Part i. 232 f.).

Footnote 2.7.85:

The name of this subdivision is from Bagh Rao, the son of Siddharāja; though the bards have another tradition for its origin. [They take their name from the village Vaghela near Anhilwāra (_BG_, i. Part i. 198).]

Footnote 2.7.86:

I knew this chieftain well, and a very good specimen he is of the race. He is in possession of the famous war-shell of Jai Singh, which is an heirloom.

Footnote 2.7.87:

Famous robbers in the deserts, known as the Malduts.

Footnote 2.7.88:

Celebrated in traditional history.

Footnote 2.7.89:

Desperate robbers. I saw this place fired and levelled in 1807, when the noted Karim Pindari was made prisoner by Sindhia. It afterwards cost some British blood in 1817.

Footnote 2.7.90:

[For another list see _Census Report, Rajputana, 1911_, i. 256.]

Footnote 2.7.91:

Though now desolate, the walls of this fortress attest its antiquity, and it is a work that could not be undertaken in this degenerate age. The remains of it bring to mind those of Volterra or Cortona, and other ancient cities of Tuscany: enormous squared masses of stone without any cement. [For a full account of Mandor, see Erskine iii. _A._ 196 ff.]

Footnote 2.7.92:

This was in the thirteenth century [A.D. 1381], when Mandor was captured, and its prince slain, by the Rawal of Chitor.

Footnote 2.7.93:

[Six sub-clans are named in _Census Report, Rajputana, 1911_, i. 255.]

Footnote 2.7.94:

[They have been supposed to be a branch of the Pramārs, but they are certainly of Gurjara origin (_IA_, iv. 145 f.; _BG_, ix. Part i. 124, 488 f.; i. Part i. 149 ff.). According to Wilberforce-Bell, the word Chaura in Gujarāt means ‘robber’ (_History of Kathiawad_, 51).]

Footnote 2.7.95:

The Σύροι of the Greek writers on Bactria, the boundary of the Bactrian kingdom under Apollodotus. On this see the paper on Grecian medals in the _Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. i.

Footnote 2.7.96:

Many of the inhabitants of the south and west of India cannot pronounce the _ch_, and invariably substitute the _s_. Thus the noted Pindari leader Chitu was always called Situ by the Deccanis. Again, with many of the tribes of the desert, the _s_ is alike a stumbling-block, which causes many singular mistakes, when Jaisalmer, the ‘hill of Jaisal,’ becomes Jahlmer, ‘the hill of fools.’

Footnote 2.7.97:

[The Balhara of Arab travellers of the tenth century were the Rashtrakūta dynasty of Mālkhed, Balhara being a corruption of Vallabharāja, Vallabha being the royal title (_BG_, i. Part ii. 209).]

Footnote 2.7.98:

[Vanarāja reigned from A.D. 765 to 780, and the dynasty is said to have lasted 196 years, but the evidence is still incomplete. The name of Bhojrāj does not appear in the most recent lists (_BG_, i. Part i. 152 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.99:

_Rélations anciennes des Voyageurs_, par Renaudot.

Footnote 2.7.100:

[The true form of this puzzling term seems to be Dābshalīm, whose story is told in Elliot-Dowson (ii. 500 ff., iv. 183). Much of the account is mere tradition, but it has been plausibly suggested that when Bhīma I., the Chaulukya king of Anhilwāra was defeated by Mahmūd of Ghazni in A.D. 1024, the latter may have appointed Durlabha, uncle of Bhīma, to keep order in Gujarāt, and that the two Dābshalīms may be identified with Durlabha and his son (_BG_, i. Part i. 168). Also see Ferishta i. 76; Bayley, _Muhammadan Dynasties of Gujarāt_, 32 ff.]

Footnote 2.7.101:

Abulghazi [_Hist. of the Turks, Moguls, and Tartars_, 1730, i. 5 f.] says, when Noah left the ark he divided the earth amongst his three sons: Shem had Iran: Japhet, the country of ‘Kuttup Shamach,’ the name of the regions between the Caspian Sea and India. There he lived two hundred and fifty years. He left eight sons, of whom Turk was the elder and the seventh Camari, supposed the Gomer of Scripture. Turk had four sons; the eldest of whom was Taunak, the fourth from whom was Mogul, a corruption of Mongol, signifying _sad_, whose successors made the Jaxartes their winter abode. [The word means ‘brave’ (Howorth, _Hist. of the Mongols_, i. 27).] Under his reign no trace of the true religion remained: idolatry reigned everywhere. Aghuz Khan succeeded. The ancient Cimbri, who went west with Odin’s horde of Jats, Chattis, and Su, were probably the tribes descended from Camari, the son of Turk.

Footnote 2.7.102:

Tacash continued to be a proper name with the great Khans of Khārizm (Chorasmia) until they adopted the faith of Muhammad. The father of Jalal, the foe of Jenghiz Khan, was named Tacash. Tashkent on the Jaxartes, the capital of Turkistan, may be derived from the name of the race. Bayer says, “Tocharistan was the region of the Tochari, who were the ancient Τώχαροι (Tochari), or Τάχαροι (Tacharoi).” Ammianus Marcellinus says, “many nations obey the Bactrians, whom the Tochari surpass” (_Hist. Reg. Bact._ p. 7).

Footnote 2.7.103:

This singular race, the Tajiks, are repeatedly mentioned by Mr. Elphinstone in his admirable account of the kingdom of Kabul. They are also particularly noticed as monopolising the commercial transactions of the kingdom of Bokhara, in that interesting work, _Voyage d’Orenbourg à Bokhara_, the map accompanying which, for the first time, lays down authentically the sources and course of the Oxus and Jaxartes. [The term Tājik means the settled population, as opposed to the Turks or tent-dwellers. It is the same word as Tāzi, ‘Arab,’ still surviving in the name of the Persian greyhound, which was apparently introduced by the Arabs. Sykes (_Hist. of Persia_, ii. 153, note) and Skrine-Ross (_The Heart of Asia_, 3, 364 note) state that the Tājiks represent the Iranian branch of the Aryans.]

Footnote 2.7.104:

The Mahabharata describes this warfare against the snakes literally: of which, in one attack, he seized and made a burnt-offering (hom) of twenty thousand. It is surprising that the Hindu will accept these things literally. It might be said he had but a choice of difficulties, and that it would be as impossible for any human being to make the barbarous sacrifice of twenty thousand of his species, as it would be difficult to find twenty thousand snakes for the purpose. The author’s knowledge of what barbarity will inflict leaves the fact of the human sacrifice, though not perhaps to this extent, not even improbable. In 1811 his duties called him to a survey amidst the ravines of the Chambal, the tract called Gujargarh, a district inhabited by the Gujar tribe. Turbulent and independent, like the sons of Esau, their hand against every man and every man’s hand against them, their nominal prince, Surajmall, the Jāt chief of Bharatpur, pursued exactly the same plan towards the population of these villages, whom they captured in a night attack, that Janamejaya did to the Takshaks: he threw them into pits with combustibles, and actually thus consumed them! This occurred not three-quarters of a century ago.

Footnote 2.7.105:

Arrian says that his name was Omphis [Āmbhi], and that his father dying at this time, he did homage to Alexander, who invested him with the title and estates of his father Taxiles. Hence, perhaps (from _Tak_), the name of the Indus, _Attak_; [?] not _Atak_, or ‘forbidden,’ according to modern signification, and which has only been given since the Muhammadan religion for a time made it the boundary between the two faiths. [All these speculations are valueless.]

Footnote 2.7.106:

In Bihar, during the reign of Pradyota, the successor of Ripunjaya. Parsva’s symbol is the serpent of Takshak. His doctrines spread to the remotest parts of India, and the princes of Valabhipura of Mandor and Anhilwara all held to the tenets of Buddha. [As usual, Jains are confounded with Buddhists. There is no reason to believe that the Nāgas, a serpent-worshipping tribe, were not indigenous in India.]

Footnote 2.7.107:

This is the celebrated fortress in Khandesh, now in the possession of the British.

Footnote 2.7.108:

In the list of the wounded at the battle of Kanauj he is mentioned by name, as “Chatto the Tak.”

Footnote 2.7.109:

He reigned from A.D. 1324 to 1351.

Footnote 2.7.110:

‘The victorious’ [see p. 118 above].

Footnote 2.7.111:

The _Mirātu-l-Sikandari_ gives the ancestry of the apostate for twenty-three generations; the last of whom was Sesh, the same which introduced the Nagvansa, seven centuries before the Christian era, into India. The author of the work gives the origin of the name of Tak, or Tank, from _tarka_, ‘expulsion,’ from his caste, which he styles Khatri, evincing his ignorance of this ancient race.

Footnote 2.7.112:

[Though apparently there is no legal connubium between Jāts and Rājputs, the two tribes are closely connected, and it has been suggested that both had their origin in invaders from Central Asia, the leaders becoming Rājputs, the lower orders Jāt peasants. The author, at the close of Vol. II., gives an inscription recording the marriage of a Jāt with a Yādava princess.]

Footnote 2.7.113:

“The superiority of the Chinese over the Turks caused the great Khan to turn his arms against the Nomadic Getae of Mawaru-l-nahr (Transoxiana), descended from the Yueh-chi, and bred on the Jihun or Oxus, whence they had extended themselves along the Indus and even Ganges, and are there yet found. These Getae had embraced the religion of Fo” (_Hist. Gén. des Huns_, tom. i. p. 375).

Footnote 2.7.114:

"To my foe, salutation! This foe how shall I describe? Of the race of _Jat Kathida_, whose ancestor, the warrior Takshak, formed the garland on the neck of Mahadeva." Though this is a figurative allusion to the snake necklace of the father of creation, yet it evidently pointed to the Jat’s descent from the Takshak. But enough has been said elsewhere of the snake race, the parent of the Scythic tribes, which the divine Milton seems to have taken from Diodorus’s account of the mother of the Scythac:

“Woman to the waist, and fair; But ended foul in many a scaly fold!” _Paradise Lost_, Book ii. 650 f.

Whether the _Jat Kathida_ is the Jat or Getae of Cathay (_da_ being the mark of the genitive case) we will leave to conjecture [?]. [Ney Elias (_History of the Moghuls of Central Asia_, 75) suggests that the theory of the connexion between Jāts and Getae was largely based on an error regarding the term _jatah_, ‘rascal,’ applied as a mark of reproach to the Moguls by the Chagatai.]

Footnote 2.7.115:

This place existed in the twelfth century as a capital; since an inscription of Kamarpal, prince of Anhilwara, declares that this monarch carried his conquests “even to Salpur.” There is Sialkot in Rennell’s geography, and Wilford mentions “Sangala, a famous city in ruins, sixty miles west by north of Lahore, situated in a forest, and said to be built by Puru.”

Footnote 2.7.116:

At this time (A.D. 449) the Jut brothers, Hengist and Horsa, led a colony from Jutland and founded the kingdom of Kent (_qu._ _Kantha_, ‘a coast,’ in Sanskrit, as in Gothic _Konta_?). The laws they there introduced, more especially the still prevailing one of gavelkind, where all the sons share equally, except the youngest who has a double portion, are purely Scythic, and brought by the original Goth from the Jaxartes. Alaric had finished his career, and Theodoric and Genseric (_ric_, ‘king,’ in Sanskrit [?]) were carrying their arms into Spain and Africa. [These speculations are valueless.]

Footnote 2.7.117:

Why should these proselytes, if originally Yadu, assume the name of Jat or Jāt? It must be either that the Yadus were themselves the Scythic Yuti or Yueh-chi, or that the branches intermarried with the Jats, and consequently became degraded as Yadus, and the mixed issue bore the name of the mother.

Footnote 2.7.118:

The Jadu ka Dang, ‘or hills of Yadu,’ mentioned in the sketch of this race as one of their intermediate points of halt when they were driven from India after the Mahabharata.

Footnote 2.7.119:

Near the spot where Alexander built his fleet, which navigated to Babylon thirteen hundred years before.

Footnote 2.7.120:

Translated by Dow, ‘an island.’ Sind Sagar is one of the Duabas of the Panjab. I have compared Dow’s translation of the earlier portion of the history of Ferishta with the original, and it is infinitely more faithful than the world gives him credit for. His errors are most considerable in numerals and in weights and measures; and it is owing to this that he has made the captured wealth of India appear so incredible.

Footnote 2.7.121:

Ferishta vol. i. [The translation in the text is an abstract of that of Dow (i. 72). That of Briggs (i. 81 f.) is more accurate. In neither version is there any mention of the Sind Sāgar. Rose (_Glossary_, ii. 359) discredits the account of this naval engagement, and expresses a doubt whether the Jats at this period occupied Jūd or the Salt Ranges.]

Footnote 2.7.122:

[By the ‘Getae’ of the text the author apparently means Mongols.]

Footnote 2.7.123:

Abulghazi vol. ii. chap. 16. After his battle with Sultan Mahmud of Delhi, Timur gave orders, to use the word of his historian, “for the slaughter of a hundred thousand infidel slaves. The great mosque was fired, and the souls of the infidels were sent to the abyss of hell. Towers were erected of their heads, and their bodies were thrown as food to the beasts and birds of prey. At Mairta the infidel Guebres were flayed alive.” This was by order of Tamerlane, to whom the dramatic historians of Europe assign every great and good quality!

Footnote 2.7.124:

[The first Hun invasion occurred in 455 A.D., and about 500 they overthrew the Gupta Empire (Smith, _EHI_, 309, 316).]

Footnote 2.7.125:

_Asiatic Researches_, vol. i. p. 136.

Footnote 2.7.126:

_Hist. Gén. des Huns_, tom. iii. p. 238.

Footnote 2.7.127:

[The name Tatar is derived from that of the Ta-ta Mongols (_EB_, xxvi. 448).]

Footnote 2.7.128:

_Précis de Géographie universelle._ Malte-Brun traces a connexion between the Hungarians and the Scandinavians, from similarity of language: “A ces siècles primitifs où les Huns, les Goths, les Jotes, les Ases, et bien d’autres peuples étaient réunis autour des anciens autels d’Odin.” Several of the words which he affords us are Sanskrit in origin. Vol. vi. p. 370.

Footnote 2.7.129:

_Eclaircissemens Géographiques sur la Carte de l’Inde_, p. 43 [Smith, _EHI_, 315 ff.].

Footnote 2.7.130:

An orthography which more assimilates with the Hindu pronunciation of the name Huon, or Oun, than Hun.

Footnote 2.7.131:

The same bard says that there are three or four houses of these Huns at Trisawi, three coss from Baroda; and the Khichi bard, Moghji, says their traditions record the existence of many powerful Hun princes in India. [On the Huns in W. India see _BG_, i. Part i. 122 ff. The difficulty in the text is now removed by the proof that many of them became Rājputs.]

Footnote 2.7.132:

The late Captain Macmurdo, whose death was a loss to the service and to literature, gives an animated account of the habits of the Kathi. His opinions coincide entirely with my own regarding this race. See vol. i. p. 270, _Trans. Soc. of Bombay_. [For accounts of the Kāthi see _BG_, ix. Part i. 252 ff., viii. 122 ff. Under the Mahrattas Kāthiāwār, the name of the Kāthi tract, was extended to the whole of Saurāshtra (Wilberforce-Bell, _Hist. of Kathiawad_, 132 f.).]

Footnote 2.7.133:

It is needless to particularise them here. In the poems of Chand, some books of which I have translated and purpose giving to the public, the important part the Kathi had assigned to them will appear.

Footnote 2.7.134:

[In the form of a symbol like a spider, the rays forming the legs (_BG_, ix. Part i. 257).]

Footnote 2.7.135:

It is the Rajput of Kathiawar, not of Rajasthan, to whom Captain Macmurdo alludes.

Footnote 2.7.136:

Of their personal appearance, and the blue eye indicative of their Gothic or Getic origin, the author will have occasion to speak more particularly in his personal narrative.

Footnote 2.7.137:

‘Princes of Tatta and Multan.’

Footnote 2.7.138:

[The origin of the Bālas is not certain: they were probably Gurjaras (_Ibid._ 495 f.).]

Footnote 2.7.139:

[Chotila in Kāthiāwār (_BG_, viii. 407).]

Footnote 2.7.140:

His son, Madho Singh, the present administrator, is the offspring of the celebrated Zalim and a Ranawat chieftain’s daughter, which has entitled his (Madho Singh’s) issue to marry far above their scale in rank. So much does superiority of blood rise above all worldly considerations with a Rajput, that although Zalim Singh held the reins of the richest and best ordered State of Rajasthan, he deemed his family honoured by his obtaining to wife for his grandson the daughter of a Kachhwaha minor chieftain.

Footnote 2.7.141:

[Ghumli in the Barda hills, about 40 miles east of Porbandar (Wilberforce-Bell, _Hist. of Kathiawad_, 49 f.; _BG_, viii. 440).]

Footnote 2.7.142:

[The terms Kamār and Kamāri seem to have disappeared.]

Footnote 2.7.143:

A compound word from goh, ‘strength’; Ila, ‘the earth.’ [This is out of the question: cf. Guhilot.]

Footnote 2.7.144:

[For Kher, ‘the cradle of the Rathors,’ see Erskine iii. _A._ 199.]

Footnote 2.7.145:

[For the island of Piram in Ahmadabad district see _IGI_, xx. 149 f., and for the tradition Wilberforce-Bell, _op. cit._ 71 f.; _BG_, iv. 348, viii. 114.]

Footnote 2.7.146:

[The ancient Nandapadra in Rājpīpla, Bombay (_IGI_, xviii. 361; _BG_, i. Part ii. 314).]

Footnote 2.7.147:

_Sarwaiya Khatri tain sar._

Footnote 2.7.148:

_Su_, as before observed, is a distinctive prefix, meaning ‘excellent.’ [The derivation is impossible. Lāta was S. Gujarāt.]

Footnote 2.7.149:

[For the Dābhi tribe, see _IA_, iii. 69 ff., 193 f.; Forbes, _Rāsmāla_, 237 f.]

Footnote 2.7.150:

In 1807 the author passed through this territory, in a solitary ramble to explore these parts, then little known; and though but a young _Sub._, was courteously received and entertained both at Baroda and Sheopur. In 1809 he again entered the country under very different circumstances, in the suite of the British envoy with Sindhia’s court, and had the grief to witness the operations against Sheopur, and its fall, unable to aid his friends. The Gaur prince had laid aside the martial virtues. He became a zealot in the worship of Vishnu, left off animal food, was continually dancing before the image of the god, and was far more conversant in the mystical poetry of Krishna and his beloved Radha than in the martial song of the bard. His name was Radhikadas, ‘the slave of Radha’; and, as far as he is personally concerned, we might cease to lament that he was the last of his race.

Footnote 2.7.151:

[Only two sub-clans are named in _Rajputana Census Report, 1911_, i. 255. Gaur Rājputs are numerous in the United Provinces, and the Gaur Brāhmans of Jaipur represent a foreign tribe merged into Hindu society (_IA_, xi. 22). They can have no connexion with the Pāla or Sena dynasty of Bengal (Smith, _EHI_, 397 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.152:

See _Transactions of Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. i. p. 133. [They are found in the Upper Ganges-Jumna Duab, and are Musalmāns.]

Footnote 2.7.153:

Benares.

Footnote 2.7.154:

[For the Gaharwār, see Crooke, _Tribes and Castes N.W.P. and Oudh_, ii. 32 ff., and for the Gaharwār dynasty of Kanauj (Smith, _EHI_, 384 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.155:

Slain at the instigation of Prince Salim, son of Akbar, afterwards the emperor Jahangir. See this incident stated in the emperor’s own _Commentaries_ [_Āīn_, i. Introd. xxiv. ff.].

Footnote 2.7.156:

[For Subhkaran Singh, see Manucci (i. 270, 272). Dalpat was one of his patients (_Ibid._ ii. 298).]

Footnote 2.7.157:

On the death of Mahadaji Sindhia, the females of his family, in apprehension of his successor (Daulat Rao), sought refuge and protection with the Raja of Datia. An army was sent to demand their surrender, and hostility was proclaimed as the consequence of refusal. This brave man would not even await the attack, but at the head of a devoted band of three hundred horse, with their lances, carried destruction amongst their assailants, neither giving nor receiving quarter: and thus he fell in defence of the laws of sanctuary and honour. Even when grievously wounded, he would accept no aid, and refused to leave the field, but disdaining all compromise awaited his fate. The author has passed upon the spot where this gallant deed was performed; and from his son, the present Raja, had the annals of his house.

Footnote 2.7.158:

Amber or Jaipur, as well as Macheri, were comprehended in Dhundhar, the ancient geographical designation [said to be derived from an ancient sacrificial mound (_dhūndh_), on the western frontier of the State, or from a demon-king, Dhūndhu (_IGI_, xiii. 385).]

Footnote 2.7.159:

The ruins of Rajor are about fifteen miles west of Rajgarh. A person sent there by the author reported the existence of inscriptions in the temple of Nilkantha Mahadeo.

Footnote 2.7.160:

[They are numerous in the United Provinces, but their origin and traditions are uncertain.]

Footnote 2.7.161:

[See Crooke, _Tribes and Castes N.W.P. and Oudh_, iv. 263 ff.]

Footnote 2.7.162:

[They are almost certainly of mixed origin (Crooke, _op. cit._ i. 118 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.163:

[They lived east of the Caspian Sea, and can have no connexion with the Indian Dahia (Sykes, _Hist. of Persia_, i. 330).]

Footnote 2.7.164:

[Their origin is very uncertain; in Bahāwalpur they now repudiate Rājput descent, and claim to be descendants of the Prophet (Rose, _Glossary_, ii. 410 ff.; Malik Muhammad Din, _Gazetteer Bahawalpur_, i. 23, 133 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.165:

[The Malloi (Skt. Mālava) occupied the present Montgomery District, and parts of Jhang. They had no connexion with Multan (Skt. Mūlasthānapura), (Smith, _EHI_, 96; McCrindle, _Alexander_, 350 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.166:

[They are a mixed race, early settlers in Alwar (Crooke, _Tribes and Castes N.W.P. and Oudh_, iv. 86 ff.).]

Footnote 2.7.167:

The final syllable _ka_ is a mark of the genitive case [?].

Footnote 2.7.168:

‘Chief of a country,’ from _des_, ‘country,’ and _pati_, ‘chief.’ (_Qu._ δεσπότης?)

Footnote 2.7.169:

[_Āīn_, ii. 344 f. Dāhir was killed in action: the real tragedy was the death of Muhammad bin Kāsim in consequence of a false accusation (Elliot-Dowson i. 292).]

Footnote 2.7.170:

[Elliot (_Supplemental Glossary_, 262) writes the name Dhāhima, and says they are found in Meerut District.]

Footnote 2.7.171:

Chand, the bard, thus describes Bayana, and the marriage of Prithwiraja with the Dahimi: “On the summit of the hills of Druinadahar, whose awful load oppressed the head of Sheshnag, was placed the castle of Bayana, resembling Kailas. The Dahima had three sons and two fair daughters: may his name be perpetuated throughout this iron age! One daughter was married to the Lord of Mewat, the other to the Chauhan. With her he gave in dower eight beauteous damsels and sixty-three female slaves, one hundred chosen horses of the breed of Irak, two elephants, and ten shields, a pallet of silver for the bride, one hundred wooden images, one hundred chariots, and one thousand pieces of gold.” The bard, on taking leave, says: “the Dahima lavished his gold, and filled his coffers with the praises of mankind. The Dahimi produced a jewel, a gem without price, the Prince Rainsi.”

The author here gives a fragment of the ruins of Bayana, the ancient abode of the Dahima.

Footnote 2.7.172:

[Many names in the following list are not capable of identification, and their correct form is uncertain. Those of the mercantile tribes are largely groups confined to Rājputāna.]