Category: Language & Communication
VII. POETIC IN ANCIENT DRAMA AND NARRATIVE 167 Drama 168 Greek Tragedy 168 Senecan Tragedy 186 Latin Comedy 188 Narrative 192 The _Æneid_ 192 The Narrative Poetry of Ovid 216 The _Metamorphoses_ of Apuleius 221
VII. POETIC IN ANCIENT DRAMA AND NARRATIVE 167 Drama 168 Greek Tragedy 168 Senecan Tragedy 186 Latin Comedy 188 Narrative 192 The _Æneid_ 192 The Narrative Poetry of Ovid 216 Th...
2. CHAPTER IThe two great works of Aristotle on composition, the _Rhetoric_ and the _Poetic_, presuppose an ancient division. That a philosopher should have written either is itself signifi...
3. CHAPTER IIThe only art of composition that concerns the mass of mankind, and is therefore universal in both educational practise and critical theory, is the art of effective communication...
4. Book I _surveys by definition and division the opportunityof the public speaker_. (i) Rhetoric is the complement of logic (dialectic). It is the art of persuasion formulated by investigating the methods of successful address; and its o...
5. Chapter II, may be summed up in the word persuasion, if we are carefulto speak of persuasion not as achievement, but as method. Just as we ask of medicine, not that it shall infallibly heal—a degree of achievement impossible in human affairs—but t...
6. Book I deals with the speaker as himself the prime means of persuasion.Rhetoric, Aristotle implies, is necessarily ethical in that everything consecutively imparted or communicated, as distinct from the abstractions of geometry or logic, is subject...
7. BOOK IIAs Book I is the book of the speaker, Book II is the book of the audience. The audience is not merely discussed; it furnishes the point of view. As Book I considers the necessit...
8. Book III studies the speech itself. Book I having presented rhetoric fromSince rhetoric must treat systematically three things: (1) what the means of persuasion are to be, (2) the diction,[37] (3) how to arrange[38] the parts of the speech, ... [the...
9. Book III is baffling. But the actual development of the book is quiteDelivery, after declaring it to have the greatest force (δύναμιν ... μεγίστην), he dismisses in a few sentences. Tantalizing in its brevity, this passage is nevertheless suggest...
10. Chapter ii,[46] after glancing at the fundamental virtue of lucidity,considers the choice of words for appropriateness and for suggestiveness, i.e., for their connotation, and especially for the descriptive vividness of the concrete, as in metaph...
11. Chapter xii now proceeds to the typical adaptations offered by theIt must not be forgotten that one style is appropriate to one kind [of oratory], another style to another. Style for writing is not the same as style for debate, nor style for p...
12. CHAPTER IIICicero remains after two thousand years the typical orator writing on oratory. The most eminent orator of Roman civilization, he wrote more than any other orator has ever writte...
13. Chapter v.[97] For scientific analysis, with a succinct review of previous investigations, see W. M. Patterson, _The Rhythm of Prose_, New York, Columbia University Press, 1916. For the _...
14. CHAPTER IVThe pedagogy of rhetoric, more constant and more pervasive than that of most subjects still taught, demands historical interpretation, and thus extensive and consecutive survey....
15. Book II, much of which is quoted above, Quintilian has many incidentalreferences and allusions. At IV. ii. 29, he defines _declamatio_ as _forensium actionum meditatio_, “exercise in pleading”, and he implies the same definition in _ad declamandum...
16. xx. 3) by the anecdote commemorating the futile skill of a man who couldthrow grains through the eye of a needle. Though he regards it as a gymnastic profitable for mature speakers in providing variety and relief (X. v. 17), he has no patience with...
17. volume I) Capperonier’s tabular summary of the doctrine of _statusJæneke’s Leipzig dissertation (1904) _De statuum doctrina ab Hermogene tradita_ compares by tabular view (pages 23-4, 120-1) the system of Hermagoras, as it is inferred from Cic...
18. CHAPTER VCriticism is inevitably a part of teaching. The teacher’s holding up of models involves both analysis of them and appreciation. The differentiation of the critic from the teache...
19. CHAPTER VIVeneration of Aristotle has been impatiently classed with “other mediæval superstitions,” both by those who disliked authority and by those who revolted against the inlaying and...
20. c. Plot achieves catharsis by its own consistency xiv21. d. Plot imposes consistency also on characterization xv(1) generally consistency with (a) goodness (b) the moral habit of the class (c) the received idea of the particular person (d) itself; i.e., actions must be clearly motivated (...
22. Chapter xiii insists that the vital principle of plot is causalconsistency. This rules out mere reversal. A turning-point (περιπέτεια) is, indeed, characteristic of drama. There is usually and typically a crisis, in which the hero’s fortune...
23. chapter xiii on, the topic is consistency.[41] Consistency, though itrefers primarily to plot, must also include characterization. In general, characterization must be consistent with the morality of the individual purpose, with the moral habit o...
24. Chapter xvi applies the principle of consistency to “recognitions,” orBest discovery of all, however, is that which arises from the actions themselves, when the surprise comes as a natural result, as in the _Œdipus_ of Sophocles and in the _Iphige...
25. CHAPTER VIIThe classical practise of poetic in the two modes distinguished by Aristotle, dramatic and narrative, has a twofold significance. It has the claim of all great art for its own b...
26. Chapter IV. II.[24] See Legrand, P. E., _Tableau de la comédie grecque pendant la période dite nouvelle_—κωμῳδία νέα; translated as _The New Greek Comedy_ by James Loeb, with introduction by J...
27. CHAPTER VIIIThe Aristotelian distinction of poetic from rhetoric has been sometimes blurred, sometimes ignored, by criticism. Such confusion as thus arises became more common in ancient cri...