Part 38

Chapter 381,355 wordsPublic domain

+--------+------+--------- | | | | | | | Baffin| Smith|Greenland | Land,| Sound| | North| | | Devon,| | | and| | |vicinity| | -----------+--------+------+--------- Vault: | (17)| (2)| (52) | | | Length | 18.33| 18| 18.04 | | | | (17)| (2)| (52) | | | Breadth | 13.44| 13.80| 12.98 | | | | (17)| (2)| (52) | | | Height | 13.34| 13.65| 13.12 | | | | (17)| (2)| (52) | | | Cranial | 15.04| 15.15| 14.72 Module | | | | | | | | (1)| (43) | | | Capacity | | 1,510| 1,324 | | | | (_17_)| (_2_)| (_52_) | | | Cranial | _73.3_|_76.7_| _72_ Index | | | | | | | (_17_)| (_2_)| (_52_) | | | Mean | _84_|_85.8_| _84.6_ height | | | Index | | | | | | | (_17_)| (_2_)| (_52_) | | | Height- | _99.3_|_98.9_| _101_ breadth | | | index | | | | | | Face: | (5)| (2)| (5) | | | Menton- | 11.60| 11.20| 11.52 nasion | | | height | | | | | | | (12)| (2)| (45) | | | Alveolar | 7.10| 6.80| 7.05 point- | | | nasion | | | height | | | | | | | (14)| (2)| (50) | | | Diameter- | 13.27| 13.20| 13.03 bizygomatic| | | maximum | | | | | | | (_5_)| (_2_)| (_5_) | | | Facial | _86.6_|_84.9_| _85.7_ Index, | | | total | | | | | | | (_11_)| (_2_)| (_45_) | | | Facial | _53.9_|_51.5_| _54.1_ Index, | | | upper | | | | | | Basio- | (12)| (2)| (45) facial: | | | | | | Basion- | 10.13| 9.35| 10.09 alveolar | | | point | (13)| (2)| (50) | | | Basion- | 9.05| 8.35| 8.94 subnasal | | | point | | | | | | | (17)| (2)| (52) | | | Basion- | 10.11| 9.65| 10.13 nasion | | | | | | | | | (_45_) | | | Facial | | | _70_ angle | | | | | | | | | (_45_) | | | Alveolar | | | _54_ angle | | | | | | Orbits: | (13)| (2)| (47) | | | Mean height| 3.53| 3.51| 3.55 | | | | (13)| (2)| (47) | | | Mean | 3.88| 3.96| 3.85 breadth | | | | | | | (_13_)| (_2_)| (_47_) | | | Index _91.3_|_88.6_| _92.4_ | | | Nose: | (13)| (2)| (50) | | | Height | 4.98| 5.30| 4.99 | | | | (13)| (2)| (50) | | | Breadth | 2.20| 2.32| 2.20 | | | | (_13_)| (_2_)| (_50_) | | | Index | _44.3_|_43.9_| _44_ | | | Palate: | (12)| (2)| (45) | | | Length | 5.44| 5.20| 5.35 | | | | (12)| (2)| (45) | | | Breadth | 6.22| 6.20| 6.16 | | | | (_12_)| (_2_)| (_45_) | | | Index | _87.6_|_83.9_| _86.8_ | | | | (5)| (2)| (13) | | | Lower jaw: | 3.46| 3.42| 3.40 Height at | | | symph. | | | -----------+--------+------+---------

FOOTNOTES:

[156] Compare writer's Variation in the dimensions of lower molars in man and anthropoid apes, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., VI, 423-438, Washington, 1923.

[157] Rivet, P., Recherches sur le prognathisme. L'Anthropologie, XX, pp. 35, 175; Paris, 1909. XXI, pp. 505, 637, 1910.

[158] Cat. Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., etc., No. 3. Washington, 1928, 88, 105, 139.

[159] Lower angles mean higher, higher angles lower facial or alveolar protrusion.

SKULLS OF ESKIMO CHILDREN

A special effort in our work has been made to secure well-preserved skulls of children. As elsewhere, so among the Eskimo, more children die than adults, but conditions are not favorable for the preservation of their skeletal remains. Most of the bones are done away with or damaged by animals (foxes, dogs, mice, etc.), while others decay, so that generally nothing remains of the youngest subjects and but a few bones and a rare skull of the older children. The total number of such skulls in our collection now reaches 25. They are all of children of more than 2 but mostly less than 6 years old, and are all normal specimens. The principal measurements of their vault--a study of the face is a subject apart and needing more material--are given in the following tables.

CRANIA OF ESKIMO CHILDREN

SOUTHWESTERN AND MIDWESTERN ESKIMO

+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+-------+------- | | | | Vault ---------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+-------+------- Catalogue|Collector| Locality |Deformation| Length|Breadth| Height No. | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S.N.M. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+-------+------- 339172 | H. B. | Nunivak | | 16.9| 12.6| 12 |Collins, | Island | | | | |jr., and | | | | | | T. D. | | | | | | Stewart | | | | | | | | | | | 339153 | do | do | | 17.4| 13.4| 12.4 | | | | | | 339198 | do | do | | 16.6| 12.8| 12.7 | | | | | | 339222 | H. B. | Nunivak | | 16.8| 13.4| 12.2 |Collins, | Island | | | | |jr., and | | | | | | T. D. | | | | | |Stewart. | | | | | | | | | | | 339197 | do | do | | 17| 13.6| 12.4 | | | | | | 339199 | do | do | | 16.1| 13.3| | | | | | | 339152 | do | do | | 17| 14.5| 12.6 | | | |=======+=======+======= | | | | (7)| (7)| (6) | | | | | | Total | | | | 117.8| 93.6| 74.3 | | | | | | Average | | | |_16.83_|_13.37_|_12.38_ | | | |=======+=======+======= 279569 | R. D. | St. | | 17.6| 13.4| 12.2 | Moore | Lawrence | | | | | | Island | | | | | | | | | | 279568 | do | do | | 17.1| 13.2| 12.8 | | | | | | 279495 | do | do | | 16.8| 13.1| 12.6 | | | | | | 279479 | do | do | | 16.8| 13.2| 12.8 | | | | | | 279462 | do | do | | 16.2| 13| 12.8 | | | | | | 279421 | do | do | | 16.4| 13.4| 12.1 | | | | | | 279448 | do | do | | 16.4| 13.5| | | | | | | 279591 | do | do | | 14.7| 12.4| | | | | | | 279443 | do | do | | 16.4| 13.9| 12.4 | | | |=======+=======+======= | | | | (9)| (9)| (7) | | | | | | Total | | | | 146.4| 119.1| 87.7 | | | | | | Average | | | |_16.27_|_13.23_|_12.53_ | | | |=======+=======+======= 99-4106 |G. Comer |Southampton| | 17.4| 13.3| 12.8 | | Island | | | | | | | | | | 4657 | do |Hudson Bay | | 16.9| 13.2| 12.2 | | | | | | 7690 | Capt. | Etah, | | 16.6| 13.4| 12.7 |Bartlett |Smith Sound| | | | ---------+---------+-----------+-----------+-------+-------+-------

+-------+------+-------+-------+-------- | | | | | ---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------- Catalogue|Cranial| Mean|Height-|Basion-| Basion- No. | index|height|breadth| nasion| nasion | | Index| index| |diameter U.S.N.M. | | | | | vs. | | | | | length | | | | |of skull ---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------- 339172 | _74.6_|_81.4_| _95.2_| 9.1| _53.8_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 339153 | _77_|_80.5_| _92.5_| 9.2| _52.9_ | | | | | 339198 | _77.1_|_86.4_| _99.2_| 8.6| _51.8_ | | | | | 339222 | _79.8_|_80.8_| _91_| 9| _53.6_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 339197 | _80_| _81_| _91.2_| 9.1| _53.5_ | | | | | 339199 | _82.6_| | | | | | | | | 339152 | _85.3_| _80_| _86.9_| 8.7| _51.2_ +=======+======+=======+=======+======== | (7)| (6)| (6)| (6)| (6) | | | | | Total | | | | 53.7| | | | | | Average | _79.5_|_81.6_| _92.5_| _8.95_| _52.8_ +=======+======+=======+=======+======== 279569 | _76.1_|_78.7_| _91_| 9.3| _52.8_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 279568 | _77.2_|_84.5_| _97_| 9.3| _54.4_ | | | | | 279495 | _78_|_84.3_| _96.2_| 9.1| _54.2_ | | | | | 279479 | _78.6_|_85.3_| _97_| 9| _53.6_ | | | | | 279462 | _80.3_|_87.7_| _98.5_| 9.2| _56.8_ | | | | | 279421 | _81.7_|_81.2_| _90.3_| 8.4| _51.2_ | | | | | 279448 | 82.3| | | | | | | | | 279591 | 84.3| | | | | | | | | 279443 | _84.8_|_81.8_| _89.2_| 8.6| _52.4_ +=======+======+=======+=======+======== | (9)| (7)| (7)| (7)| (7) | | | | | Total | | | | 62.9| | | | | | Average | _81.4_|_84.1_| _94.1_| _8.99_| _54.5_ +=======+======+=======+=======+======== 99-4106 | _76.4_|_83.4_| _96.2_| 8.8| _50.6_ | | | | | | | | | | 4657 | _78.1_|_81.1_| _92.4_| 9.1| _53.8_ | | | | | 7690 | _80.7_|_84.7_| _94.8_| 9.2| _55.4_ | | | | | ---------+-------+------+-------+-------+--------

PRINCIPAL CRANIAL INDICES IN CHILDREN COMPARED WITH THOSE IN ADULTS

+---------+-------+------+-------+------ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -----------+---------+-------+------+-------+------ | |Cranial| Mean|Height-| BN- | | index|height|breadth| skull | | | index| index|length | | | | | index | | | | | South |Children | 84.4| 82.5| 89.6| 54 western | | | | | and | | | | | Midwestern | | | | | Eskimo[160]|Adults | 79.3| 82.3| 93| 56 |(both | | | | |sexes) | | | | | | | | | Nunivak |{Children| 79.5| 81.6| 92.5| 52.8 Island | | | | | |{Adults | 75.6| 83.3| 96.7| 56 |(both | | | | |sexes) | | | | | | | | | St. |{Children| 81.4| 84.1| 94.1| 54.5 Lawrence | | | | | Island |{Adults | 77.3| 84.1| 96.5| 56.2 |(both | | | | |sexes) | | | | | | | | | All |{Children| _81.8_|_82.7_| _92.1_|_53.8_ | | | | | |{Adults | _77.4_|_83.2_| _95.4_|_56.1_ | | | | | -----------+---------+-------+------+-------+------

+------+-------+------+-------- | Percentage relation of | dimensions of the vault in |adults and children (adults = | 100) -----------+------+-------+------+-------- |Length|Breadth|Height| Basion- | | | | nasion | | | |diameter | | | | | | | | South | | | | western | | | | and |} 90.1| 96.7| 93.2| 86.5 Midwestern | | | | Eskimo[160]| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nunivak | | | | Island |} 91.7| 96.4| 92.3| 87.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | St. | | | | Lawrence |} 90.2| 95.2| 93.2| 88.6 Island | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | All | | | | }|_90.8_| _96.1_|_92.9_| _87.4_ -----------+------+-------+------+--------

The main interest centers in the comparison of the relative proportions of these skulls with those of the adults from the same localities. These comparisons, given in the smaller table, are of considerable interest.

The cranial index is considerably higher in the children. On analysis this is found to be due almost wholly to a greater relative breadth of the child's skull. During later growth the Eskimo cranium advances materially more in length than in breadth. A further expansion in breadth is evidently hindered by some factor outside of the bones themselves, for nothing appears in these that could constitute such a hindrance. And the only evident outside factor capable of producing such an effect are the strong pads of the temporal muscles.

The mean height index (H × 100/(mean of L + B)) remains much the same in the children and adults, indicating that the relative increase during growth in skull length compensates for the lagging increase in breadth, while the proportion of the height to the mean of the length and breadth remains fairly stable.

The much greater growth in length than in breadth of the Eskimo skull from childhood onward is shown even better in the second part of the table by a direct comparison of the mean dimensions. The length of the adult skull is by over 9 per cent, the breadth by less than 4 per cent, greater than that in childhood in the same groups.

The adult Eskimo skull has also grown very perceptibly more in height than in breadth, though somewhat less so than in length. The result is a notably higher height-breadth index in the adult. Compared to that in childhood the adult Eskimo skull is therefore relatively markedly longer, higher, and narrower.