Part 1

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA

By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA

CONTENTS

Page Introduction 29 General remarks 31 Northwest coast--Juneau 32 The Coast Indians 32 Notes of archeological interest 33 The writer's trip on the Yukon 39 Tanana--Yukon 39 Ancient man 41 The Indians at Tanana 42 Ruby 48 Galena 51 Nulato 53 Kaltag 54 The Anvik people 57 Bonasila 60 Holy Cross 61 Ghost Creek 62 Paimute 66 Russian Mission 70 Marshall 72 St. Michael 84 About Nome 88 Aboriginal remains 89 Nome--Bering Strait--Barrow 90 Savonga 92 The Diomedes 94 The Yukon Territory--Sites, the Indians, the Eskimo 123 The Tanana 123 Brief historical data 123 Population 124 Indian sites and villages along the Tanana 125 Lower Tanana, Nenana to Yukon 126 The Yukon below Tanana 126 Brief history 126 The Yukon natives 129 Native villages 131 Present conditions 133 Archeology of the Yukon 134 The random specimens 134 Location of villages and sites on the Yukon 136 Pre-Russian sites 140 Archeology of Central Alaska 144 Ancient stone culture 144 The pottery 146 The Alaskan grooved stone ax 147 Anthropology of the Yukon 150 The living Indian 150 Pure bloods 150 General type 151 Color 151 Stature and strength 151 Head form 151 Body 151 Photographs 151 Skeletal remains of the Yukon 151 Detailed measurements of skulls 152 Lower middle Yukon Indian crania 153 Skeletal parts 156 Skeletal remains from the bank at Bonasila 156 The crania 157 Additional parts 159 The Yukon Eskimo 161 The living 161 Measurements on living Yukon Eskimo 162 Skeletal remains of Yukon Eskimo 162 Skeletal parts of the Yukon Eskimo 163 Notes on the archeology of the Western Eskimo region 165 Old sites in the region of the Western Eskimo 168 Present location of archeological sites 171 Sites and villages 176 Burial grounds 183 Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, Alaska Peninsula 184 Kodiak Island and neighborhood 184 Alaska Peninsula 186 Bristol Bay to Cape Romanzof 190 Cape Romanzof to Northern (Apoon) Pass of the Yukon and northward 195 St. Michael Island 195 Norton Sound 195 South shore of Seward Peninsula west of Bluff 196 Scammon Bay, Norton Sound, south coast of Seward Peninsula, to Cape Rodney 198 The northern shore of the Seward Peninsula 202 Kotzebue Sound, its rivers and its coast northward to Kevalina 204 Seward Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, and northward 204 Kevalina--Point Barrow 205 Point Hope (Tigara) 205 Point Hope to Point Barrow 206 Barrow and Point Barrow 206 The St. Lawrence and Diomede Islands 209 St. Lawrence Island 209 The Diomede Islands and the Asiatic coast 210 Physical anthropology 213 Earlier data 213 Older anthropometric data on the western Eskimo 228 Stature and other measurements on the living 228 The skull 231 Present data on the western Eskimo 238 The living 238 Measurements of living western Eskimo 238 Stature 238 Height sitting 239 Arm span 239 The head 239 The forehead 240 The face 241 Lower facial breadth 242 The nose 242 The mouth 243 The ears 243 The chest 244 The hand 245 The foot 246 Girth of the calf 246 Physiological observations 247 Summary of observations on the living western Eskimo 249 Remarks 250 Present data on the skull and other skeletal remains of the western Eskimo 254 The skull 254 Skull size 255 Module and capacity 258 Additional remarks on cranial module 258 Skull shape 258 Height of the skull 261 The face 263 The nose 267 The orbits 270 The upper alveolar arch 275 The basion-nasion diameter 277 Prognathism 282 Skulls of Eskimo children 294 Crania of Eskimo children 295 Southwestern and midwestern Eskimo 295 Principal cranial indices in children compared with those in adults 297 The lower jaw 299 Strength of the jaw 301 Breadth of the rami 303 Other dimensions 303 The angle 305 Résumé 306 Mandibular hyperostoses 306 Main references 310 Skeletal parts other than the skull 313 The long bones 314 Comparative data 315 Long bones in Eskimo and stature 316 Length of principal long bones, and stature in the living, on the St. Lawrence Island 317 Long bones vs. stature in Eskimo of Smith Sound 317 A strange group of Eskimo near Point Barrow 318 Anthropological observations and measurements on the collections 321 Physical characteristics 323 Origin and antiquity of the Eskimo 329 Origin of the name "Eskimo"329 Opinions by former and living students 330 Origin in Asia 330 Origin in America 330 Origin in Europe--Identity with Upper Palaeolithic man 331 Other hypotheses 332 Theories as to the origin of the Eskimo 333 Asiatics 333 American 340 European 347 Opposed to European 351 Miscellaneous and indefinite 351 Discussion and conclusions indicated by present data 355 Summary 361 Bibliography 367 Index 629

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

Page 1. _a_, "Old Minto" on the Tanana. Indian village. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Present Nulato and its cemetery (on hill to the right of the village) from some distance up the river. (A. H., 1926.) _c_, The Greyling River site, right bank, 22 miles above Anvik; site and graveyard (male skeleton) from top of knoll. (A. H., 1926.) 54

2. _a_, View on the Yukon from above Kaltag. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Indian burial ground, middle Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) _c_, Anvik, from the mission. (A. H., 1926.) 54

3. _a_, Midnight on the Yukon. _b_, Lower middle Yukon: painted burial box of a Yukon Indian (before 1884) said to have been a hunter of bielugas (white whales), which used to ascend far up the Yukon 64

4. _a_, Eskimo camp below Paimute, Yukon River. _b_, Old "protolithic" site 12 miles down from Paimute, right bank, just beyond "12-mile hill" (skull, bones, stones). _c_, "Old" site in bank seen in middle of picture, 12 miles down from Paimute, opposite that shown in preceding figure. (A. H., 1926.) 64

5. _a_, Cape Prince of Wales from the southeast. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Village and cemetery slope. Little Diomede. (A. H., 1926.) 96

6. _a_, Asiatics departing for Siberia from the Little Diomede Island. (Photo by D. Jenness, 1926.) _b_, _c_, "Chukchis" loading their boat with goods on Little Diomede Island, before departure for Siberia. (Photos by D. Jenness, 1926.) 96

7. _a_, Eskimos from East Cape arriving at Nome, Alaska. _b_, East Cape of Asia (to the southward). (Photo from Joe Bernard.) 96

8. A group of women at Shishmaref. (Taken at 2 a. m. by A. H., 1926.) 96

9. _a_, My "spoils," loaded on sled, Point Hope. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, The load is heavy and sledding over sand and gravel difficult. (A. H., 1926.) 136

10. Characteristic stone axes, middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

11. Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

12. Crude stone artifacts, found at Bonasila, lower middle Yukon. (A. H. coll., 1926.) 136

13. Tanana Indian woman 150

14. Chief Sam Joseph, near Tanana village, on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) 150

15. _a_, Yukon Indians, at Kokrines, Jacob and Andrew. Jacob probably has a trace of white blood. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. (A. H., 1926.) 150

16. Yukon Indians. _a_, Marguerite Johnny Yatlen, Koyukuk village. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Lucy John, Koyukuk, daughter of a former chief. (A. H., 1926.) 150

17. Yukon Indians. _a_, George Halfway, Nulato on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Jack Curry of Nulato, 41 years. (Now at Ruby, middle Yukon; Eskimoid physiognomy.) _c_, Arthur Malamvot, of Nulato 150

18. _a_, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. _b_, Indian children, mission school at Anvik, lower middle Yukon. _c_, Two women of Anvik, on the Yukon, somewhat Eskimoid 150

19. Terminal piece of a lance or harpoon, northern Bering Sea. Black, high natural polish. Most beautiful piece of the fossil ivory art. (A. H., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

20. Fossil ivory specimens showing the old curvilinear designs. Northern Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

21. Objects showing the old fossil ivory art, northern Bering Sea. (U.S.N.M., Nos. 1 and 3 coll., A. H., 1926.) 174

22. Fossil ivory needle cases and spear heads, northern Bering Sea, showing fine workmanship. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

23. _a_, Small, finely made objects in fossil ivory and stone (the head), from the ruins at Point Hope. (A. H. coll., 1926.) _b_, Old fossil ivory objects, northern Bering Sea. The article to the right is almost classic in form; it is decorated on both sides. (A. H. coll., 1926, U.S.N.M.) 174

24. Fossil ivory combs, upper Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926) 174

25. Fossil ivory objects from the upper Bering Sea region. Transitional art. (Museum of the Agricultural College, Fairbanks, Alaska.) 174

26. Old black finely carved fossil ivory figure, from the northeastern Asiatic coast. (Loan to U.S.N.M. by Mr. Carl Lomen.) 174

27. Wooden figurines from a medicine lodge, Choco Indians, Panama. (U.S.N.M. colls.) 174

28. Left: Two beautiful knives lately made of fossil mammoth ivory by a Seward Peninsula Eskimo. (Gift to the U.S.N.M. by A. H., 1926.) Right: Two old ceremonial Mexican obsidian knives. Manche de poignard en ivoire, avec sculpture représentant un renne. Montastruc (Peccadeau de l'Isle; in De Quatrefages (A.)--Hommes fossiles, Paris, 1884, p. 50.) 174

29. Billings and Gall's map of Bering Strait and neighboring lands, 1811 178

30. Eskimo villages and sites, Norton Sound and Bay and Seward Peninsula, and the Kotzebue Sound, from Zagoskin's general map, 1847 178

31. Graves at Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island. (Photos by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) 214

32. The school children at Wales 214

33. _a_, Children, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) _b_, Adults, Nunivak Island. (Photo by Collins and Stewart, 1927.) 214

34. King Island Eskimo; a family group 214

35. King Island native 214

36. A fine full-blood Eskimo pair, northern Bering Sea region. _a_, Young Eskimo woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) _b_, Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by F. H. Nowell.) 214

37. Typical full-blood Eskimo, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 214

38. Elderly man, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.) 214

39. The Wales people. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

40. The long broad-faced types, Wales. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

41. _a_, The broad-faced and low-vaulted Eskimo, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.). _b_, Broad-faced type, St. Lawrence Island. (Photo by R. D. Moore, 1912. U. S. N. M.) 242

42. The long-faced type. _a_, A young man from Seward Peninsula. _b_, A boy from St. Lawrence Island 242

43. A "Hypereskimo," King Island. Excessively developed face 242

44. Eskimo "Madonna" and child, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242

45. Young woman, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

46. Young women, full-blood Eskimo, Seward Peninsula. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

47. A Point Hope group 250

48. _a_, Eskimo woman, Kevalina. (Photo on the "Bear" by A. H., 1926. U.S.N.M.). _b_, The body build of an adult Eskimo woman, upper Bering Sea 250

49. Elderly woman, St. Lawrence Island. (Photos by R. D. Moore, 1912. U.S.N.M.) 250

50. _a_, Yukon Eskimo, below Paimute. (A. H., 1926.) _b_, Norton Sound Eskimo woman and child. (A. H., 1926.) 250

51. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.) 250

52. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photos by Lomen Bros.) 250

53. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

54. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

55. Eskimo, Indianlike, northern Bering Sea region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

56. Eskimo, Indianlike, Arctic region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250

57. Siberian Eskimo and child, Indian type 250

58. _a_, Mrs. Sage, Kevalina. Fine Indian type. Born on Notak. Both parents Notak "Eskimo." (Photo by A. H., 1926.) _b_, Eskimo family, Indianlike, near Barrow. (Photo by A. H., 1926.) 250

59. Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.) 262

60. Skulls from old burials, Point Hope; right skull shows low vault. (U.S.N.M.) 262

61. Western Eskimo and Aleut (middle) lower jaws, showing lingual hyperostoses. (U.S.N.M.) 308

TEXT FIGURES

1. The Tanana River between Nenana and Tanana, with Indian villages 125

2. The Yukon from Tanana to below Kokrines 137

3. The Yukon from below Kokrines to below Koyukuk 137

4. The Yukon from below Koyukuk to Lofkas 138

5. Old map of the Nulato district 139

6. Map of Kaltag and vicinity. (By McLeod) 139

7. The Yukon from Bystraia to below Holy Cross 140

8. The Yukon from above Holy Cross to below Mountain Village 141

9. The Yukon from below Mountain Village to near Marshall 141

10. The Yukon from near Marshall to below Kavlingnak 142

11. From above Kobolunuk to mouth of river 143