CHAPTER VI.

REMAINS OF LAKE-DWELLINGS IN ENGLAND.

Sir Charles J. F. Bunbury on remains at Wretham Mere, Norfolk--Pile Structures at London Wall--Crannog in Llangorse Lake, South Wales--Professor Boyd Dawkins on Pile Structures in the Bronze Age--Professor T. Rupert Jones on English Lake-Dwellings--Pile Structures at Holderness, York--Concluding Remarks--Hypothesis as to primary source of the ideas that led to the development of British Lake-Dwellings Pages 289-303

APPENDIX.

_Additional Discoveries on the Crannog in Lochspouts_,--Lake basin of Lochspouts converted into a reservoir--In consequence of which further excavations made on the site of the Lake-dwelling--Upper Log-Pavement found to be a secondary one superimposed on the débris of a former habitation--Description of Relics found Pages 305-313

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Canoe found in Loch Canmor (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. vi. p. 258) 23

2. Bronze Vessel found in Loch Canmor (_Ibid._ Pl. xiii.) 24

3-6. Bronze Vessels found in Loch of Banchory (_Ibid._ Pl. xiii.) 24-25

7. Backgammon Piece found in Loch of Forfar (_Ibid._ Pl. xiii.) 25

8. General View of the Isle of the Loch of Banchory (_Ibid._ p. 127) 26

9. View of the Surface of Crannog of the Loch of Banchory (_Ibid._ p. 128) 27

10. Bronze Caldron found in Carlingwark Loch (_Ibid._ vol. vii. p. 7) 29

11-13. Bronze Vessels found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs 44-45

14. Bronze Ring do. do. do. 46

15. Portion of a Clay Crucible do. do. 46

16. Bronze Penannular Brooch do. do. 46

17-18. Iron Axe-Heads do. do. 47

19. Iron Hammer do. do. 47

20. Portion of a Ring of Vitreous Paste, streaked with blue, found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs 48

21. Bead, with Central Tube of Bronze, found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. vi. Pl. x.) 48

22-24. Three Beads, of various kinds, found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs 48

25. Portion of a Leather Shoe, with Ornamental Patterns, found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. vi. Pl. x.) 49

26. Bronze Brooch or Ornament found at Dowalton Loch, or on Crannogs (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. iii., New Series, p. 155) 49

27. Wooden Comb found on Crannog at Ledaig, Argyllshire (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. x. p. 82) 55

28. Stone Ring found on a Crannog in Wigtownshire (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. iii., New Series, p. 268) 56

29. Oval hollowed Stone Implement, from Crannog in Machermore Loch (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. ii., New Series, p. 128) 56

30. Bone Comb found on Crannog in Loch Inch-Cryndil 59

31. Canoe found in Loch Arthur, or Lotus (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. xi. p. 23) 61

32. Lion Ewer (the property of W. J. Armstrong, Esq.) found in a Canoe in the bottom of the Loch of Kilbirnie (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. i., New Series, p. 54) 66

_N.B.--Figs. 33 to 158 are from the Lochlee Crannog._

33-35. Sketches of the Crannog during progress of the excavations 70-73

36. Mortised Beam, with Portion of an Upright 74

37. Quartz Pebble, used as an Anvil 74

38. Diagram illustrating the mode of excavating the Crannog 75

39. Perpendicular Section through the Hearths 78

40-42. Sketches of the Crannog during the progress of the excavations 82-84

43. Portions of an Iron Saw 87

44. Wooden Vessel (from Photograph by Mr. James Blackwood) 93

45. Wooden Board, with Markings 94

46. Iron Hatchet 96

47. Iron Knife 96

48-51. Hammer-Stones 102-103

52-53. Sharpening-Stones 104

54. Grooved Hone-Stone (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. iii., New Series, p. 248) 105

55. Polished Stone Celt 106

56. Circular Stone Implement 106

57-59. Upper and Lower Quern Stones 107

60. Cup-Stone, with Concentric Circles 108

61. Cup-Stone 108

62. Stone Implement 108

63. Flint Scraper 109

64-65. Flint Flakes 109

66-67. Clay Spindle Whorls 110

68. Stone Spindle Whorl 110

69-70. Bone Chisels 111

71-75. Bone Implements 111

76. Tiny Bone Spoon 112

77. Bone Spoon-shaped Object 112

78. Bone Needle, with Eye in Middle 112

79-83. Bone Implements 113

84-85. Horn Club-like Implements 114

86-99. Horn Implements (various kinds) 114-115-116

100. Portion of Horn Handle found along with the Knife engraved Fig. 129 116

101-104. Portions of Wooden Vessels 118

105-110. Wooden Clubs, etc 119

111-115. Specimens of Wooden Pins 120

116-124. Various Kinds of Wooden Implements 120-121

125. Outline of Canoe 122

126. Oak Paddle (double-bladed) 123

127. Iron Gouge 124

128. Iron Chisel 124

129. Iron Knife 124

130. Iron Punch 124

131-132. Iron Spear-heads 125

133-135. Iron Daggers 125-126

136. Portion of an Iron Blade 126

137. Iron Ring, with Portion of Wood attached 126

138. Iron Shears (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._ vol. iii., New Series, p. 247) 128

139. Iron Implement found imbedded in Lake Silt, near the margin of the Crannog 128

140-142. Fibulæ 129

143. Back View of Fibula, represented by Fig. 142 130

144. Bronze Ring-Pin, with Fylfot on one side of the Head, and a square divided into four other squares by two diameters intersecting each other at right angles 130

145. Bronze Implement, with sections 130

146. Bronze Finger-Ring 132

147. Bronze Object 132

148. Bridle Bit, partly Bronze and partly Iron 132

149-150. Piece of Wood, with curious Carvings on both sides 134-135

151. Fringe-like Object made by the Stems of Moss 136

152. Thick Leather with Copper Nails 137

153. Grooved Bead with a greenish glaze 137

154. Small Dumb-bells-shaped Object of Glass 137

155. Small Bone Ring 137

156-157. Portions of Jet Armlets 138

158. Pointed Implement made of a Boar's Tusk 139

_N.B.--Figs. 159 to 161 are from the Crannog at Friars' Carse._

159. Perforated Axe-Hammer Head 156

160-161. Pottery 157

_N.B.--Figs. 162 to 186 are from the Crannog at Lochspouts._

162-163. Whetstones 170

164. Piece of Sandstone perforated by a hole shaped like a Funnel on both sides 171

165. Stone Spindle Whorl 172

166-167. Polished Stone Discs 172-173

168. Oval Stone Implement with Hollowed Surfaces 173

169. Flint Scraper 174

170. Jet Ring 174

171. Bone Pin 175

172. Bone Chisel 175

173. Pick of Deer's Horn 176

174. Implement of the Horn of a Roe-deer 176

175. Peculiar Object made of Bronze 177

176. Small Key made of Bronze or Brass 177

177. Small yellowish Bead of Vitreous Paste 178

178-179. Coloured Beads 178

180. Portion of a Dish of so-called Samian Ware 179

181-186. Various Specimens of Pottery 179-181

187. Ring of Cannel Coal from Barhapple Crannog 186

188. General View of Buston Crannog, looking northwards 196

189. View of Eastern Portion of Buston Crannog, showing surrounding Stockades and Portion of Log Pavement 201

190. Portion of North Side of Buston Crannog, showing the arrangement of the Transverse Beams and the Structure of the Log Pavement 202

191. Appearance of Canoe _in situ_, a few yards from Buston Crannog 207

_N.B.--Figs. 192 to 254 are from the Buston Crannog._

192. Stone Polisher or Smoother 210

193. Large perforated and polished Stone-Smoother or Whetstone 211

194. Piece of Sandstone with two Smooth Cavities--one circular and the other elongated 212

195. Fragment of a Stone, containing a Smooth Cup-shaped Cavity 213

196-197. Spindle Whorls of Shale 213

198. Flint Knife (two views) 214

199. Small Flint Implement, with one edge polished 214

200. Flint Core 214

201-212. Various Illustrations of Bone Pins 215-216

213. Bone Needle 216

214-215 Bone Knobs, with Remains of Iron Pins 216

216. A curious Object, made of Bone 217

217-219. Bone Combs ornamented with Circles 217-218

220-221. Dagger-like Implements of Horn 220

222. Knife-Handle of Horn (polished) 220

223. Axe-Head of Iron (two views) 221

224. Iron Gouge 222

225-230. Iron Knives (various specimens) 222-223

231. Iron Punch 224

232. Iron Awl 224

233. Iron Spear-Head, with socket end ornamented by circular lines 224

234-236. Iron Points, like Arrow Heads 225

237. Bolt of a Spring-Padlock? (iron) 226

238-239. Spiral Objects made of Iron 227

240. Iron Object (two views) 227

241. Bronze Brooch 227

242-243. Bronze Pins 228

244. Gold Spiral Finger-Ring, with 5-1/2 Twists, two of which were pushed asunder 229

245. Gold Spiral Finger-Ring, having 6 twists, and the ends ornamented by a Series of Circular Grooves 229

246. Saxon Coin (showing obverse and reverse sides) 231

247. Do. from Smith's _Coll._ for comparison 231

248. Jet Ornament 232

249. Bead of Variegated Glass 232

250. Small Dish of Black Pottery 233

251. Pottery; Portion of a Dish, showing Rim and Short Spout 234

252. A Little Knob of Pottery 235

253. Portion of a Button-like Object 235

254. Clay Crucible (three-cornered) 235

255. Bone Comb, from Ballinderry Crannog, Ireland 278

256. Do. from the Knowe of Saverough, Orkney 278

257-258. Bone Combs found in the Broch of Burrian, Orkney 278

259. Bone Comb, from the Roman City of Uriconium 279

_N.B.--Figs._ 260 _to_ 264 _are from the Crannog in Lochspouts._

260. Bronze Ornament 311

261. Outline of Conical Ornament made of Rock-Crystal 311

262. Bronze Ornament 312

263. Amber-coloured Glass Bead, variegated with Yellow Slag 312

264. Jet Ornament 313

PLATES.

GENERAL VIEW OF LOCHSPOUTS, AND SITE OF LAKE-DWELLING _Frontispiece_

LOCH OF THE CLANS, NAIRNSHIRE. Plate I. 34

PLAN AND SECTIONS AT LOCHLEE. Plate II. 150

BARHAPPLE CRANNOG. Plate III. 188

PLAN OF BUSTON CRANNOG. Plate IV. 238