Chapter 41

_THE TARTARS_

From ancient times Tartars intimately connected with the Chinese-- How the Chou state had to migrate to avoid the Tartars--Chou ancestors had originally fled from China to the Tartars--Chou family's subsequent dealings with the Tartars--How Ts'in replaced Chou as the semi-Tartar or westernmost state of China--Tartars for many centuries in possession of Yellow River north bank--Once extended to Kiang Su province--Confucius' knowledge of the Tartars--Tartar attacks in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.-- Causes of the Protector system--Incompetence of Emperors to stave off Tartar attacks--Ts'i's extensive relations with the Tartars-- The Second Protector and his adviser--Rude treatment of the Second Protector by the orthodox Chinese states--Ts'u's bluff hospitality-- Second Protector had to check Chinese instead of Tartar ambitions-- Tsin's Tartar admixture--Comparison with Roman adventurers--How Tartars have in modern times ruled China and Asia.