Part 8

Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop the him th[=a] [.g]e.h[e,]ndost waes, and with hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] th[=ae]m r[=e]than Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Th[=a] forhtode se biscop for th[=ae]m f[=ae]rlican [.g]e.limpe, and for thaes cyninges l[=i]fe, and cwaeth thaet him r[=ae]d th[=u]hte thaet h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]e.buge the 55 him b[=e]ad Hinguar. Th[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be.seah t[=o] th[=ae]re eorthan, and cwaeth th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e.t[=a]wode th[=a]s earman {84} land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 And se biscop cwaeth: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, th[=i]n folc l[=i]th of.slae[.g]en, and th[=u] naefst thone fultum thaet th[=u] feohtan mae[.g]e, and th[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne [.g]e.bindath, b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge, oththe th[=u] th[=e] sw[=a] [.g]e.beorge thaet th[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' Th[=a] cwaeth [=E]admund cyning, 65 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full.c[=e]ne waes: 'thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and [.g]e.w[=y]s[.c]e mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num, the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=ae]rl[=i]ce of.slae[.g]ene fram thissum flot-mannum. Naes m[=e] n[=ae]fre [.g]e.wunelic thaet ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]thor sweltan, 70 [.g]if ic thorfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se aelmihtiga God w[=a]t thaet ic nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=ae]fre, ne fram his s[=o]thre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'

Aefter thissum wordum h[=e] [.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] th[=ae]m [=ae]rend-racan the Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and sae[.g]de him un.forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 th[=u] w[=ae]re n[=u] wierthe sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a].f[=y]lan on th[=i]num f[=u]lum bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=ae]nan handa, for th[=ae]m the ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e, the [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e.b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]thel[=i]ce wile b[=e]on of.slae[.g]en thurh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awath. Far n[=u] sw[=i]the hrathe, and s[e,][.g]e th[=i]num r[=e]than hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a].b[=y]hth n[=ae]fre [=E]admund 80 Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=ae]thnum h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to H[=ae]lende Cr[=i]ste [=ae]rest mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan on thissum lande [.g]e.b[=u]ge."'

Th[=a] [.g]e.w[e,]nde se [=ae]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on.we[.g], and [.g]e.m[=e]tte be we[.g]e thone wael-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him [.g]e.andwyrd 85 waes. Hinguar beb[=e]ad th[=a] mid bieldo th[=ae]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re thaet h[=i]e thaes cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, the his h[=ae]se for.seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan.

Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid th[=ae]m the Hinguar c[=o]m, st[=o]d innan his healle, thaes H[=ae]lendes [.g]e.myndi[.g], and [=a].wearp 90 his w[=ae]pnu: wolde [.g]e.efenl[=ae][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]e.b[=y]snungum, the {85} for.b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=ae]pnum t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] waelhr[=e]owan I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwaet th[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan th[=a] [=E]admund [.g]e.bundon, and [.g]e.bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] siththan l[=ae]ddon thone [.g]e.l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num eorth-faestan 95 tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] simle clipode be.twix th[=ae]m swinglum mid s[=o]thum [.g]e.l[=e]afan t[=o] H[=ae]lende Cr[=i]ste; and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan th[=a] for his [.g]e.l[=e]afan wurdon w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume: 100 h[=i]e scuton th[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, oth thaet h[=e] eall waes be.s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus waes. Th[=a] [.g]e.seah Hinguar, se [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, thaet se aethela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste with.sacan, ac mid [=a]nr[=ae]dum [.g]e.l[=e]afan hine [=ae]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine th[=a] 105 be.h[=e]afdian, and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan sw[=a] dydon. Be.twix th[=ae]m the h[=e] clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste th[=a].[.g]iet, th[=a] tugon th[=a] h[=ae]thnan thone h[=a]lgan t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of thaet h[=e]afod, and his s[=a]wol s[=i]thode [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. Th[=ae]r waes sum mann [.g]e.h[e,]nde [.g]e.healden, thurh God be.h[=y]dd th[=ae]m h[=ae]thnum, 110 the this [.g]e.h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft sae[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] hit s[e,][.c][.g]ath h[=e]r.

Hwaet th[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and be.h[=y]ddon thaet h[=e]afod thaes h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on th[=ae]m thi[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, thaet hit be.byr[.g]ed ne wurde. Th[=a] aefter fierste siththan h[=i]e 115 [=a].farene w[=ae]ron, c[=o]m thaet land-folc t[=o], the th[=ae]r t[=o] l[=a]fe waes, th[=ae]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c lae[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon swithe s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru thaet h[=i]e naefden thaet h[=e]afod t[=o] th[=ae]m bodi[.g]e. Th[=a] sae[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere the hit [=ae]r [.g]e.seah, thaet th[=a] flotm[e,]nn haefden thaet h[=e]afod mid him; and 120 waes him [.g]e.th[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit waes full.s[=o]th, thaet h[=i]e beh[=y]dden thaet h[=e]afod on th[=ae]m holte for.hwega.

H[=i]e [=e]odon th[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] th[=ae]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende [.g]e.hw[=ae]r, [.g]eond th[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=ae]r mihten {86} [.g]e.m[=e]tan thaet h[=e]afod. Waes [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor thaet [=a]n wulf 125 wearth [=a].s[e,]nd, thurh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or ofer dae[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon th[=a] s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e.wunelic is th[=ae]m the on wuda g[=a]th oft, 'hw[=ae]r eart th[=u] n[=u], [.g]e.f[=e]ra?' And him andwyrde thaet h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=o]me 130 clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=ae]ni[.g] clipode, oth thaet h[=i]e ealle be.c[=o]mon thurh th[=a] clipunge him t[=o]. Th[=a] lae[.g] se gr[=ae]ga wulf the be.wiste thaet h[=e]afod, and mid his tw[=ae]m f[=o]tum haefde thaet h[=e]afod be.clypped, gr[=ae]di[.g] and hungri[.g], and for Gode ne dorste thaes h[=e]afdes on.byr[.g]an, ac 135 h[=e]old hit with d[=e]or. Th[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of.wundrode thaes wulfes hierd-r[=ae]denne, and thaet h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon mid him, thanciende th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan ealra his wundra. Ac se wulf folgode forth mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, oth thaet h[=i]e t[=o] t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam waere, and [.g]e.w[e,]nde eft siththan 140 t[=o] wuda on.[.g][=e]an.

Th[=a] land-l[=e]ode th[=a] siththan l[e,][.g]don thaet h[=e]afod t[=o] th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan bodi[.g]e, and be.byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre hraedunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a].r[=ae]rdon s[=o]na him on.uppan. Eft th[=a] on fierste, aefter fela [.g][=e]arum, th[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung [.g]e.sw[=a]c, 145 and sibb wearth for.[.g]iefen th[=ae]m [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, th[=a] f[=e]ngon h[=i]e t[=o].gaedre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorthl[=i]ce th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan, for th[=ae]m the ge.l[=o]me wundru wurdon aet his byr[.g]enne, aet th[=ae]m [.g]e.bed-h[=u]se th[=ae]r h[=e] be.byr[.g]ed waes. H[=i]e woldon th[=a] f[e,]rian mid folclicre weorthmynde thone h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 l[e,][.c][.g]an innan th[=ae]re [.c]iri[.c]an. Th[=a] waes mi[.c]el wundor thaet h[=e] waes eall sw[=a] [.g]e.h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=ae]re, mid cl[=ae]num l[=i]chaman, and his sw[=e]ora waes [.g]e.h[=ae]led, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en, and waes swelce [=a]n seolcen thr[=ae]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs.lae[.g]en waes. [=E]ac swelce th[=a] wunda, 155 the th[=a] waelhr[=e]owan h[=ae]thnan mid [.g]e.l[=o]mum scotungum on his l[=i]ce macodon, w[=ae]ron [.g]e.h[=ae]lde thurh thone heofonlican God; {87} and h[=e]; l[=i]th sw[=a] onsund oth thisne and-weardan dae[.g], and-b[=i]diende [=ae]ristes and thaes [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s c[=y]thth, the l[=i]th un-formolsnod, thaet h[=e] b[=u]tan for.li[.g]re h[=e]r on 160 worulde leofode, and mid cl[=ae]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]thode.

Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e.h[=a]ten, aet thaes h[=a]lgan byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e.bedum and faestennum manigu [.g][=e]ar siththan. S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=ae]lce [.g][=e]are thone sanct, and his nae[.g]las [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 on weofode. Tha weorthode thaet land-folc mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan thone sanct, and Th[=e]odred biscop thearle mid [.g]iefum on golde and on seolfre, th[=ae]m sancte t[=o] weorthmynde.

Th[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=ae]l un-[.g]es[=ae]lige th[=e]ofas eahta on [=a]nre nihte t[=o] th[=ae]m [=a]r-weorthan h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan th[=a] 170 m[=a]thmas the m[e,]nn thider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid craefte h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]the th[=a] haespan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb.[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac under.dealf th[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=ae]ddre wolde on.l[=u]can th[=ae]t [=e]ag-th[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and earml[=i]ce 175 f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] thaet se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e.band, [=ae]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, thaet hiera n[=a]n ne mihte thaet morth [.g]e.fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e thanon [=a].styrian; ac st[=o]don sw[=a] oth mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn th[=a] thaes wundrodon, h[=u] th[=a] weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=ae]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e.delfe, 180 and [=ae]lc on his weorce waes faeste [.g]e.bunden. H[=i]e wurdon th[=a] [.g]e.br[=o]hte t[=o] th[=ae]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e [=a].h[=o]n on h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] naes n[=a] [.g]e.myndi[.g] h[=u] se mildheorta God clipode thurh his w[=i]tegan th[=a]s word the h[=e]r standath: _Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses_, 'th[=a] the man l[=ae]tt 185 t[=o] d[=e]athe [=a].l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac th[=a] h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes b[=e]c [.g]e.h[=a]dodum for.b[=e]odath [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum t[=o] b[=e]onne ymbe th[=e]ofas, for th[=ae]m the hit ne [.g]e.byreth th[=ae]m the b[=e]op [.g]e.corene Gode to the[.g]nienne thaet h[=i]e [.g]e.thw[=ae]rl[=ae][.c]an scylen on [=ae]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]athe, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]oth Dryhtnes 190 {88} the[.g]nas. Eft th[=a] Th[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e] siththan be.hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge thaet h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]thne d[=o]m s[e,]tte th[=ae]m un[.g]es[=ae]ligum th[=e]ofum, and hit be.s[=a]rgode [=ae]fre oth his l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and th[=a] l[=e]ode baed [.g]eorne thaet h[=i]e him mid faesten full[=i]ce thr[=i]e dagas, biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him 195 [=a]rian scolde.

On th[=ae]m lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e.h[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]the, and h[=e]t him aet.[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce sw[=i]the thone h[=a]lgan sanct, hwaether h[=e] [.g]e.sund w[=ae]re; ac sw[=a] hrathe 200 sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaes sanctes l[=i]chaman, th[=a] [=a].w[=e]dde h[=e] s[=o]na, and wael-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e.[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]athe. This is th[=ae]m [.g]e.l[=i]c the se [.g]e.l[=e]affulla p[=a]pa Greg[=o]rius sae[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, the l[=i]th on R[=o]me-byri[.g], thaet m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=ae][.g]e [.g]e 205 g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e.stilde sw[=a] thaet th[=ae]r swulton on th[=ae]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn aet.gaedre; th[=a] [.g]eswicon th[=a] [=o]thre t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne thone martyr mid m[e,]nniscum [.g]e.dwylde.

Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e.h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=ae][.c]e be th[=ae]m 210 h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, the w[=e] h[=e]r nyllath on [.g]e.write s[e,]ttan, ac h[=i]e w[=a]t [.g]e.hw[=a]. On thissum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum [=o]thrum, thaet God aelmihti[.g] mae[.g] thone mann [=a].r[=ae]ran eft on d[=o]mes dae[.g]e onsundne of eorthan, s[=e] the hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oth thone m[=i][.c]lan dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me. 215 Wierthe w[=ae]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for th[=ae]m weorthfullan h[=a]lgan thaet h[=i]e man weorthode and wel [.g]e.l[=o]gode mid cl[=ae]num Godes th[=e]owum t[=o] Cr[=i]stes th[=e]owd[=o]me; for th[=ae]m the se h[=a]lga is m[=ae]rra thonne m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be.d[=ae]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena, thonne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]ath swelce h[=a]lgan swelce 220 thes h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]thberht se [=e]adiga and sancte Aethelthr[=y]th on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on l[=i]chaman, [.g]e.l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]thre on {89} Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, the fela wundra wyr[.c]ath, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit w[=i]de is c[=u]th, th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] lofe, the h[=i]e on [.g]e.l[=i]efdon. 225 Cr[=i]st [.g]e.sweotolath mannum thurh his m[=ae]re h[=a]lgan thaet h[=e] is aelmihti[.g] God the wyr[.c]th swelc wundru, th[=e]ah the th[=a] earman I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga with.s[=o]cen, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e sind [=a].wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne b[=e]oth n[=a]n wundru [.g]e.worht aet hiera byr[.g]ennum, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e ne 230 [.g]e.l[=i]efath on thone lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]e.sweotolath mannum hw[=ae]r se g[=o]da [.g]e.l[=e]afa is, thonne h[=e] swelc wundru wyr[.c]th thurh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond th[=a]s eorthan, thaes him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Faeder and th[=ae]m H[=a]lgan G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235

{91}

NOTES.

The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar.

I. SENTENCES.

Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1.

this sind. Gr. 45. 2.

l. 6. s[e,]lth. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 7. s[=e]o aelmesse. Gr. 44. 3.

l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3).

l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3.

n[=ae]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. _ne waes_ is usually contracted into _naes_; the full form is used here because the _waes_ is emphatic.

l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4.

l. 23. Aethelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6.

l. 24. Aesces-d[=u]n, _sf._ Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'

l. 27. wile here denotes _repetition_, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52.

l. 28. thonne is correlative with _gif_ (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3.

l. 37. aelmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4).

l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent.

l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 52. t[=o], for.

l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18.

l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1.

l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2).

l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 63. p[=ae]m, those.

hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.

l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is _bledsian_. It is a derivative of _bl[=o]d_, like _r[=i][.c]sian_ from _r[=i][.c]e_, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.

l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably _g[=o]dspell_ = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek _euaggelion_. {92} Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group, or else _god_ was directly substituted for _g[=o]d_, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (gudhspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.

bith. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19.

l. 89. him on [=ae]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves).

l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5.

l. 93. Aethelwulf-ing. Gr. 38.

l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7.

l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages.

l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt. _[.g]if_ here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (withst[e,]nt) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19.

l. 114. cw[=ae]de. Gr. 48. (5).

l. 118. mae[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A).

l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below.

l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2).

l. 124. w[=ae]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 132. s[=e] the. Gr. 21.

l. 135. thaet. Gr. 21; 52. 3.

l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2.

l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.

l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22.

l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8).

l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.'

l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare _mae[.g]e_, l. 118 above.

l. 166. ofslae[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5.

l. 176. [.g]eweorthan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.)

l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93}

II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

l. 1. th[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8.

l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8).

l. 20. hit refers back to _s[=ae]d_, l. 18.

l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2.

l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin _factum est_.

l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19.

l. 40. t[=o] forbaernenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1).

l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137.

l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=ae]enne th[=ae]m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' _th[=ae]m wyrhtum_ is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. 41).

l. 67. dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the _sw[=a]_ being pleonastic.

l. 86. thaet. Gr. 21.

l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.'

l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. _h[=u]s_ must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural _h[=u]s_ is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called _eldh[=u]s_ (fire-house).

l. 107. thaet h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) _h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on_, (2) _thaet_ (in order that) _h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we_.

III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

The first two pieces are taken from Aelfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelsaechsischen Prosa_--Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Aelfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.

l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5.

l. 13. laeden. This word is the Latin _latina_ (= _lingua latina_) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94}

l. 17. for th[=ae]m ... for th[=ae]m the, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative.

l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of _s[.c]eal_ with a verb of motion understood is very common.

l. 36. him self. _him_ is the reflexive dative of interest referring to _God_--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern _himself_, _themselves_.

ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second _n[=u]_ being almost causal (since).

l. 51. haefde ... t[=o], took ... for.

l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1).

l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.'

m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.'

l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57.

l. 82. w[=ae]re. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 89. hwaes is governed by _[.g]iernde_, by 'attraction.'

l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb.

l. 137. w[=ae]re. Gr, 49. (7).

l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for _[.g]el[=i]efan_.

l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above.

l. 174. [=ae]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6.

l. 200. fram mannum. _fram_ here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions.

l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8).

IV. SAMSON.

From Aelfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch.

l. 8. on[.g]inth t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, _on[.g]innan_ is often used pleonastically in this way.

l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with _[.g]eh[=a]ten_ is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6).

l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=ae]ron, locked as they were.

ufeweardum th[=ae]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2.

l. 46. waes, consisted.

l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect _[.g]eworhtum_ (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause--_the of sinum [.g]eworhte sind_. {95}

l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'--'because (as they said).'

l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106.

l. 87. forth is often used pleonastically in this way with _mid_.

V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.

l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. _h[=e]r_ is here used analogously to _th[=ae]r_, as in II. 3 and the modern E. _there are_. Cp. also l. 12 below.

[.g]eth[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle.

l. 5. Armenia is an error for _Armorica_.

l. 6. Scithie, Scythia.

l. 8. Northibernie, North of Ireland.

l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.

l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *_Wurtigern_ from the British _Vortigern_.

l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet.

l. 45. Ae[.g]lesthrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford.

l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford.

l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem.

l. 61. h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn, Danes.

l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'