CHAPTER XVII.

MONKEYS, APES AND BABOONS.

WE now come to the last group of animals which we shall have occasion to consider, and these, from an evolutionary point of view, are the most interesting. Unfortunately, however, the intelligence of apes, monkeys, and baboons has not presented material for nearly so many observations as that of other intelligent mammals. Useless for all purposes of labour or art, mischievous as domestic pets, and in all cases troublesome to keep, these animals have never enjoyed the improving influences of hereditary domestication, while for the same reasons observation of the intelligence of captured individuals has been comparatively scant. Still more unfortunately, these remarks apply most of all to the most man-like of the group, and the nearest existing prototypes of the human race: our knowledge of the psychology of the anthropoid apes is less than our knowledge of the psychology of any other animal. But notwithstanding the scarcity of the material which I have to present, I think there is enough to show that the mental life of the _Simiadæ_ is of a distinctly different type from any that we have hitherto considered, and that in their psychology, as in their anatomy, these animals approach most nearly to _Homo sapiens_.

_Emotions._

Affection and sympathy are strongly marked--the latter indeed more so than in any other animal, not even excepting the dog. A few instances from many that might be quoted will be sufficient to show this.

Mr. Darwin writes:--

Rengger observed an American monkey (a Cebus) carefully driving away the flies which plagued her infant; and Duvancel saw a Hylobates washing the faces of her young ones in a stream. So intense is the grief of female monkeys for the loss of their young, that it invariably caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement by Brehm in North Africa. Orphan monkeys were always adopted and carefully guarded by the other monkeys, both male and female.[271]

Again, Jobson says that whenever his party shot an orang-outang from their boat, the body was carried off by others before the men could reach the shore.

So, again, James Forbes, F.R.S., in his 'Oriental Memoirs,' narrates the following remarkable instance of the display of solicitude and care for a dead companion exhibited by a monkey:--

One of a shooting-party under a banian tree killed a female monkey, and carried it to his tent, which was soon surrounded by forty or fifty of the tribe, who made a great noise and seemed disposed to attack their aggressor. They retreated when he presented his fowling-piece, the dreadful effect of which they had witnessed and appeared perfectly to understand. The head of the troop, however, stood his ground, chattering furiously; the sportsman, who perhaps felt some little degree of compunction for having killed one of the family, did not like to fire at the creature, and nothing short of firing would suffice to drive him off. At length he came to the door of the tent, and, finding threats of no avail, began a lamentable moaning, and by the most expressive gesture seemed to beg for the dead body. It was given him; he took it sorrowfully in his arms and bore it away to his expecting companions. They who were witnesses of this extraordinary scene resolved never again to fire at one of the monkey race.

Of course it is not to be supposed from this instance that all, or even most monkeys display any care for their dead. A writer in 'Nature' (vol. ix., p. 243), for instance, says expressly that such is not the case with Gibbons (_Hylobates agilis_), which he has observed to be highly sympathetic to injured companions, but 'take no notice whatever' of dead ones.

Regarding their sympathy for injured companions this writer says:--

I keep in my garden a number of Gibbon apes (_Hylobates agilis_); they live quite free from all restraint in the trees, merely coming when called to be fed. One of them, a young male, on one occasion fell from a tree and dislocated his wrist; it received the greatest attention from the others, especially from an old female, who, however, was no relation; she used before eating her own plantains to take up the first that were offered to her every day, and give them to the cripple, who was living in the eaves of a wooden house; and I have frequently noticed that a cry of fright, pain, or distress from one would bring all the others at once to the complainer, and they would then condole with him and fold him in their arms.

Captain Hugh Crow, in his 'Narrative of my Life,' relates an interesting tale of the conduct of some monkeys on board his ship. He says:--

We had several monkeys on board; they were of different species and sizes, and amongst them was a beautiful little creature, the body of which was about ten inches or a foot in length, and about the circumference of a common drinking glass. This interesting little animal, which, when I received it from the Governor of the Island of St. Thomas, diverted me by its innocent gambols, became afflicted by the malady which unfortunately prevailed in the ship. It had always been a favourite with the other monkeys, who seemed to regard it as the last born and the pet of the family; and they granted it many indulgences which they seldom conceded to one another. It was very tractable and gentle in its temper, and never took advantage of the partiality shown to it. From the moment it was taken ill their attention and care of it redoubled; and it was truly affecting and interesting to see with what anxiety and tenderness they tended and nursed the little creature. A struggle often ensued among them for priority in those offices of affection; and some would steal one thing and some another, which they would carry to it untasted, however tempting it might be to their own palates. Then they would take it up gently in their fore-paws, hug it to their breasts, and cry over it as a fond mother would over her suffering child. The little creature seemed sensible of their assiduities, but it was wofully overpowered by sickness. It would sometimes come to me and look me pitifully in the face, and moan and cry like an infant, as if it besought me to give it relief; and we did everything we could think of to restore it to health: but, in spite of the united attention of its kindred tribes and ourselves, the interesting little creature did not survive long.

Here is a case which I myself witnessed at the Zoological Gardens, and published in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' from which I now quote:--

A year or two ago there was an Arabian baboon and an Anubis baboon confined in one cage, adjoining that which contained a dog-headed baboon. The Anubis baboon passed its hand through the wires of the partition, in order to purloin a nut which the large dog-headed baboon had left within reach--expressly, I believe, that it might act as a bait. The Anubis baboon very well knew the danger he ran, for he waited until his bulky neighbour had turned his back upon the nut with the appearance of having forgotten all about it. The dog-headed baboon, however, was all the time slyly looking round with the corner of his eye, and no sooner was the arm of his victim well within his cage than he sprang with astonishing rapidity and caught the retreating hand in his mouth. The cries of the Anubis baboon quickly brought the keeper to the rescue, when, by dint of a good deal of physical persuasion, the dog-headed baboon was induced to leave go his hold. The Anubis baboon then retired to the middle of his cage, moaning piteously, and holding the injured hand against his chest while he rubbed it with the other one. The Arabian baboon now approached him from the top part of the cage, and, while making a soothing sound very expressive of sympathy, folded the sufferer in its arms--exactly as a mother would her child under similar circumstances. It must be stated, also, that this expression of sympathy had a decidedly quieting effect upon the sufferer, his moans becoming less piteous so soon as he was enfolded in the arms of his comforter; and the manner in which he laid his cheek upon the bosom of his friend was as expressive as anything could be of sympathy appreciated. This really affecting spectacle lasted a considerable time, and while watching it I felt that, even had it stood alone, it would in itself have been sufficient to prove the essential identity of some of the noblest among human emotions with those of the lower animals.

As a beautiful instance of the display of sympathy, I may narrate an occurrence which was witnessed by my friend Sir James Malcolm--a gentleman on the accuracy of whose observation I can rely. He was on board a steamer where there were two common East India monkeys, one of which was older and larger than the other, though they were not mother and child. The smaller monkey one day fell overboard amidships. The larger one became frantically excited, and running over the bulwarks down to a part of the ship which is called 'the bend,' it held on to the side of the vessel with one hand, while with the other it extended to her drowning companion a cord with which she had been tied up, and one end of which was fastened round her waist. The incident astonished everyone on board, but unfortunately for the romance of the story the little monkey was not near enough to grasp the floating end of the cord. The animal, however, was eventually saved by a sailor throwing out a longer rope to the little swimmer, who had sense enough to grasp it, and so to be hauled on board.

The following account of the behaviour of a wounded monkey seems to suggest the presence of a class of emotions similar to those which we know as feelings of reproach. The observer was Capt. Johnson:--

I was one of a party of Jeekary in the Bahar district; our tents were pitched in a large mango garden, and our horses were picquetted in the same garden a little distance off. When we were at dinner a Syer came to us, complaining that some of the horses had broken loose in consequence of being frightened by monkeys (i.e. Macacus Orhesus) on the trees. As soon as dinner was over I went out with my gun to drive them off, and I fired with small shot at one of them, which instantly ran down to the lowest branch of the tree, as if he were going to fly at me, stopped suddenly, and coolly put his paw to the part wounded, covered with blood, and held it out for me to see. I was so much hurt at the time that it has left an impression never to be effaced, and I have never since fired a gun at any of the tribe. Almost immediately on my return to the party, before I had fully described what had passed, a Syer came to inform us that the monkey was dead. We ordered the Syer to bring it to us, but by the time he returned the other monkeys had carried the dead one off, and none of them could anywhere be seen.

This case is strikingly corroborated by the following allusion to Sir W. Hoste's Memoirs, given by Jesse as follows:--

One of his officers, coming home after a long day's shooting, saw a female monkey running along the rocks, with her young one in her arms. He immediately fired, and the animal fell. On his coming up, she grasped her little one close to her breast, and with her other hand pointed to the wound which the ball had made, and which had entered above her breast. Dipping her finger in the blood, and then holding it up, she seemed to reproach him with being the cause of her death, and consequently that of the young one, to which she frequently pointed. 'I never,' says Sir William, 'felt so much as when I heard the story, and I determined never to shoot one of these animals as long as I lived.'[272]

Mr. Darwin says that most persons who have observed monkeys have seen them show a sense of the ludicrous. Here is an instance which I have myself observed, and now quote from my article in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science:'--

Several years ago I used to watch carefully the young orang-outang in the Zoological Gardens, and I am quite sure that she manifested a sense of the ludicrous. One example will suffice. Her feeding tin was of a somewhat peculiar shape, and when it was empty she used sometimes to invert it upon her head. The tin then presented a comical resemblance to a bonnet, and as its wearer would generally favour the spectators with a broad grin at the time of putting it on, she never failed to raise a laugh from them. Her success in this respect was evidently attended with no small gratification on her part.

But perhaps the strongest evidence of monkeys having an appreciation of the ludicrous is the same as that which we have seen to be presented in the case of certain dogs--namely, in the animals disliking ridicule. Abundant evidence on this head in the case of monkeys will be given further on.

That monkeys enjoy play no one can question who spends an hour or two in the monkey-house at the Zoological Gardens. According to Savage, chimpanzees congregate together for the sole purpose of play, when they beat or drum with pieces of stick on sonorous pieces of wood.[273]

Curiosity is more strongly pronounced in monkeys than in any other animals. We all know the interesting illustration on this head furnished by the experiment of Mr. Darwin, who, in order to test the statement of Brehm that monkeys have an instinctive dread of snakes, and yet cannot 'desist from occasionally satiating their curiosity in a most human fashion, by lifting up the lid of the box in which the snakes were kept,' took a stuffed snake to the monkey-house at the Zoological Gardens. Mr. Darwin says:--

The excitement thus caused was one of the most curious spectacles I ever beheld. . . . I then placed a live snake in a paper bag, with the mouth loosely closed, in one of the larger compartments. One of the monkeys immediately approached, cautiously opened the bag, peeped in, and instantly dashed away. Then I witnessed what Brehm has described, for monkey after monkey, with head raised high and turned on one side, could not resist taking a momentary peep into the upright bag, at the dreadful object lying quietly at the bottom.[274]

Allied, perhaps, to curiosity, and so connected with the emotions, is what Mr. Darwin calls 'the principle of imitation.' It is proverbial that monkeys carry this principle to ludicrous lengths, and they are the only animals which imitate for the mere sake of imitating, as has been observed by Desor, though an exception ought to be made in favour of talking birds. The psychology of imitation is difficult of analysis, but it is remarkable as well as suggestive that it should be confined in its manifestations to monkeys and certain birds among animals, and to the lower mental levels among men. As Mr. Darwin says:--

The principle of imitation is strong in man, and especially, as I have myself observed, with savages. In certain morbid states of the brain, this tendency is exaggerated to an extraordinary degree; some hemiplegic patients and others, at the commencement of inflammatory softening of the brain, unconsciously imitate every word that is uttered, whether in their own or in a foreign language, and every gesture or action which is performed near them.

The same sort of tendency is often observable in young children, so that it seems to be frequently distinctive of a certain stage or grade of mental evolution, and particularly in the branch _Primates_. Other animals, however, certainly imitate each other's actions to a certain extent, as I shall have occasion fully to notice in my next work.

As for the sterner emotions, rage may be so pronounced as to make a monkey exhaust itself with beating about its cage, or a baboon bite its own limbs till the blood flows.[275] Jealousy occurs in a correspondingly high degree, while retaliation and revenge are shown by all the higher monkeys when injury has been done to them, as any one may find by offering an insult to a baboon. The following is a good case of this, as it shows what may be called brooding resentment deliberately preparing a satisfactory revenge. Mr. Darwin writes:--

Sir Andrew Smith, a zoologist whose scrupulous accuracy was known to many persons, told me the following story of which he was himself an eye-witness. At the Cape of Good Hope, an officer had often plagued a certain baboon, and the animal, seeing him approaching one Sunday for parade, poured water into a hole and hastily made some thick mud, which he skilfully dashed over the officer as he passed by, to the amusement of many bystanders. For long afterwards the baboon rejoiced and triumphed whenever he saw his victim.[276]

_General Intelligence._

Coming now to the higher powers, I shall give a few cases to show that monkeys certainly surpass all other animals in the scope of their rational faculty. Professor Croora Robertson writes me:--

I witnessed the following incident in the Jardin des Plantes, now many years ago; but it struck me greatly at the time, and I have narrated it repeatedly in the interval. A large ape--I believe anthropoid, but cannot tell the species--was in the great iron cage with a number of smaller monkeys, and was lording it over them with many wild gambols, to the amusement of a crowd of spectators. Many things--fruits and the like--had been thrown between the bars into the cage, which the ape was always forward to seize. At last some one threw in a small hand looking-glass, with a strongly made frame of wood. This the ape at once laid hold of, and began to brandish like a hammer. Suddenly he was arrested by the reflection of himself in the glass, and looked puzzled for a moment; then he darted his head behind the glass to find the other of his kind that he evidently supposed to be there. Astonished to find nothing, he apparently bethought himself that he had not been quick enough with his movement. He now proceeded to raise and draw the glass nearer to him with great caution, and then with a swifter dart looked behind. Again finding nothing, he repeated the attempt once more. He now passed from astonishment to anger, and began to beat with the frame violently on the floor of the cage. Soon the glass was shattered, and pieces fell out. Continuing to beat, he was in the course of one blow again arrested by his image in the piece of glass still remaining in the frame. Then, as it seemed, he determined to make one trial more. More circumspectly than ever the whole first part of the process was gone through with; more violently than ever the final dart made. His fury over this last failure knew no bounds. He crunched the frame and glass together with his teeth, he beat on the floor, he crunched again, till nothing but splinters was left.

Mr. Darwin writes: 'Rengger, a most careful observer, states that when first he gave eggs to his monkeys in Paraguay, they smashed them, and thus lost much of their contents; afterwards they generally hit one end against some hard body, and picked off the bits with their fingers. After cutting themselves only _once_ with any sharp tool, they would not touch it again, or would handle it with the greatest caution. Lumps of sugar were often given them wrapped up in paper; and Rengger sometimes put a live wasp in the paper, so that in hastily unfolding it they got stung; after this had _once_ happened, they always first held the packet to their ears to detect any movement within.'[277]

The powers of observation and readiness to establish new associations thus rendered apparent, display a high level of general intelligence. Mr. Darwin further observes that Mr. Belt 'likewise describes various actions of a tamed cebus, which, I think, clearly show that this animal possessed some reasoning power.' The following is the account to which Mr. Darwin here refers, and I quote it _in extenso_, because, as I shall presently show, I have myself been able to confirm most of the observations on another monkey of the same genus:--

It would sometimes entangle itself round a pole to which it was fastened, and then unwind the coils again with the greatest discernment. Its chain allowed it to swing down below the verandah, but it could not reach to the ground. Sometimes, when there were broods of young ducks about, it would hold out a piece of bread in one hand, and when it had tempted a duckling within reach, seize it by the other, and kill it with a bite in the breast. There was such an uproar amongst the fowls on these occasions, that we soon knew what was the matter, and would rush out and punish Mickey (as we called him) with a switch; so that he was ultimately cured of his poultry-killing propensities. One day, when whipping him, I held up the dead duckling in front of him, and at each blow of the light switch told him to take hold of it, and at last, much to my surprise, he did so, taking it and holding it tremblingly in one hand. He would draw things towards him with a stick, and even used a swing for the same purpose. It had been put up for the children, and could be reached by Mickey, who now and then indulged himself in a swing on it. One day I had put down some bird-skins on a chair to dry, far beyond, as I thought, Mickey's reach; but, fertile in expedients, he took the swing and launched it towards the chair, and actually managed to knock the skins off in the return of the swing, so as to bring them within his reach. He also procured some jelly that was set out to cool in the same way. Mickey's actions were very human-like. When any one came near to fondle him, he never neglected the opportunity of pocket-picking. He would pull out letters, and quickly take them from their envelopes.[278]

I shall now proceed to state some further facts, showing the high level of intelligence to which monkeys of various kinds attain.

The orang which Cuvier had used to draw a chair from one end to the other of a room, in order to stand upon it so as to reach a latch which it desired to open; and in this we have a display of rationally adaptive action which no dog has equalled, although, as in the case before given of the dog dragging the mat, it has been closely approached. Again, Rengger describes a monkey employing a stick wherewith to prise up the lid of a chest, which was too heavy for the animal to raise otherwise. This use of a lever as a mechanical instrument is an action to which no animal other than a monkey has ever been known to attain; and, as we shall subsequently see, my own observation has fully corroborated that of Rengger in this respect. More remarkable still, as we shall also subsequently see, the monkey to which I allude as having myself observed, succeeded also by methodical investigation, and without any assistance, in discovering for himself the mechanical principle of the screw; and that monkeys well understand how to use stones as hammers is a matter of common observation since Dampier and Wafer first described this action as practised by these animals in the breaking open of oyster-shells. The additional observation of Gernelli Carreri of monkeys thrusting stones into the open valves of oysters so as to save themselves the trouble of smashing the shells, though not incredible, requires confirmation. But Mr. Haden, of Dundee, has communicated to me the following very remarkable appreciation of mechanical principles which he himself observed in a monkey (species not noted), and which would certainly be beyond the mental powers of any other animal:--

'A large monkey, confined alone in a large cage, had its sleeping-place in the form of a kind of hut in the centre of the cage. Springing near the hut was a tree, or imitation tree, the main branch of which ascended over the top of the hut, and then came forwards away from it. Whether the roof of the hut enabled this animal to gain any part of this branch, I did not observe, but only remarked its method at the time of gaining the part of the branch which led frontwards, and away from the hut. This could be done by means of the hut door, which, when opened, swung beneath this part of the branch. The door, either by accident or by the design of its construction, _swung_ to each time the animal opened it to mount upon its top edge. After one or two efforts to mount by it in spite of its immediate swinging to, the creature procured a thick blanket which lay in the cage, and threw it over the door, having opened the same, so that its complete swinging to was prevented sufficiently for the creature to mount upon its free edge, and so gain that part of the branch which ran above it.'

The following, which I quote from 'Nature' (vol. xxiii., p. 533), also displays high intelligence:--

One of the large monkeys at the Alexandra Palace had been for some time suffering from the decay of the right lower canine, and an abscess, forming a large protuberance on the jaw, had resulted. The pain seemed so great, it was decided to consult a dentist as to what should be done; and, as the poor creature was at times very savage, it was thought that if the tooth had to be extracted, gas should be used for the safety of the operation. Preparations were made accordingly, but the behaviour of the monkey was quite a surprise to all who were concerned. He showed great fight on being taken out of the cage, and not only struggled against being put into a sack prepared with a hole cut for his head, but forced one of his hands out, and snapped and screamed, and gave promise of being very troublesome. Directly, however, Mr. Lewen Moseley, who had undertaken the operation, managed to get his hand on the abscess and gave relief, the monkey's demeanour changed entirely. He laid his head down quietly for examination, and, without the use of the gas, submitted to the removal of a stump of a tooth as quietly as possible.

According to D'Osbonville, certain monkeys that he observed in the wild state were in the habit of administering corporal chastisement to their young. After suckling and cleansing them, the mothers used to sit down and watch the youngsters play. These would wrestle, throw and chase each other, &c.; but if any of them grew malicious, the dams would spring up, and, seizing their offspring by the tail with one hand, correct them severely with the other.

We have already seen that dogs and cats display the idea of maintaining discipline among their progeny.

According to Houzeau the sacred monkey of India (_Semnopithecus entellus_) is very clever in catching snakes, and in the case of poisonous species destroy the fangs by breaking them against stones.[279]

Of the fact that monkeys act in co-operation, many proofs might be given, but one will suffice.

Lieutenant Schipp, in his Memoirs, says:--

A Cape baboon having taken off some clothes from the barracks, I formed a party to recover them. With twenty men I made a circuit to cut them off from the caverns, to which they always fled for shelter. They observed my movements, and detaching about fifty to guard the entrance, the others kept their post. We could see them collecting large stones and other missiles. One old grey-headed one, who had often paid us a visit at the barracks, was seen distributing his orders, as if a general. We rushed on to the attack, when, at a scream from him, they rolled down enormous stones on us, so that we were forced to give up the contest.

I shall here bring to a close my selections from the literature of monkey psychology, because I wish to devote a good deal of space to detailing a number of observations which have not yet been published. Thinking it desirable for the purposes of this work that an intelligent monkey should be subjected to close observation for some length of time, I applied to Mr. Sclater for the loan of one from the collection of the Zoological Society. He kindly consented to my proposal, and I selected a specimen of _Cebus fatuellus_, which appeared to me to be the most intelligent monkey in the collection. Not having facilities for keeping the animal in my own house, I consigned him to the charge of my sister (who lives close by), with the request that she should carefully note all points of interest connected with his intelligence. Therefore, from the day of his arrival till that of his departure she kept a diary, or note-book, in which all the observations that she made when I was absent were entered. It was originally my intention to make an abstract of this note-book; but on afterwards reading it through for this purpose, it seemed to me that I should rather spoil matters by attempting a condensation. There is a certain graphic effect incidental to the diary form and spontaneous style of diction--the notes, of course, not having been written with a view to verbatim publication; and besides, as the psychology of monkeys has been so little studied, I think it is well to give all the details of a continuous series of observations. It is desirable to add that on occasions subsequent to the taking of this or that particular note, I generally had the opportunity of verifying the observation myself; but I may state that I attach no more importance to this circumstance than I should to verifying an observation of my own; for as a careful observer of animals I have quite as much confidence in my sister as in myself. It only remains to explain that my mother, being an invalid, is confined most of the time to her bedroom; and that the monkey was kept there for the first six weeks of his stay at her house, partly in order that he might be under constant observation, and partly also to furnish her with an entertaining pet. The following are my sister's notes _in extenso_ and without alteration:--

_Brown Capuchin_ (_Cebus fatuellus_--Linn.), _Brazil_.

DIARY, 1880.

_December_ 18th. Arrived in box with keeper. Seemed rather frightened and screamed a good deal on being transferred from small box to a larger one.

19th. Took him out of the box he had been in all night and fastened chain on to collar. Was meek and subdued, hiding his face in my lap.

20th. Has become much more lively and somewhat aggressive, especially towards the servants. He has taken a fancy to my mother, and (she holding his chain) he plays with her in a gentle and affectionate manner in her bed, but flies angrily at any of the servants who come near the bed. I observed to-day that he breaks walnuts (which are too hard for him to crack with his teeth) by striking them with the flat bottom of a dish he has for drinking out of. He is ceaselessly active all day, and at night covers himself very neatly with warm shawls, and sleeps soundly till about eight o'clock.

21st. I notice that the love of mischief is very strong in him. To-day he got hold of a wine-glass and an egg-cup. The glass he dashed on the floor with all his might, and of course broke it. Finding, however, that the egg-cup would not break for being thrown down, he looked round for some hard substance against which to dash it. The post of the brass bedstead appearing to be suitable for the purpose, he raised the egg-cup high over his head and gave it several hard blows. When it was completely smashed he was quite satisfied. He breaks a stick by passing it down between a heavy object and the wall, and then hanging on to the end, thus breaking it across the heavy object. He frequently destroys an article of dress by carefully pulling out the threads (thus unripping it) before he begins to tear it with his teeth in a more violent manner. If he gets hold of anything that he sees we do not care about, he soon leaves it again; but if it is an article of value (even if it be only a scrap of paper) which he sees we are anxious about, nothing will induce him to give it up. No food, however inviting, will distract his attention: scolding only makes him more angry, and he keeps the article until it is quite destroyed. To-day I gave him a hammer to break his walnuts with, and he uses it in a proper manner for that purpose.

22nd. To-day a strange person (a dressmaker) came into the room where he is tied up, and I gave him a walnut that she might see him break it with his hammer. The nut was a bad one, and the woman laughed at his disappointed face. He then became very angry, and threw at her everything he could lay hands on; first the nut, then the hammer, then a coffee-pot which he seized out of the grate, and, lastly, all his own shawls. He throws things with great force and precision by holding them in both hands, and extending his long arms well back over his head before projecting the missile, standing erect the while.

23rd. There is continual war between him and Sharp [a small terrier], but they both seem to have a certain mutual respect for each other. The dog makes snatches at nuts, &c., and runs away with them beyond the reach of his chain, and the monkey catches at the dog, but seems afraid to hold him or hurt him. He however pelts him with nuts or bits of carrot, and chatters at him. At other times he holds out his hand as if to make friends, but the dog is too suspicious to go near him. His hostility towards the servants (one especially) increases, so that he will not even take a nut from her without catching fiercely at her hand; he also frequently throws things at her. On the other hand, he allows my mother to do anything with him.

24th. He bit me in several places to-day when I was taking him away from my mother's bed after his morning's game there. I took no notice, but he seemed ashamed of himself afterwards, hiding his face in his arms and sitting quiet for a time.[280] In accordance with his desire for mischief, he is of course very fond of upsetting things, but he always takes great care they do not fall on himself. Thus he will pull a chair towards him till it is almost over-balanced, then he intently fixes his eyes on the top bar of the back, and when he sees it coming over his way, darts from underneath and watches the fall with great delight; and similarly with heavier things. There is a washhand-stand, for example, with a heavy marble top, which he has with great labour upset several times, and always without hurting himself.[281]

25th. I observed to-day that if a nut or any object he wishes to get hold of is beyond the reach of his chain, he puts out a stick to draw it towards him, or, if that does not succeed, he stands upright and throws a shawl back over his head, holding it by the two corners so that it falls down his back; he then throws it forward with all his strength, still holding on by the corners; thus it goes out far in front of him and covers the nut, which he then draws towards him by pulling in the shawl. When his chain becomes twisted round the bars of a 'clothes-horse' (which is given him to run about upon), and thus too short for his comfort, he looks at it intently and pulls it with his fingers this way and that, and when he sees how the turns are taken, he deliberately goes round and round the bars, first this way, then that, until the chain is quite disentangled. He often carries his chain grasped in his tail and held high over his back to keep it from getting into the way of his feet. He is always rather excited in the morning when I loosen his chain preparatory to taking him to my mother's bed; jumps about and tugs at the chain. Sometimes, however, if the chain is entangled, and I am rather long in getting it unfastened, he sits quietly down beside me, and begins picking at the chain with his fingers as if to help me to untie it. I cannot say, however, that he succeeds in helping me at all.

26th. He seems very fond of spinning things round. If he gets a whole apple or orange he generally sits spinning it on one end, before beginning to eat it. He eats an orange by biting off a tiny piece of the peel, and putting his long, thin finger deep into the fruit; he then lays the whole orange under a piece of wire netting he has near him, and, putting his mouth to the hole he has made, presses the wire netting down upon the fruit, thus squeezing the juice up into his mouth. When a good deal of juice begins to run out, he holds the orange up over his head and lets the juice run into his mouth.

27th. To-day he obtained possession of a rather valuable document, and, as usual, nothing I could do would persuade him to give it up. He neglected any kind of food I offered him, and only chattered when I coaxed him. When at last I tried threatening him with a cane, he only became savage and flew at me, chattering. My mother now came and sat down in a chair beside him. He immediately jumped into her lap, and remained quite still while she took the paper out of his hands. When, however, she handed it to me and I laughed at her success, he showed his teeth and screamed and chattered at me angrily. I find laughing generally irritates him. Thus, when he is playing with my mother in the bed in the best of humour, as long as I sit quietly on the bed all is well, but if I laugh, for example at any of his affectionate glances, he makes a dart at me to send me off, and then returns with renewed demonstrations of affection to my mother, tumbling head over heels and lying on his back, grinning in a most comical manner, and making a sound very like slight laughter.

28th. His chain is fastened to the marble slab of a washhand-stand, placed on the floor against the wall. It is too heavy for him to pull along by his chain without hurting himself, so when he desires to do any mischief which is beyond the reach of his chain, he deliberately goes to the marble and pushes an arm down between an upright part of it and the wall, until he has moved the whole slab sufficiently far from the wall to admit of his slipping down behind the upright part himself. He then places his back against the wall and his four hands against the upright part of the marble, and pushes the slab as far as he can stretch his long legs. He only does this, however, when he is bent on mischief, as the fact of food being beyond the reach of his chain does not furnish a strong enough inducement to lead him to take so much exertion. Thus to-day he began to pull the glazed leather cover off a trunk which was near him. I pulled the trunk away, and when he found it was out of his reach he ran and pushed the marble towards the trunk in the manner I have described, and when he knew his chain was then sufficiently long to reach the trunk, he ran to the latter and hastily resumed his destructive process.

29th. I notice that nothing the person does who has hold of his chain offends him. I mean, although he is furiously angry at having anything taken away from him, he is not at all angry if he is pulled away by his chain. If he is trying to bite a person, and another person takes hold of his chain behind him and so prevents his spring forward, he does not turn to bite the person who has taken hold of his chain, as a dog would do under similar circumstances, but quietly submits to be thus held. He seems to look upon his confinement and management by a chain as a natural law against which it is useless to struggle. On the other hand, he seems to be quite aware of the place where his chain is fastened, and to know that if he were clever enough to undo it he would be free. After we found he could move about the marble slab of the washhand-stand in the way described, we had a ring sunk in the floor to tie him to. The moment the chain was fastened to that[282] he began to investigate its new connection, and continued to do so for hours, passing the chain rapidly backward and forwards through the ring. When he found this did not loosen it, he began to hammer it and the ring also with all his strength, and this he continued to do for the rest of the day.

30th. He still continues to work at the chain where it is fastened to the ring. He passed the whole of the chain through the ring so many times with his fingers that it became quite blocked up in the ring, which made it very short, and it took me a quarter of an hour to disentangle it. He was very much interested in this process, sitting quietly beside me and watching my fingers intently, sometimes gently pulling my fingers on one side in order to see better, and sometimes casting a quick intelligent glance into my face as if asking how I did it. After I had disentangled and lengthened the chain he worked at it again for hours, but took care not to twist it into the ring a second time.

31st. To-day he hurt himself by getting one of his toes caught in a hinge of the clothes-horse. He did not make any fuss, although the accident must have been somewhat a painful one, nor did he try to pull the toe out, which would have been useless and only hurt him more; but he sat almost motionless, making slight complaining noises until I discovered that there was something wrong with him. When I began to extricate his foot, he remained perfectly passive--although I dare say I hurt him a good deal--and only looked at me gratefully.

_January_ 1, 1881. He has now quite given up trying to loosen his chain himself; having tried every way and failed, he has evidently become hopeless about it. He now resents being tied up. When I loosen him he is quite pleased, and when I tie him he waits until he is quite sure he is being tied, and not loosened, and then he flies at me and bites me.

10th. As he is always tied up in the same place he has no new opportunities given him of showing his intelligence. His attachment to my mother has increased. When she goes out he immediately gives up all play and mischief, and does nothing but run round and round in a restless manner, making a peculiar sweet calling noise, such as he never makes when she is in the room, listening intently between times. As long as she remains away he takes no rest or amusement, nor does he ever, or hardly ever, become angry; but the moment she returns he begins all his old ways again, usually becoming more savage at other people than before.

My mother frequently takes things away from him, and he never resents it to her as he would do to any other person. He generally, however, chatters angrily at some one else when my mother removes anything he wishes to keep. At first I thought he was deceived in the matter--that he could not believe it possible that his best friend could deprive him of what he valued, and so thought someone else must have done it. But the same thing has now happened so frequently that I can hardly think he is not really aware of who takes the things away. He seems rather to think it politic to keep on good terms with one person, and that although he does see her remove the things, and feels angry in consequence, he thinks it more prudent to vent his anger upon someone with whom he has already quarrelled. He always shows more irritation when my mother gives anything to me after having taken it away from him, than when she keeps it herself (as mentioned on December 26), and this may be the reason partly why he resents these matters to me; he thinks when I obtain possession of anything he wants that it is a sort of triumph to me. In the same way my mother may laugh as much as she likes whether he is with her or not, but if I laugh at all at anything it generally results in something being thrown at me. If my mother calls out to the servants--if, for instance, a servant has left the room and my mother calls her back--he becomes very angry at the servant, and salutes her on her return with a shower of missiles. Sometimes my mother pretends to scold or beat the servants, and then he joins with great energy, by way of supporting his friend. If I scold or beat the servants he does not mind so much. When my mother comes back after being out he does not show any great demonstrations of joy. He screams out with pleasure when he hears her voice approaching on the stairs, but does not make much ado when she enters the room. While my mother is out I can do anything I like with him, just as she can when she is at home. Perhaps being in low spirits he does not feel angry, or perhaps he thinks it prudent to be amiable when his best friend is away. When my mother comes back, all his ill-temper returns at once and even in an increased degree towards other people, and he immediately resumes playing with all his toys.

11th. When he throws things at people now he first runs up the bars of the clothes-horse; he seems to have found out that people do not much care for having things thrown at their feet, and he is not strong enough to throw such heavy objects as a poker or a hammer at people's heads; he therefore mounts to a level with his enemy's head, and thus succeeds in sending his missile to a greater height and also to a greater distance.

14th. To-day he obtained possession of a hearth-brush, one of the kind which has the handle screwed into the brush. He soon found the way to unscrew the handle, and having done that he immediately began to try to find out the way to screw it in again. This he in time accomplished. At first he put the wrong end of the handle into the hole, but turned it round and round the _right way for screwing_. Finding it did not hold, he turned the other end of the handle and carefully stuck it into the hole, and began again to turn it the right way. It was of course a very difficult feat for him to perform, for he required both his hands to hold the handle in the proper position and to turn it between his hands in order to screw it in, and the long bristles of the brush prevented it from remaining steady or with the right side up. He held the brush with his hind hand, but even so it was very difficult for him to get the first turn of the screw to fit into the thread; he worked at it, however, with the most unwearying perseverance until he got the first turn of the screw to catch, and he then quickly turned it round and round until it was screwed up to the end. The most remarkable thing was that, however often he was disappointed in the beginning, he never was induced to try turning the handle the wrong way; he always screwed it from right to left. As soon as he had accomplished his wish, he unscrewed it again, and then screwed it in again the second time rather more easily than the first, and so on many times. When he had become by practice tolerably perfect in screwing and unscrewing, he gave it up and took to some other amusement. One remarkable thing is that he should take so much trouble to do that which is no material benefit to him. The desire to accomplish a chosen task seems a sufficient inducement to lead him to take any amount of trouble. This seems a very human feeling, such as is not shown, I believe, by any other animal. It is not the desire of praise, as he never notices people looking on; it is simply the desire to achieve an object for the sake of achieving an object, and he never rests nor allows his attention to be distracted until it is done.

16th. When he is angry, and has at hand only those things which he wishes to keep, he makes a great show of throwing them at people, but always retains a hold. Thus if he has had a plaything a long time and is tired of it, he throws it right at a person without the least hesitation; but if he has a new thing which he values, he goes through all the appropriate motions for throwing, but only brings the object down with a noise upon the ground, taking care not to let go his hold. He beats people with a long cane he has, and when he cannot reach people he strikes it with all his strength upon the ground to show what he would do if he had the chance. There is no more comical sight than to see him hurriedly climbing his screen in fierce anger, taking (not without great difficulty) his long and awkward stick up with him in order to be high enough to give a good blow to a person. The dog is quite afraid of the stick in the monkey's hands, although he is too petted to be afraid of it in a person's. The monkey is jealous of the dog lying in the arm-chair in which he sometimes seats himself with my mother, so he pokes the stick at the dog (as the chair is beyond the reach of his chain) and makes him get off.

18th. He was very angry to-day at a servant girl sweeping out his place with a long brush, and he seized the brush every time the servant attempted to sweep. My mother then took it, and he at once became not only quite good-tempered, but assisted her in sweeping, by gathering the rubbish in the corners of his place into little heaps with his hands, and putting the heaps into the way of the brush.

20th. To-day he broke his chain, and flew at a servant savagely, but seeing my mother he immediately jumped into her lap. While another chain was being prepared he got to the trunk where his nuts are kept. I have long noticed that he looks upon that trunk as in some special sense his own property. There are other things kept in the trunk as well as the nuts, and if any person goes to the trunk for anything he becomes furiously angry. Indeed nothing makes him so angry as people opening the trunk, and this is not because he wants nuts out of it, for he always has more than he can eat beside him, and generally refuses to take any that are offered to him. Well, to-day, as soon as the breaking of his chain enabled him to get to the trunk, he began picking at the lock with his fingers. I then gave him the key, and he tried for two full hours without ceasing to unlock the trunk with this key. It was a very difficult lock to open, being slightly out of order, and requires the lid of the trunk to be pressed down before it would work, so I believe it was absolutely impossible for him to open it, but he found in time the right way to put the key in, and to turn it backwards and forwards, and after every attempt he pulled the lid upwards to see if it were unlocked. That this was the result of observing people is obvious, from the fact that after every time he put the key into the lock and failed to open the trunk, he passed the key round and round the outside of the lock several times. The explanation of this is that, my mother's sight being bad, she often misses the lock when putting in the key, and then feels round and round the lock with the key; the monkey therefore evidently seems to think that this feeling round and round the lock with the key is in some way necessary to the success of unlocking the lock, so that, although he could see perfectly well how to put the key in straight himself, he went through this useless operation first.

21st. To-day I gave him a wooden box with the lid nailed on, and an iron spoon, to see if he would use the latter as a lever wherewith to raise the lid. The experiment was somewhat spoiled by my mother putting the handle of the spoon into the crack between the lid and the box to show him how to do it. Therefore I cannot tell whether or not he would have taken this first step himself, if he had had time to do so. However, when the handle of the spoon was in he certainly used it in the proper manner, pulling it down with all his strength at the extreme end, thus drawing the nails out of the box and raising the lid.

22nd. He was sitting on my mother's knee, and she washing his hands with a little sponge, a process of which he is very fond; she tried to wash his face, and that he disliked very much. Every time she began, the expression of his face became more angry; at last he suddenly jumped off her knee, and made a violent attack on one of the servants who is usually his favourite, although she was doing nothing at all to anger him. This is a good instance of his habit of venting his anger at my mother on other people. He always eats vigorously when he is angry, or after a fit of passion. After a prolonged fit of passion he always lies down on his side as if dead, probably from exhaustion.

30th. He quite understands the meaning of shaking hands. He always holds out his own hand when he wishes to be friendly, especially when a friend is entering or leaving the room. To-day he had been a long time playing with his toys, taking no notice of any one. Suddenly my mother remembered that to-day was my birthday, and (for the first time since he came to the house) shook hands with me in congratulation. He immediately became very angry with me, screamed and chattered and threw things at me, being evidently jealous of the attention my mother was paying me.

_February_ 1st. He has now been moved down to the dining-room, where he is chained between the fireplace and the window. He seems quite miserable on account of the change, as he does not see so much of my mother.

4th. His low spirits continue, and threaten to make him ill. He will not play with anything, but sits moping and shivering in a corner. To-day I found him very cold and unhappy, and warmed his hands for him. He is very meek and gentle, and seems to be getting fond of me.

8th. He has quite recovered his spirits since he took a fancy to me. He likes me now apparently as well as he used to do my mother; that is to say, he allows me to nurse him, and walk about in his place, and even take things away from him. When, however, my mother comes to see him, he does not care for me, although he shows none of his old hostility. To the servants, however, he continues to do so when my mother is present.

10th. We gave him a bundle of sticks this morning, and he amused himself all day by poking them into the fire and pulling them out again to smell the smoking end. He likewise pulls out hot cinders from the grate and passes them over his head and chest, evidently enjoying the warmth, but never burning himself. He also puts hot ashes on his head. I gave him some paper, and, as he cannot, from the length of his chain, quite reach the fire, he rolled the paper up into the form of a stick, and then put it into the fire, pulling it out as soon as it caught light, and watching the blaze in the fender with great satisfaction. I gave him a whole newspaper, and he tore it in pieces, rolled up each piece as I have described, to make it long enough to reach the fire, and so burnt it all piece by piece. He never once burnt his own fingers during the operation.

13th. He can open and shut the folding shutters with ease, and this seems to be an amusement to him. He also unscrewed all the knobs that belong to the fender. The bell-handle beside the mantelpiece he likewise took to bits, which involves the unscrewing of three screws.

15th. He is so amiable to me now that he constantly gives me bits of things that he himself is eating, evidently expecting me to share his repast with him. Sometimes this attention on his part is not altogether agreeable. For instance, to-day he thrust into my hand, when I was not looking, a quantity of sopped bread and milk out of his pan, no doubt thinking himself very kind-hearted thus to supply me with food.

17th. He offered the dog a bit of toast which he himself was eating, and the dog took a part of it. I think, however, that he had at the same time a sly design of catching the dog with the other hand, but he did not do so--perhaps because I was looking on, and he knows the dog is a friend of mine; but he had a wicked look in his eye while feeding the dog, which he has not when he extends his bounty to me.

19th. When I was brushing him to-day he took the brush away from me. Playthings are especially valuable to him now, as he is not allowed to have any lest he should break the windows with them. For this reason I was afraid to leave the brush with him, but found he was not at all disposed to give it up. I threw other things within his reach, but he carried the brush in his hind hand while going after the other things. At last I sat down and called him gently, when he mildly came up to my lap and put the brush into my two hands, evidently resolving that he would not now quarrel with his only friend.

22nd. His manner of showing his humours is interesting, as illustrating the principle of antithesis. Thus when he is angry he springs forward on all four hands with tail very erect and hair raised, so making himself look much bigger. When affectionate he advances slowly _backwards_ with his body in the form of a hoop, so that the crown of his head rests on the ground, face inwards. He walks on three hands (hair very smooth), and puts the fourth fore-hand out at his back in advance of his body. He expects this hand to be taken kindly, and he then assumes his natural attitude. In that manner of advancing it is obviously impossible that he could bite, as his mouth is towards his own chest, so it is the best way of showing how far he is from thinking of hostility.

February 28, 1881.

The above account may be taken as fully trustworthy. Most of the observations recorded I have myself subsequently verified numberless times. From the account, however, several observations which I happened to make myself in the first instance are designedly omitted, and these I shall therefore now supply.

I bought at a toy-shop a very good imitation of a monkey, and brought it into the room with the real monkey, stroking and speaking to it as if it were alive. The monkey evidently mistook the figure for a real animal, manifesting intense curiosity, mixed with much alarm if I made the figure approach him. Even when I placed the figure upon a table, and left it standing motionless, the monkey was afraid to approach it. From this it would appear that the animal trusted much more to his sense of sight than to that of smell in recognising one of his own kind.

I placed a mirror upon the floor, and the monkey at once mistook his reflection in it for a real animal. At first he was a little afraid of it; but in a short time he gained courage enough to approach and try to touch it. Finding he could not do so, he went round behind the mirror and then again before it a great number of times; but he did not become angry, as the monkey of which Prof. Brown Robertson wrote me. Strange to say, he appeared to mistake the sex of the image, and began in the most indescribably ludicrous manner to pay to it the addresses of courtship. First placing his lips against the glass he rose to his full height on his hind legs, retired slowly, and while doing so turned his back to the mirror, looking over his shoulder at the image, and, with a preposterous amount of 'pinch' in his back, strutted up and down before the glass with all the appearance of the most laughable foppery. This display was always gone through when at any subsequent time the mirror was placed upon the floor.

From the first time that he saw me, this monkey took as violently passionate an attachment to me as that which he took to my mother. His mode of greeting, however, was different. When she entered the room after an absence, his welcome was of a quiet and contented character; but when I came in, his demonstrations were positively painful to witness. Standing erect on his hind legs at the full length of his tether, and extending both hands as far as he could reach, he screamed with all his strength, in a tone and with an intensity which he never adopted on any other occasion. So loud, indeed, were his rapidly and continuously reiterated screams, that it was impossible for any one to hold even a shouting conversation till I took the animal in my arms, when he became placid, with many signs of intense affection. Even the sound of my voice down two flights of stairs used to set him screaming in this manner, so that whenever I called at my mother's house I had to keep silent while on the staircase, unless I intended first of all to pay a visit to the monkey.

It has frequently been noticed that monkeys are very capricious in forming their attachments and aversions; but I never knew before that this peculiarity could be so strongly marked as it was in this case. His demonstrations of affection to my mother and myself were piteous; while towards every one else, male or female, he was either passively indifferent or actively hostile. Yet no shadow of a reason could be assigned for the difference. My sister, to whom animals are usually much more attached than they are to me, used always to be forbearingly kind to this one--taking all his bites, &c., with the utmost good humour. Moreover, she supplied him with all his food, and most of his playthings, so that she was really in every way his best friend. Yet his antipathy to her was only less remarkable than his passionate fondness of my mother and myself.

Another trait in the psychology of this animal which is worth observing was his quietness of manner towards my mother. With me, and indeed with every one else, his movements were unrestrained, and generally monkey-like; but with her he was always as gentle as a kitten: he appeared to know that her age and infirmities rendered boisterousness on his part unacceptable.

I returned the monkey to the Zoological Gardens at the end of February, and up to the time of his death in October 1881, he remembered me as well as the first day that he was sent back. I visited the monkey-house about once a month, and whenever I approached his cage he saw me with astonishing quickness--indeed, generally before I saw him--and ran to the bars, through which he thrust both hands with every expression of joy. He did not, however, scream aloud; his mind seemed too much occupied by the cares of monkey-society to admit of a vacancy large enough for such very intense emotion as he used to experience in the calmer life that he lived before. Being much struck with the extreme rapidity of his discernment whenever I approached the cage, however many other persons might be standing round, I purposely visited the monkey-house on Easter Monday, in order to see whether he would pick me out of the solid mass of people who fill the place on that day. Although I could only obtain a place three or four rows back from the cage, and although I made no sound wherewith to attract his attention, he saw me almost immediately, and with a sudden intelligent look of recognition ran across the cage to greet me. When I went away he followed me, as he always did, to the extreme end of his cage, and stood there watching my departure as long as I remained in sight.

In conclusion, I should say that much the most striking feature in the psychology of this animal, and the one which is least like anything met with in other animals, was the tireless spirit of investigation. The hours and hours of patient industry which this poor monkey has spent in ascertaining all that his monkey-intelligence could of the sundry unfamiliar objects that fell into his hands, might well read a lesson in carefulness to many a hasty observer. And the keen satisfaction which he displayed when he had succeeded in making any little discovery, such as that of the mechanical principle of the screw, repeating the results of his newly earned knowledge over and over again, till one could not but marvel at the intent abstraction of the 'dumb brute'--this was so different from anything to be met with in any other animal, that I confess I should not have believed what I saw unless I had repeatedly seen it with my own eyes. As my sister once observed, while we were watching him conducting some of his researches, in oblivion to his food and all his other surroundings--'when a monkey behaves like this, it is no wonder that man is a scientific animal!' And in my next work I shall hope to show how, from so high a starting-point, the psychology of the monkey has passed into that of the man.

FOOTNOTES:

[271] _Descent of Man_, p. 70.

[272] _Gleanings_, vol. iii. pp. 86-7.

[273] _Boston Journal of Nat. Hist._, iv. p. 324.

[274] _Descent of Man_, p. 72.

[275] _Descent of Man_, 71.

[276] _Ibid._, p. 69.

[277] _Descent of Man_, pp. 77-8.

[278] _Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 119.

[279] _Loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 305.

[280] On subsequent observation (January 14, 1881), I find this quietness was not due to shame at having bitten me, for whether he succeeds in biting any person or not he always sits quiet and dull-looking after a fit of passion, being, I think, fatigued. He has bitten me often since December 24, and seems to enjoy the fun on the whole.

[281] These heavy objects he overturns with exceeding caution, balancing them several times carefully, and studying them before finally throwing or pulling them over.

[282] January 14, 1881. The marble slab was left with him after the chain had been fastened to the ring; but since that time he has never attempted to move the marble.

INDEX.

ACCOUCHEUR, fish, 246; toad, 254

_Acerina cernua_, 246

_Acinia prehensa_, 233

_Actinia_, 233, 234

_Actinophrys_, apparent intelligence of, 20

_Adamsia_, 234

Adaptive movement, as evidence of mind, 2, 3

Addison, his definition of instinct, 11

Addison, Mrs. K., on gesticulating signs made by a jackdaw, 316

Ælian, on division of labour in harvesting ants, 98

Æsthetic emotions of birds, 279-82

Affection, sexual, parental, and social, of snails, 27; of ants, 45-9 and 58, 59; of bees, 155, 156, and 162; of earwig, 229; of fish, 242-6; of reptiles, 256, 258, 259; of birds, 270-6; of kangaroo, 326, 327; of whale, 327; of horse, 329; of deer, 334; of bat, 341; of seal, 341-6; of hare, 338-40; of rats, 340; of mice, 341; of beaver, 367; of elephant, 387-92; of cat, 411, 412; of dog, 437, 440, 441; of monkeys, 471-5 and 484-98

Agassiz, Professor A., on instinct of hermit-crab, 232; nest of fish, 242-3; on beaver-dams, 384, 385

Agassiz, Professor L., on intelligence of snails, 26

Alison, Professor, on curious instinct of polecat, 347

Allen, J. A., on breeding habits of pinniped seals, 341-6

Alligators, 256-8 and 263

_Alopecias vulpes_, 252

_Amoeba_, apparent intelligence of, 21

Anemones, sea, 233, 234

Anger, of ants and bees, _see_ under; of fish, 246, 247; of monkeys, 478, 479 and 484-96

Angler-fish, 247, 248

_Annelida_, apparent intelligence of, 24

Antennæ, effects of removal in ants, 142; in bees, 197

Antithesis, principle of, in expression of emotions by monkeys, 494, 495

Ant-lion, 234, 235

Ants, powers of special sense, 31-37; of sight, 31-33; of hearing, 33; of smell, 33-37; sense of direction, 37, 38; memory, 39-45; recognition of companions and nest-mates, 41-45; emotions, 45-49; affection, 45-48; sympathy, 48, 49; communication, 49-57; habits general in sundry species, 57-93; swarming, 57, 58; nursing, 58, 59; education, 59, 60; keeping aphides, 60-64; making slaves, 64-68; wars, 68-83; keeping domestic pets, 83, 84; sleep and cleanliness, 84-7; play and leisure, 87-89; funeral habits, 89-93; habits peculiar to certain species, 93-122; leaf-cutting, 93-96; harvesting, 96-110; African, 110, 111; tree, 110, 111; honey making, 111-114 and 142; ecitons, or military, 114-122; general intelligence, 122-142; Sir John Lubbock's experiments on intelligence, 123-128; intelligence displayed in architecture, 128-130; in using burrows made by elater larvæ, 130; in artificial hives, 130; in removing nest from shadow of tree, 131; in cutting leaves off overshadowing tree, 131, 132; in bending blades of grass while cutting them, 132, 133; in co-operating to glue leaves together, 133, 134; in getting at food in difficult places, 134, 135; in making bridges, &c., 135-139; in tunnelling under rails, 140; anatomy and physiology of nerve-centres and sense organs, 140-2

Apes, _see_ Monkeys

_Arachnidæ_, 204-225, _see_ Spiders and Scorpions

Arago, his observation regarding sense of justice in dog, 443

Arderon, on taming a dace, 246

_Argyroneta aquatica_, 212

Arn, Capt., on sword- and thresher-fish, 252, 253

_Articulata_, _see_ under divisions of

Ass, general intelligence of, 328 and 333

Association of ideas, _see_ under various animals

_Ateuchus pilularius_, 226

_Athealium_, apparent intelligence of, 19-20

Atkinson, the Rev. J. C., on reasoning power of a dog, 458, 459

Audubon, on ants making beasts of burden of bugs, 68; plundering instincts of white-headed eagle, 284; variations in instinct of incubation, 299, 300

Auk, nidification of, 292

Automatism, hypothesis of animal, 6

BABOON, sympathy shown by Arabian, 474; rage of, 478; revenge of, 478

Badcock, on dog making peace-offerings, 452

Baer, Van, on organisation of bee, 241

Backhouse, R. O., on dog being alarmed at a statue, 453

Bailey, Professor W. W., on dog stopping a runaway horse, 459

Baines, A. H., on dog communicating wants by signs, 446, 447

Baker, on sticklebacks, 245

Baldamus, Dr., on cuckoo laying eggs coloured in imitation of those of the birds in whose nests they lay them, 307

Ball, Dr. Robert, on commensalism of crab and anemone, 234

Banks, Sir Joseph, on intelligence of tree-ants, 133; fish coming to sound of bell, 250

Bannister, Dr., on cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 415, 416; on intelligence of the Eskimo dogs, 461, 462

Barrett, W. F., on instincts of young alligator, 256

Barton, Dr., on alleged fascination by snakes, 264

Bastian, on termites, 198

Bates, on ants' habit of keeping pets, 84; cleaning one another, 87; play and leisure, 88, 89; leaf-cutting, 93-95; tunnelling, 99; ecitons, 114-21; on sand-wasp taking bearings to remember precise locality, 150; mygale eating humming-birds, 208; on nidification of small crustacean, 232, 233; habits of turtles, and alligators, 257, 258; intelligence of vultures, 314; bats sucking blood, 341

Batrachians, 254, 255

Bats, 341

Baya-bird, nidification of, 294

Bears, 350-352

Beattie, Dr., on dog communicating desires by signs, 447

Beaver, 367-85; breeding habits, 367, 368; lodges, 368-73; dams, 373-79; canals, 379-83; general remarks upon, 368, 377, 379, 383; age of their buildings, 384; effects of their buildings on the configuration of landscapes, 384, 385

Bechstein, on birds dreaming, 312

Bee, mason, 178, 179; tapestry, 179; carpenter, 179; rose, 179; carding, 179, 180

Bees, sense of sight, 143, 144; of smell and hearing, 144; of direction, 144-51; remembering exact locality of absent hive, 148-49; following floating hives, 149; memory, 151-55; sympathy, 155, 156; distances over which they forage, 150; powers of communication, 156-60; economy of hive, 160-8; food and rearing, 160-163; swarming and battles of queens, 163, 164; drone-killing, 164-68; plunder and wars, 168-170; architecture, 170-8; way-finding, 181, 182; instinct of neuters, 181; recognising companions, 183, 184; barricading doors against moths, 184, 185; strengthening combs in danger of falling, 185, 186; mode of dealing with surfaces of glass, 186; with strange hives, 186, 187; evacuating fallen hive, 187; ceasing to store honey in Barbadoes and California, 187, 188; recognising persons, 188, 189; biting holes in corollas, 189; ventilating hives, 191, 192; covering slugs, &c., with propolis, 190, 191; effects of removing antennæ, 197

Beetles, _see_ _Coleoptera_

Belshaw, on cat knocking knockers, 422

Belt, on ants, duration of memory in, 39, 40; sympathy, 48; division of labour, 99; ecitons, 114-19 and 138; tunnelling under rails, 140; on sand-wasp taking precise bearings to remember locality, 150, 151; struggle between wasps and ants for secretion of frog-hoppers, 194, 195; intelligence of spiders in protecting themselves from ecitons, 219, 220; beetles undermining stick supporting a dead toad, 228; intelligence of monkeys, 480

Benedictson, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364, 365

Bennet, on birds dreaming, 312

Bennett, on conjugal fidelity of duck, 270, 271

Berkeley, G., on beetle storing its food, 228, 229

Bettziech-Beta, on termites, 199

Bidie, on suicide of scorpion, 222, 223; on reasoning power of cat, 415

Bingley, on intelligence of ants, 133; carpenter-bees, 179; account of alleged training of bees, 189; co-operation of beetles, 226, 227; ant-lion, 230, 235; domestication of toad, 255; fascination by snakes, 264; sympathy in birds, 272; eccentricity of nest building instinct, 295; education of birds, 312; pigs pointing game, 339, 340; intelligence of otter, 346; memory of elephant, 387; vindictiveness of elephant, 387, 389; elephants enduring surgical operations, 399, 400

Bird, Miss, on combined action of crows in obtaining food from dogs, 320

Birds, 266-325; memory of, 266-70; emotions, 270-82; special habits of procuring food, 283-6; of incubation and taking care of offspring, 287-310; general intelligence, 310-25; dreaming and imagination, 311-12; learning to avoid telegraph wires, 313; recognising painting of birds, 311; submitting to surgical operation, 313-14; honey-guide, 315-16; appreciation of mechanical appliances, 315-16; concerted action, 318-322

_Birgus latro_, 233

Bison, 334-5

Blackbirds, breaking shells against stones, 283; removing eggs, 289; mobbing cat, 291

Blackburn, Professor H., on distances over which bees forage, 150

Blackman, on cats learning to beg for food, 414-15

Blackwall, on early display of instincts by spiders, 216

Blanchard, on mason-bee, 178

Blood, on reasoning power of a dog, 464

Boa-constrictor, really a Python, which _see_

Bodley, W. H., on dogs crossing a river to fight undisturbed, 451-2

Bold, on canary singing against own image in mirror, 276

Bombyx moth, larva of, 238-40

Bonnet, on spider following her eggs into pit of ant-lion, 205; his experiments on instincts of caterpillars, 236; observations on ditto, 238

Boobies, plundered by frigate pelicans, 284

Bosc, on migrating fish, 248

Bower-bird, instincts of, 279-81, 325

Bowman, Parker, his cat opening swivel of window, 425

Boys, C. V., his experiments with a tuning-fork on spiders, 206, 207

Brehm, on wasps recognising persons, 188; intelligence of lapwing, 315, 316; curiosity of monkeys, 477

Broderip, on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Brodie, Sir B., his definition of instinct, 15; on bees strengthening their combs, 185, 186

Brofft, Herr L., on powers of communication in bees, 160

Brougham, Lord, on hexagonal form of bees' cells, 172; on intelligence of a dog, 450

Brown, Capt., on vindictiveness of a stork, 277-8

Brown, W., on a cat extinguishing fire by water, 425

Browne, Dr. Crichton, on cat ringing bell, 423

Browne, Murray, on fox allowing itself to be extricated from trap, 431

Browning, A. H., on intelligence of a dog, 450

Brydon, Dr., on collective instinct of jackals, 434

Buchanan, Dr., on climbing perch, 249; on nidification of baya-bird, 294

Büchner, Professor, on ants: nursing habits, 59; stocking trees with aphides, 63; warfare, 71-9; play, 87-88; leaf cutting, 95-96; intelligence in making a bridge of aphides over tar, 136; of themselves over a space, 136-37; and of a straw over water, 137; ecitons, 139; anatomy and physiology of brain, 141-42. On bees and wasps: powers of communication, 158-60; swarming habits, 168; wars and plunder, 169; cell-building, 177-78; evacuating dangerous hive, 187; keeping hives clean, 190; carrying dead from hive and burying them, 191; ventilating hives, 191-92; hornet and wasp dismembering heavy prey, and carrying it to an eminence in order to fly away with it, 196. On termites, 198-202. On spiders: web-building, 211-12; wolf spider, 213; trap-door spiders, 217-18; intelligence of a spider habitually fed by Dr. Moschkau, 218-19; spiders weighting their webs, 221. On beetles: co-operation of, 227-28

Buck, E. C., on intelligence of crocodiles, 263; on collective instinct of wolves, 433; on combined action of pelicans, 319

Buckland, F., on pigeon remembering voice of mistress, 266; crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283; birds avoiding telegraph wires, 313

Buckley, on harvesting ants, 103

Buckton, G. B., on caterpillars, 236

Buffalo, 335-37

Buffon, on hexagonal form of bees' cells, 171-72; association of ideas in parrot, 269; sympathy in ditto, 275; goat sucker removing eggs, 289

_Bufo obstetricans_, 254

Bull, intelligence of, 338

Burmeister, on powers of communication in ants, 49

Byron, Lord, lines on alleged tendency to scorpion to commit suicide, 222

CADDIS-WORMS, 240

Cairns, Mr. W., on reasoning power of a dog, 461

Campbell, Mrs. G. M. F., on intelligence of goose, 316

Canary, jealousy of, 276; modification of incubating instinct in cage, 287; flying against mirror, 311; trained, 312

Canning, J., his dog knowing value of different coins, 452-3

_Carassius auratus_, 246

Carbonnier, M., on telescope-fish, 246

Carlisle, Bishop of, on congregation or court held by jackdaws, 324

Carpenter, Dr., on intelligence of rats, 361

Carreri, Gernelli, on monkeys thrusting stones between oyster-shells to keep them from closing, 481

Carter, H. J., on apparent intelligence of _athealium_, 19; of _actinophrys_ and _amoeba_, 20-1

Carus, Professor, on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Cat, the, 411-25; general remarks upon, 411-14; emotions of, 412-13; general intelligence of, 413-25; showing zoological discrimination, 414; punishing kittens for misbehaviour, 414; begging for food, 414-15; feeding kittens on bread when milk fails, 415; carrying kittens to be protected by master, 415; trying to catch image behind mirror, 416; communicating by signs, 419; devices for catching prey, 417-20; appreciation of mechanical appliances, 420-25; extinguishing fire by water, 425

Caterpillars, instinct of assisted by intelligence, 236-8; migrating, 238-40

Catesby, on co-operation of beetles, 226, 227; on frigate-pelican plundering boobies, 284

Cattle, fear exhibited by in slaughterhouses, 334; pride of, 334

_Cebus fatuellus_, observations on intelligence of, 484-98

Cecil, H., on tactics displayed by hunting wasps, 194

_Cephalopoda_, intelligence of, 29-30

_Cetacea_, 327-28

Challenge, mode of, in gulls, 291

Charming of snakes, 264

_Cheiroptera_, 341

_Chelmon rostratus_, 248

Chimpanzee, play of, 476-77

Chinese swallow, nidification of, 292

_Chironectes_, 243

Choice, as evidence of mind, 2

Clark, G., on intelligence of a bat, 341

Clark, Rev. H., on harvesting ants, 99; on dog recognising portrait, 454-5

Clarville, on co-operation of beetles, 228

Clavigero, on sympathy of pelicans for wounded companions, 275

Claypole, on intelligence of horse, 331-2

_Cnethocampii pitzocampa_, 244

Cobra, sexual affection of, 256; charming, 265; intelligence of, 262

Cock, domestic, killing hen upon hatching out eggs of other birds, 278

_Coelenterata_, movements of, and question concerning their intelligence, 22

_Coleoptera_, 226-9; co-operation of, 226-8; other instances of intelligence, 228-9

Colquhoun, on reasoning power of a dog, 463-4

Commensalism, between crab and anemone, and between mollusk and anemone, 233

Communication, _see_ Co-operation

Concerted action, _see_ Co-operation

Cones, Captain Elliot, on intelligence of wolverine, 348-50

_Conilurus constructor_, 326

Conklin, W. A., on elephants thatching their backs, 409

Consciousness, as evidence of mind, 2; gradual dawn of, 13

Conte, John Le, on reasoning power of a dog, 460-1

Cook, Capt., on tree ants, 111; intelligence of tree-ants, 133

Cook, George, on dog dragging mat about to lie upon, 466

Co-operation, of ants, 48-49, 51-59, 64 _et seq._ (in making slaves and waging war), 85-96; (in sundry occupations), 96-100; (in harvesting), 108-10, 111-14; (of apparently different species), 114-122; (of military ants), 127-30, 132-4, 136-40; of bees, 159-74; (in general work, wars, and architecture), 177, 178, 184-6, 190-2; of termites, 198-203; of beetles, 226-8; of birds, 318-22; of horses and asses, 333; of bison and buffalo, 335; of pigs, 339; of rats, 361, 362; of mice, 364; of beavers, 367-83; of elephants, 401; of foxes, 433; of wolves, 433 and 436; of jackals, 432-5; of baboons, 483

Corse, on memory of elephant, 386, 387; emotions of elephant, 393

Couch, on maternal instinct of hen, 272; mode in which guillemots catch fish, 285; mode of escape practised by swan, 290; birds removing dung from neighbourhood of their nests, 290; blackbirds mobbing cat, 291; nidification of swan, 296-8; crows punishing offenders, 323-4; intelligence of hare, 359; cat unlocking door, 424; fox avoiding trap, 428; catching crabs with tail, 432; mode by which a dog killed crabs, 459

_Corvus cornice_, punishing offenders, 323, 324

Cowper, on intelligence of hare, 359, 360

Cox, C., playhouses of bower-birds presented by him to Sydney Museum, 280

Crabs, 231-4

Craven, on intelligence of a sow, 340

Crehore, on foxes avoiding traps, 428, 429; on dog recognising portrait, 453

Cripps, his elephant dying under emotional disturbance, 396

Criterion of mind, 4-8

Crocodiles, 263

Crow, Capt. Hugh, on sympathy shown by monkeys for sick companion, 473, 474

Crows, memory of, 266; breaking shells by dropping them on the stones, 283; punishing offenders, 323-5

Cruelty, of cat, 413

Crustacea, 231-34

Cuckoo, parasitic instincts of, 301-7; eggs of coloured like those of the bird in whose nest they are laid, 307-9; American, 305, 306

Curiosity, of fish, 247; of birds, 278, 279; of ruminants and swine, 335; of monkeys, 477

Curlew, nidification of, 292

Cuvier, his orang drawing chair to stand upon to reach a latch, 481; on birds dreaming, 312

DACE, tamed, 246

Daldorff, on climbing perch, 248, 249

Dampier, on frigate-pelicans plundering boobies, 284; on monkeys hammering oyster shells with stones, 481

_Daphnia pulex_, seeking light, especially yellow ray, 23

Darwin, Charles, on apparent intelligence of worms, 24; of oyster, 25; of snail, 27; Mr. Hague's letter to, on powers of communication in ants, 54-7; observations on ants keeping aphides, 60, 61; on ants making slaves, 64, 66, 67; communications of Lincecum to, on harvesting ants, 103, 107; on proportional size of ants' brain, 140; communication of Müller on powers of communication in bees, 157; origin and development of cell-making instinct, 173-7; instincts of neuters, 181; quotation in MS. from Sir B. Brodie on bees supporting their combs, 185-6; his 'law of battle' in relation to spiders, 205; intelligence of crab, 233; his theory of sexual selection, 279-82; sense of smell in vultures, 286; on Wallace's theory of correlation between colour of sitting birds and form of their nests, 299; instincts of cuckoo, 304-6; birds dreaming, 312; Gauchos taming wild horses, 329; memory of horse, 330; intelligence of bear, 352; of elephant, 398, 402; collective instinct of wolves, 436; duration of memory in dogs, 438; intelligence of Eskimo dogs, 462; reasoning of retriever, 463-4; maternal care and grief of monkey, 472; sense of ludicrous in monkeys, 476; curiosity and imitativeness of monkeys, 477; imitativeness of man, 477-8; intelligent observation displayed by monkeys, 479, 480

Darwin, Erasmus, on bees ceasing to store honey in Barbadoes, 187; wasp dismembering fly to facilitate carriage, 195; unmoulted crab guarding moulted, 233; crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283; bird shaking seed out of poppy, 286; elephant acting nurse to young child, 408

Darwin, F., on bees biting holes through corollas, 189

Davis, on instincts of larvæ of bombyx moth, 239

Davy, Dr., on instincts of alligators, 256, 257; taming cobra, 265; performing operation on elephants, 400

Davy, Sir H., on eagles teaching young to fly, 290

Day, F., on intelligence of fish, 244-52

Deceitfulness, of elephant 410; of dog, 443, 444, 450-52, 457, 458; of monkey, 494

Deer, intelligence of, 336, 338, 339

De Fravière, on powers of communication in bees, 158; their scouts, 168

Descartes, his hypothesis of animal automatism, 6

Dicquemase, on intelligence of oyster, 25

Dipterous insects, intelligence in finding way out of a bell-jar, 153, 154; gad-fly, 230; house-fly, 230, 231

Division of labour, _see_ Co-operation

Dog, ringing bell, 423; knocking knocker, 423; collective instinct of, 435, 436; general remarks on psychology of, as influenced by domestication, 437, 438; memory of, 438; emotions of, 438-45; pride and sensitiveness, 439-42; intolerance of pain, 441; emulation and jealousy, 442, 443; sense of justice, 443; deceitfulness, 443, 444; sense of ludicrous and dislike of ridicule, 444, 445; general intelligence of, 445-70; communicating ideas, 445-7; instances of reason, 447-69

_Dolomedes fimbriata_, 213

_Doras_, 248

D'Osbonville, on monkeys administering corporal chastisement to their young, 482, 483

Dreaming, of birds, 269, 312; of ferrets, 347

Duchemin, M., on toads killing carp, 254

Duck, conjugal fidelity of, 270, 271; conveying young on back, 289

Dugardin, on communication among ants, 49; in bees, 156

Duncan, on cunning of a dog, 451

Dzierzon, on cause determining sex of bees' eggs, 162; bees repairing injuries to their cells, 186

EAGLE, plundering instinct of white-headed, 284; teaching young to fly, 290; variations in nest-building, 299; submitting to surgical operations, 313, 314

Earwig, 229, 230

Ebrard, on co-operation of ants, 132

_Echinodermata_, movements of, 23

Edmonson, Dr., on crows punishing offenders, 323, 324

Edward, on intelligence of frogs, 255; sympathy of terns for wounded companion, 274, 275; crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283; co-operation of turnstones, 321

Edward, H., on honey-making ants, 111-14

Eimer, Dr., on voluntary and involuntary movements of _Medusæ_, 22, 23

Elephant, general remarks upon, 386; memory of, 386, 387; emotions of, 387-96; vindictiveness, 387-9; sympathy, 389-90; rogue, 393, 394; dying under effects of emotion, 395, 396; general intelligence of, 396-410; enduring surgical operations, 399-400; vigilance, 401; formation of abstract ideas, 401, 402; intelligence of tame decoys, 402-6; of tame workers, 306-8; thatching their backs, 308, 309; removing leeches, and fanning away flies, 309, 310; concealing theft, 410

Ellendorf, Dr. F., on leaf-cutting ants, 95, 96; on ants making a bridge, 137

Elliot, on collective instinct of wolves, 433

Emery, J., on powers of communication in bees, 157

Emulation, of birds, 277; of dogs, 442

Encyclopædia Britannica, on bees following floating hives, 149; battles of queen-bees, 163, 164; parasitic instincts in birds, 306

Endurance, of pain by wild dogs, 441; of surgical operations by eagle, 313, 314; by elephants, 399, 400; by monkey, 482

Engelmann, on _Daphnia pulex_ seeking yellow light, 23

_Epeira aurelia_, Mr. F. Pollock on perfection of web built by young, 217

Erb, G. S., on intelligence of deer, 338, 339

_Esox lucius_, 246

Espinas, on co-operation of ants, 130

FABRE, on instincts of sphex-wasp, 180, 181

Faister, Mdlle de, her tame weasel, 346

Falcon, variations in nest-building, 299

Faraday, J., on intelligence of skate, 251

Fascination, alleged, by snakes, 263, 264

Fayrer, Sir J., on fascination by and charming of snakes, 264

Fear, in horses, 329; in ruminants, 334; in rabbits, 355; in rats, 360 excited in dogs by portraits, 455-7; in monkey by snakes, 477, and by imitation monkey, 495

Ferret, 347

Fire-flies, stuck on nests by baya-birds, 294

Fish, 241-53; comparison of brain with that of invertebrata, 241; emotions, 242-7; nidification, courtship, and care of young, 242-6; pugnacity, and social feelings, 242; anger, 246, 247; play, jealousy, curiosity, 247; angler, 247, 248; jaculator, 248; travelling over land, 248; climbing trees, 248, 249; migrations, 249, 250; general intelligence, 250-53

Fisher, J. F., on hen removing eggs with her neck, 288

Fleeson, Captain B., on honey-making ants, 111-14

Fleming, W. J., on intelligence of horse, 330

Fleury, Cardinal, on intelligence of ants in making bridges, 135

Forbes, on nidification of tailor-bird, 293

Forbes, James, on monkey begging for dead body of companion, 472

Forel, on ants; recognising slaves, 43; and fellow-citizens, 44; swarming habits, 58; experiment in rearing together hostile species, 59, 60; tunnelling to obtain aphides, 61; warfare, 68-77; play, 88; intelligence shown in architecture, 129

Forsteal, on termites, 198

Forster, W., on intelligence of a bull, 338

Fothergill, Percival, on reasoning power of a dog, 466

Fouillouse, J. de, on intelligence of hares, 357, 358

Fox, 426-33; lying in wait for hares, 426, 427; avoiding traps, 427-30; allowing itself to be extricated from trap, 431; catching crabs with tail, 432; collective instinct in hunting, 433

Fox, C., on intelligence of porpoises, 328

Frankland, Mrs., on cock bullfinch recognising portrait of hen, 311

Franklin, on powers of communication in ants, 49

Franklin, Dr., on sympathy in parrots, 276

Frogs, 254, 255

Frost, Dr., on cat sprinkling crumbs to attract birds, 418, 419

Furniss, J. J., on elephants thatching their backs, 408, 409

GAD-FLY, instinct of, 230

Gander, _see_ Goose

Gaphaus, H. A., on cat opening thumb-latch, 421

Gardener, on intelligence of crab, 233

Garraway, Dr., on beetle concealing its store of food, 229

_Gasteropoda_, intelligence of, 26-29

_Gasterosteus pungitius_, 243; _G. spinachia_, 243

Geer, M., on earwig incubating young, 229

_Gelasimus_, 233

Gentles, W. Laurie, on intelligence of a sheep-dog, 448, 449

Geoffrey, on pilot fish, 252

Gibbons, their sympathy for suffering companions, 472, 473

Gleditsch, on beetles undermining stick supporting a dead toad, 228; on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Glutton, 347-50

Goat, intelligence of, 337, 338

Goat-sucker, removing eggs, 289; nidification of, 292

Goldfinch, trained, 312

Goldsmith on habits of rooks, 322, 323

Goldsmith, Dr., on intelligence of otter, 346

Gollitz, Herr, on co-operation of beetles, 227

Goodbehere, S., on intelligence of a pony and ass, 332, 333; on cunning of sheep-killing dogs, 450; on dog knowing value of different coins, 452, 453

Goose, affection and sympathy of, 272, 273; removing eggs from rats, 288; noting time, 314; opening latch of gate, 316

Gosse, on commensalism of crab and anemone, 234

Gould, on bower-bird, 279-81; on humming-birds, 281; on talegallus, 294, 295

Graber, Titus, on proportional size of ant's brain, 141

_Grapsus stringosus_, 231

Gray, Sir George, on nidification of talegallus, 295

Gredler, Vincent, on division of labour among leaf-cutting ants, 99, 100

Green, on intelligence of pigs, 339

Green, Seth, on tactics displayed by hunting wasps, 193

Griffiths, on intelligence of elephant, 388, 389

Grosbeak, nidification of, 295, 296

Grouse, learning to avoid telegraph wires, 312, 313

Groves, J. B., on cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 416

Guana, _see_ Reptiles

Guerinzius, on wasps recognising persons, 188

Guillemots, plundering of by gulls, 283, 284; mode of catching fish, 285

Gulls, plundering guillemots, 283, 284; mode of challenge, 291; nidification, 292

Guring, Thomas, on intelligence of geese, 314, 315

HAGEN, on termites, 202

Hague, on powers of communication in ants, 54-7

Hamilton, R., on fear exhibited by cattle in slaughterhouses, 334

Hancock, Dr., on fish quitting water, 248; crows breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283

Harding, S., on intelligence of a pig, 340

Hare, 357-60

Hartmann, Von, his definition of instinct, 15; on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Harvesting-ants, 96-110; mice, 365, 366

Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, on limpet remembering locality, 28-9

Hayden, on monkey keeping door open with blanket, 481

Hayes, Dr., on intelligence of Eskimo dogs, 462

_Helix pomatia_, intelligence of, 26, 27

_Hemerobius chrysops_, 240

Hen, maternal instinct of, 272; removing eggs with neck, 288; and young chicken on back, 288, 289

Henderson, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364, 365

Heron, variations in nest-building, 299

Hogg, on intelligence of his sheep-dog, 448

Holden, on starlings learning to avoid telegraph wires, 312, 313

Hollmann, on intelligence of _octopus_, 30

_Homarus marinus_, 233

Hooker, Sir Joseph, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Hooper, W. F., on intelligence of a dog, 463

Horn, Mrs., on reasoning powers of a dog, 462

Hornet, carrying heavy prey up an elevation in order to fly away with it, 196

Horse, emotions of, 328-30; memory, 330; general intelligence, 328, 330-3

Horse-fly, tamed, 230, 231

Horsfall, on dog finding his way about by train, 467, 468

Hoste, Sir W., on wounded monkey showing its blood to the sportsman, 476

Houzeau, on hen transporting young chicken on her back, 288, 289; parrots not being deceived by mirrors, 310, 311; birds dreaming, 312; mules counting their journeys, 332; monkeys destroying poison-fangs of snakes, 483

Hubbard, Mrs., on intelligence of a cat, 414

Huber, Bishop, on sympathy of elephant, 389

Huber, F. and P., on instinct, 16. On ants: sense of smell in, 33; recognising companions, 41; powers of communication, 49, 50; observations on slave-making instinct, 65; on warfare, 76; play, 87, 88; harvesting, 97; carrying one another, 109; intelligence shown in architecture, 128, 129. On bees: sense of hearing in, 144; duration of memory, 155; powers of communication, 156, 159; manipulation and uses of propolis, 161; battles of queen-bees, 164, 165; form of cells, 173; building cells, 177, 178; barricading doors against moths, 184; strengthening combs, 185; biting holes in corollas, 189; ventilating hives, 191, 192; effects of removing antennæ of bees, 197

Hudson, on habits of _Melothrus_, 309, 310

Hugen, on termites, 198

Humboldt, on instincts of young turtles, 257

Humming-birds, æsthetic instincts of, 281

Hutchings, J., on intelligence of a cat, 417

Hutchinson, on alleged tendency of scorpion to commit suicide, 225

Hutchinson, Col., on reasoning power of a dog, 463, 464

Hutchinson, Dr. H. F., on wolf-spider stalking own image in mirror, 213

Hutchinson, S. J., on intelligence of polar bear, 351, 352

Hutton, Mrs., on ants burying their dead, 91, 92

_Hydrargrza_, 248

_Hymenoptera_, _see_ Ants and Bees

IBEX, does assisting wounded buck to escape, 334

Idealism, cannot be refuted by argument, 6

Ideas, _see_ Association

Imitation, shown by talking birds, monkeys, and idiots, 477, 478

Instinct, defined and distinguished from reason and reflex action, 10-17; of medusæ, 23; of worms, 24; of mollusca, 25; of ants with reference to colour, 32, 33; to smell, 33-7; to sense of direction, 37-9; to recognising friends, 41-5; to swarming, 57, 58; to nursing, 58; to education, 59, 60; to keeping aphides, 60-4; to making slaves, 64-8; to wars, 68-83; to keeping pets, 83, 84; to sleep and cleanliness, 84-7; to play and leisure, 87-9; to treatment of dead, 89-93; of leaf-cutting species, 93-6; of harvesting species, 97-110; of tree-inhabiting species, 110, 111; of honey-making species, 111-14; of ecitons, 114-22; of driver and marching species, 121-2; of bees and wasps, with reference to colour, 143-4; to sense of direction, 144-51; to food-collecting and wax-making, 160-2; to propagation, 162-8; of queens, 162-5; of killing drones, 165-8; with reference to wars, 169, 170; to architecture, 170-80; of sphex-wasp, 180, 181; of termites, 198-203; of spiders, 204-18; of scorpion, 222-5; of beetles, 226-9; of earwig, 229, 230; of flies, 230, 231; of crustacea, 231, 232; of larvæ, 234-40; of fish, 242-53; of batrachians, 254; of reptiles, 256-9; of birds, with reference to procuring food, 283-7; to incubation, 287-91; to nidification, 291-301; of cuckoo, 301-10; of marsupials, 320; of whale, 327; of ruminants, 335; of swine, 339; of bats, 341; of seals, 341-8; of wolverine, 348-50; of rodents, 353, 354; of rabbit, 354-7; of hare, 354-9; of rats, 360; of mice, 364-5; of rat-hare, 365, 366; of beaver, mixed with intelligence, 367; with reference to propagation and lodges, 367-71; to procuring food, 371-3; to dams, 373-80; to canals, 380-4; of cat, 411-12; of dog, 437, 438; of monkey, 471

JACKAL, 426; collective instinct in hunting, 432-35

Jackdaw, gesticulating signs made by, 316; congregation for court held by, 324

Jacob, Sir G. Le Grand, on crows punishing offender, 324-5; ibexes assisting wounded mate to escape, 334

Japp, on dog spontaneously learning use of coin, 452

Jealousy, of fish, 242; of birds, 276-7; of horse, 329, 330; of dogs, 442, 443; of monkey, 493

Jenkins, H. L., on formation of abstract ideas by elephants, 401, 402

Jenner, on instinct of young cuckoo, 301-4

Jerdon, Dr., on harvesting-ants, 97; on birds dreaming, 312

Jervoise, Sir J. C., on bee biting hole in a corolla, 189; on combined action of rooks in obtaining food from pheasants, 321

Jesse, on intelligence of bees in adapting their combs to smooth surface, 186; spider protecting eggs from cold, 219; tame house-fly, 230, 231; affection of male for female pike, 246; attachment between alligator and cat, 258, 259; conjugal fidelity of swan, and pigeon, 271; sympathy of rooks, 273, 274; lapwing stamping on ground to make worms rise, 285; goose removing eggs from rats, 288; birds removing dung from neighbourhood of their nests, 290; swallows killing and imprisoning hostile sparrows, 318, 319; kangaroo throwing young from pouch when pursued, 326, 327; stag shaking berries from trees, and manifesting intelligence in escaping from dogs, 336; intelligence of buffalo, 336, 337; intelligence of rats, 360-2; of elephants, 398; collective instinct of foxes, 433; wounded monkey showing its blood to the sportsman, 476

Jillson, Professor, on habits of the 'prairie-dog,' 366

John, St., on intelligence of fox, 426, 427; idea of caste in dog, 442

Johnson, on termites, 198; on orang-outangs removing their dead companions, 472

Johnson, Capt., on wounded monkey showing its blood to the sportsman, 475

Johnson, Dr., his definition of reason, 14

KANGAROO, throwing young from pouch when pursued, 326, 327

Kaup, on fish, 246

Kemp, Dr. L., on battles of queen-bees, 164; robber bees, 170; on intelligence of decoy elephants, 402

Kent, Saville, on intelligence of porpoises, 327, 328

Kesteven, Dr. W. H., on cat knocking knocker, 424

Kingfisher, nidification of, 292

Kirby, on water-spider, 212; shore crabs, 232; migration of salmon, 249, 250; intelligence of carp, 250

Kirby and Spence, on powers of communication in ants, 49; sense of direction in bees, 148; hexagonal form of bees' cells, 172; ceasing to store honey in tropics, 188; co-operation of beetles, 226; caterpillars, 236, and 238, 239

Klein, Dr., on intelligence of a cat, 418, 419

Kleine, Herr, on behaviour of bees when finding empty combs substituted for full ones, 186, 187

Klingelhöffer, Herr, on co-operation of beetles, 227-8

König, on termites, 198

Kreplin, Herr H., on ecitons, 139

_LABRUS_, 247

Lacepède, on fish coming to sound of bell, &c., 250

_Lacerta iguana_, 255

_Lagomys_, provident habits of, 365

Landois, on powers of communication in bees, 158

Langshaft, on bees recognising hive companions, 183; on robber bees, 183-4

Lapwing, stamping on ground to make worms rise, 285; intelligence of, 315, 316

Larvæ, of insects, intelligence of, 234-40

Latreille, on ants, sympathy of, 47

Lauriston, Baron, on sympathy of elephant, 390

Layard, Consul, on intelligence of cobra, 262; on nidification of baya-bird, 294; on cat pulling bell-wire, 424

Lee, Mrs., on intelligence of robin, 314; of goats, 337; of rats, 361; on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Leeches, apparent intelligence of, 24

Lefroy, Lieut-Gen, Sir John, on terrier communicating wants by signs, 446

Lehr, Herr H., on bees draining their hive, 190

Leroy, C. G., on nidification of birds, 300; on migration, 301; on collective instinct of wolves, 436

Lespès, on ants: slave-making instinct, 65, 66; warfare, 68, 69; division of labour, 98, 99; on termites, 198

Leuckart, Prof., on intelligence of ants in surmounting obstacles, 135

Lever, Sir Ashton, his experiment on eccentricity of nest-building instinct, 295

Limpet, remembering locality, 28, 29

Lincecum, Dr., on harvesting ants, 97 and 103-7; carrying one another, 109

Lindsay, Dr. L., on birds dreaming, 312

Linnæus, on swallows imprisoning sparrows, 318

Linnet, intelligence of in not flying against mirror, 311; trained, 312

_Liparis chrysorrhaca_, 238

Livingstone, Dr., on certain ants of Africa, 110; honey-guide, 315; intelligence of buffalo, 335, 336; reasoning power of dog, 457

Lobster, 233

Lockman, J., on fondness of pigeon for a particular air of music, 282

Lonsdale, on intelligence of snails, 27

_Lophius piscator_, 247-8

Lophobranchiate fish, incubating eggs in mouth, 245-6

Loudoun's 'Magazine of Natural History,' quotations from, 357

Love-bird, conjugal affection of, 270

Löwenfels, Herr H., on a wasp dismembering a fly to facilitate carriage, 196.

Lubbock, Sir John, on ants: sense of sight in, 32; of hearing, 33; of smell, 33-7; of direction, 37-8; recognising companions and nest-mates, 41-3 and 44-5; deficiency of affection and sympathy, 45-7; powers of communication, 50-3; collecting hatching eggs of aphides, 61-2; keeping pets, 84; general intelligence, 123-8. On bees and wasps: sense of sight in, 143; of smell and hearing, 144; of direction, 144-8; memory, 151-4; taming wasps, 153; experiment on comparative intelligence of wasp and fly in finding way out of a bell-jar, 153-4; experiments to test sympathy, 155-6; way-finding, 181-3; recognising one another, 183-4. On co-operation of beetles, 226.

Ludicrous, sense of, in dogs, 444-5; in monkeys, 476, 485, 487, and 490

Lukis, F. C., on limpet remembering locality, 29

MACLACHLAN, on caddis-worms, 244

Maclaurin, on mathematical principles observed by bees in constructing their cells, 171

_Macropodus_, 244

Malcolm, Sir James, on sympathy shown by monkey, 474-5

Malle, Dureau de la, on dog knocking knocker, 423-4; collective instinct of dogs, 435-6

Mammals, 326-498

Mann, Mr. and Mrs., their tame snakes, 256, 260-2

Mansfield, nest of fish, 242-43

Marsupials, 326-7

Martin, nidification of house, 292; of land, 292

Martin, John, on reasoning power of cat, 415

MacCook, the Rev. Dr., on ants: recognising fellow-citizens, 44; feeding comrades with aphides-secretion, 63-4; keeping cocci and caterpillars, 64; warfare, 78, 81-3; sleep and cleanliness, 84-87; play, 88; funeral habits, 89-91; agricultural, 97, 103-10; modes of mining, 108; swarming habits of agriculturals, 108-9; carrying one another, 109-10; removing nest from shade of tree, 131; cutting leaves from shading tree, 131-2; co-operation in cutting grass, 132

M'Crady, on larva of _Medusæ_ sucking nutriment from parent, 34

Meek, his cat trying to catch image behind mirror, 415-16

Meenan, on a wasp carrying heavy prey up an elevation in order to fly away with it, 197

_Melanerpes formicivorus_, 285

_Melia tessellata_, 233-4

_Melipona domestica_, form of its cells, 173-6

_Melothrus_, 309-10

Memory, of mollusca, 25-9; of ants, 39-45; of bees, 151-5; of beetles and earwig, 226-30; of batrachians, 255; of reptiles, 259 _et seq._; of birds, 266-70; of horse, 330; of elephant, 386-7; of dog, 438; of monkey, 497

Menault, on eagle submitting to surgical operation, 313-14; on mason bee, 178-9

Merian, Madame, on ants of visitation, 130; mygale spider eating humming-birds, 208

Merrell, Dr., on instinct of American cuckoo, 305-6

Mice, 360-4

Migration, of caterpillars, 238; of crabs, 232; of fish, 248-50; of reptiles, 257-8; of birds, 266; of mammals, 341-50, and 368

Mildmay, Sir Henry, on pigs learning to point game, 339-40

Mill, John S., on instinct of cruelty in man, 413

Miller, Prof., calculations regarding form of bee's cell, 173

Mind, subjective and objective analysis of, 1; evidence of, 2; criterion of, 4-8

Mischievousness, fondness of, shown by monkeys, 485 _et seq._

Mitchell, on fish removing eggs from disturbed nest, 251

Mitchell, Major, on habits of _Conilurus constructor_, 326

Mivart, on instincts of sphex-wasps, 181

Mobbing instinct in birds, 291

Möbius, Prof., on commensalism between crab and anemone, 233

Moggridge, on ants: sympathy of, 48; suggestion to Mr. Hague, 56; warfare of, 79-81; keeping pets, 83; harvesting, 97-8 and 100-2; division of labour, 98; harvesters using burrows made by elater, 130; intelligent adaptation to artificial conditions, 130; co-operation in cutting grass, &c., 133. On trap-door spiders covering trap-doors with moss, &c., 214-15; making trap-door at exposed end of accidentally inverted tube, 215-216; perfection of dwellings built by young spiders, 216-17; manner in which instinct of making trap-doors probably arose, 217-18

Mollusca, intelligence of, 25-30

Monboddo, Lord, on snake finding way home, 262

Monkeys, 471-98; general remarks on psychology of, 471 and 497-98; emotions of, 471-8; affection and sympathy, 471-5; reproach, 475-6; ludicrous, 476, 485, 487, 490; play, 476-77; curiosity, 477; imitation, 477; rage, jealousy, and revenge, 478; memory of, 497; general intelligence of, 478; behaviour with mirror, 478-9 and 495-6; picking shells off eggs, and taking care not to be stung by wasps in paper, 479; intelligence of Mr. Belt's, 480; disentangling chains, 480 and 486-8; raking in objects with sticks or cloths, 480 and 486; drawing chair to stand upon, 481; using levers, 481 and 492; using hammers, 481 and 485; divining principle of screw, 490-91; keeping door open with blanket, 481-2; allowing tooth to be drawn, 482; punishing young, 482-3; destroying snake's fangs, 483; concerted action, 483; love of mischief, 485 _et seq._; throwing things in rage, 485 _et seq._; pushing slab to which tied, 484-7; capricious attachments and dislikes, 484 _et seq._; trying to unlock a box, 492; playing with fire, 493-4; expression of emotions, 494-5; dread of imitation monkey, 495

Morgan, L. A., on spider conveying insect to larder, 220

Morgan, L. H., on the beaver, 367-83

Moschkau, Dr., on intelligence shown by a spider which he habitually fed, 218-19

Moseley, Lewin, performing operation on a monkey, 482

Moseley, Prof., on intelligence of crabs, 231-2

Mossman, Rev. J. W., on wasps coming out of small aperture backwards, 192-3

Mule, alleged counting by, 332; intelligence of, 333-4

Müller, Adolph, on instinct of cuckoo, 306-7

Müller, F., on powers of communication in bees, 157; on termites, 198 and 201

Murray, S., intelligence of his dog, 450

Music, fondness of spiders for, 205-7; of parrots and pigeon, 282

Mygale spider eating humming-birds, 208

_Myriophyllum spicatum_, 243

_Myrmeleon formicarium_, 234-5

NADAULT, Madame, the association of ideas shown by her parrot, 269

Napier, Commander, on pigeon making a horse shake oats from nose-bag, 317

Napier, Lady, recollection in parrot, 269, 270; emulation in parrot, 276, 277

Nest, _see_ Nidification

Newall, R. S., on wasp dividing caterpillar to facilitate carriage, 195, 196

Newbury, on absence of beaver dams in California, 370, 371

Newton, Professor A., on instincts of cuckoo, 306-9

Nichols, W. W., on intelligence of pigeons, 317

Nicols, A., on reasoning power of a retriever, 464, 465

_Nicrophorus_, 228

Nidification, of crustacean, 232, 233; of fish, 242-5; of birds, 291-301; petrels and puffins, 291, 292; auks, curlew, goatsucker, ostrich, gulls, sandpipers, plovers, kingfisher, Chinese swallow, house-martin, 292; tomtit, woodpecker, starling, weaver, 293; baya, talegallus, 294; grosbeak, 295, 296; swan, 296-8; Wallace's theories concerning, 298, 299; variability of 299-301; of harvesting mice, 365

Nightingales, removing nest, 289

Niphon, Professor, on intelligence of a mule, 333, 334

_Noctua Ewingii_, 238

_Noctura verbasci_, 236

North, the Rev. W., on intelligence of mice, 361, 362

Nottebohm, Herr, on ants stocking trees with aphides, 63

OBSTETRIC-FISH, 246; toad, 254

_Octopus_, intelligence of, 29, 30

_[OE]cypoda ippeus_, 231

Oldham, A., on jealousy in dog, 442, 443

Orang-outang, removing dead companions, 472; sense of humour in, 476; drawing chair to stand upon to reach high places, 481

_Orthotomus_, 293

Ostrich, conjugal affection of, 270; nidification, 292

Otter, 346

Oyster, intelligence of, 25

PALLAS, on provident habits of Lagomys, 365

Parrot, memory of, 267-9; recollection, 269, 270; talking, &c., 267-70; sympathy, 275, 276; exultation on baffling imitative powers of master, 277; vindictiveness, 277; fondness of music, 282; difficult to deceive by mirrors, 310, 311

Parry, Captain, on instincts of wild swan, 297

Partridge, removing eggs, 289

Peach, C. W., on dog recognising portrait, 453, 454

Peal, G. E., on elephants removing leeches and fanning away flies, 409, 410

Pearson, Colonel, the reasoning power of his dog, 466, 467

Peeweet, _see_ Lapwing.

Pelicans, sympathy of for wounded companions, 275; frigate, 284; combined action of in fishing, 319

Penky, the Rev. Mr., on reasoning power of a dog, 466, 467

Pennant, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Pennent, on domestication of toad, 255; on fascination by rattle-snake, 263

_Perca scandens_, 248, 249

Perception, 9

Perch, climbing, 248, 249

Percival, Dr., on cock killing hen when she hatched out eggs of partridge, 278

Petrels, nidification of, 291, 292

Phillips, J., his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454

Picton, Mrs. E., on sensitiveness of a terrier, 440, 441

_Pieris rapæ_, 236

Pigeon, memory of, 266; conjugal affection and fidelity, 270, 271; fondness for a particular air of music, 282; intelligence in avoiding turtles, 317; in making horse shake oats from nose-bag, 317

Pigs, 339-41

Pike, affection of male for female, 246

Pilot-fish, 251, 252

Pinnipeds, breeding habits of, 342, 346

Pipe-fish, 246

Piracy, instinct of, in birds, 283, 284, 301-7

_Pisces_, _see_ Fish

Play, of ants, 87, 89; of fish, 242; of birds, 279; of porpoise, 327, 328; of dogs, 445; of monkeys, 476, 477

Pliny, on ants burying their dead, 91; sexual affection of snakes, 256; on intelligence of elephant, 386; on memory of elephant, 387

_Ploceus textor_, 293

Plover, _see_ Lapwing; nidification of, 292

Plutarch, on intelligence of elephant, 386

_Podocerus capillatus_, 232

Polar bear, 352, 353

Polecat, curious instinct of, 347

_Polistes carnifex_, taking precise bearings to remember locality, 150, 151

_Polistes Gallica_, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153; robber, 169

Pollock, F., on perfection of webs built by young spiders, 217

Pollock, W., on association of ideas in parrot, 269

_Polydectes cupulifer_, 233

Pope, on instinct and reason, 15

Porpoise, intelligence of, 327, 328

Portraits, recognised by birds, 311; by dogs, 453-7

Pouchet, on improvement in nidification of swallows, 300, 301

Powelsen, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Prairie dog, 366

Pride, of birds, 279; of horse, 330; of ruminants, 334; of dog, 439-42

_Prinia_, 293

_Protozoa_, movements of, 18; apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Provident instincts, of ants, 97-110; of bees, 160-162; of a bird, 285; of rodents, 353, 354, and 365, 366; of beaver, 368-70

Puffins, nidification of, 291, 292

Pugnacity, of ants, 45; of bees, 165-70; of spiders, 204-5; of fish, 242; of seal, 341-6; of rabbits, 355; of rat-hare, 365, 366; of canine animals, 426

Python, tame, affection of, &c., 256 and 260-2

QUARTERLY REVIEW, on intelligence of rats, 360, 361

Quatrefages, on termites, 198

RABBIT, 354-7

Rabigot, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Rae, Dr. John, on intelligence of horse, 331; of wolverine, 348; of wolves and foxes, 429, 430; of dog, 465, 466

Rae, on dog ringing bell, 423

Ransom, Dr., on sticklebacks, 245

Rarey, his method of taming horses, 328, 329

Rats, 360-3

Rattlesnake, alleged fascination by, 263

Ravens, breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283

Razor-fish, intelligence of, 25

Reason, definition of, and distinguished from instinct, 13-17; exhibitions of, by various animals, _see_ under sections headed 'general intelligence'

Réaumur, on intelligence of ants, 128; sympathy of bees, 156; carpenter-bee, 179; encasing snail with propolis, 190; conveying carrion out of hive, 191; experiments on instincts of caterpillars, 237; on larvæ chasing aphides, 240

Reclain, Professor C., on spider descending to violin-player, 205, 206

Recognition of persons, by bees, 188; by snakes and tortoises, 259-61; of places, by mollusca, 27-9; by ants, 33 _et seq._; by bees, 144 _et seq._; of offspring, by earwig, 229; of portraits, _see_ Birds and Dogs; of other members of a hive by ants and bees, _see_ Ants and Bees

Reeks, H., on collective instinct of wolves, 436

Reflex action, 2-4

Reid, Dr., on mathematical principles observed by bees in constructing their cells, 171

Rengger, on maternal care and grief of a cebus, 472; monkeys displaying intelligent observation, 479; using levers, 481

Reproach, shown by gestures of monkeys 475-478

Reptiles, 255-265; emotions of, 255, 256, and 260-2; incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256; general intelligence of, 256-263; fascination by, 263, 264; charming of, 264, 265

Reyne, his observations on snake-charming, 264, 265

_Rhizopoda_, apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Richards, Captain, on pilot-fish, 252

Richardson, Mrs. A. S. H., on elephant concealing theft, 410; on dog finding its way home by train, 468, 469

Ridicule, dislike of, by dogs and monkeys, _see_ Ludicrous

Risso, M., on habits of pipe-fish, 246

Robertson, Professor G. Croora, on behaviour of an ape with a mirror, 478, 479

Robin, intelligence of, 314

Rodents, 353

Rodwell, on intelligence of rats, 360-2

Rogue-elephants, _see_ Elephant

Romanes, Miss C., on dog recognising portrait, 455, 456; on intelligence of cebus, 484-95

Romanes, G. J., on movements of rotifer, 18, 19; of medusæ, 22; of echinodermata, 23; emotions of stickleback, 246, 247; piracy of terns and gulls, 283-4; mode of challenge practised by gulls, 291; birds deceived by mirrors, 311; grouse learning to avoid telegraph wires, 313; intelligence of horse, 330; intelligence of ferrets, 347; instincts of rabbits, 354; intelligence of rabbits, 354, 355; rabbits fighting rats, 355; drawing dead companions out of holes, 356, 357; intelligence of hare, 357; hares and rabbits allowing themselves to be caught by weasels, 359; rats using their tails for feeding purposes, 363; cat opening thumb-latch, 420, 421; collective instinct of jackals, 434, 435; of dogs, 435; duration of memory in dog, 438; pride and sensitiveness in dog, 439, 440; intolerance of dog towards pain, 441; emulation and jealousy in dog, 442; deceitfulness and dislike of ridicule in dog, 444; sense of ludicrous in dog, 444, 445; dogs communicating ideas, 445, 446; dogs slipping into their collars to conceal their sheep-killing, &c., 435 and 450, 451; dog recognising portrait, 456, 457; reasoning of dog, 457, 458; caution of a dog in killing snakes, 460; sympathy of an Arabian baboon, 474; sense of ludicrous and dislike of ridicule in monkey, 476; intelligence of _Cebus fatuellus_, 484-98

Rooks, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 273, 274; concerted action of, in obtaining food from dogs, 319, 320; from pheasants, 321; nesting habits and punishment of culprits, 322-5

_Rotifera_, movements of, 18

Ruminants, 334

Russell, Lord Arthur, witnessing tameness of snakes, 261

_SAGARTIA parasitica_, 234

Salmon, migration of, 249, 250

_Salticus scenicus_, 213

Sandpipers, nidification of, 292

_Sarsia_, seeking light, 23

Saunders, S. S., on trap-door spiders, 215

Savage, on play of chimpanzees, 476, 477

Schiller, on pride of bell-wether steers, 334

Schipp, Lieut., on combined action of baboons, 483

Schlosser, on jaculator-fish, 248

Schlüter, Herr A., on a hornet carrying heavy prey up an elevation in order to fly away with it, 196

Schneider, on intelligence of _octopus_, 29, 30; on fish guarding eggs, 242; jealousy of fish, 247

Sclater, Dr., on instincts of cuckoo, 325; lending a cebus for observation, 483

Scoresby, on maternal affection of whale, 327; on intelligence of polar bear, 351

Scorpion, alleged suicide of, when surrounded by fire or heat, 222-25

Sea-anemones, 233, 234

Seals, intelligence of, and breeding-habits of pinnipeds, 341-6

Seebohm, on instincts of cuckoo, 325

_Semnopithecus entellus_, destroying poison fangs of snakes, 483

Sensation, 8

Severn, H. A., on nidification of baya-bird, 294

Severn, W., on snakes, 260, 261

Sheep, pride of leaders, 334

Shelley, lines on curiosity of fish, 247

Shipp, Capt., on vindictiveness of elephant, 387, 388; on intelligence of elephant, 397, 398

Siebold, on robber-wasps, 169

Sieur, Roman, his trained birds, 312

Signs, made by ants, 49 _et seq._; by bees, 157 _et seq._; by termites, 200; by birds, 315, 316; by elephants, 391 and 401; by cat, 416; by dog, 445-7; by monkey, 472, 475, 476

_Simiadæ_, _see_ Monkeys

Simonius, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Sinclair, W., on intelligence of horse, 33

Skate, supposed intelligence of, 251

Skinner, Major, on intelligent vigilance of elephants, 400, 401; on training of cobra, 265

Slingsby, his experiment in training a house-fly, 230, 231

Smeathman, on termites, 198-203

Smeaton, Th. D., on dog making peace-offerings, 452

Smiles, Dr. S., on observation of Stephenson, 247; on observations of Edward, 255, 275, 283, 321

Smith, A. P., on intelligence of a cat, 414

Smith, Colonel, on pilot-fish, 252

Smith, Colonel Hamilton, on intelligence of cattle-dogs, 449

Smith, Sir Andrew, on revenge of a baboon, 478

Snails, intelligence of, 26-28

Snakes, incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256; tamed, 256, 260-3, 265; finding way home, 262; intelligence of, 262-3; fascination by, 263-4; charming of, 264-5

Social feelings, _see_ Sympathy and Affection; habits common to Hymenoptera and termites, 202

Sow, pointing game, 339, 340

Sparman, on termites, 198

Spencer, Herbert, on migration of salmon, 249; on play as allied to artistic feeling, 279

Sphex, _see_ under Wasp

Spiders, emotions of, 204-7; courtship, 204, 205; strength of maternal instinct, 205; fondness of music, 205-7; web-building, 207-12; geometric, 209; water, 212; wolf or vagrant, 213; trap-door, 213-18; admit of being tamed and distinguish persons, 218-19; protecting eggs from cold, 219; protecting themselves from ecitons, 219; conveying prey to larder, 220; suspending weights to steady web, 220-2; wide geographical range of trap-door spiders, 216

Stag, intelligence of, 336

Starlings, nidification of, 293; learning to avoid telegraph-wires, 312-13

Stephenson, on curiosity of fish, 247

Stevens, J. G., on intelligence of a cat, 417-18

Sticklebacks, 243-5, 246-7

Stickney, on bees remembering in successive years the position of a disused hive, 154

Stodmann, on wasps recognising persons, 188

Stone, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Stork, vindictiveness of, 277-8

Strachan, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395-6

Strange, F., on habits of bower-bird, 281

Strauss, on co-operation of beetles, 228

Street, J., on blackbirds removing their young, 289

Strickland, on intelligence of a mare, 332

Swainson, on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Swallows, memory of, 266; improvement in their nidification and adopting new modes of, 300; migration, 301; making tunnels, 318; killing imprisoned hostile sparrows, 318-19

Swan, conjugal fidelity of, 271; mode of escaping with young, 290; nidification, 496-8

Swine, 339-41

Sword-fish, 252-3

Sykes, Colonel, on harvesting ants, 97; on tree ants, 110-11; intelligence of ants in getting at food in difficult situations, 134, 135; on nidification of tailor-bird, 293

_Sylvia_, 293

Sympathy, of ants, 46-9; of bees, 155-6; of fish, 242; of birds, 270-6; of horse, 331-2; of ruminants, 334; of elephants, 387-92, and 397, 398; of cat, 416; of monkeys, 471-5

TAIT, LAWSON, on cat signing to have bell pulled, 423

_Talegallus_, nidification of, 294

Taylor, the Rev. Mr., cunning of his dog, 451

Tegetmeier, on amount of sugar required by bees to make honey, 176

Telescope-fish, 246

Tennent, Sir E., on apparent intelligence of land-leeches, 24; intelligence of tree-ants, 134; mygale eating humming birds, 208; climbing-perch, 249; sexual affection of cobra, 246; snake-charming, 264, 265; taming of cobra, 265; nidification of baya-bird, 294; combined action of crows, 319, 320; of buffaloes, 335; use of tame buffalo, 335; on emotions and intelligence of elephant, 389, 390, 393-6, 400-8; collective instinct of jackals, 432, 433

Tepper, Mr. Otto, on intelligence of a cat, 424

Termites, 198-203; architecture, 198, 199, and 201, 202; workers and soldiers, 200, 201; swarming, breeding, &c., 202; remarkable similarity of instincts to those of Hymenoptera, 202; instincts detrimental to individual but beneficial to species, 202, 203

Terns, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 274, 275; robber, 284; mobbing robber-terns, 291

_Theda isocrates_, 238

Theuerkauf, Herr G., on intelligence of ants in making a bridge of aphides over tar, 136

Thompson, E. P., on bees remembering exact position of absent hive, 149; on garden-spider's mode of web-building, 210, 211; ant-lion, 234, 235; emotions of guana, 255, 256; fascination by snakes, 264; nidification of sociable grosbeak, 295, 296; birds dreaming, 312; maternal affection of whale, 327; bisons defending themselves from wolves, 334, 335; pigs defending themselves from wolves, 339; cleanliness of pig, 340, 341; intelligence of weasel, 346; of mouse, 361; harvesting-mice, 365, 366

Thomson, Dr. Allen, on scorpions committing suicide, 223-5

Thornton, Colonel, his sow trained to point game, 340

Thresher-fish, 252, 253

Thrushes, breaking shells against stones, 283

_Tinea_, 237

Toads, 254, 255

Tomtit, nidification of, 293

Topham, Dr. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 222

Topham, Mr. J., on bees remembering exact position of absent hive, 149

Tortoises, knowing persons, 259

Townsend, the Rev. W., on elephant concealing theft, 410; on dog finding its way about by train, 468-9

Truro, Lord, on intelligence of a dog, 450

Turner, George, on bees remembering exact position of absent hive, 149

Turnstones, intelligence of, 321

Turtles, 257, 258, and 262

VAILLANT, Le, on fascination by tree-snake, 263, 264

Valiant, L., on nidification of sociable grosbeak, 296

Venn, on association of ideas in parrot, 267, 268

Vigot, Dr., on snake finding way home, 262

Villiers, De, on instincts of larvæ of bombyx moth, 240

Vindictiveness, of birds, 277, 278, and 318-25; of horse, 330, 331; of elephant, 387-9; of monkeys, 478, and 484-96

Virchow, on difficulty of distinguishing between instinct an reason, 12

Vogt, Karl, on duration of memory in ants, 41; bridge-making, 136

Vultures, finding carrion by sight and not by smell, 286, 287; intelligence, 314

WAFER, on monkeys hammering oyster-shells with stones, 481

Wakefield, P., on intelligence of goats, 337, 338

Wallace, A. R., on philosophy of birds'-nests, 298-300

Warden, on frogs going straight to nearest water, 254

Wasp-mason, 180; butcher, 180, 181; sphex, 181; hunting, 193, 194; common, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153

Wasps, sense of direction in, 147; teaching themselves, 154; killing larvæ, 167, 168; making cells, 180; instincts of neuters, 181; recognising persons, 188; coming out of small aperture backwards, 192, 193; struggles with ants for secretion of frog-hoppers, 194, 195; dismembering heavy prey for convenience of carriage, and mounting eminences for same purpose, 195, 197

Wasser, on nidification of puffins, 291

Waterhouse, on hexagonal form of bee's cell, 173

Water-rail, its mode of escape, 289

Waterton, on nidification of swan, 295, 296

Watson, on spiders weighting their webs, 221; cock killing hen on her hatching out eggs of other birds, 278; intelligence of rats, 360-62; vindictiveness of elephant, 389; elephant enduring surgical operation, 399; intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448; of cattle-dogs, 449

Weasel, 346, 347

Weaver, nidification of, 293

Web, _see_ Spider

Web-building, _see_ Spiders

Webb, Dr., performing operation on elephant, 399

Weber, Professor E. H., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Wedgwood, the Rev. R. H., on memory of horse, 330

Westlecombe, on reasoning power of a dog, 462, 463

Westropp, on intelligence of bear, 352

Westwood, on instinct of caterpillars, 288

Weygandt, on robber-bees, 170

Whale, maternal affection of, 327; attacks on, by sword- and thresher-fish, 252, 253

Whately, Archbishop, on cat ringing bell, 423

White ants, _see_ Termites

White, the Rev. Gilbert, on nests of harvesting-mice, 365; on nidification of house-martin, 292, 293

White, W., on intelligence of snails, 26

White, the Rev. W. W. F., on sympathy of ants, 49; keeping pets, 84; burying dead, 92, 93

White-headed eagle, _see_ Eagle

Wildman, his alleged training of bees, 189

Wilks, Dr. S., observations on talking of parrot, 267, 268; on dog recognising a portrait, 455

Williams, on intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448

Williams, B., on cunning of sheep-killing dogs, 450, 451

Wilson, on memory of crow, 266

Wilson, Dr. Andrew, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Wilson, Charles, on intelligence of swallows, 318

Wilson, Dr. D., on elephant enduring surgical operation, 399

Winkell, Dietrich aus dem, on intelligence of fox, 428

Wolf, 426-36; avoiding gun-traps, 431; drawing up fish-lines to take fish, 431; collective instinct in hunting, 433, 436

Wolverine, 347-50

Wood, Rev. G. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Woodcock, conveying young on back, 289

Woodpecker, ant-eating, its instinct of storing food, 285; nidification, 293

Words, understanding of, by bees, 189; by talking birds, 267-9

Worms, apparent intelligence of, 24

Wright, his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454-5

YARRELL, on fish, 246; on intelligence of hare, 358-9

Youatt, on pigs learning to point game, 340

Young, the Rev. Charles, on emotions and intelligence of elephant, 390-92

Young, Miss E., on dog finding his way about by train, 468

Yule, Captain, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395

THE END.

FOOTNOTES:

[282] January 14, 1881. The marble slab was left with him after the chain had been fastened to the ring; but since that time he has never attempted to move the marble.

ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE.

By GEORGE J. ROMANES, F.R.S.,

Zoölogical Secretary of the Linnæan Society, etc.

12MO. CLOTH, $1.75.

"My object in the work as a whole is twofold: First, I have thought it desirable that there should be something resembling a text-book of the facts of Comparative Psychology, to which men of science, and also metaphysicians, may turn whenever they have occasion to acquaint themselves with the particular level of intelligence to which this or that species of animal attains. My second and much more important object is that of considering the facts of animal intelligence in their relation to the theory of descent."--_From the Preface._

"Unless we are greatly mistaken, Mr. Romanes's work will take its place as one of the most attractive volumes of the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. Some persons may, indeed, be disposed to say that it is too attractive, that it feeds the popular taste for the curious and marvelous without supplying any commensurate discipline in exact scientific reflection; but the author has, we think, fully justified himself in his modest preface. The result is the appearance of a collection of facts which will be a real boon to the student of Comparative Psychology, for this is the first attempt to present systematically well-assured observations on the mental life of animals."--_Saturday Review._

"The author believes himself, not without ample cause, to have completely bridged the supposed gap between instinct and reason by the authentic proofs here marshaled of remarkable intelligence in some of the higher animals. It is the seemingly conclusive evidence of reasoning powers furnished by the adaptation of means to ends in cases which can not be explained on the theory of inherited aptitude or habit."--_New York Sun._

"The high standing of the author as an original investigator is a sufficient guarantee that his task has been conscientiously carried out. His subject is one of absorbing interest. He has collected and classified an enormous amount of information concerning the mental attributes of the animal world. The result is astonishing. We find marvelous intelligence exhibited not only by animals which are known to be clever, but by others seemingly without a glimmer of light, like the snail, for instance. Some animals display imagination, others affection, and so on. The psychological portion of the discussion is deeply interesting."--_New York Herald._

"The chapter on monkeys closes this excellent work, and perhaps the most instructive portion of it is that devoted to the life-history of a monkey."--_New York Times._

"Mr. Romanes brings to his work a wide information and the best of scientific methods. He has carefully culled and selected an immense mass of data, choosing with admirable skill those facts which are really significant, and rejecting those which lacked sustaining evidence or relevancy. The contents of the volume are arranged with reference to the principles which they seem to him to establish. The volume is rich and suggestive, and a model in its way."--_Boston Courier._

"It presents the facts of animal intelligence in relation to the theory of descent, supplementing Darwin and Spencer in tracing the principles which are concerned in the genesis of mind."--_Boston Commonwealth._

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New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street.

ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS.

_A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera._

By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M. P., F. R. S., etc.,

Author of "Origin of Civilization, and the Primitive Condition of Man," etc., etc.

WITH COLORED PLATES. 12MO. Cloth, $2.00.

"This volume contains the record of various experiments made with ants, bees, and wasps during the last ten years, with a view to test their mental condition and powers of sense. The principal point in which Sir John's mode of experiment differs from those of Huber, Forel, McCook, and others, is that he has carefully watched and marked particular insects, and has had their nests under observation for long periods--one of his ants' nests having been under constant inspection ever since 1874. His observations are made principally upon ants because they show more power and flexibility of mind; and the value of his studies is that they belong to the department of original research."

"We have no hesitation in saying that the author has presented us with the most valuable series of observations on a special subject that has ever been produced, charmingly written, full of logical deductions, and, when we consider his multitudinous engagements, a remarkable illustration of economy of time. As a contribution to insect psychology, it will be long before this book finds a parallel."--_London Athenæum._

"These studies, when handled by such a master as Sir John Lubbock, rise far above the ordinary dry treatment of such topics. The work is an effort made to discover what are the general, not the special, laws which govern communities of insects composed of inhabitants as numerous as the human beings living in London and Peking, and who labor together in the utmost harmony for the common good. That there are remarkable analogies between societies of ants and human beings no one can doubt. If, according to Mr. Grote, 'positive morality under some form or other has existed in every society of which the world has ever had experience,' the present volume is an effort to show whether this passage be correct or not."--_New York Times._

"In this work the reader will find the record of a series of experiments and observations more thorough and ingenious than those instituted by any of the accomplished author's predecessors. . . . Sir John has been a close observer of the habits of ants for many years, generally having from thirty to forty communities under his notice, and not only watching each of these in its carefully isolated glass house, but, by the use of paint-marks, following the fortunes of individuals. . . . One notable result of this system has been the correcting of previous theories as to the age to which ants attain: instead of living merely a year, as the popular belief has been, some of Sir John's queens and workers are thriving after being under observation since 1874 and 1875."--_New York World._

"Sir John Lubbock's book on 'Ants, Bees, and Wasps' is mainly devoted to the crawlers, and not the fliers, though he has some observations upon honey-bees and more interesting ones upon the unpopular wasp, which he fondly deems to be capable of gratitude. Darwin made a strong case for the monkeys, but Lubbock may yet make us out to be, as Irishmen say, 'The sons of our ants.' For he begins his entertaining book thus: 'The anthropoid apes no doubt approach nearer to man in bodily structure than do any other animals, but, when we consider the habits of ants, their large communities and elaborate habitations, their roadways, their possession of domestic animals, and, even in some cases, of slaves, it must be admitted that they have a fair claim to rank next to man in the scale of intelligence.'"--_Springfield Republican._

_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Sometimes the footnote number did not appear with the footnote at the bottom of the page. (Page 27, 154) In these cases it was replaced.

Page 76, "every" changed to "ever" (scarcely ever return)

Page 95, "1" changed to "I" (I now walked)

Page 119, "trucks" changed to "trunks" (under fallen trunks)

Page 177, "circumstancces" changed to "circumstances" (themselves to circumstances)

Page 178, section header "Special Habits" was small-capped instead of italic in the original. This was changed to italic to match the rest of the text's usage.

Page 181, "betweeen" changed to "between" (saucer between them)

Page 213, this page had two footnote references but only one footnote anchor. This footnote has been renamed "[A] _Loc. cit._, p. 323." It is right after footnote [83].

Page 218, "tamd" changed to "tamed" (who has 'tamed' spiders)

Page 246, "Uunder" changed to "Under" (Under such circumstances)

Page 285, the footnote number was missing at the bottom of the page and was inserted in the text.

Page 316, "shuuters" changed to "shutters" (these said shutters)

Page 322, "tri l" changed to "trial" (the work another trial)

Page 324, "appa ently" changed to "apparently" (apparently being tried)

Page 367, "pyschology" changed to "psychology" (of the psychology of this)

Page 375, "eth" changed to "the" (the building of a stick)

Page 384, "once" changed to "one" (In one case Prof. Aggaziz)

Page 420, "intelgence" changed to "intelligence" (exerted upon their intelligence)

Page 457, footnote originally at bottom of page (now on page 470), "retreiver" changed to "retriever" (and retriever of my own)

Page 459, "Broun" changed to "Brown" (writing from Brown university)

Page 476, "on" changed to "an" (spends an hour or two)

Page 483, footnote missing number was added.

Index: when an entry was changed so that its correct spelling placed it out of alphabetical order from its original location, it was relocated.

Page 500, "Atenchus" changed to "Ateuchus" (_Atenchus pilularius_, 226)

Page 501, "Blackhouse" changed to "Backhouse" to match usage in text (Backhouse, R. O., on dog)

Page 502, under entry: "Büchner, Professor," "On termites" was originally printed "on termites." As this was a subheading, the "On" was capitalized to match the form of the rest of the index.

Page 503, under entry: "Cat, the", "42" changed to "25" (general intelligence of, 413-25)

Page 504, entry: "_Corvus cornice_" was originally above "Couch". This was adjusted.

Page 505, "Doldorff" changed to "Daldorff" (Daldorff, on climbing perch)

Pgae 507, "Gelasinnus" changed to "Gelasimus" (_Gelasimus_, 233)

Page 508, "Heber" changed to "Huber"; "289" changed to "389" (Huber, Bishop, on sympathy of elephant, 389)

Page 509, "Hydrargyra" changed to "Hydrargzra" (_Hydrargrza_, 248)

Page 510, "Jilson" changed to "Jillson" (Jillson, Professor, on habits)

Page 511, "Lespes" changed to "Lespès."

Page 511, "MacLaurin" changed to "Maclaurin" (Maclaurin, on mathematical principles)

Page 511, "Macropodos" changed to "Macropodus" (_Macropodus_, 244)

Page 511, "M'Cook" changed to "MacCook" (MacCook, the Rev. Dr.)

Page 512, "M'Cready" changed to "M'Crady" (M'Crady, on larva of _Medusæ_)

Page 513, "Myrionphyllum" changed to "Myriophyllum" (_Myriophyllum spicatum_, 243)

Page 513, "Ervingii" changed to "Ewingii" (_Noctua Ewingii_, 238)

Page 514, "capillata" changed to "capillatus"; "332" changed to "232" (_Podocerus capillatus_, 232)

Page 515, entry under "Recognition," "by snakes and tortoises," "269" changed to "259." (tortoises, 259-61)

Page 515, "Croom" changed to "Croora" (Robertson, Professor G. Croora)

Page 517, entry: "Strauss, on co-operation of beetles" was missing its page reference. "228" added to text. (co-operation of beetles, 228)

Page 518, "Timea" changed to "Tinea" (_Tinea_, 237)

Page 519, "Wedgewood" changed to "Wedgwood" (Wedgwood, the Rev. R. H., on memory)

Ad for "Ants, Bees and Wasps," "communties" changed to "communities" (govern communities of insects)

End of Project Gutenberg's Animal Intelligence, by George J. Romanes