Chapter 10
MAN THE INDIVIDUAL
By way of epilogue, a word about individuality, as displayed amongst peoples of the ruder type, will not be out of place. There is a real danger lest the anthropologist should think that a scientific view of man is to be obtained by leaving out the human nature in him. This comes from the over-anxiety of evolutionary history to arrive at general principles. It is too ready to rule out the so-called "accident," forgetful of the fact that the whole theory of biological evolution may with some justice be described as "the happy accident theory." The man of high individuality, then, the exceptional man, the man of genius, be he man of thought, man of feeling, or man of action, is no accident that can be overlooked by history. On the contrary, he is in no small part the history-maker; and, as such, should be treated with due respect by the history-compiler. The "dry bones" of history, its statistical averages, and so on, are all very well in their way; but they correspond to the superficial truth that history repeats itself, rather than to the deeper truth that history is an evolution. Anthropology, then, should not disdain what might be termed the method of the historical novel. To study the plot without studying the characters will never make sense of the drama of human life.
It may seem a truism, but is perhaps worth recollecting at the start, that no man or woman lacks individuality altogether, even if it cannot be regarded in a particular case as a high individuality. No one is a mere item. That useful figment of the statistician has no real existence under the sun. We need to supplement the books of abstract theory with much sympathetic insight directed towards men and women in their concrete selfhood. Said a Vedda cave-dweller to Dr. Seligmann (it is the first instance I light on in the first book I happen to take up): "It is pleasant for us to feel the rain beating on our shoulders, and good to go out and dig yams, and come home wet, and see the fire burning in the cave, and sit round it." That sort of remark, to my mind, throws more light on the anthropology of cave-life than all the bones and stones that I have helped to dig out of our Mousterian caves in Jersey. As the stock phrase has it, it is, as far as it goes, a "human document." The individuality, in the sense of the intimate self-existence, of the speaker and his group--for, characteristically enough, he uses the first person plural--is disclosed sufficiently for our souls to get into touch. We are the nearer to appreciating human history from the inside.
Some of those students of mankind, therefore, who have been privileged to live amongst the ruder peoples, and to learn their language well, and really to be friends with some of them (which is hard, since friendship implies a certain sense of equality on both sides), should try their hands at anthropological biography. Anthropology, so far as it relates to savages, can never rise to the height of the most illuminating kind of history until this is done.
It ought not to be impossible for an intelligent white man to enter sympathetically into the mental outlook of the native man of affairs, the more or less practical and hardheaded legislator and statesman, if only complete confidence could be established between the two. That there are men of outstanding individuality who help to make political history even amongst the rudest peoples is, moreover, hardly to be doubted. Thus Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, in the introductory chapter of their work on the Central Australians, state that, after observing the conduct of a great gathering of the natives, they reached the opinion that the changes which undoubtedly take place from time to time in aboriginal custom are by no means wholly of the subconscious and spontaneous sort, but are in part due also to the influence of individuals of superior ability. "At this gathering, for example, some of the oldest men were of no account; but, on the other hand, others not so old as they were, but more learned in ancient lore or more skilled in matters of magic, were looked up to by the others, and they it was who settled everything. It must, however, be understood that we have no definite proof to bring forward of the actual introduction by this means of any fundamental change of custom. The only thing that we can say is that, after carefully watching the natives during the performance of their ceremonies and endeavouring as best we could to enter into their feelings, to think as they did, and to become for the time being one of themselves, we came to the conclusion that if one or two of the most powerful men settled upon the advisability of introducing some change, even an important one, it would be quite possible for this to be agreed upon and carried out."
This passage is worth quoting at length if only for the admirable method that it discloses. The policy of "trying to become for the time being one of themselves" resulted in the book that, of all first-hand studies, has done most for modern anthropology. At the same time Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, it is evident, would not claim to have done more than interpret the external signs of a high individuality on the part of these prominent natives. It still remains a rare and almost unheard-of thing for an anthropologist to be on such friendly terms with a savage as to get him to talk intimately about himself, and reveal the real man within.
There exist, however, occasional side-lights on human personality in the anthropological literature that has to do with very rude peoples. The page from a human document that I shall cite by way of example is all the more curious, because it relates to a type of experience quite outside the compass of ordinary civilized folk. Here and there, however, something like it may be found amongst ourselves. My friend Mr. L.P. Jacks, for instance, in his story-book, _Mad Shepherds_, has described a rustic of the north of England who belonged to this old-world order of great men. For men of the type in question can be great, at any rate in low-level society. The so-called medicine man is a leader, perhaps even the typical leader, of primitive society; and, just because he is, by reason of his calling, addicted to privacy and aloofness, he certainly tends to be more individual, more of a "character," than the general run of his fellows.
I shall slightly condense from Howitt's _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ the man's own story of his experience of initiation. Howitt says, by the way, "I feel strongly assured that the man believed that the events which he related were real, and that he had actually experienced them"; and then goes on to talk about "subjective realities." I myself offer no commentary. Those interested in psychical research will detect hypnotic trance, levitation, and so forth. Others, versed in the spirit of William James' _Varieties of Religious Experience_, will find an even deeper meaning in it all. The sociologist, meanwhile, will point to the force of custom and tradition, as colouring the whole experience, even when at its most subjective and dreamlike. But each according to his bent must work out these things for himself. In any case it is well that the end of a book should leave the reader still thinking.
The speaker was a Wiradjuri doctor of the Kangaroo totem. He said: "My father is a Lizard-man. When I was a small boy, he took me into the bush to train me to be a doctor. He placed two large quartz-crystals against my breast, and they vanished into me. I do not know how they went, but I felt them going through me like warmth. This was to make me clever, and able to bring things up." (This refers to the medicine-man's custom of bringing up into the mouth, as if from the stomach, the quartz-crystal in which his "virtue" has its chief material embodiment or symbol; being likewise useful, as we see later on, for hypnotizing purposes.) "He also gave me some things like quartz-crystals in water. They looked like ice, and the water tasted sweet. After that, I used to see things that my mother could not see. When out with her I would say, 'What is out there like men walking?' She used to say, 'Child, there is nothing.' These were the ghosts which I began to see."
The account goes on to state that at puberty our friend went through the regular initiation for boys; when he saw the doctors bringing up their crystals, and, crystals in mouth, shooting the "virtue" into him to make him "good." Thereupon, being in a holy state like any other novice, he had retired to the bush in the customary manner to fast and meditate.
"Whilst I was in the bush, my old father came out to me. He said, 'Come here to me,' and then he showed me a piece of quartz-crystal in his hand. When I looked at it, he went down into the ground; and I saw him come up all covered with red dust. It made me very frightened. Then my father said, 'Try and bring up a crystal.' I did try, and brought one up. He then said, 'Come with me to this place.' I saw him standing by a hole in the ground, leading to a grave. I went inside and saw a dead man, who rubbed me all over to make me clever, and gave me some crystals. When we came out, my father pointed to a tiger-snake, saying, 'That is your familiar. It is mine also.' There was a string extending from the tail of the snake to us--one of those strings which the medicine-men bring up out of themselves. My father took hold of the string, and said, 'Let us follow the snake.' The snake went through several tree-trunks, and let us through them. At last we reached a tree with a great swelling round its roots. It is in such places that Daramulun lives. The snake went down into the ground, and came up inside the tree, which was hollow. We followed him. There I saw a lot of little Daramuluns, the sons of Baiame. Afterwards, the snake took us into a great hole, in which were a number of snakes. These rubbed themselves against me, and did not hurt me, being my familiars. They did this to make me a clever man and a doctor.
"Then my father said, 'We will go up to Baiame's Camp.' [Amongst the Wiradjuri, Baiame is the high god, and Daramulun is his son. What 'little Daramuluns' may be is not very clear.] He got astride a thread, and put me on another, and we held by each other's arms. At the end of the thread was Wombu, the bird of Baiame. We went up through the clouds, and on the other side was the sky. We went through the place where the doctors go through, and it kept opening and shutting very quickly. My father said that, if it touched a doctor when he was going through, it would hurt his spirit, and when he returned home he would sicken and die. On the other side we saw Baiame sitting in his camp. He was a very great old man with a long beard. He sat with his legs under him, and from his shoulders extended two great quartz-crystals to the sky above him. There were also numbers of the boys of Baiame, and of his people who are birds and beasts. [The totems.]
"After this time, and while I was in the bush, I began to bring crystals up; but I became very ill, and cannot do anything since."
_November, 1911_.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.--It is impossible to provide a bibliography of so vast a subject, even when first-class authorities only are referred to; whilst selection must be arbitrary and invidious. Here books written in English are alone cited, and those mostly the more modern. The reader is advised to spend such time as he can give to the subject mostly on the descriptive treatises. A few very educative studies are marked by an asterisk. In many cases, to save space, merely the author's name with initials is given, and a library catalogue must be consulted, or a list of authors such as is to be found, _e.g._ at the end of Westermarck's works.
A. THEORETICAL
GENERAL.--E.B. Tylor, _Anthropology_* (best manual); _Primitive Culture_* (the greatest of anthropological classics); Lord Avebury's works; _Anthropological Essays presented to E.B. Tylor_.
ANTIQUITY OF MAN.--W.J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters and their Modern Representatives_ (best popular account). Subject difficult without special knowledge, to be derived from, _e.g._ Sir J. Evans (Stone Implements); J. Geikie (Geology of Ice Age), etc. See also Brit. Mus. Guides to Stone Age, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age.
RACE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.--A.C. Haddon, _Races of Man_ and _The Wanderings of Peoples_ (best short outlines to work from); fuller details in J. Deniker, A.H. Keane; and, for Europe, W.Z. Ripley. See also Brit. Mus. Guide to Ethnological Collections.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND LAW.--J.G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_*; L.H. Morgan, _Ancient Society_*; E. Westermarck, _History of Human Marriage_*; E.S. Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_; A. Lang, _The Secret of the Totem_; N.W. Thomas, _Kinship Organization and Group Marriage in Australia_; H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_.
RELIGION, MAGIC, FOLK-LORE.--J.G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_* (3rd edit.); E.S. Hartland, _The Legend of Perseus_ (esp. vol. ii); A. Lang, _Myth, Ritual and Religion_,* _The Making of Religion_, etc.; W. Robertson Smith, _Early Religion of the Semites_*; F.B. Jevons, A.C. Crawley, D.G. Brinton, G.L. Gomme, L.R. Farnell, R.R. Marett, etc.
MORALS.--E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_*; E.B. Tylor, _Contemp. Rev._ xxi-ii; L.T. Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_; A. Sutherland, _Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct_.
MISCELLANEOUS.--Language: E.J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_,* vol. ii. Art: Y. Hirn, _Origins of Art_.* Economics: P.J.H. Grierson, _The Silent Trade_.
B. DESCRIPTIVE
AUSTRALIA.--B. Spencer and F.J. Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_,* _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_; A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-east Australia_*; J. Woods (and others), _Native Tribes of South Australia_; L. Fison and A.W. Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_; H. Ling Roth, _Aborigines of Tasmania_.
OCEANIA AND INDONESIA.--R.H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_*; B.H. Thompson, _The Fijians_; A.C. Haddon (and others), _Report of Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_; C.G. Seligmann (for New Guinea); G. Turner, W. Ellis, E. Shortland, R. Taylor (for Polynesia); A.R. Wallace, _Malay Archipelago_; C. Hose and W. McDougall (for Indonesia).
ASIA.--J.J.M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_; W.H.R. Rivers, _The Todas_*; and a host of other good authorities for India, _e.g._ Sir H.H. Risley, E. Thurston, W. Crooke, T.C. Hodson, P.R.T. Gurdon, C.G. and B.Z. Seligmann (Veddas of Ceylon); E.H. Man, _Journ. R. Anthrop. Instit._ xii (Andamanese); W. Skeat (for Malay Peninsula).
AFRICA.--South: H. Callaway, E. Casalis, J. Maclean, D. Kidd. East: A.C. Hollis, J. Roscoe, W.S. and K. Routledge, A. Werner. West: M.H. Kingsley, A.B. Ellis. Madagascar: W. Ellis.
AMERICA.--A vast number of important works, see esp. _Smithsonian Institution_, _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (J.W. Powell, F. Boas, F. Cushing, A.C. Fletcher, M.C. Stevenson, J.R. Swanton, C. Mindeleff, S. Powers, J. Mooney, J.O. Dorsey, W.J. Hoffman, W.J. McGee, etc.); L.H. Morgan (on Iroquois), J. Teit, C. Hill Tout; C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_; Sir E. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_.
EUROPE.--Ancient: L.R. Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_; J.E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to Greek Religion_; W. Warde Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_; _Anthropology and the Classics_, etc. Modern: G.F. Abbott, C. Lawson (to compare modern with ancient), Folk-lore Society's Publications, etc.
C. SUBSIDIARY
C. Darwin, _Descent of Man_ (Part I); W. Bagehot, _Physics and Politics_*; W. James, _Varieties of Religious Experience_*; W. McDougall, _Introduction to Social Psychology_.* And in this series Geddes and Thomson, Newbigin, Myres, McDougall, Keith.
INDEX
Adultery, 195
Africans, 41, 100, 118, 127, 158, 193, 194, 195, 199
Age-grades, 176
Alpine race, 106
Altamira, 52
Americans, 40, 97, 100, 110-114, 124, 128, 133, 138-147, 157, 163, 174, 192, 199
Andamanese, 160, 188, 193
Anglo-Saxons, 193
Animatism, 230
Animism, 228, 230
Anthropo-geography, 23, 84, 95-101, 115, 129
Anthropoid apes, 23, 37, 76-79, 81, 84, 111, 115, 117
Anthropology, 7-30, 186, 204, 227, 242, 244
Asiatics, 37, 59, 82, 99, 105-111, 114-118, 120-122, 128, 132, 133, 142, 150, 160-162, 183, 188, 194, 216-219
Athapascan languages, 112
Atlantic phase of culture, 102
Aurignac, 48
Australians, 39, 49, 51, 52, 54, 118, 120, 127, 147, 157, 162, 167, 174, 190, 191, 198, 207, 219-227, 231, 244-250
Bagehot, W., 84, 185, 187, 201
Baiame, 249, 250
Balfour, H., 40
Basque language, 55, 132, 134
Biology, 10, 13
Bison, 49, 51, 79, 100
Blood-revenge, 189-194
Boas, F., 75, 85
Borneo, 101, 184
Brandon, 56, 59
Bronze-age, 32, 55, 107
Bull-roarer, 125-128, 207, 226, 231
Burial, 35, 79, 177, 202, 206, 248
Bushmen, 39, 81, 87, 108, 119, 126, 160
Butler, S., 66
Buzz, 128
Calaveras skull, 40
Cannibalism, 37
Cartailhac, E., 34
Carthage, 105
Caste, 144, 179
Cave-paintings, 21, 47-53, 221
Chelles, 77
China, 106, 108, 115, 142
Chukchis, 110
Clan, 161, 171, 175, 189, 197, 203
Class (matrimonial), 172
Climate, 83-86, 101, 103, 117, 156
Cogul, 53
Collective responsibility, 189, 192
Colour, 82-86
Commont, V., 33
Confederacy, 174
Consanguinity, 163
Conservatism of savage, 113, 124, 183, 184, 213, 245
Counting, 25, 148, 150
Cranial index, 74
Cranz, D., 191
Creswell Crags, 47
Cro-Magnon, 80
Custom, 38, 183-187, 213-215, 223, 227, 238, 245, 247
Dahomey, 158, 194
Dairy-ritual, 216-219
Daramulun, 207, 226, 249
Darwin, C., 8-11, 22, 64, 65, 69, 132, 157
Demolins, E., 98, 111
Differential evolution, 121
Dog, 118
Dubois, E., 76
Duel, 191, 195, 198
Egypt, 102, 105, 107, 115
Endogamy, 165, 173
Environment, 69, 70, 75, 93, 94-129
Eoliths, 41-48
Eskimo, 39, 111, 190, 191
Eugenics, 63, 70, 93, 95
Eurasian region, 106-110
Europeans, 33-59, 75, 77-82, 93, 102-105, 108, 109, 124, 126, 127, 133, 185, 193, 202, 230, 241
Evans, Sir J., 42, 124
Evolution, 7-12, 14, 22, 61-72, 136, 205
Exogamy, 159, 161-165, 168, 169, 172, 173, 220
Experimental psychology, 23, 88
Family, 159, 160, 164, 171, 178, 196
Family jurisdiction, 196
Flint-mining, 56, 57
Folk-lore, 186, 210
Frazer, J.G., 163, 172, 200
Freedom, 130, 154, 181, 185, 238, 241
Fuegians, 138-140, 145
Galley Hill skull, 46, 80
Gargas, 47-50
Genealogical method, 147
Gesture-language, 134, 149
Ghosts, 229, 230, 248
Gibraltar skull, 78
Greece, 127, 157, 172, 185, 241
Greenwell, W., 56
Grime's Graves, 56
Haddon, A.H., 88, 127
Haeckel, E., 118
Hand-prints, 49
Harrison, B., 41, 44
Head-form, 73-82, 107
Head-hunting, 185
Heidelberg mandible, 77
History, 11, 13-15, 30, 97, 156, 227, 242
Hittites, 107
Hobhouse, L.T., 160
Holophrase, 140-152, 239
Horse, 37, 50, 100, 108
Howitt, A.W., 163, 231, 246
Humility, 212
Ice-age, 21, 33, 36, 38, 46, 106, 112, 132
Icklingham, 38
Imagination, 28, 213, 223, 234
Incest, 189, 200
India, 115
Individuality, 29, 241-250
Indo-European languages, 133
Indonesia, 116, 118, 121, 184
Initiation, 127, 174, 176, 211, 224-227, 246-250
Instinct, 23, 68, 71, 89-91
Intichiuma ceremonies, 51, 167, 220-223
Iron-age, 40, 119
Jacks, L.P., 246
James, W., 247
Jersey, 32, 36, 45, 243
Kellor, F.A., 91
Kent's cavern, 46
Kingship, 194, 195, 200, 202
Kinship, 163, 177
Knappers, 57, 58
Koryaks, 110
La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 79
Lamarck, J.B., 64, 65
La Naulette mandible, 78
Lang, A., 187, 226
Language, 24, 130-152
Lapps, 110
Law, 26, 181-203
Lecky, T., 102
Le Moustier, 38, 45-47, 79
Le Play, F., 98
Levy-Bruhl, L., 138
Lineage, 165, 168
Lloyd Morgan, C., 238
Local association, 177
Luck, 167, 200, 213, 215
McDougall, W., 90
Madagascar, 114, 158
Magic, 27, 51, 177, 202, 208-210, 224, 245, 247
Malaya, 114, 122, 126
Malthus, T., 69, 157
Mammoth, 37, 78, 111, 132
Man, E.H., 188, 198
Mas d'Azil, 54
Masks, 53
Matriarchate, 166
Matrilineal, matrilocal, matripotestal, 165, 196
Medicine-man, 246-250
Mediterranean race, 104, 109, 119
Melanesians, 116, 121, 128
Mendelism, 67
Mentone, 35
Military discipline, 192, 199
Miscegenation, 93
Mob-psychology, 92, 201, 239-241
Moieties, 175
Morality, 29, 235-241
Mother-right, 166, 169, 197
Myres, J.L., 102
Nation, 174
Natural selection, 68-71, 84
Nature, 15, 82, 155, 211, 230
Neanderthal race, 37, 39, 77-81, 87, 120, 206
Negative rites, 216-219, 234
Negritos, 81, 116-118, 120, 160, 188
Negro race, 80, 91, 116, 120
Neolithic age, 40, 53-59, 81, 104, 109
Niaux, 50-53
Nordic race, 109
Ordeal, 191, 195
Pacation, 192, 195
Painted pebbles, 54
Palaeolithic age, 40, 43-54, 108, 124
Papuasians, 116
Patagonians, 114
Patrilineal, patrilocal, patripotestal, 165, 196
Payne, E.J., 138
Persecuting tendency, 187
Perthes, Boucher de, 43
Phantasm, 229
Philosophy, 15-17, 72, 154, 223
Phratry, 172
Pictographs, 51
Pithecanthropus erectus, 76, 115
Policy, 17-19
Polynesians, 121, 128, 183, 194
Positive rites, 219-224, 234
Pottery, 33, 55
Pre-Dravidians, 120
Pre-historic chronology, 34
Pre-history, 21, 31, 97, 111
Pre-natal environment, 94
Prestwich, Sir J., 42
Profane vessels, 217
Property, 179, 192, 195, 198
Proto-history, 31, 97
Quartz crystals, 248-250
Race, 22, 59-94, 96, 99
Ratzel, F., 98
Reincarnation, 167, 221, 224
Reindeer, 37, 55, 78, 106, 110
Religion, 27, 49, 127, 166-168, 204-235, 246-250
Ridgeway, W., 107
Rites, 212, 219-224, 234
River-phase of culture, 102
Rivers, W.H.R., 147, 216, 219
Rutot, A., 41, 46
Sacramental meal, 222
Sacredness, 28, 52, 127, 168, 203, 213, 217, 218, 224, 226
St. Acheul, 33, 45, 46
Sanction, 195, 203
Savagery, 11, 158
Science, 12-15
Secret Societies, 177
Seligmann, C.G. and B.Z., 161, 243
Sex-totems, 176
Shaw, B., 66
Slander, 198
Slavery, 179
Smith, W. Robertson, 213
Snare, F., 57
Social organization, 24-26, 152-181
Solutre, 47, 108
Spear-thrower, 231
Spencer, B., and Gillen, F.J., 39, 163, 175, 220, 244
Spirit, 228, 229
Steinmetz, S.R., 197
Stratigraphical method, 31-36
Suggestion, 233-235, 237-240
Survivals, 186
Sutherland, A., 157
Sympathetic magic, 126, 233
Synnomic phase of society 236
Syntelic phase of society, 236
Taboo, 200-203, 215, 218
Tasmanians, 39-44
Thames gravels, 38-44, 46
Theft, 198
Todas, 210-219
Torres Straits, 88
Totemism, 160, 166-168, 175, 189, 220-223, 250
Tribe, 173
Tylor, E.B., 184, 228-230
Use-inheritance, 64, 93
Variation, 66-68
Veddas, 120, 160, 243
Wallace, A.R., 69, 118, 184
Wealden dome, 43
Weismann, A., 65, 66
Westermarck, E., 235
Witchcraft, 202, 210
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22. The Papacy and Modern Times. By REV. WILLIAM BARRY, D.D., author of _The Papal Monarchy_, etc. The story of the rise and fall of the Temporal Power.
8. Polar Exploration. By DR. W.S. BRUCE, Leader of the "Scotia" expedition. Emphasizes the results of the expeditions.
18. The Opening-up of Africa. By SIR H.H. JOHNSTON. The first living authority on the subject tells how and why the "Native races" went to the various parts of Africa and summarizes its exploration and colonization.
19. The Civilization of China. By H.A. GILES, Professor of Chinese, Cambridge.
36. Peoples and Problems of India. By SIR T.W. HOLDERNESS. "The best small treatise dealing with the range of subjects fairly indicated by the title."--_The Dial_.
7. Modern Geography. By DR. MARION NEWBIGIN. Shows the relation of physical features to living things and to some of the chief institutions of civilization.
51. Master Mariners. By JOHN R. SPEARS, author of _The History of Our Navy_, etc. A history of sea craft adventure from the earliest times.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
91. The Negro. By W.E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS, author of _Souls of Black Folks_, etc. A history of the black man in Africa, America or wherever else his presence has been or is important.
77. Co-Partnership and Profit Sharing. By ANEURIN WILLIAMS, Chairman, Executive Committee, International Co-operative Alliance, etc. Explains the various types of co-partnership or profit-sharing, or both, and gives details of the arrangements now in force in many of the great industries.
98. Political Thought: From Herbert Spencer to the Present Day. By ERNEST BARKER, M.A.
99. Political Thought: The Utilitarians. From Benthan to J.S. Mill. By WILLIAM L. DAVIDSON.
79. Unemployment. By A.C. PIGOU, M.A., Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge. The meaning, measurement, distribution, and effects of unemployment, its relation to wages, trade fluctuations, and disputes, and some proposals of remedy or relief.
80. Common-Sense in Law. By PROF. PAUL VINOGRADOFF, D.C.L., LL.D. Social and Legal Rules--Legal Rights and Duties--Facts and Acts in Law--Legislation--Custom--Judicial Precedents--Equity--The Law of Nature.
49. Elements of Political Economy. By S.J. CHAPMAN, Professor of Political Economy and Dean of Faculty of Commerce and Administration, University of Manchester.
11. The Science of Wealth. By J.A. HOBSON, author of _Problems of Poverty_. A study of the structure and working of the modern business world.
1. Parliament. Its History, Constitution, and Practice. By SIR COURTENAY P. ILBERT, Clerk of the House of Commons.
16. Liberalism. By PROF. L.T. HOBHOUSE, author of _Democracy and Reaction_. A masterly philosophical and historical review of the subject.
5. The Stock Exchange. By F.W. HIRST, Editor of the London _Economist_. Reveals to the non-financial mind the facts about investment, speculation, and the other terms which the title suggests.
10. The Socialist Movement. By J. RAMSAY MACDONALD, Chairman of the British Labor Party.
28. The Evolution of Industry. By D.H. MACGREGOR, Professor of Political Economy, University of Leeds. An outline of the recent changes that have given us the present conditions of the working classes and the principles involved.
29. Elements of English Law. By W.M. GELDART, Vinerian Professor of English Law, Oxford. A simple statement of the basic principles of the English legal system on which that of the United States is based.
32. The School: An Introduction to the Study of Education. By J.J. FINDLAY, Professor of Education, Manchester. Presents the history, the psychological basis, and the theory of the school with a rare power of summary and suggestion.
6. Irish Nationality. By MRS. J.R. GREEN. A brilliant account of the genius and mission of the Irish people.
NATURAL SCIENCE
68. Disease and Its Causes. By W.T. COUNCILMAN, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Pathology, Harvard University.
85. Sex. By J. ARTHUR THOMPSON and PATRICK GEDDES, joint authors of _The Evolution of Sex_.
71. Plant Life. By J.B. FARMER, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the Imperial College of Science. This very fully illustrated volume contains an account of the salient features of plant form and function.
63. The Origin and Nature of Life. By BENJAMIN M. MOORE, Professor of Bio-Chemistry, Liverpool.
90. Chemistry. By RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Finsbury Technical College. Presents the way in which the science has developed and the stage it has reached.
53. Electricity. By GISBERT KAPP, Professor Of Electrical Engineering, University of Birmingham.
54. The Making of the Earth. By. J.W. GREGORY, Professor of Geology, Glasgow University. 38 maps and figures. Describes the origin of the earth, the formation and changes of its surface and structure, its geological history, the first appearance of life, and its influence upon the globe.
56. Man: A History of the Human Body. By A. KEITH, M.D., Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons. Shows how the human body developed.
74. Nerves. By DAVID FRASER HARRIS, M.D., Professor of Physiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax. Explains in non-technical language the place and powers of the nervous system.
21. An Introduction to Science. By PROF. J. ARTHUR THOMSON, Science Editor Of the Home University Library. For those unacquainted with the scientific volumes in the series, this would prove an excellent introduction.
14. Evolution. By PROF. J. ARTHUR THOMSON and PROF. PATRICK GEDDES. Explains to the layman what the title means to the scientific world.
23. Astronomy. By A.R. HINKS, Chief Assistant at the Cambridge Observatory. "Decidedly original in substance, and the most readable and informative little book on modern astronomy we have seen for a long time."--_Nature_.
24. Psychical Research. By PROF. W.F. BARRETT, formerly President of the Society for Psychical Research. A strictly scientific examination.
9. The Evolution of Plants. By DR. D.H. SCOTT, President of the Linnean Society of London. The story of the development of flowering plants, from the earliest zoological times, unlocked from technical language.
43. Matter and Energy. By F. SODDY, Lecturer in Physical Chemistry and Radioactivity, University of Glasgow. "Brilliant. Can hardly be surpassed. Sure to attract attention."--_New York Sun_.
41. Psychology, The Study of Behaviour. By WILLIAM MCDOUGALL, of Oxford. A well digested summary of the essentials of the science put in excellent literary form by a leading authority.
42. The Principles of Physiology. By PROF. J.G. MCKENDRICK. A compact statement by the Emeritus Professor at Glasgow, for uninstructed readers.
37. Anthropology. By R.R. MARETT, Reader in Social Anthropology, Oxford. Seeks to plot out and sum up the general series of changes, bodily and mental, undergone by man in the course of history. "Excellent. So enthusiastic, so clear and witty, and so well adapted to the general reader."--_American Library Association Booklist_.
17. Crime and Insanity. By DR. C.A. MERCIER, author of _Text-Book of Insanity_, etc.
12. The Animal World. By PROF. F.W. GAMBLE.
15. Introduction to Mathematics. By A.N. WHITEHEAD, author of _Universal Algebra_.
PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION
69. A History of Freedom of Thought. By JOHN B. BURY, M.A., LL.D., Regius Professor of Modern History in Cambridge University. Summarizes the history of the long struggle between authority and reason and of the emergence of the principle that coercion of opinion is a mistake.
55. Missions: Their Rise and Development. By MRS. MANDELL CREIGHTON, author of _History of England_. The author seeks to prove that missions have done more to civilize the world than any other human agency.
52. Ethics. By G.E. MOORE, Lecturer in Moral Science, Cambridge. Discusses what is right and what is wrong, and the whys and wherefores.
65. The Literature of the Old Testament. By GEORGE F. MOORE, Professor of the History of Religion, Harvard University. "A popular work of the highest order. Will be profitable to anybody who cares enough about Bible study to read a serious book on the subject."--_American Journal of Theology_
50. The Making of the New Testament. By B.W. BACON, Professor of New Testament Criticism, Yale. An authoritative summary of the results of modern critical research with regard to the origins of the New Testament.
96. A History of Philosophy. By CLEMENT C.J. WEBB, Oxford.
35. The Problems of Philosophy. By BERTRAND RUSSELL, Lecturer and Late Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge.
44. Buddhism. By MRS. RHYS DAVIDS, Lecturer on Indian Philosophy, Manchester.
46. English Sects: A History of Nonconformity. By W.B. SELBIE, Principal of Manchester College, Oxford.
60. Comparative Religion. By PROF. J. ESTLIN CARPENTER.
88. Religious Development Between Old and New Testaments. By R.H. CHARLES, Canon of Westminster. Shows how religious and ethical thought grew between 180 B.C. and 100 A.D.
LITERATURE AND ART
73. Euripides and His Age. By GILBERT MURRAY, Regius Professor of Greek, Oxford.
81. Chaucer and His Times. By GRACE E. HADOW, Lecturer Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford; Late Reader, Bryn Mawr.
70. Ancient Art and Ritual. By JANE E. HARRISON, LL.D., D.Litt. "One of the 100 most important books of 1913."--_New York Times Review_.
61. The Victorian Age in Literature. By G.K. CHESTERTON.
97. Milton. By JOHN BAILEY.
59. Dr. Johnson and His Circle. By JOHN BAILEY. Johnson's life, character, works, and friendships are surveyed; and there is a notable vindication of the "Genius of Boswell."
58. The Newspaper. By G. BINNEY DIBBLE. The first full account, from the inside, of newspaper organization as it exists to-day.
62. Painters and Painting. By SIR FREDERIC WEDMORE. With 16 half-tone illustration.
64. The Literature of Germany. By J.G. ROBERTSON.
48. Great Writers of America. By W.P. TRENT and JOHN ERSKINE, of Columbia University.
87. The Renaissance. By EDITH SICHEL, author of _Catherine de Medici, Men and Women of the French Renaissance_.
101. Dante. By JEFFERSON B. FLETCHER, Columbia University, An interpretation of Dante and his teachings from his writings.
93. An Outline of Russian Literature. By MAURICE BARING, author of _The Russian People_, etc. Tolstoi, Tourgenieff, Dostoieffsky, Pushkin (the father of Russian Literature), Saltykov (the satirist), Leskov, and many other authors.
40. The English Language. By L.P. SMITH. A concise history of its origin and development.
45. Medieval English Literature. By W.P. KER, Professor of English Literature, University College, London. "One of the soundest scholars. His style is effective, simple, yet never dry."--_The Athenaeum_.
89. Elizabethan Literature. By J.M. ROBERTSON, M.P., author of _Montaigne and Shakespeare, Modern Humanists_.
27. Modern English Literature. By G.H. MAIR. From Wyatt and Surrey to Synge and Yeats. "One of the best of this great series."--_Chicago Evening Post_.
2. Shakespeare. By JOHN MASEFIELD. "One of the very few indispensable adjuncts to a Shakespearean Library."--_Boston Transcript_.
31. Landmarks in French Literature. By G.L. STRACHEY, Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. "It is difficult to imagine how a better account of French Literature could be given in 250 pages."--_London Times_.
38. Architecture. By PROF. W.R. LETHABY. An introduction to the history and theory of the art of building.
66. Writing English Prose. By WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, Professor of English, Columbia University. "Should be put into the hands of every man who is beginning to write and of every teacher of English that has brains enough to understand sense."--_New York Sun_.
83. William Morris: His Work and Influence. By A. CLUTTON BROCK, author of _Shelley: The Man and the Poet_. William Morris believed that the artist should toil for love of his work rather than the gain of his employer, and so he turned from making works of art to remaking society.
75. Shelley, Godwin and Their Circle. By H.N. BRAILSFORD. The influence of the French Revolution on England.
OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 34 West 33d Street New York