Part 27

Chapter 272,280 wordsPublic domain

+---------------+---------------- |Western Eskimo | Old Americans +-------+-------+-------+-------- | Male | Female| Male | Female ---------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------- | _cm._ | _cm._ | _cm._ | _cm._ Height, nasion to hair line | 6.86 | 6.45 | 6.59 | 6.45 Percentage relation to stature | _4.23_| _4.23_| _3.78_| _3.80_ Breadth: Diameter frontal minimum | 10.58 | 10.54 | 10.59 | 10.12 Percentage relation of diameter frontal| | | | minimum to breadth of face | _71.1_| _73.7_|_76.4_ |_77.8_ Forehead index (H × 100)/(B) | _64.8_| _61.2_|_63.7_ |_62.1_ ---------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------

With the lower breadth of the forehead, conditions are also interesting. The absolute figures for the two races show a reversal. The height of the forehead is larger in the Eskimo than in the white males, equal in the females; the lower frontal breadth is equal in the males but larger in the Eskimo than in the white female. Proportionately to stature, which is so much lower in the Eskimo, both sexes of the latter show an advantage in the dimension over the white.

The percental relation of the breadth of the forehead to that of the face reflects the excess of the latter in the Eskimo, particularly the male. There is evidently not a full direct correlation between the two dimensions. Yet relatively to its height the face is broader in the females than in the males (see below), which is doubtless not without influence on the lower breadth of the forehead in the former.

To summarize, the western Eskimo forehead exceeds in area that of the American whites, in both sexes, and that particularly in relation to stature. As to the individual measurements, the male Eskimo forehead as contrasted with that of the white is especially high, the female especially broad.

To which should be added that in the Eskimo the spheno-temporal region is often remarkably full, almost bulging, so that, contrary to what may be observed in the Negro, the frontal maximum diameter is also probably larger than in the whites, all of which doubtless has significance, even though this is not yet fully understood.

_The face._--The principal measurements and relations are given below. They show a face large and especially broad. Moreover, relatively to its height the face is especially broad in the Eskimo female, in connection doubtless with the well-known excess of the work (in softening leather, etc.) of her jaws, with consequent development of the muscles of mastication, which in turn broaden the zygoma.

DIMENSIONS OF THE FACE

+-----------------+-------------------- | Western Eskimo | Old American whites ----------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------- | _Male_ _Female_| _Male_ _Female_ Height, menton-nasion | 12.67 11.64 | 12.15 11.09 Females to males (M = 100) | _91.9_ | _91.3_ Diameter bizygomatic maximum | 14.88 14.30 | 13.87 12.99 Females to males (M = 100) | _96.1_ | _93.6_ Facial index, anatomic |_85.2_ _81.4_ | _87.6_ _85.4_ Facial module (or mean diameter), | | anatomic | 13.77 12.97 | 13.01 12.04 Female to male (M = 100) | _94.2_ | _92.5_ Percentage relation of female and | | male to stature | _8.49_ _8.50_| _7.46_ _7.44_ ----------------------------------+-----------------+--------------------

The great size of the Eskimo face is especially apparent in the relations of the mean diameter of the face to stature; it is in this respect no less than 12 per cent in excess of that of the whites in the males and 12.5 per cent in the females.[130]

_Lower facial breadth._--Due to the great development of the masseter muscles and the consequent frequent lesser or greater eversion of the angles of the lower jaw, the bigonial diameter in the Eskimo is very large, particularly when taken in relation to stature, and in such relation it looms especially large in the females. Compared with the old American whites, the bigonial breadth in its relation to stature is higher in the Eskimo males by 15.5 per cent, in the Eskimo females by 17.7 per cent. And measurements of Eskimo lower jaws in general show that this breadth in the western contingents is not exceptional.

LOWER FACIAL BREADTH

+-------------------+------------------- |Western Eskimo (St.| Old Americans | Lawrence Island) | --------------------------------+-------------------+------------------- | _Males_ _Females_| _Males_ _Females_ Diameter bigonial | 11.78 11.18 | 10.63 9.84 Female vs. male | _94.9_ | _92.6_ Percentage relation to stature | _7.21_ _7.39_ | _6.09_ _6.08_ Percentage relation to breadth |_80_ _79.5_ |_76.7_ _75.8_ relation to breadth of face | | --------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------

_The nose._--The nose of the western Eskimo promises to be of much importance in the study of Eskimo origins in general. Nowhere in this region is it like the nose of the northern or northeastern groups. It is decidedly broader. Its breadth is intermediary between that of the Alaska and other Indians and that of the northern and northeastern Eskimo, connecting with both, and these characteristics are so generalized throughout western Alaska and the Bering Sea islands that they can not possibly be attributed to Indian or other admixture. Nor can this relatively broad nose of the western Eskimo be well attributed to environmental effects, i. e., to a broadening of a formerly narrow nose through climatic conditions. There do not appear to be any such conditions. The only rational explanation seems to be that this is the more original condition of the Eskimo nose, and that the northern and northeastern narrowness is a later derivation. More may be said on this point when we come to consider the skeletal remains.

The Eskimo nose is also high, which goes with the height of the whole face; that in turn evidently is attributable to more work and demand--in brief, more mastication. The nose, face, lower jaw, and other parts of the Eskimo anatomy offer rare opportunities for studies in the heredity of acquired characters.

NOSE MEASUREMENTS

+----------------------------+---------------------- | American whites | +----------------+-----------+ Western Eskimo | Old Americans | Old | | and immigrants | Americans | +----------------+-----------+-------------+-------- | Males | Females | Males | Females --------+----------------+-----------+-------------+-------- | (13 groups) | | (6 groups) | Height | 4.95-5.4 | 4.94 | 5.47-6.03 | 5.03 Breadth | 3.45-3.6 | 3.25 | 3.82-3.93 | 3.61 Index | _62.5-73_ | _66_ | _63.7-71.9_ | _71.9_ --------+----------------+-----------+-------------+--------

_The mouth._--The western Eskimo mouth is large. It is considerably larger (wider) than in the old American whites, though these are of much higher stature. In relation to stature the width of the western Eskimo mouth exceeds that in the white old Americans by 13 per cent in the males and by nearly 14 per cent in the females, but there is a close relation with that of a large group of Indians. The details follow:

MOUTH WIDTH

_The ears._--The ears of the western Eskimo are large. They are especially long. They exceed in both size and relative length those of whites, but are in both respects much more like those of the American Indian. The excess in length, both in the Eskimo and the Indian, is especially marked when this measurement is taken in relation to stature.

Relatively to its length, the ear of the female Eskimo in all our groups is somewhat narrow, giving a lower index. This is not observed in the available whites and Indians.

None of the series below are affected seriously by the age factor; though with an organ so much influenced by age as the ear the ideal way would be to compare only groups of the same age.

EARS

+---------------+---------------+--------------- | Western | Miscellaneous | Old American | Eskimo | North American| whites | | Indian | (Labor Ser.) +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females| Males |Females -----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Height of left ear | 7.05 | 6.61 | 7.25 | 6.95 | 6.69 | 6.10 Breadth of left ear | 3.82 | 3.49 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 3.79 | 3.47 Ear index |_54.2_ |_52.8_ |_53.2_ |_53.6_ |_56.7_ |_56.9_ Percentage relation of | | | | | | ear length to stature| _4.34_| _4.33_| _4.25_| _4.35_| _3.84_| _3.68_ =======================+=======+=======+=======+===+===+=======+======= | Western Eskimo groups | Whites in general -----------------------+---------------------------+------------------- Height of left ear | 6.71- 7.40 6.49-6.73 | 6.20- 6.69 Breadth of left ear | 3.72- 4.04 3.45-3.57 | 3.58- 3.79 Ear index | _53.3 -58.9_ _52.3 -53.1_ | _56 -58.6_ -----------------------+---------------------------+-------------------

_The chest._--The best measurements of the chest, experience has shown, are the antero-posterior and lateral diameters at the nipple height in the males and at the corresponding level of the upper border of the fourth costal cartilages in the females. They give not merely the individual dimensions but also their relation, which is of much ontogenic as well as other interest, and their mean gives the chest module which in relation to the stature is anthropologically as well as individually (medically) important.

The table following gives the chest measurements in the western Eskimo, in a large group of Indians (my older data), and in the old American whites as well as others.

The Eskimo chest is large. In the males, in addition, it is very deep. Compared to that of the white old Americans it is markedly deeper in the males and broader in the females, notwithstanding the fact that the Americans are much taller. It is even larger, besides being relatively deeper in the males and somewhat broader in the females, than it is in many tribes of the Indian. Only tall and bulky Indians such as the Sioux show a chest that is absolutely somewhat larger, but in relation to stature, with which the dimensions of the chest stand in close correlation,[131] the Eskimo prevails even in this instance. This excess in chest development in the Eskimo must be ascribed in the main to his occupations and exertions, particularly again, it would seem, in connection with the canoe.

CHEST MEASUREMENTS

+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- | | 16 tribes of | | Western Eskimo, | southwestern | Old Americans | Nunivak Island | and New Mexico | | | Indians | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- | Males | Females| Males | Females| Males | Females ------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Stature | 161.8 | 153.1 | 167.3 |-155. | 174.3 | 161.8 Breadth | 29.97 | 28.63 | 29.89 | 28.21 | 29.76 | 26.62 Depth | 24.63 | -22. | 22.77 | 21.91 | 21.70 | 20.03 Index | _82.2_ | _76.8_ | _76.15_| _77.66_| _72.9_ | _75.3_ Module | 27.30 | 25.32 | 26.33 | 25.06 | 25.73 | 23.32 Module vs. stature| _16.87_| _16.53_| _15.74_| _16.17_| _14.75_| _14.41_ ==================+=+======+========++=======+======+=+========+======== | 4 other groups | 72 Sioux | | of western | Indians, | 12 other groups | Eskimo, males | males | of white males --------------------+----------------+--------------+------------------- Stature | -160.6-166. | -174. | 163.4-171.6 Breadth | -29.6-30. | 31.92 | -25.9-28. Depth | -23.-24.75 | -26. | 20.9-22.6 Index | _76.7-83.3_ | _81.4_ | _72.9-81.5_ Module | 26.97 | 28.96 | 23.4-25.7 Module vs. stature | _16.56_ | _16.64_ | _14.22-14.84_ --------------------+----------------+--------------+-------------------

_The hand._--The hand of the Eskimo is small, both absolutely and relatively to stature. But it is rather broad relative to its length, giving a high index. The index is higher than that of any of the groups available for comparison, white or Indian, excepting a few groups of immigrant whites, laborers.

HAND

+-----------+-----------+-------+------- |Western Eskimo, (group | 16 tribes of | means) | southwestern | | and Mexican | | Indians ----------+-----------+-----------+-------+------- Left hand:| Males | Females | Males |Females ----------+-----------+-----------+-------+------- Length |17.35-18.42|16.60-16.85| 18.53 | 17.20 | | | | Breadth | 8.60-8.90 | 7.78-8.20 | 8.51 | 7.71 | | | | Percentage| _10.96_ | _10.94_ |_11.07_|_11.13_ relation | | | | of hand | | | | length to | | | | stature | | | | ----------+-----------+-----------+-------+-------

+-------+-------+----------- | Old Americans | 12 groups | | of | | immigrant | | whites ----------+-------+-------+----------- Left hand:| Males |Females| Males ----------+-------+-------+----------- Length | 19.28 | 17.34 | | | | Breadth | 9.18 | 7.87 | | | | Percentage|_11.05_|_10.70_|_-11.-11.3_ relation | | | of hand | | | length to | | | stature | | | ----------+-------+-------+-----------

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- |Western Eskimo | Southwestern | Sioux | | and Mexican | | | Indians | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females| Males |Females -----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Hand | 49.5 | 47.5 | 45.9 | 44.8 | 47.6 | index| | | | | | -----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

+-------+-------+---------+------- | Old American | 12 other groups | whites | of whites | | +-------+-------+---------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females -----+-------+-------+---------+------- Hand | 47.6 | 45.4 |47.6-50.3| index| | | | -----+-------+-------+---------+-------

72 Sioux males: _11.40._

_The foot._--The foot of the western Eskimo, like his hand, is both absolutely and relatively to stature rather short, but it is broad, giving a high breadth-length index. Its actual breadth perceptibly exceeds that of the much taller old American whites, though not reaching that of any of the immigrant laborers.

Contrary to what was seen in the case of the hand, the relative proportions of the Eskimo foot, as expressed by the index, are almost identical with those of the southwestern and Mexican Indians. The Sioux foot is relatively longer, and so is that of whites except southern Italians, who, though their foot as a whole is larger, give the same index as the Eskimo.

FOOT

+---------------+--------------- | | 16 tribes of | Western | southwestern | Eskimo | and Mexican | | Indians +-------+-------+-------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females ---------------+-------+-------+-------+------- Left foot: | | | | Length | 24.23 | 22.13 | 25.42 | 23.30 Breadth | 9.72 | 8.70 | 10.15 | 9.07 Percentage | | | | relation foot | | | | length-stature|_14.94_|_14.51_|_15.19_|_15.08_ ---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------

+---------------+------------- | | 12 groups | Old Americans |of immigrant | | whites | | +-------+-------+------------- | Males |Females| Males ---------------+-------+-------+------------- Left foot: | | | Length | 26.12 | 23.33 | Breadth | 9.49 | 8.36 | Percentage | | | relation foot | | | length-stature|_14.97_|_14.42_|_15.36-15.73_ ---------------+-------+-------+-------------

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | | Southwestern | | Western | and Mexican | Sioux | Eskimo | Indians | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females| Males |Females -----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Foot index | 40.1 | 39.3 | 39.9 | 38.9 | 37.1 | -----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

+-------+-------+---------+------- | | | Old American | 12 other groups | whites | of whites +-------+-------+---------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females -----------+-------+-------+---------+------- Foot index | 36.3 | 35.8 |37.9-40.1| -----------+-------+-------+---------+-------

72 Sioux males: _15.40._

_Girth of the calf._--The western Eskimo, like the American Indians, are characterized by a rather slender calf. The size of the calf correlates in a large measure with stature. Reducing our measurements to calf girth-stature ratios, these are seen to be much alike in the three racial groups used for comparison, namely the Eskimo, the Indian, and the old American white. But this is deceptive. The correlation of size of calf with stature is not uniform (see "Old Americans," p. 348) for all stature groups; as the scale in stature descends the calf is relatively stouter. If we take white Americans of approximately the same stature with the Eskimo here considered, there appears a higher ratio, showing that stature for stature the girth of the calf of the Eskimo is smaller, notwithstanding his generally more ample supply of adipose tissue. Once more his relation is closer with the Indian. The Eskimo and the Indian women are especially much alike, while the white women make a marked exception--their calfs (as well as thighs) have more fat than is found in those of their Eskimo and Indian sisters.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE LEG

+------------------+------------------ | | Southwestern | Western | and Mexican | Eskimo | Indians | | (16 tribes) ---------------------+------------------+------------------ | _Male_ _Female_ | _Male_ _Female_ | | Maximum girth of | 33.6 31.4 | 34.1 32 left calf | | | | Percentage relation | _20.7_ _20.6_ | _20.52_ _20.54_ to stature | | | | Percentage relation | | to stature | | | | in those approaching | | | | the Eskimo stature | | | | Females v. males | _93.5_ | _93.9_ (M=100) | | ---------------------+------------------+------------------