Part 22

Mr. Justice Stewart was the only member of the court to voice a dissent. “I think the Court has misapplied a great constitutional principle,” he declared. “I cannot see how an official religion is established by letting those who want to say a prayer say it. On the contrary, I think that to deny the wish of these school children to join in reciting this prayer is to deny them the opportunity of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our nation.” His brief opinion ended with the observation that the patriots who signed the Declaration of Independence did so with a self-styled “reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence.”

The majority decision caused an immediate reaction. George Andrews, an outraged Alabama Congressman, complained that “they put the Negroes in the schools and now they’ve driven God out.” New York’s Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who apparently hadn’t read or understood Black’s opinion, hoped that “adjustments” could be worked out that would make the prayer acceptable to the Supreme Court. Francis Cardinal Spellman was “shocked and frightened that the Supreme Court has declared unconstitutional a simple and voluntary declaration of belief in God by public school children.” On the west coast, James Francis Cardinal McIntyre, the Archbishop of Los Angeles, called the decision “positively shocking and scandalizing to one of American blood and principle.”

Evangelist Billy Graham was “shocked and disappointed” by what he called “another step toward secularism in the United States.” Right Reverend James A. Pike, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of California and a lawyer himself, said that he was surprised to see that the Warren Court had extended “to an obviously non-sectarian prayer the prohibition against ‘the establishment of religion,’ clearly intended by our forefathers to bar official status to any particular denomination or sect.” Representative John Bell Williams of Mississippi called the decision part of “a deliberate and carefully planned conspiracy to substitute materialism for spiritual values.” To Senator Herman E. Talmadge of Georgia, it was “an outrageous edict which has numbed the conscience and shocked the highest sensibilities of the nation.” The Alabama legislature quickly passed a resolution terming it “diabolical.”

Herbert Hoover and many other prominent Americans demanded an immediate amendment to the Constitution nullifying the prohibition against the prayer. “The Congress should at once submit an amendment which establishes the right to religious devotion in all governmental agencies,” the former President said angrily. Representative Roy A. Taylor of North Carolina, a Baptist deacon, complied at once. His proposed amendment was as definite as it was brief. “Notwithstanding the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States,” it read, “prayers may be offered and the Bible may be read in connection with the program of any public school in the United States.” Senator James O. Eastland announced that the Senate Judiciary Committee would meet at once to consider proposed amendments.

But the decision was not without its supporters. Dr. Sterling M. McMarrin, United States Commissioner of Education, felt that the outlawing of the prayer was no loss to religion. “Prayer that is essentially a ceremonial classroom function,” he explained, “has not much religious value.” Dr. Edgar Fuller, Executive Secretary of the Council of Chief State School Officers, stated that, “in my judgment, the Supreme Court is right.” Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York reminded parents that there was “plenty of opportunity to inculcate religious faith in the children at home and at weekend religious schools.” Rev. Dr. Dana McLean Greeley, president of the Unitarian Universalist Association, said that “the Supreme Court has acted clearly in support of the principle of the separation of church and state as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution.”

In Chicago, Dean M. Kelly, director of the National Council of Churches’ Department of Religious Liberty, was enthusiastic about the court’s action. “Many Christians,” he claimed, “will welcome this decision. It protects the religious rights of minorities and guards against the development of ‘public school religions’ which is neither Christianity nor Judaism, but something less than either.” At his press conference on June 27, President Kennedy said that he hoped that the decision would come as “a welcome reminder to every American family that we can pray a good deal more at home, we can attend our churches with a good deal more fidelity, and we can make the true meaning of prayer much more important in the lives of all of our children.”

In their own area, the victorious plaintiffs were disconcerted by the violence of the attack on the decision. Representative Frank J. Backer, a Nassau County Congressman, called it “the most tragic in the history of the United States.” William A. Bruno, a trustee of the nearby Hicksville Board of Education, said that his district would retain the prayer. “Let’s see what the Supreme Court will do about that!” he chortled. He told a reporter for The New York Times that the ruling proved that Robert Welch, the founder of the Birch Society, “had the right idea in asking for the impeachment of the Supreme Court.” Robert S. Hoshino, President of the mammoth Levittown School District, called the decision a victory for Communism. “Levittown will not vote out the Regents’ Prayer,” he prophesized. However, Dr. James E. Allen, Jr., the State’s Commissioner of Education, reminded recalcitrant local school boards that they would “have to enforce the Supreme Court decision immediately.”

Although they were bitterly disappointed by the case’s outcome, both Vitale and Daiker indicated that the Herricks School Board would not disobey the Supreme Court’s mandate. The former felt certain “that any of the people involved are prepared to adhere to the decision of the Court.” According to the lawyer, “the decision must be complied with.” Each man stressed the fact that no child had been forced to recite the prayer against its will. “At no time did we ever insist that a child should say it,” Vitale declared. “We set up procedures so no one would be compelled to say it and we felt sincerely we were not infringing on anyone’s constitutional rights.”

The plaintiffs were quietly jubilant over their triumph which the New York Civil Liberties Union called a “milestone” in the separation of church and state. Lenore Lyons said that the decision represented “both liberal and conservative thinking of the Supreme Court.” Engel, Lerner and Lichtenstein were “extremely happy.” Lawrence Roth, who referred to himself as “a very religious person but not a churchgoer,” viewed the case’s result as an indication of his conviction that “religious training is the prerogative of parents and not the duty of the state.” Butler claimed that the decision had helped rather than hindered religion. “In this country, with its many different faiths, religion has flourished because we have steadfastly adhered to the principle of separation of church and state,” he said. “The Supreme Court has today reaffirmed that principle.”

With the case over, Roth and his co-plaintiffs revealed that, since 1959, they had been subjected to a variety of community pressures, ranging from dirty looks to abusive telephone calls. In one house, the latter had become so vituperative that the children were forbidden to answer the phone. Many of the anonymous letters and postcards that had arrived regularly at each of the five homes were obscene, anti-Semitic or both. “Toward the end, it got so bad,” Roth said, “that my wife or I made it a point of getting the mail before the children could see it.”

Roth’s oldest son, Danny, who was now sixteen, said that his father’s leadership of the anti-prayer fight had made it very difficult for him at school. “There were arguments and pushing and name-calling,” he recalled. “In the halls, kids would yell out: ‘You’re a Commie’ or ‘Go home to Russia.’ At times I thought it might be easier for me if my father stopped what he was doing. But I never wanted him to. I believe very strongly that what he was doing was right. I’m very proud of my father, you know.”

The court’s decision heightened the bitter campaign against the plaintiffs. Not only did the number of vituperative telephone calls, letters and post cards increase, but Roth’s house was picketed by nine members of the newly formed Nationalist Party bearing signs which read: FBI, INVESTIGATE MR. ROTH! and IMPEACH THE PRO-RED SUPREME COURT. “The harassing phone calls got so bad Tuesday night,” Roth said, “that we finally had to take the receiver off the hook again. They were coming in at the rate of two calls a minute.” The anonymous callers shouted such threats as “Watch out for your child.... We’re going to blow up your car.... Don’t leave your house--something is going to happen to it.... We’ll get you.” One postcard was typical. “To the five Long Island parents,” it began. “You damn Jews with your liberal viewpoint are ruining the country.”

In addition, at least one candidate in the New York primary campaigns that began shortly after the decision, in an openly anti-Semitic appeal to Roman Catholic voters in Queens County’s Eleventh Assembly District, reminded them that the school prayer had been invalidated by persons with Jewish names. “These are the names you should know,” began a leaflet distributed by James E. McGinniss, an Independent Democrat, “Stephen Engel, Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons and Lawrence Roth. These people brought the legal action which resulted in the banning of the ‘prayer’ in our public schools.” Mr. McGinniss then urged registered Democrats to vote for him “if you want a public official who will remember the ‘Presence of God’ and who will sponsor and work for laws which will permit us to live and raise our children as God-fearing citizens.”[3]

[3] Mr. McGinniss was soundly defeated in the primary, running a poor third to winner Hyman J. Greenberg.

A week before the distribution of McGinniss’ fliers, the Jesuit magazine _America_ chimed in with a warning “to our Jewish friends.” In an outspoken editorial, the weekly reminded American Jewry that, although it could not be held fully responsible for the school prayer decision, its leaders would be well advised to curb the activities of certain Jewish agencies which, the magazine claimed, hoped to secularize public life from top to bottom. “It would be most unfortunate,” the editorial concluded, “if the entire Jewish community were to be blamed for the unrelenting pressure tactics of a small but overly vocal segment within it. When court victories produce only a harvest of fear and distrust, will it all have been worthwhile?”

The Regents’ Prayer is no longer recited in the Herricks school system--or, for that matter, anywhere else in New York State. But it will be a long time before the five people whose efforts led to its invalidation will be permitted to forget that they ran counter to the strong feelings of their community. “Mr. Rundquist warned me of what we could expect,” Roth acknowledged wryly, “but we never realized how bitter the attacks on us and our families would be. But none of us are sorry that we became involved in the case. We all feel that we have had a small part in clarifying and strengthening a vital constitutional safeguard.[4] For this, we were more than willing to endure whatever came our way.”

[4] More clarification is in the offing. On October 8, 1962, the Supreme Court agreed to pass on the constitutionality of another type of school prayer. It will shortly hear argument on the validity of a regulation of the Baltimore (Md.) School Board and a Pennsylvania statute, both of which require the reading of verses from the Bible at the opening of each school day.

Bibliography

In addition to available trial transcripts, records on appeal, and magazine and newspaper articles, the following books were consulted:

A Generation on Trial, by Alistair Cooke. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950

After Twelve Years, by Michael A. Musmanno. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939

Attorney for the Damned. Edited by Arthur Weinberg. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957

Clarence Darrow for the Defense, by Irving Stone. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1941

Commonwealth vs. Sacco and Vanzetti, by Robert Perry Weeks. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958

Courtroom, by Quentin Reynolds. New York: Farrar, Straus & Company, 1950

Crime, Its Cause and Treatment, by Clarence S. Darrow. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1922

Fair Trial, by Richard B. Morris. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952

In the Court of Public Opinion, by Alger Hiss. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957

Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti. Edited by Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson. New York: The Vanguard Press, 1950

McCarthy and His Enemies, by William F. Buckley, Jr. and L. Brent Bozell. Chicago: H. Regnery Company, 1954

McCarthyism, The Fight for America, by Joseph R. McCarthy. New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1952

Myths After Lincoln, by Lloyd Lewis. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1929

Ordeal by Slander, by Owen Lattimore. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1950

Origin of Species, by Charles R. Darwin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958

Reverdy Johnson, by Bernard Christian Steiner. Baltimore: Norman, Remington Company, 1914

Sacco-Vanzetti--The Murder & The Myth, by Robert H. Montgomery. Devin-Adair Company, 1960 New York

Scottsboro Boy, by Haywood Patterson. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1950

Seeds of Treason, by Ralph de Toledano and Victor Lasky. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., Inc., 1950

Senator Joe McCarthy, by Richard H. Rovere. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1959

Six Days or Forever, by Ray Ginger. Boston: Beacon Press, 1958

Spies, Dupes and Diplomats, by Ralph de Toledano. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1952

The Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators. The courtroom testimony as originally compiled by Benn Pitman. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., Inc., 1954

The Case for Courage, by William M. Kunstler. New York: William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1962

The Case for Mrs. Surratt, by Helen Jones Campbell. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1943

The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti, by Felix Frankfurter. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1927

The Case of Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings, by Henry T. Hunt. New York: National Mooney-Billings Committee, 1929

The Judgment of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, by John Wexley. New York: Cameron & Kahn, 1955

The Judicial Murder of Mary E. Surratt, by David Miller De Witt. Baltimore: J. Murphy Company, 1895

The Lamont Case. Edited by Philip Wittenberg. New York: Horizon Press, 1953

The Legacy of Holmes and Brandeis, by Samuel J. Konefsky. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956

The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti, by G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1948

The Life & Death of Sacco and Vanzetti, by Eugene Lyons. New York: International Publishers, 1927

The Rosenberg Case: Fact and Fiction, by Solomon Andhil Fineberg. New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1953

The Sacco-Vanzetti Case, by Osmond K. Fraenkel. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931

The Scottsboro Case. New York: The Scottsboro Defense Committee, 1936

The Story of my Life, by Clarence Darrow. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932

The Strange Case of Alger Hiss, by Earl Jowitt. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1953

The Untried Case, by Herbert E. Ehrmann. New York: The Vanguard Press, 1933

The World’s Most Famous Court Trial. Cincinnati: National Book Company, 1925

They Shall be Free, by Allen Knight Chalmers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1951

Thirteen Days, by Jeanette Augustus Marks. New York: A. C. Boni, 1929

Treason, by Nathaniel Weyl. Washington, D. C.: Public Affairs Press, 1950

Trial by Prejudice, by Arthur Garfield Hays. New York: Covici Friede, 1933

Trial by Television, by Michael W. Straight. Boston: Beacon Press, 1954

Was Justice Done?, by Malcolm P. Sharp. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1956

What Happened in the Mooney Case, by Ernest J. Hopkins. New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1932

Witness, by Whittaker Chambers. New York: Random House, 1952

Index

(First case references only)

A

Abel, Louis, 192

Abt, John, 138

Adams, Lee, 125

Adams, Samuel, 206

Affe, Carlos M., 94

Aiken, Frederick, 6

Allen, James E., Jr., 226

Alnwick, Florence, 215

_America_, 228

American Civil Liberties Union, 103

American Ethical Union, 221

American Jewish Committee, 220

Anderson, Walter, 159

Andrews, Bert, 153

Andrews, George, 224

Andrews, Lola R., 66

Andrower, Guiseppe, 94

Anti-Defamation League, 221

Appell, Donald T., 153

Arnold, Benedict, 166

Arnold, Samuel, 4

Arrogani, Harry, 85

Atomic Energy Act, 193

Atzerodt, George A., 4

B

Backer, Frank J., 226

Bailey, H. G., 122

Baldwin, Roger, 103

Barnes, Joseph K., 3

Barrett, Tracy F., 45

Bates, Ruby, 120

Bautista, Dora, 190

Beamish, Richard, 110

Beauregard, P. G. Toutant, 15

Behrsin, Hans, 70

Beldock, George J., 220

Benson, J. S., 130

Bentley, Elizabeth, 139, 190

Benton, William, 196

Berardelli, Alessandro, 68

Berle, Adolph A., Jr., 138

Bernhardt, George, 186

Billings, Warren K., 88

Binger, Carl, 162

Bingham, John A., 12

Birch, Anne, 216

Black, Hugo L., 222

Bloch, Alexander, 174

Bloch, Emanuel, 174

Boda, Mike, 74

Bohr, Neils, 178

Bonjionanni, Adeladi, 76

Booth, John Wilkes, 2

Bosco, Albert, 93

Bostock, James E., 68

Brady, Matthew, 64

Brennan, James M., 45

Brennan, William J. Jr., 222

Brenner, William, 82

Bridges, R. R., 124

Brini, Alphonsine, 91

Brini, Beltrando, 76

Brini, LeFavre, 92

Broadway, Jim, 125

Brodsky, Joseph R., 128

Brooks, Georgina, F., 76

Brophy, John P., 20

Bruno, William A., 226

Bryan, William Jennings, 103

Bryan, William Jennings, Jr., 107

Buckley, David, 73

Budenz, Louis, 198

Bunner, Stephen, 37

Burke, Frank J., 71

Burns, Francis, 2

Burns, James E., 86

Burns, William J., 33

Burrs, L. J., 128

Butler, John Washington, 102

Butler, William J., 213

Bykov, Colonel, 153

C

Caldwell, Hamlin, 129

Callahan, William Washington, 134

Calvert, George H., Jr., 10

Campbell, Alexander, 153

Campbell, Julia, 66

Cantlin, John, 20

Caplan, Esther, 59

Carasso, Leon, 59

Carland, Louis, 20

Carr, Frank, 198

Carrigan, Mark, 68

Carter, Edward, 79

Carter, Lester, 121

Cartwright, L. M., 105

Cashin, N. E., 130

Catlett, Burnetta, 162

Catlett, Claudie, 160

Catlett, Perry, 160

Catlett, Raymond, 160

Chambers, David Whittaker, 137

Chambers, Esther, 157

Chamlee, George W., 127

Chamlee, George W., Jr., 127

Chandler, Porter R., 217

Chavez, Dennis, 205

Cherner Motor Company, 150

_Civic Biology_, 108

Clampitt, John W., 6

Clark, William, 3

Clarvoe, John, 3

Cockran, W. Bourke, 45

Cohn, Roy M., 196

Colburn, Frederick H., 38

Cole, Austin C., 79

Collins, Henry, 144

Collins, Timothy J., 79

Compton, Janice, 55

Conger, Everton, 2

Conley, Jim, 26

Connolly, Michael J., 89

Conrad, Joseph, 193

Constantino, Dominic, 82

Corbett, Boston, 2

Cottingham, George, 13

Cox, Evelyn, 192

Crane, Arthur H., 54

Cresafulli, Mario, 57

Cresafulli, Mrs. Mario, 57

Crosley, George, 143

Cross, Claude B., 166

Crowley, John M., 44

Crump, William B., 45

Cunha, Edward A., 45

Cutler, Rebecca, 57

D

Dahl, Fannie, 55

Daiker, Bertram B., 216

Daly, William H., 96

Danziger, William, 187

Darrow, Clarence S., 104

Darrow, Ruby, 111

Davis, Jefferson, 7

Davis, John W., 106, 159

De Beradinis, Louis, 72

De Caccia, Alphonse, 45

De Lorenzo, Julia, 57

De Los Rios, Manuel Giner, 188

Dempsey, John W., 15

Dennis, Glenn, 190

Dentamore, Antonio, 93

Desmond, Charles S., 220

Devlin, Frances J., 84

Di Carli, John, 76

Dies, Martin, 205

Dobbins, T. L., 125

Doidge, Thomas U., 55

Dolan, John A., 52

Dolbeare, Harry E., 66

Dollard, Charles, 145

Donaldson, Peter, 105

Donegan, Thomas J., 154

Dorsey, Hugh M., 29

Doster, William E., 15

Douglas, William O., 192, 223

Dulles, John Foster, 163

Dunne, Frank H., 44

Dye, Marvin R., 221

E

Eastland, James O., 225

Edeau, Nellie, 44

Edeau, Sadie, 44

Edelman, Irvin, 193

Eisenhower, Dwight David, 193, 196

Eisler, Gerhard, 164

Elitcher, Max, 174

Ellis, Claude O., 61

Engel, Michael, 214

Engel, Steven I., 214

Eris, Louis, 55

Espinosa, Minerva Bravo, 189

Espionage Act, 193

F

Fahy, Charles, 159

Falzini, Luigi, 94

Faulkner, John M., 67

Fay, George W., 81

Feehan, Ramos S., 159

Ferguson, Lawrence D., 71

Fickert, Charles M., 38

Field, Frederick, 204

Fields, Noel, 167

Fiochi, Margaretta, 76

Fitzgerald, J. Henry, 86

Fitzpatrick, Honora, 15

Flanders, Ralph E., 204

Foley, Roger, 221

Folliard, Edward T., 152

Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 132

Fraher, Thomas F., 87

Frank, Leo M., 24

Frankfurter, Felix, 99, 159, 222

Frantello, Albert, 68

Fried, Philip, J., 216

Fuchs, Klaus Emil Julius, 170

Fuld, Stanley H., 221

Fuller, Alvan T., 100

Fuller, Edgar, 225

G

Gallivan, Jeremiah F., 74

Geller, Stanley, 216

Gerard, George A., 77

Gilley, Orville, 121

Gilley, Sam, 126

Goddard, Henry W., 166

Gold, Harry, 171

Golos, 190

Goodridge, Carlos E., 72

Gould, Roy E., 71

Gouzenko, Igor, 170

Graham, Billy, 108, 224

Graham, J. M., 76

Grant, Robert, 100

Grant, Ulysses S., 1

Graves, Bibb, 135

Greeley, Dana McLean, 225

Green, Sam, 57

Greenberg, Hyman J., 228 (fn)

Greenglass, David, 172

Greenglass, Ruth, 172

Griffin, Franklin A., 45

Guadagni, Felici, 93

Guerin, Daniel T., 87

Guidobone, Angel T., 92

Guild of Catholic Lawyers, 217

Gullender, Elsie, 147

Gunn, Neier & Daiker, 216

Gwynn, B. F., 17

H

Hamilton, Albert H., 97

Hammersburg, Belle, 58

Hancock, John, 206

Hancock, W. S., 22

Hand, Draper H., 53

Harlan, John Marshall, 221

Harris, Clara, 2

Harris, H. F., 33

Harris, T. M., 6

Harte, Mary, 215

Hartranft, General, 6

Hatcher, Earl, 62

Hatcher, Mrs. Earl, 62

Hathaway, Clarence, 199

Hawk, Harry, 2

Hawkins, Alf E., 122

Hays, Arthur Garfield, 27, 107, 214

Hébert, F. Edward, 139

Henry, Henri P., 161

Hepburn, Richard, 159

Herold, David E., 4

Heron, William J., 67

Hiss, Alger, 138, 195

Hiss, Donald, 140

Hiss, Priscilla, 139

Hobson, Timmy, 140

Hollfender, Charles F., 55

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 35, 100, 165

Holahan, Eliza, 18

Holohan, John T., 19

Holt, Joseph, 5

Hon, Will George M., 40

Hoover, Herbert, 225

Hopkins, Daisy, 29

Horton, James E., 129

Howell, Dewie, 32

Hoxton, John, 18

Hoxton, William, 18

Huggins, James S., 190

Hughes, Charles Evans, 134

Hughes, Peter T., 43

Hunter, David, 6

Hunter, George William, 108

Hunting, Nathaniel S., 85

Hutchison, William K., 110

I

Iacovelli, Henry, 94

Inslerman, Felix, 155

International Defense League, 127

Iscariot, Judas, 165

J

Jackson, Irene, 33

Javits, Jacob K., 225

Jenkins, Zad, 17

Jesse, Frank, 91

Johnson, Andrew, 4

Johnson, Reverdy, 6

Johnson, Simon, 74

Johnson, Mrs. Simon, 75

Johnston, Joseph E., 1

Jones, John Paul, 213

K

Katzmann, Frederick A., 76

Kaufman, Irving R., 174

Kaufman, Samuel H., 154

Keeler, Leonardo, 145

Keene, Laura, 1

Kelleher, Julie, 73

Kelley, George T., 87

Kelly, Dean M., 225

Kelly, Thomas V., 192

Kennedy, John F., 220

Kidwell, Alice, 42

Kirsch, Benjamin, 57

Kistiakowski, George B., 178

Kluttz, Jerry, 153

Knapp, Hetta, 40

Kneese, Henry, 40

Knight, Thomas, Jr., 129

Kohlberg, Alfred, 163

Kuchel, Thomas H., 206

Kuntz, Edward, 174

Kurlansky, Harry, 81

Kytka, Theodore, 56

L

LaBreque, Alfred N., 80

Lamont, Corliss, 196

Lamont, Thomas W., 201

Langlois, Edgar C., 71

Langer, William, 204

La Posee, Charlotte, 60

Latham, T. N., 125

Lattimore, Owen D., 195

Laulor, John, 45

Lawlor, John C., 57

Lee, Newt, 25