Part 28

+----------------- | | Old white | Americans | ---------------------+----------------- | _Male_ _Female_ | Maximum girth of | 36.1 35.5 left calf | | Percentage relation | _20.3_ _21.95_ to stature | | Percentage relation | to stature | | in those approaching | | the Eskimo stature | _21.6_ _22.3_ | Females v. males | _98.3_ (M=100) | ---------------------+-----------------

FOOTNOTES:

[128] For comparative data on these and other proportions see writer's Old Americans, Baltimore, 1925; also Topinard's and Martin's textbooks.

[129] See Old Americans; also the writer's The natives of Kharga Oasis, Egypt, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Washington, 1912; Anthropology of the Chippewa, Holmes Anniv. Vol., Washington, 1916; and Measurements of the Negro, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 1928, XII, No. 1.

[130] A word of slight caution is due here. In all these cases the proper way would be to compare the Eskimo with whites of same mean stature. But we have no such whites available. As it is the comparisons must be taken merely as approximations, but they are so close approximations that the substance of the conclusions is probably correct.

[131] The chest dimensions correlate with stature, respectively the trunk height, and the breadth correlates with the depth; but both are influenced by function.

PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

Due to various difficulties which do not exist to that extent elsewhere, the physiological observations on the Eskimo are neither as numerous or extended as would be desirable; yet there are some data of value. They extend to the pulse, respiration, temperature, and dynamometric tests of hand pressure. They were made mainly on St. Lawrence and Nunivak Islands, by Moore, Collins, and Stewart. They quite agree, especially after elimination of some records that are clearly erroneous or abnormal. The tests should be extended with even more rigid precautions in future work among the Eskimo.

The results are given below. They were all made in the summer season and on healthy subjects, yet there were numerous indications of temporary disorders, pathological or functional. Even after a careful elimination of the obvious cases of such disorders not a few minor irregularities have doubtless remained, so that the data can not be taken for more than fairly close approximations to the normal.

The data show remarkably low pulse, respiration rate and temperature close to those of whites, with a submedium hand pressure. (For comparative data see "Old Americans.") The low pulse is also characteristic in the Indian, as I have repeatedly pointed out before (see especially my "Physiological and Medical Observations among the Indians," etc., Bull. 34, Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washington, 1908).

The dynamometric tests agree also better with those on the Indians than with those on whites; they are valid only as to the hands, and they embody not only the strength of the muscles but also that of the conscious impulse behind them. The age factor, of importance, does not here enter materially into the case.

PULSE, RESPIRATION, TEMPERATURE, AND STRENGTH

ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND ESKIMO

MALES--ALL

+----------+----------------+----------------+----------------------+ |Pulse[132]|Respiration[133]|Temperature[134]| Strength | | | | |(Collins dynamometer) | + + + +-----------+----------+ | | | | Pressure | Pressure | | | | |right hand |left hand | +----------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------+ | (63) | (54) | (61) | (60) | (60) | | | | | | | | 62.1 | 20.1 | 98.64 | 34.36 | 28.75 | | | | | | | | (40-78) | (15-25) | (97.6-99.4) |(19.5-45.5)|(19.5-44) | | | | | | | | (47) | (47) | (47) | (57) | (57) | | | | | | | |[135]61.3 | [135]20.4 | [135]98.84 |[135]34.34 |[135]29.78| | | | | | | +----------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------+

FEMALES--SUSPICIOUS CASES ELIMINATED

+----------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------+ | (25) | (25) | (25) | (47) | (47) | | | | | | | | 72.4 | 20 | 99.13 | 20.13 | 16.81 | | | | | | | | (54-84) | (15-23) | (98.4-99.9) | (14.5-29) |(12-22.5) | +----------+----------------+----------------+-----------+----------+

NUNIVAK ISLAND ESKIMO

+----------+----------------+----------------+ |Pulse[132]|Respiration[133]| emperature[134]| +----------+----------------+----------------+ | _Males_ | | | | (6) | (6) | (6) | | 63.2 | 18.2 | 98.05 | | (52-68) | (16-21) | (97.8-98.4) | +----------+----------------+----------------+

The details of these six records were:

+------------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | Age (year) | Time of day | Pulse | Respiration | Temperature | | | (p. m.) | | | | +------------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | 40 | 4.40 | 60 | 21 | 98.1 | | 33 | 2 | 66 | 18 | 97.8 | | 19 | 2.30 | 68 | 18 | 98.2 | | 45 | 1.25 | 68 | 18 | 98.4 | | 40 | 1.30 | 64 | (14) | 97.8 | +------------+-------------+-------+-------------+-------------+

In connection with the pressure tests in the two hands, some interesting comparisons are possible between the Eskimo here dealt with and the old white Americans. As all the tests were made with the same instrument and method the results inspire confidence. It is in details of this nature that the anthropologist finds again and again the most striking proofs of the basal unity of the living races and their necessarily common origin somewhere in the past.

PRESSURE FORCE IN THE HANDS IN THE WESTERN ESKIMO AND OLD WHITE AMERICANS

+----------------+--------------- | Western Eskimo | Old Americans +-------+--------+-------+------- | Male | Female | Male | Female -------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+------- Pressure: | _Kg._ _Kg._ | _Kg._ _Kg._ Right hand | 34.36 20.13 | 41.8 23.3 Left hand | 28.75 16.81 | 36.1 19.4 Percentage relation of left to right |_83.7_ _83.5_ |_86.4_ _83.6_ Percentage relation of female to male| | (M = 100) | | Right hand | _55.8_ | _55.5_ Left hand | _53.7_ | _53.7_ -------------------------------------+----------------+---------------

FOOTNOTES:

[132] Sitting, at rest, no signs of any health disorder.

[133] Sitting, at rest.

[134] Sitting, at rest, sub lingua.

[135] Subjects where all three determinations were not possible and the most suspicious ones (abnormally above or below the mean) eliminated.

SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIVING WESTERN ESKIMO[136]

These Eskimo are generally of submedium stature, occasionally reaching medium. The distal parts of their extremities are relatively short. Walk in adult males somewhat awkward.

In head form they are highly mesocephalic to moderately brachycephalic; the height of the head averages about medium. The head is of good size, especially when taken in relation to stature. The forehead is above medium in both height and breadth.

The face is large in all dimensions, generally full and rather flat. In men it not seldom approaches a square form. The lower jaw region is largely developed, the angles of the lower jaw are broad to protruding.

The nose is of fair breadth, with bridge somewhat narrow above and on the whole only moderately high. The mouth is large, lips medium to somewhat above. The ears are long. Beard spare on sides of face, mostly sparse on chin; mustache sparse and often limited to tufts above the corners of the mouth. Expression generally good-natured, smiling.

The chest is large, in females broad, in males especially deep. There is but a mild lumbar curve and no steatopygy. The lower limbs in females are less stout and shapely than they are in whites. The hands and feet are small, but, particularly the foot, relatively broad.

Temperature and respiration approach those in normal whites, though they appear frequently to be slightly higher; pulse normally is slow.

Dynamometric tests of strength (pressure, both hands) give somewhat lower records than in whites.

FOOTNOTES:

[136] Incorporated in this are writer's own observations.

REMARKS

The most noteworthy and important result of these studies on the living western Eskimo is the evidence, coming to light again and again, of their fundamental somatic relations to the Indian. These relations are too numerous and weighty to be accidental. Nor can they be ascribed to mixture with the Indian in such far-away groups as the St. Lawrence Islanders, who so long as known have never had any direct or even indirect contact with Indians. These relations in dimensions and relative proportions of the body, and in physiological characteristics such as the slow normal pulse, are supplemented by many phases of behavior, and often by a more or less Indianlike physiognomy. They inevitably lead to the conclusion that the Eskimo and the Indian are in the root members of the same family. They are two digits of the same hand, separate and diverging, yet at base joined to and derived from the same source. And this source, according to many indications, is the paleo-asiatic, "mongoloid," stem of northern Asia. The western Eskimo shows to be nearer this source than his more northern and northeastern relatives, indicating either that he is a later comer, or, which is more probable, that he has changed less in the south than in the north. It may be possible to say something more on this subject after the skeletal remains have been considered.

WESTERN ESKIMO: MEASUREMENTS ON THE LIVING

[Measurements by Collins and Stewart, except as noted]

+------------------------------------------------- | Males--Locality +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------- | | |Tanunuk|Nunivak| Hooper|Marshall, |Kulukak| Togiak|(Nelson| Island| Bay | Lower | | |Island)| | | Yukon -----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------- Date of record | (1927)| (1927)| (1927)| (1927)|(1927) | (1927) Subjects measured | (8)| (4)| (4)| (19)| (20) |[137](6) ) Age | Adult.| Adult.| Adult.| Adult.|Adult. | Adult. | | | | | | Stature |160.6 |166 |162.7 |161.8 |162.5 | 163.8 Height sitting | 86 | 89.75 | 90.62 | 88.86 | 89.48 | 90.22 Height-sitting-stature | | | | | | index |_53.55_|_53.95_|_55.69_|_55.70_|_55.06_| _55.08_ Arm span vs. stature | +2.8 | +6.7 | +5.5 | +2.7 | +.7 | +5.1 Head: | | | | | | Length | 19.06 | 18.95 | 19.37 | 19.70 | 19.13 | 19.05 Breadth | 15.56 | 15.70 | 15.37 | 15.48 | 15.57 | 15.85 Height[140] | 12.98 | 13.02 | 12.90 | 13.07 | 13.11 | 13.43 Cephalic module | 15.87 | 15.89 | 15.88 | 16.08 | 15.94 | 16.11 Cephalic index |_81.7_ |_82.9_ |_79.4_ |_78.6_ |_81.3_ | _83.3_ Mean height index |_75_ |_75.2_ |_74.3_ |_74.3_ |_75.6_ | _77_ Face: | | | | | | Menton-crinion | 19.70 | 20.05 | 19.70 | 19.23 | 19.41 | 19.85 Menton-nasion | 12.89 | 12.87 | 12.58 | 12.74 | 12.47 | 12.78 Diameter | | | | | | bizygomatic | | | | | | maximum | 14.74 | 15.27 | 14.95 | 14.99 | 14.97 | 14.85 Physiognomic | | | | | | facial index |_72.3_ |_76.2_ |_75.9_ |_78.2_ |_77.1_ | _74.8_ Anatomical | | | | | | facial index |_87.4_ |_84.2_ |_85.7_ |_85_ |_83.3_ | _86.1_ Height of forehead | | | | | | (nasion-hair line) | 6.81 | 7.18 | 7.12 | 6.49 | 6.94 | 7.07 Breadth of forehead | | | | | | (diameter | | | | | | front--minimum) | 10.26 | 10.75 | 10.65 | 10.54 | 10.35 | 10.38 Diameter bigonial | | | | | | Nose: | | | | | | Height | 5.65 | 6.03 | 5.57 | 5.58 | 5.48 | 5.42 Breadth | 3.88 | 3.82 | 3.85 | 3.89 | 3.89 | 3.60 Nasal index |_68.7_ |_63.7_ |_69.1_ |_69.8_ |_71_ | _66.4_ Mouth: Breadth | 5.64 | 5.82 | 5.70 | 5.87 | 5.74 | 5.70 Ear (left): | | | | | | Height | 6.71 | 7.17 | 7.18 | 7.05 | 6.79 | 6.52 Breadth | 3.76 | 3.82 | 3.72 | 3.91 | 3.69 | 3.38 Ear index |_56.4_ |_53.3_ |_58.9_ |_55.5_ |_54.3_ | _51.9_ Chest: | | | | | | Breadth | 29.58 | 29.65 | 29.70 | 29.97 | | Depth | 24.10 | 24.35 | 24.75 | 24.63 | | Chest index |_81.5_ |_82.1_ |_83.3_ |_82.2_ | | Hand (left): | | | | | | Length | 17.35 | 17.87 | 17.55 | 18.42 | 17.61 | 18.12 Breadth | 8.68 | 8.60 | 8.90 | 8.81 | 8.76 | 8.70 Hand index |_52.9_ |_48.1_ |_50.7_ |_47.8_ |_49.7_ | _48_ Foot (left): | | | | | | Length | | 24.82 | 24.05 | 24.31 | 23.88 | Breadth | | 9.88 | 9.90 | 9.81 | 9.40 | Foot index | |_37.8_ |_41.2_ |_40.4_ |_39.4_ | Leg: Circumference, | | | | | | maximum | | 32.62 | 34.42 | 33.56 | 33.64 | -----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------

+--------------------------------------- Males | Females--Locality +---------+-------------+--------+-------+-------- | St. | Kanakanak,| Nunivak| Hooper| St. | Lawrence| Bristol | Island| Bay |Lawrence | Island | Bay | | | Island -----------------------+---------+-------------+--------+-------+-------- Date of record | (1912) | (1927) | (1927) |(1927) | (1912) Subjects measured |[138](63)| [139](10) | (24) | (2) |[138](48) Age | Adult. | Near | Adult. | Adult.| Adult. | | adult. | | | Stature | 163.3 | 147.8 | 153.1 |153 |151.35 Height sitting | 88.4 | (83.08) | 84.36 | 83.80 | 84.07 Height-sitting-stature | | | | | index | _54.13_| (_56.21_)| _55.10_|_54.77_|_55.55_ Arm span vs. stature | +.6 | +1.5 | -.7 | (?) | -.7 Head: | | | | | Length | 19.33 | 18.10 | 18.85 | 18.85 | 18.56 Breadth | 15.40 | 15.26 | 15 | 15.30 | 14.77 Height[140] | 13.23 | 13.01 | 12.81 | 12.90 | 12.76 Cephalic module | 15.99 | 15.46 | 15.55 | 15.68 | 15.36 Cephalic index | _79.7_ | _84.3_ | _79.6_ |_81.2_ |_79.6_ Mean height index | _76.2_ | _79_ | _79_ |_75.5_ |_76.6_ Face: | | | | | Menton-crinion | 20.01 | 18.73 | 18.45 | 18 | 18.03 Menton-nasion | 12.68 | (11.79) | 12.11 | 11.50 | 11.31 Diameter | | | | | bizygomatic | | | | | maximum | 14.73 | (13.95) | 14.31 | 14.55 | 14.03 Physiognomic | | | | | facial index | _73.6_ | (_62.9_) | _77.6_ |_80.8_ |_77.8_ Anatomical | | | | | facial index | _86.7_ | _84.6_ | _84.6_ |_79_ |_80.6_ Height of forehead | | | | | (nasion-hair line) | 7.33 | 6.94 | 6.34 | 6.50 | 6.72 Breadth of forehead | | | | | (diameter | | | | | front--minimum) | 10.94 | 10.62 | 10.38 | 10.65 | 10.58 Diameter bigonial | 11.78 | | | | 11.18 Nose: | | | | | Height | 5.47 | (5.02) | 5.17 | | 4.89 Breadth | 3.93 | (3.35) | 3.59 | | 3.63 Nasal index | _71.9_ | _66.7_ | _69.4_ | |_74.4_ Mouth: Breadth | 5.60 | (4.81) | 5.56 | | 5.32 Ear (left): | | | | | Height | 7.40 | (5.99) | 6.49 | 6.60 | 6.73 Breadth | 4.04 | (3.49) | 3.45 | 3.45 | 3.57 Ear index | _54.6_ | (_58.3_) | _53.1_ |_52.3_ |_53_ Chest: | | | | | Breadth | 29.96 | (27.43) | 28.63 | | Depth | 23 | (19.39) | 22 | | Chest index | _76.7_ |[141](_70.7_)|_76.8_ | | Hand (left): | | | | | Length | 17.94 | (15.90) | 16.62 | 16.85 | 16.60 Breadth | 8.63 | (7.53) | 7.82 | 8.20 | 7.78 Hand index | _48_ | _47.4_ | _47.1_ |_48.7_ |_46.7_ Foot (left): | | | | | Length | 24.07 | (22.08) | 22.27 | 22.15 | 21.98 Breadth | 9.61 | (8.55) | 8.85 | 8.65 | 8.59 Foot index | _39.9_ | (_38.7_) | _40.6_ |_39.1_ |_39.1_ Leg: Circumference, | | | | | maximum | ----- | (32.39) | 32.12 | 29.70 | 32.33 -----------------------+---------+-------------+--------+-------+--------

FOOTNOTES:

[137] Measurements by Collins.

[138] Measurements by R. D. Moore.

[139] Oldest girls of an orphanage.

[140] From the base line of the 2 meatus; this and all other measurements, including those of 1912, were taken by Hrdlička's methods and with his instruments. (See his "Anthropometry," Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, 1920.)

[141] Subadult in chest.

PRESENT DATA ON THE SKULL AND OTHER SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE WESTERN ESKIMO

THE SKULL