PART II

THE ETHNOLOGY OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.--

I. Introduction 375

II. The methods of anthropology 376

III. Eolithic man (?) 379

IV. Palaeolithic man 380

V. The Pygmies (?) 390

VI. Neolithic man 393

VII. The ‘Pictish Question’ 409

VIII. The Round-heads 424

IX. The Celts 444

X. Conclusion 455

THE NAMES ΠΡΕΤΑΝΙΚΑΙ ΝΗΣΟΙ, _BRITANNI_, AND _BRITANNIA_ 459

THE BIRTHDAY OF RELIGION 461

DUMBUCK, LANGBANK, DUNBUIE 463

INHUMATION AND CREMATION 465

SEPULCHRAL POTTERY 467

STONEHENGE 468

THE CASSITERIDES, ICTIS, AND THE BRITISH TRADE IN TIN.--

I. The Cassiterides 483

II. Ictis and the British trade in tin 499

DENE-HOLES 515

THE COAST BETWEEN CALAIS AND THE SOMME IN THE TIME OF CAESAR 517

THE CONFIGURATION OF THE COAST OF KENT IN THE TIME OF CAESAR 518

I. Between Ramsgate and Sandown Castle 519

II. Between Sandown Castle and Walmer Castle 521

III. The Goodwin Sands 525

IV. The South Foreland and the Dover Cliffs 528

V. Dover Harbour 530

VI. Between Dover and Sandgate 531

VII. Romney Marsh 532

PORTUS ITIUS.--

I. Review of the controversy 552

II. The data furnished by Caesar, Strabo, and Ptolemy 554

III. Caesar sailed from the Portus Itius on both his expeditions 556

IV. The value of Caesar’s estimate of the distance between the Portus Itius and Britain 557

V. The estuary of the Somme 558

VI. Ambleteuse 563

VII. Calais 565

VIII. Wissant 565

IX. Boulogne 585

THE PLACE OF CAESAR’S LANDING IN BRITAIN.--

I. Introduction 595

II. The data furnished by Caesar and other ancient writers 596

III. The day on which Caesar landed in 55 B.C. 600

IV. Did Caesar land at the same place in both his expeditions? 603

V. The various theories about Caesar’s place of landing 604

VI. The question of the tides 605

VII. The theory that Caesar landed at Pevensey 611

VIII. The theory that Caesar landed at Lympne or Hythe 622

IX. The theory that Caesar landed at Hurst 638

X. The theory that Caesar landed between Hurst and Kennardington 639

XI. The theory that Caesar landed opposite Walmer and Deal 644

XII. The theory that Caesar landed at Richborough or Sandwich 662

THE CREDIBILITY OF CAESAR’S NARRATIVE OF HIS INVASIONS OF BRITAIN 666

THE DISEMBARKATION OF THE ROMANS IN 55 B.C. 673

THE SITE OF CAESAR’S CAMP IN 55, AND OF HIS NAVAL CAMP IN 54 B.C. 673

THE WAR-CHARIOTS OF THE BRITONS 674

THE OPERATIONS OF THE BRITONS DURING THE LAST FEW DAYS OF CAESAR’S FIRST EXPEDITION 677

WHERE DID CAESAR ENCOUNTER THE BRITONS ON THE MORNING AFTER HIS SECOND LANDING IN BRITAIN? 678

CAESAR’S EARLIER OPERATIONS IN 54 B.C. (_B. G._, v. 9-11) 685

CAESAR’S SECOND COMBAT WITH THE BRITONS IN 54 B.C. 688

THE COMBAT BETWEEN TREBONIUS AND THE BRITONS 692

WHERE DID CAESAR CROSS THE THAMES? 692

CAESAR’S PASSAGE OF THE THAMES 698

THE SITE OF CASSIVELLAUNUS’S STRONGHOLD 699

DID _LONDINIUM_ EXIST IN CAESAR’S TIME? 703

THE JULIAN CALENDAR AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAESAR’S INVASIONS OF BRITAIN 706

TOPOGRAPHICAL NOTES 735

ADDENDA 739

INDEX 743

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

1 Harpoon-head (Kent’s Cavern) 43

2 Flint flake (Reculver) 43

3 ‘Tongue-shaped’ implement (Biddenham, Bedfordshire) 43

4 Oval implement (Dartford Heath) 43

5 Rough-hewn celt (Mildenhall, Suffolk) 75

6 Polished celt (Coton, Cambridgeshire) 75

7 Hafted celt (Solway Moss) 76

8 Chisel (Burwell, Cambridgeshire) 77

9 Double-edged axe-head (Hunmanby, Yorkshire) 78

10 Flint knife (Saffron Walden) 79

11 Curved blade (Fimber, Yorkshire) 80

12 Leaf-shaped arrow-head (Yorkshire Wolds) 81

13 Lozenge-shaped arrow-head (Yorkshire Wolds) 81

14 Triangular arrow-head (Amotherby, Yorkshire) 81

15 Barbed arrow-head (Rudstone) 81

16 Ground-plan of chambered barrow (Uley) 104

17 Horned cairn of Get 106

18 Flat bronze celt (East Riding of Yorkshire) 142

19 Flanged bronze celt (Norfolk) 142

20 Flanged bronze celt with stop-ridge (Northumberland) 142

21 Winged bronze celt (Dorchester, Oxfordshire) 143

22 Looped palstave (Brassington, Derbyshire) 143

23 Socketed celt (Kingston, Surrey) 143

24 Arreton Down blade 145

25 Bronze shield (Yetholm, Roxburghshire) 146

26 Leaf-shaped bronze sword (Battersea) 147

27 Bronze spear-head (Thames) 148

28 Jet button (Rudstone) 161

29 Bronze torque (Wedmore, Somersetshire) 164

30 Gold lunette (Llanllyfni, Carnarvonshire) 164

31 Amber necklace (Lake, Wiltshire) 166

32 Drinking-cup 192

33 Food-vessel 193

34 Cinerary urn (Goodmanham, Yorkshire Wolds) 193

35 Incense-cup (Bulford, Wiltshire) 194

36 Chalk ‘drum’ (Folkton Wold) 200

37 Bronze mirror (Trelan Bahow, Cornwall) 239

38 Brooch (Water Eaton, Oxfordshire) 240

39 Wooden bowl (Glastonbury) 242

40 Late Celtic urn (Shoebury, Essex), 243

41 Patterns on Late Celtic pottery (Glastonbury), 243

42 Late Celtic shield (Battersea) 245

43 Bronze open-work ring (Stanwick, N.R. Yorkshire) 265

44 Circle of interments (Aylesford) 287

MAPS

South-Eastern Britain 305 East Kent 313 Romney Marsh and Hythe harbour (illustrating theories of their topography in 55-4 B.C.) 531

[The maps of South-Eastern Britain and East Kent, like all maps of Ancient Britain, are inevitably inexact; but the errors are unimportant. The Dover cliffs, for instance, have lost by erosion, but one cannot say how much (see pages 528-30); nor is it possible to indicate the exact nature of the slight change which the coast has undergone between Sandown Castle and Walmer Castle (pages 521-5). Again, I have not attempted to delineate the coast west of Pevensey or west or north of Reculver precisely as it was in 55 B.C., because, even if such an attempt had been successful, nothing would have been gained for the purpose of this book. As far as possible, however, the maps represent the conclusions reached in the article on the configuration of the coast of Kent in the time of Caesar. The outline of Richborough harbour and of the estuary between Thanet and the mainland is intended to show approximately the high-water mark of spring tides. At low tide the channel was very narrow (page 519).]

ANCIENT BRITAIN

AND

THE INVASIONS OF JULIUS CAESAR