Part 31

+-----------------------+----------------------- | Males | Females Area +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | Height|Breadth| Index | Height|Breadth| Index ------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Groups | (14) | (14) | (14) | (10) | (10) | (10) Southwestern | | | | | | and Midwestern | 5.46 | 2.42 | _44.3_| 5.06 | 2.32 | _45.8_ ------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Groups | (7) | (7) | (7) | (6) | (6) | (6) Northwestern | 5.42 | 2.37 | _43.7_| 5.06 | 2.30 | _45.4_ ------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Groups | (6) | (6) | (6) | (5) | (5) | (5) Northern Arctic | | | | | | and northeastern| 5.38 | 2.28 | _42.4_| 4.95 | 2.18 | _44.0_ ------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Detailed group data on the nasal index show that this ranges from _47.7_ on the Yukon to _41.8_ in the northernmost contingent of the Eskimo at Smith Sound. The Kotzebue group that shows even a higher index than on the Yukon is too small to have much weight. Barrow and Point Barrow are once more nearly the same, as are the Old Igloos and Greenland; and there are some other interesting relations.

ESKIMO SKULLS: NASAL INDEX

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(6) Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 47.7 (5) Southwestern Alaska 47.5 (31) Indian Point (Siberia) 46.5 (13) Hooper Bay 46.2 (6) Cape Nome and Port Clarence 46.0 (280) St. Lawrence Island 45.8 (5) Chukchee 45.6 (10) Mumtrak 45.2 (107) Nunivak Island 45.1 (9) Togiak and vicinity 45.0 (29) Pastolik 44.9 (23) Nelson Island 44.6 (11) Little Diomede Island 44.5 (13) St. Michael Island 42.9 (4) Yukon Delta 42.7

_Northwestern_

(3) Kotzebue 49.0 (20) Shishmaref 46.0 (34) Wales 45.3 (211) Point Hope 44.9 (56) Barrow and vicinity 44.0 (48) Igloos north of Barrow 44.0 (92) Point Barrow 43.5

_Northern and northeastern_

(7) Hudson Bay and vicinity 44.6 (15) North Arctic 44.1 (29) Baffin Land and vicinity 43.8 (98) Greenland 43.6 (14) Southampton Island 43.0 (9) Smith Sound 41.8

FOOTNOTES:

[154] Thomson, Arthur, The correlation of isotherms with variations in the nasal index. Proc. Seventeenth Intern. Cong. Med., London, 1913, Sec. I, Anatomy and Embryology, pt. II, 89; Thomson, Arthur, and Buxton, L. H. D., Man's nasal index in relation to certain climatic conditions, Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst., LIII, 92-122, London, 1923. Additional references in these publications; also in the latter an extensive list of data on nasal index in many parts of the world.

THE ORBITS

In many American groups the orbits are notoriously variable, yet their mean dimensions and index are of value.

The Eskimo orbits have long been known for their ample proportions. Their mean height and breadth are larger than those of any other known people and the excess is especially apparent when proportioned to stature. Taking the family as a whole, the mean height of the two orbits in males averages approximately 3.64 centimeters, the mean breadth 4.03 centimeters; while the males of 23 Algonquian tribes give for the same items 3.42 and 3.93, and those of 12 Siouan tribes 3.58 and 3.96 centimeters.

The general averages for the female Eskimo approach for orbital height 3.52 centimeters, for breadth 3.89 centimeters, dimensions which also surpass those in the females of any other known human group.

These large dimensions of the Eskimo orbit are, however, on closer examination into the matter, found not to be racial characters except in a secondary way. They are the direct consequence of the high and broad face. The correlation of the orbital height and breadth with the height and breadth of the face are shown by the following figures. These figures indicate also some additional details of interest.

ESKIMO ORBITS: RIGHT AND LEFT

MALES

+--------------+--------------+--------------- | Height | Breadth | Index ---------------------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------- | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left ---------------------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+------- | (145) | (145) | (145) St. Lawrence Island | 3.67 3.68 | 4.05 4.01 | _90.7_ _91.8_ | (41) | (41) | (41) Nunivak Island | 3.59 3.59 | 4.05 4.-- | _88.7_ _89.7_ | (120) | (120) | (120) Point Hope | 3.63 3.63 | 4.05 4.01 | _89.6_ _90.5_ | (46) | (46) | (46) Greenland | 3.64 3.65 | 4.02 3.96 | _90.6_ _92.1_ ---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------

FEMALES

+--------------+--------------+--------------- | (128) | (128) | (128) St. Lawrence Island | 3.62 3.60 | 3.92 3.89 | _91.7_ _92.6_ | (58) | (58) | (58) Nunivak Island | 3.50 3.52 | 3.88 3.84 | _90.2_ _91.6_ | (70) | (70) | (70) Point Hope | 3.54 3.54 | 3.91 3.88 | _90.5_ _91.4_ | (45) | (45) | (45) Greenland | 3.55 3.56 | 3.86 3.83 | _91.9_ _92.9_ ---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------

The general orbital index of the Eskimo is close to _90_ in the males, _90.5_ in the females. Such orbits are classed as also _relatively_ high or _megaseme_, a character in which they resemble many of the American Indians. Thus the male crania of the Siouan tribes give the practically identical general index of _90.5_.

The slightly higher index in the females is the rule to which there are but few exceptions, and those in individual groups where the numbers of specimens may not be sufficient. The same tendency is observable in the Indians, and appears in fact to be panhuman. It is due to slightly lesser relative height as compared to the breadth of the orbit in the males, which condition is due in all probability to the greater development in the males of the frontal sinuses and supraorbital arches.

ESKIMO CRANIA: DIMENSIONS OF THE ORBITS IN RELATION TO THOSE OF THE FACE

ORBITAL HEIGHT VERSUS UPPER FACIAL HEIGHT

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Males | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | (10) | (10) | (10) | |Lowest faces (7.2-7.4) | Average faces (7.8) | Highest faces (8.4-9) | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | 7.37 | 3.62 | 7.80 | 3.65 | 8.55 | 3.78 | +==========+============+=========+===========+==========+============+ | Females | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | (10) | (10) | (14) | |Lowest faces (6.4-6.8) | Average faces (7.3) |Highest faces (7.8-8.4)| +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | 6.69 | 3.54 | 7.30 | 3.56 | 7.89 | 3.67 | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+

PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE

+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | _49.1_ | _46.8_ | _44.2_ | +=======================+=====================+=======================+ | _53_ | _48.7_ | _46.6_ | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+

ORBITAL BREADTH VERSUS FACIAL BREADTH

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Males | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | (10) | (17) | (10) | | Narrowest faces | Average faces (14.2)| Broadest faces | | (13.4 and below) | | (14.9 and above) | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | 13.30 | 3.96 | 14.20 | 4.01 | 15.11 | 4.17 | +==========+============+=========+===========+==========+============+ | Females | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | (10) | (14) | (10) | | Narrowest faces | Average faces (13.3)| Broadest faces | | (12.7 and below) | | (13.9 and above) | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+ | 12.57 | 3.74 | 13.30 | 3.88 | 14.09 | 3.98 | +----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+

PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE

+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+ | _29.8_ | _28.4_ | _28.2_ | +=======================+=====================+=======================+ | _29.8_ | _29.2_ | _27.6_ | +-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+

Individual variation in the orbital index of the Eskimo is extensive, reaching from slightly below _80_ to well over _100_. It extends more or less over the whole Eskimo area, without conveying definite indication anywhere of either a mixture or of a special evolutionary tendency. Yet it occasions group differences that eventually might prove evolutionary, though they may merely represent the next or higher order of variability, namely, that of groups within a family.

ORBITAL DIMENSIONS AND INDEX IN ESKIMO SKULLS

+---------------------+--------------------- | Males | Females Area +------+-------+------+------+-------+------ | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean |height|breadth|index |height|breadth|index --------------------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------ | (13) | (13) | (13) | (13) | (13) | (13) South and Midwestern| 3.63 | 4.01 |_90.6_| 3.56 | 3.87 |_92.1_ | (6) | (6) | (6) | (6) | (6) | (6) Northwestern | 3.62 | 4.02 |_90.1_| 3.51 | 3.92 |_89.7_ Northern Arctic and | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) northeastern | 3.65 | 4.07 |_89.5_| 3.54 | 3.91 |_90.6_ --------------------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------

The group differences in the orbital index of the Eskimo skull are shown in the next table. They elude a satisfactory explanation, unless recourse is had to the above suggested theory of normal group variability within a family. They have about the same range in the three large areas, which would seem to support this theory.

Group relations are indicated in the cases of Pastolik-Yukon Delta-St. Michael Island; Point Barrow-Barrow; and Old Igloos-Greenland.

ESKIMO SKULLS: MEAN INDEX OF THE ORBITS

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(10) Mumtrak 88.4 (11) Little Diomede Island 89.4 (6) Cape Nome and Port Clarence 89.7 (101) Nunivak Island 90.1 (31) Indian Point (Siberia) 90.3 (5) Chukchee 90.6 (6) Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 91.0 (5) Southwest Alaska 91.4 (271) St. Lawrence Island 91.7 (24) Nelson Island 91.9 (13) Hooper Bay 92.5 (29) Pastolik 93.2 (7) Togiak 93.3 (4) Yukon Delta 93.8 (13) St. Michael Island 94.4

_Northwestern_

(3) Kotzebue 86.1 (20) Shishmaref 88.9 (34) Wales 89.4 (85) Point Barrow 90.3 (200) Point Hope 90.4 (53) Barrow 91.1 (43) Igloos north of Barrow 91.1

_Northern and northeastern_

(9) Smith Sound 87.6 (13) Southampton Island 88.4 (28) Baffin Land and vicinity 90.0 (16) Northern Arctic 91.0 (94) Greenland 91.6 (7) Hudson Bay and vicinity 92.3

THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH

The dental arches correlate with function (use), with stature, with the dimensions of the face, and with those of the teeth. The western as well as other Eskimo show arches that are about equal in absolute dimensions to those of our taller Indians, such as the Munsee, Arkansas, and Louisiana;[155] but relatively to stature the Eskimo arch is decidedly larger.

The upper dental arch index (L×100/B), now being used in preference to the unwieldy "uranic index" (B×100/L) of Turner, is rather high, showing that the arch is relatively, as well as absolutely, broad. The same index in the Munsee averaged in the males _82.8_, in the females _82.7_; in the Arkansas and Louisiana mound skulls _84.4_ in the males and _85.1_ in the females. Data are needed here for more extensive comparisons.

ESKIMO CRANIA: ALVEOLAR ARCH

+----------------------------------- | Males +--------+--------+---------+------- |External|External| Module | Index | length | breadth| (mean |L×100/B | | |diameter)| --------------------+--------+--------+---------+------- 11 groups: | | | | Southwestern and| | | | Midwestern | 5.56 | 6.66 | 6.11 | _83.5_ 6 groups: | | | | Northwestern | 5.63 | 6.61 | 6.12 | _85.1_ 5 groups: | | | | Northern Arctic | | | | and | | | | northeastern | 5.68 | 6.75 | 6.21 | _84.2_ --------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------

+----------------------------------- | Females +--------+--------+---------+------- |External|External| Module | Index | length | breadth| (mean |L×100/B | | |diameter)| --------------------+--------+--------+---------+------- 11 groups: | | | | Southwestern and| | | | Midwestern | 5.34 | 6.38 | 5.86 | _83.8_ 6 groups: | | | | Northwestern | 5.38 | 6.31 | 5.85 | _85.2_ 5 groups: | | | | Northern Arctic | | | | and | | | | northeastern | 5.37 | 6.28 | 5.83 | _85.6_ --------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------

ESKIMO SKULLS: LENGTH-BREADTH INDEX OF THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and Midwestern_

(5) Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 79.4 (8) Togiak and vicinity 80.5 (4) Chukchee 81.1 (12) Hooper Bay 81.7 (9) Mumtrak 81.7 (9) Little Diomede Island 82.2 (234) St. Lawrence Island 83.0 (10) St. Michael Island 84.3 (22) Pastolik 84.4 (90) Nunivak Island 84.4 (4) Southwest Alaska 84.7 (5) Cape Nome and Port Clarence 84.9 (22) Indian Point (Siberia) 85.0 (22) Nelson Island 85.5

_Northwestern_

(39) Igloos north of Barrow 84.1 (14) Shishmaref 84.4 (171) Point Hope 84.6 (31) Wales 84.9 (38) Barrow 85.8 (66) Point Barrow 87.1

_Northern and northeastern_

(9) Smith Sound 82.7 (13) Southampton Island 83.7 (7) Hudson Bay and vicinity 84.4 (23) Baffin Land and vicinity 85.7 (89) Greenland 85.9 (10) Northern Arctic 86.5

Sex differences in the index are small, nevertheless the females tend to show a slightly higher index, due to relatively slightly smaller breadth of the arch.

The size of the arch and its index differ but little over the three main areas of the Eskimo territory, yet there are slight differences. They appear plainly in the following table. Notwithstanding the fact that on the whole the southwestern and midwestern groups are somewhat taller than those of the far north and northeast, the largest palate, in the males at least, is found in the latter area.

In the southwest and midwest the upper alveolar arch is relatively (as well as absolutely, barring one group) somewhat broad and short. This may be in correlation with the broader head in this area, just as the absolutely slightly longer palates over the rest of the Eskimo territory and particularly (in males) in the northeast may correlate with the longer heads in those regions. This point may be tested on our splendid material from St. Lawrence Island. Taking the broadest and the narrowest skulls from this locality, the following data are obtained for the proportions of the upper dental arch:

ESKIMO CRANIA: DENTAL ARCH AND FORM OF SKULL

ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND MATERIAL

+----------+-----------+-----------+----------- | Males | Females -----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+----------- | Narrowest| Broadest| Narrowest| Broadest | skulls| skulls| skulls| skulls | (C. I.|(80.6-83.1)|(70.3-74.2)|(80.9-83.8) |70.7-73.5)| | | -----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+----------- Length | 5.68| 5.58| 5.52| 5.20 | | | | Breadth | 6.83| 6.77| 6.66| 6.36 | | | | Index | _83.2_| _82.4_| _82.9_| _82.7_ | | | | Mean diameter | 6.26| 6.18| 6.09| 5.78 | | | | Mean cranial diameter | | | | (cranial module) of | 15.61| 15.49| 14.97| 14.73 same skulls | | | | | | | | Percentage relation | | | | of mean dental arch | | | | diameter to the mean | _40.1_| _39.8_| _40.7_| _39.2_ diameter of the skull | | | | | | | | Length of same skulls | 19.21| 18.10| 18.35| 17.25 | | | | Percentage relation of | | | | length of dental arch | _29.5_| _30.8_| _30.1_| _30.1_ to that of skull | | | | -----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------