophecy, 50

Manufactures, 235, 236

Manumission, 252

Marble pavement, 145

Márids (species of Jinn), 27, ff.

Máristán (hospital and madhouse in Cairo), 64, 67

Market streets, 177

Mároot and Hároot, 82, 83

Marriage, 16, 203, 204, 207-248

---- contract, 230, 231

---- feasts, 232

---- law, 221

---- short form of, 224

---- with slaves, 252

Martyrs, 265, _n._

Marwán (Governor of Medeeneh), 211, 212

Masks, 111

Maṣyedehs (enclosures for battues), 184

Mat, 146

Mattress, 146

Meals, 135 ff.

Meạráj (ascension into Heaven), 146

Meats, clean and unclean, 15, 141

Meded (support), 76

Medicines, 6, 8

Meekaeel or Meekál (Michael), 26

Mejzoob (lunatic), 65, 67

Mekkeh, 12, 14, 21, 39, 101, 247

Melek (angel), 25

Memlooks (male white slaves), 254

Menárehs, street of the, 123

Menfooḥah (in Yemámeh), 155

Menou, General, 64

Mensej (embroidery frame), 239

Menthoor (gilliflower), 166

Meshoom (unlucky), 36

Meslemeh (Yezeed's brother), 209

Meslakh (disrobing room in bath), 180

Michael, 26

Middle Age of Arab literature, 112

Midwife, 187

Minaret, 11, 12

Minè, Valley of, 21

Minister, 12

Miracles of saints, 49-52

Mirwaḥah (fan), 130

Mishmish (apricot), 161

Mizmár (a musical pipe), 38

Moạjizeh (prophet's miracle), 49

Moạtaḍid, El- (Khaleefeh, A.D. 892-902), 158

Moạtaṣim, El- (Khaleefeh, A.D. 833-842), 256

Moạtezileh (freethinkers), 28

Mo´áwiyeh (Khaleefeh, A.D. 661-680), 210-213

Moderation in wine, 154

Moḥammad the Prophet, 2

---- sayings of. _See_ index of authors, under _Ḳur-án_ and _Mishkát_

Moḥammad, praise of, 75

Moḥammad ´Alee's funeral, 261, _n._

Moḥammad El-Ashwam (a Tunisian saint), 50

Moḥammad Ibn-Eṭ-Ṭeiyib (dyer of Baghdad), 224

Mohammadanism, 1-24

Moḥeeṭ (circumambient ocean), 102

Moḥtesib (inspector), 158, _n._

Mole, a beauty spot, 214

Monogamy, 223, _n._

Monopoly, 17

Moolids, or Mólids (saints' festivals), 71, 72

Moral laws, 10-16

Mosaic legislation, 242

Moses, 2

Móṣil, owl of El-, 114

Mosque, 12, 21

---- teaching, 202

Mourning, 258

---- colour, 261

Móz (banana), 161

Muballigh (transmitter, at public prayers), 111

Muëddin (crier), 11, 12, 38

----, Devil's, 168

Mugheyreh ibn-Sheạbeh, 223

Mujáhid, adventure of, 83

Mukháriḳ (a singer), 171-175

Muḳtedir, El-, (Khaleefeh, A.D. 908-932), 121, 201

Mulberry, 161

Munádee, El-, (saint), 62

Munkir (angel who examines the dead), 26, 262

Munshids (singers of odes), 71, 74

Murder, 17, 18

Muṣḥaf (copy of the Ḳur-án), 16, _n._

Music, Arab, 15, 167-176, 178, 179

---- of the Zikr, 75, 76

Musical parties, 174

Musician's fees, 157

Muṣṭafà El-Munádee (saint), 62

Mutanebbee, El-, (poet), 131-133

Mutawekkil, El-, (Khaleefeh, A.D. 847-861), 45, 161

Mutilation, 20

Muweshshaḥ (ode), 76

Myrtle, 165

Mythology, 25-46

Nabḳ (lote), 161, _n._

Naked saints, 63

Naḳeeb, 50

Nakhleh (near Mekkeh), 110

Nákir (_i.q._ Munkir), 26

Name, assumed, 153, _n._

----, the Most Great, 81

Naming a child, 189, 190

Napkin, 159

Nárahs (Persian Jinn), 27

Narcissus, 166

Narcotics, 149, 150

Nárinj (Seville orange), 161, _n._

Narjis (narcissus), 166

Narseen (myrtle), 165

Naṣeeb (a slave), 156

National character, 205

Natural magic, 93

Nebboot (long staff), 65

Nebeedh (new wine), 148, 149

Nedeem (cup companion), 172

Needlework, 204

Neelófar (Nenuphar), 167, _n._

Negro slaves, 250, 253

Nekeer (angel who examines the dead), 26, 262

Nemám (wild thyme), 167, _n._

Nenuphar, 167

Nesnás (species of Jinn), 45, 46

Nets in hunting, 184

Niche, 12

Nikḥ (I accept), 224

Nimrod, 93

Nisreen (eglantine), 167, _n._

Noah, 2

Noạmán (blood), 166, _n._

Noạmán Ibn-El-Mundhir (King of El-Ḥeereh), 166

Noor-ed-deen Maḥmood (Sulṭán of Syria), 216, _n._

Nuḳl (fruits), 159

Nuḳuldáns (saucers), 159

Numrood (Nimrod), 93

Nuts, 161

Oaths, 16, _n._

Obeisance, degrees of, 119, _n._

Ocean, circumambient, 100, 102

Odes, 68, 76

---- singers of, 72, 74, 236

Odium irrevocabile, 241, _n._

´Okáḍh, fair of, 109-111

Olive, 161

´Omán, Sea of (Persian Gulf), 44

´Omar (Khaleefeh, A.D. 634-644), on women, 42, 219

Omens, 87

Oneromancy, 88-92

´Onnáb (jujube), 161, _n._

´Ood, El-, (lute), 178

Opium, 93, 96, 149

Orange, 161

Orders of Darweeshes, 48

Ornaments, 16

Orthodox theology, 1

´Oṣfur (safflower), 167, _n._

´Othmán (Khaleefeh, A.D. 644-656), 255

Outwitting a king, 124-126

Pages, 253

Palm, praise of, 160

Palm-branch, 23

Palm-tree fibre, 181

Pancakes, 235

Panels, 147

Paradise, 98, 99

Parents and children, 192

Parrot, talking, 134

Partridge, hawking, 183

Pavilion, royal, 119

Peach, 161

Peacock of the angels (surname of Satan), 31

Pear, 161

Pentateuch, 3

Perees (fairies), 27

Perfumes, 93, 157

Persia, dress of the King of, 123

Persian sect, 1

Pharaoh, 93

Pictures, 15

Pie, a famous, 138, 139

Pigeon, cry of, 133

Pilgrimage, 14

Pillar spirits, 29

Pints, 159

Pistachio-nut, 161

Pitch for curing wine, 158

Plague, 10

---- a dream of the Great, 88-92

Platform, 13

Pleiades, 87

Plum, 161

Plunging Jinn, 44

Plurality of wives, 222

Poems, examples, 115, 116

Poetic contests, 110

Poetry, 109-134, 203

Polygamy, 221, 240-248

Pomegranates, 161, 167

Poppy, 167

Potations, interrupted, 153

Psalms, 3

Prayers, 8, 11-14, 22

---- call to, 11, 12

Preadamite Jinn, 29, 40

Predestination, 3-10

Pre-islamic Arabs, 109-112

Presents, 116-120

Preserved tablet, 5

Price of blood, 18, 35

Privet, Egyptian, 165

Procession, bridal, 233-236

Prophets, 2, 29

Proverb, 133, 134, 245, _n._

Ptolemy, 99

Pulpit, 13

Punishments, 3

Purifications, 11

Pyramid builders, 29

Quail, hawking, 183

Quarantine, 10

Quince, 161

Rabáb (viol), 178

Rabeeạ eth-Thánee (the fourth month of the Muslim year), 65

Raḥmánee or divine magic, 81, 82

Raïj, Island in Chinese sea, 46

Raisin-wine, 149

Ram, sacrifice of, 191

Ramaḍán (month of fasting), 14, 21, 39, 41

Rasheed, Er-. _See_ Hároon.

Ráwiyeh (reciter), 118

Recording angels, 26

Reeḥán (sweet basil), 167, _n._

Rek´ah (form of Prayer), 11-13, 22, 237

Religion, 1-24

Religious excitement, 77

Resurrection, 3

Retaliation, 19

Revenants, 265, 266

Rewards of literature, 116-120, 171, 172 ff.

Rifá´eeyeh darweeshes, 50, _n._

Ringdove, cry of, 133

Ring signature, 128

Ritual laws, 10-16

Riwáḳ (division in the Azhar), 50

Robber thwarted, 144

Rock of ruby beneath the earth, 106

Romances, 127

Rooḥánee or spiritual magic, 81-93

Room in Arab house, 145

Rose, 161-165

---- miraculous, 163, 164

---- preserved, 163

---- beds, 165

---- lover, 162

---- season, 162

---- sellers, cry of, 164

---- water, 157, 162

Royal economy, 124-126

Rowḥ ibn-Ḥátim, 163

Rummán (pomegranate), 161

Ruṣáfeh quarter in Baghdád, 173

Ruṭab (fresh dates), 159

Saạláh (species of Jinn), 43

Ṣabbárah (aloe plant), 131

Ṣabr (patience), 131

Sacrifice, 15, 190, 191, 261

Ṣádoomeh, the magician, 94-96

Ṣafà (head-dress), 217-218

Safarjal (quince), 161, _n._

Ṣaffár, Eṣ-, (the brazier), 144

Safflower, 167

Saffron, 167

Saints, 47-79

Ṣaláh (prayer), 11

Ṣáliḥ's camel, 93

Saloon, 147

Salt, 144

---- sprinkling, 41, 188

Salutation of Friday, 12

Salutations, 119, _n._

Samoom, 28, 43

Sániḥ (inauguration), 87

Satan, 2

Satanic magic, 82-93

Saucers, 159

Schools, 201, 202

Scriptures, 2

Sea of Darkness (Atlantic), 102

---- of light, 98

Seal of Solomon, 40

Seạláh (species of Jinn), 43

Second sight, 61, 62

Secret drinking, 153

Secret signs, 132

Sects of Islám, 1

Seemiyà, Es-, (natural magic), 93

Ṣeen, Eṣ-, (China), 44, 46, 102

Seestán, or Sijistán, 144

Seḥr, Es-, (enchantment), 83

Selám (salutation), 12

Selsebeel (fountain of Paradise), 239

Semennood, 94

Sereer (couch), 139

Serpent, 28, 34

Serpent-worship, 39

Service in mosque, 12

Seville orange, 161, 167

Shaạbán (eighth month of the Muslim year), 8

Sháfi´ee, Esh-, (the founder of the Sháfi´ee sect), 19

Sháfi´ees (sect), 1, 19, 20

Sháh El-Karmánee (saint), 54

Shaḳáïḳ (anemone), 166, _n._

Sharáb (wine: now sherbet), 131

Sharaïbee, mosque of Esh-, 68

Shaving the head, 191

Sheba, Queen of, 81

Shell-fish, forbidden, 141

Sherbet of violets, 165

Sheyṭán (devil), 25 ff.

Sheyṭánee or Satanic magic, 82-93

Shiháb (shooting-star), 33

Shiḳḳ (species of Jinn), 45

Shiya´ees (heretic sect), 1

Shoes, 146

Shooting-stars, 85

Shroud, 259

Shurraábeh (tassel), 131

Sidr (lote), 161, _n._

Sieve, for infants, 187

Signature by ring, 128

Signet, 128

Signs, secret, 132

---- language by, 129-133

Sijdeh, Soorat es- (32nd chapter of Ḳur-án), 134

Sijistán (province of Persia), 144

Sijjeen (dungeon under Devil's jaw), 264

Simát (platform), 140

Sin of cities in Europe, 243

Singers, female, 177

Ṣiyám (fasting), 14

Slaughter of beasts, 15

Slavery, 250-257

Slaves, accomplishments of, 253

---- murder of, 251

---- offspring of, 250

---- treatment of, 253-255

Slave-girls, price of, 256

Smokeless fire, 27, 28

Soạdà (a Bedaweeyeh), 211

Social system, Mohammadan, 240-248

Solomon, 29, 81, 93, 139

Son, duty of a, 194

Songs, 179

Soodán (country of the Blacks), 102

Sooḳ (market street), 177

Soorah (= chapter of the Ḳur-án), 24

Soorat en-Noor (24th chapter of Ḳur-án), 204

Soorat es-Sijdeh (32nd chapter of the Ḳur-án), 134

Soorat Yá-Seen (36th chapter of the Ḳur-án), 24, 134

Soorat Yoosuf (12th chapter of the Ḳur-án), 204

Soosan (lily), 167, _n._

Sorcery, 80-96

Sortes Koranicae, 81

Sóṭ (son of Satan), 33

Soul, 262-265

Spear, 183

Spells, 84

Spheres of Heaven, 97, _n._

Spinning, 238, 239

Spirits, 25-46

Spirits of dead, 263-266

Spiritual magic, 81-93

Sport, 183-185

Stages of Hell, 108

---- of Paradise, 99

Star, shooting, 33

State after death, 263-266

Stealing, 17, 20

Stelae, 262

Stoning to death, 17

Story-tellers, 24

Straining wine, 157

Street of the Menárehs, 123

Subterranean cosmography, 105-108

Suckling, 193

Suflee or low magic, 81

Sugar-cane, 161

Sugarloaf hat, 169

Sukkar nebát (sugar-candy), 131

Suleymán (Solomon), 29, 39, 40, 81, 93

----, son of Aboo-Jaạfar, 210

Sumbul the slave-dealer, 256

Sunnees (orthodox party), 1

Sunneh (Traditions of the Prophet), 19: and see index of authors under _Mishkát_.

Supernatural appearance, 59

Superstitions, 25-46

Surnames, 189, 190

Sweat of the Prophet, 164

Sweetmeat mountains, 140

Sword, 183

---- at prayers, 13

Swine's flesh, 15

Sycamore-fig, 161

Table, 135, 136, 140

Ṭáif, Eṭ-, (near Mekkeh), 110

Ṭalsam (talisman), 38, 39, 84, _n._

Tambourine, 205, 258

Ṭanṭà Festival, 72

Ṭanṭáwee, Eṭ-, Sheykh, 88, 238

Táoos (Peacock: surname of Satan), 31

Tár (tambourine), 205

Ṭarboosh (skull cap), 218, _n._

Tattooing, 38, _n._

Teen (fig), 161, _n._

Teer (son of Satan), 33

Tefául, Et-, (augury), 87

Temer el-ḥennà (privet), 165, _n._

Terrae incognitae, 102

Theft, 17, 20

Throne of the Compassionate, 99

---- of Iblees, 102

---- verse, 198

Thureiyà (cluster of lamps), 87

Thyme, wild, 167

Tides caused by Bull Kuyootà, 107

Tiffáḥ (apple), 161, _n._

Tihámeh (in Western Arabia), 44

Tiles, 145

Tobacco, 150

Ṭóḳ (collar), 117

Tomb, 262

---- of saints, 69

---- visits to, 23, 69-71

Ṭoosee, Et-, (theologian), 73

Toot (mulberry), 161, _n._

Topers, royal, 152

Towwáb (propitious), 133

Trade, learning a, 199

Trades, 235, 236

Tramp, Last, 26, 262

Tuffáḥ (apple), 161

Tuition, 202

Turunj (lemon), 161, _n._

Uḳḥowán (chamomile), 167, _n._

´Ulamà (sheykhs or doctors of the law), 64

´Ulamà's dictum on saints, 64

Umm-´Amr and her ass, 213

Umm-Khárijeh, 224

Universe, Arab notions of, 97-108

Unveiling the bride, 237

Usury, 17

Utrujj (lemon), 161, _n._

Vault, 262

Veil, 111, 225, _n._

---- disuse of, 177

---- of Heaven, 99

Vendetta, 19, 110

Verse, 203

Vessel for wine, 158

Viol, 178

Violet, 165

---- sherbet, 165

Virtues, 15, 16, 220

Visits to the tombs, 23, 69, 263

Vulgarisms, 113

Wahhábee women, 225, _n._

Wailing, 258, 262

Wa-lláhi-l-´Aẓeem! (By God the Great!), 16, _n._

Walls, 147

Walnut, 161

Ward (rose), 161-165

Warning of death, 88

Washing, 11

---- before meals, 136

---- the dead, 258

Water-bottles, 188, _n._

Water-melon, 159, 160

Waterspout spirits, 37

Weapons, 183

Weaving, 205, 238

Wedding ceremonies, 232-238

---- propitious months for, 230

Weleed, El-, (Khaleefeh, A.D. 705-715), 112, 118

Welees (saints), 47-79

Weleeyeh (female saint), 66

Well of Bábil, 83

---- spirits, 37

Weshm (tattooing), 38, _n._

Whirlwind spirits, 36

White coffee (brandy), 154

Wickedness of women, 219

Widows, objections to, 228

Wife, advice of, 219

---- choice of, 224

---- duties of, 238, 239

---- fellow-, 245, _n._

---- of the Jinn, 36

---- qualifications of, 227-229

Wiláyeh (saintship), 57, 62

Willow (oriental), 167

Windows, 147

Wine, 15, 148-159

----, Book of, 151

Witnesses to a marriage, 229

Wives, 207-248

---- love between two, 246-248

Wives, plurality of, 222, 223

Women, 207-248

---- in Hell, 219

---- position of, 240-248

---- wickedness of, 219

World, Arab notions of, 97-108

Wuḍoo (ablution), 11

Yaạḳoob Eṣ-Ṣaffáree, 144

Yájooj and Májooj, 101, 102, 104

Yásameen (jasmine), 167, _n._

Yá-Seen (=Y. S.; title of 36th chapter of Ḳur-án), 24

Yemen, El-, (South Arabia), 44, 45

Yezeed (Khaleefeh, A.D. 720-724), 208-210

Yóm es-Subooạ (7th day after birth), 187-189

Yoonus (Jonas), 92

Yoosuf (Joseph), 92, 204

----, the Prophet of the Jinn, 29

Yoosuf Bey, 95

Zaạfarán (crocus or saffron), 167, _n._

Zacharias, 93

Ẓáhir, romance of Eẓ-, 127

Zahr or Zahr-Nárinj (Seville orange-flower), 167, _n._

Zebeeb (raisin wine), 149

Zekáh (alms), 14

Zekeriyà (Zacharias), 93

Zeleekhá, 248

---- (Potiphar's wife), 204

Zelemboor (son of Satan), 33

Zemzem, will of, 264

Zeyn el-´Ábideen, 255

Zeytoon (olive), 161, _n._

Zijr, Ez-, (auguration), 86

Zikkeers (performances of a zikr), 73

Zikr (Darweesh performance), 73-77, 201, 233

Zinj, Ez-, (S. Ethiopia), 102

Zodiacal signs in horoscopes, 238

Ẓulumát, Eẓ-, (Dark Regions), 103. _See_ Baḥr.

AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED.

(_Authors' names are in small capitals; titles of books in italics. The figures refer to the pages of the present work._)

´ABD-EL-LAṬEEF († 1231), _Historiae Aegypti Compendium_. Ed. White. 138.

_Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_. See LANE.

_´Ajáïb el-Makhlooḳát_. See ḲAZWEENEE.

_Alcoran_. See _Ḳur-án_, JELÁLEYN, LANE, LANE-POOLE, MARRACCI, SALE.

ANṢÁREE, EL-. See KHAZREJEE.

_Arabic-English Lexicon_. See LANE.

_Arabes avant l'Islamisme_. See FRESNEL.

BURCKHARDT, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys_. 144, 185.

_Chrestomathie Arabe_. See SACY.

_Commentary on the Ḳur-án_. See JELÁLEYN.

_Egyptians, the Modern_. See LANE.

FEYROOZÁBÁDEE, EL-, _Ḳámoos_. 263.

FORSKÁL, _Descriptiones Animalium_. 167.

FRESNEL, F., _Lettres sur l'Histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme_. 111.

_Ḥalbet el-Kumeyt_. See EN-NOWWÁJEE.

_History of Egypt_. See JABARTEE, ISḤÁḲEE, ´ABD-EL-LAṬEEF, SUYOOṬEE.

_Ḥusn el-Moḥáḍarah_. See SUYOOṬEE.

_Insán el-Kámil, El-_. See JEELEE.

ISḤÁḲEE, EL-. 4, 48, 73, 87, 93, 105, 107, 112-114, 134, 206, 216.

JABARTEE, EL-. _History of Modern Egypt_. MS. 50, 64, 65, 69, 95, 236, 249, 256.

JÁHIZ, EL-. 42.

JARA´EE, EL-. _Shir´at el-Islám_. 220.

JEELEE, ´ABD-EL-KEREEM, EL- († 1365). _El-Insán El-Kámil_ (apud El-Isḥáḳee). 4.

JELÁLEYN, EL-. _Commentary on the Ḳur-án_. 28, 81.

JÓHEREE, EL-, _Ṣiḥáḥ_. 27.

JOWZEE, IBN-EL-, († 1256), _Mir-át ez-Zemán_. MS. 27-34, 43-45, 48, 52-54, 85, 87, 104, 105, 123, 158, 173, 201, 224.

_Ḳámoos_. See FEYROOZÁBÁDEE.

ḲAZWEENEE, EL-, († 1283), _Kitáb ´Ajáïb-el-Makhlooḳát_. MS. 28, 33, 38, 42-45, 83, 104, 160, 263.

KHALDOON, IBN-, († 1406). 116.

KHAZREJEE, EL-, ABD-ER-RAḤMÁN EL-ANSÁREE. _Murshid ez-Zuwár ilà Kuboor el-Abrár_. MS. 271.

_Khiṭaṭ_. See MAḲREEZEE.

_Kitáb el-´Onwán fee Mekáïd en-Niswán_. MS. 210, 213, 216, 220.

_Ḳur-án_, quotations from:--

CHAP. VERSE. PAGE.