Part i. Plate IV. Fig. 4. From the Seal of Hugo de Vere,

fourth earl of Oxford: 1221-63. Fig. 5. From a knightly figure on folio 27 of Harleian MS. 32,44: circa 1250. Fig. 6. From the Great Seal of Alexander II., king of Scotland: 1214-49: from an impression appended to Cotton Charter, xix. 2. Fig. 7. From Seal of Robert Fitz Walter, Lord of Wodeham and Castellan of London: circa 1298. See page 334. Fig. 8. From a glass-painting in Chartres Cathedral, representing Ferdinand, king of Castille: circa 1250. Fig. 9. A helm of iron in the Tower collection. Fig. 10. From a miniature on Cotton Roll, xv. 7. Fig. 11. From the Seal of Louis of Savoy: circa 1294. The whole figure is given by Cibrario in the _Sigilli de' Principi di Savoia_, Plate XXX. Fig. 12. An example of the so-called Sugar-loaf helm: from Royal MS. 20. D. i. Compare that on the brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, which is somewhat more ornate (woodcut, No. 73). 278

72. Combat of knights, from Roy. MS. 20, D. i.; a volume already used for our illustrations numbered 47 and 48. Both figures are armed from head to foot in banded-mail, and have the characteristic helm of the period: of "sugar-loaf" form, and brought so low as to rest on the shoulders. The warrior on the left hand wears a crown over his helm, and has the further decoration of a fan-crest of ungainly size. The shields are of the old kite shape, but much reduced in their dimensions from their Neustrian prototypes. The crowned combatant has a dagger at his right side: an early instance of an arrangement which afterwards became very common. The caparison of the horses does not appear to be of a defensive construction; but an under-housing of gamboiserie or chain-work may perhaps in such cases be implied. 283

73. Monumental brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, executed about 1290, and still occupying its old position in the parish church

"At Trompington, not fer fro Cantebrigge[1]."

The knight is armed in hauberk, chausses and hood of chain-mail; with a chausson, of which the knee-pieces seem to be of iron plate. Ailettes are at the shoulders, and for pillow the warrior has his helm; from the lower edge of which a chain passes to the belt of the surcoat, in order to prevent its being lost in battle. The triangular, bowed shield is sustained by the usual guige; and here, as well as on the ailettes and the escutcheons of the sword-sheath, are seen the _Trumpets_ forming, in allusion to his name, the heraldic bearings of our knight. 285

74. Incised slab to the memory of the knight, Johan le Botiler, in the church of St. Bride's, Glamorganshire. Date, about 1300. As in the preceding example, the heraldic figures (borne in this instance on the shield and cervellière) are allusive to the name of the bearer, Butler. The sword, with its trefoil pommel and narrow, curved cross-piece, has quite the character of the Anglo-Saxon weapon of the eleventh century. In the rowel spur, however, we recognise the spirit of progress; and the cervellière of plate, worn, as here, in conjunction with the coif of chain-mail, is an early example of that arrangement in a monumental effigy. 287

75. Figure of Goliath, from Add. MS. 11,639, fol. 520: a Hebrew copy of the Pentateuch and Forms of Prayer, written in Germany about the close of the thirteenth century. The giant has hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, with knee-pieces of plate, and the broad-rimmed chapel-de-fer. The shield retains the boss and strengthening bands which we have seen in examples from the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish graves. The round mark at the temple is the stone hurled from the sling of David. 290

76. Part of a figure from the wall-pictures of the Painted Chamber at Westminster: to shew the form of the pointed, nasal helmet. Date, the second half of the thirteenth century. 291

77. Glass-painting in the window of the north transept of Oxford Cathedral. The tracery formerly belonging to it no longer appears, and it is now mixed up with glass of a later period. It is scarcely necessary to say that the martyr's head is a "restoration." The knights are armed in suits of banded-mail, with knee-pieces of plate. The uplifted sword is of the falchion kind. Fitz-Urse has on his shield three Bears' heads on a diapered field, in lieu of the usual figure of a single Bear. Compare woodcut, No. 53. The date of this glass appears to be about the close of the thirteenth century. 296

78. Iron spur found in the churchyard of Chesterford, Cambridgeshire, and now preserved in the Museum of the Hon. R. C. Neville, at Audley End. The plain goad, straight neck, and curved shanks are all characteristic of the knightly spur of the thirteenth century. 298

79. Great Seal of King Henry III.; drawn from impressions attached to Harleian Charter, 43, C. 38; Wolley Charter, 5, xxi.; and Topham Charter, No. 8. The king wears the hauberk of chain-mail, with a helm somewhat rounded at top, and having a moveable ventail with clefts for sight and breathing. The mailing has been obliterated from the chausses, if any ever were there. The surcoat is still of great length. The bowed shield exhibits the usual three Lions. But a novelty appears in the spurs of this figure, which are rowelled. No earlier instance of the rowel spur has been observed, and indeed it seldom appears again during the whole century. Usually on the alert to adopt any novelty of military equipment, the knights appear to have rejected with particular obstinacy the innovation of the wheeled spur, though to us it appears so strongly recommended by the greater humanity of its contrivance. Compare woodcut, No. 81: the second Great Seal of Hen. III. 299

80. From Cotton MS., Nero, D. i.; the "Lives of the two Offas," by Matthew Paris. This group, which occurs on folio 7 of the manuscript, represents the Mercian king, Offa I., combating in behalf of the king of Northumberland, and defeating the Scottish army. The drawings of this curious volume, all of which have been copied by Strutt in his _Horda_, appear to be of the close of the thirteenth century. The body-armour is for the most part banded-mail. King Offa has the distinction of greaves and knee-pieces: the mailing of a portion of his coif differs from the rest of the suits, probably from carelessness of the artist only. The horse of the king is also discriminated from the other steeds by having a housing. The head-defence, composed of a mask of steel placed over the coif of banded-mail, is very remarkable. In the adjoining figure we again see an example of the aperture left at the palm, for the convenience of liberating the hand occasionally from its case of mail. Compare woodcut, No. 62. 303

81. Second Great Seal of King Henry III. From impressions at Carlton Hide (R. i. 34), and select seals in Brit. Museum (xxxiv. 4). The armour consists of hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, helm with moveable visor, shield and sword. The surcoat, of diminished length, is without heraldic decoration. As a work of art, this seal shews a great advance beyond the previous royal seals: the horse is drawn with much truth and spirit, while the figure of the king is just in its proportions and natural in its position. Compare woodcut, No. 79. 307

82. Group from the Painted Chamber. _Vetusta Monumenta_, vol. vi. Plate XXXVI. We have here many noticeable particulars: the falchion, the archer with his long-bow and cloth-yard shaft, armed with its barbed head, the ornamented helmet of the mounted knight, the conical nasal helmet of the figure behind, the triangular and the round shields, and the curiously-formed brow-band of the horse. All these will be duly examined under their respective heads. 313

83. Incised slab of red sandstone, the memorial of a knight of the Brougham family, in the church of Brougham, Westmoreland. The stone is nearly 7 feet long, by 3 ft. 5 in. wide, and is traditionally known as "The Crusader's Tomb." The "Crusader" himself was disinterred in 1846, in consequence of some repairs within the chancel of the church, and found to have been buried _cross-legged_. For a particular account of this curious discovery, see the "Archæological Journal," vol. iv. p. 59. 317

84. Military Flail: from Strutt's _Horda_, vol. i. Plate XXXII. From the same MS. as our No. 51. (Benet Coll. Lib., C. 5. xvi.) Compare the flail on woodcut 11. 327

85. Great Seal of King Edward I. Drawn from impression at Carlton Ride marked H. 20; and Harl. Charter, 43, C. 52. The king is armed in hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, with helm having moveable visor; and he wears the shorter surcoat without armorial decoration. The shield presents no new feature. The mountings of the sword are of an unusual pattern: the fleur-de-lis ornament at the extremity is again seen at the hinge of the visor. This is the first English royal seal in which the housing of the steed is heraldically ensigned. 339

86. Horse in housing of chain-mail: from the Painted Chamber[2]. Representations of the mailed steed are extremely rare, though the descriptions of them are frequent. The knight has here an armoried surcoat, and wears the usual "barrel helm" of the time. 342

87. Seal and counter-seal of Roger de Quinci, second earl of Winchester, 1219-64. The arming of both figures is exactly the same: hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, cylindrical helm, triangular bowed shield, and two-edged sword. The wyvern which seems to form a crest to the helm in the counter-seal, is in fact only an ornament used to fill up the space left after the word "SCOCIE" in the legend. The flower in the same seal, and the similar wyvern in the obverse, are employed with a like view of enriching the composition with ornament. De Quinci was Lord High Steward of Scotland by right of his wife, and on the reverse-seal before us, where he is described as "Constabularius Scocie," we have the figure of the Scottish Lion: the seeming combat between the two being an ingenious fancy of the artist. Compare Winchester Volume of Archæological Institute, p. 103, and Laing's Ancient Scottish Seals, p. 113. 346

88. Wager of Battle between Walter Blowberme and Hamon le Stare, from the original roll in the Tower. The document is noticed in Madox's History of the Exchequer, with an engraving, p. 383. He describes the incident as "a pretty remarkable Case of a Duell that was fought in the reign of K. Henry III.... A Duell was struck. And Hamon being vanquished in the Combat, was adjudged to be hanged". 375

89. Caerphilly Castle, Glamorganshire. Built about 1275. We have here the type of the "Edwardian Castle;" differing from the Norman stronghold essentially in this: that, while the Norman fortress was a massive building surrounded by a court, the Edwardian arrangement was a court surrounded by strong buildings. The buildings themselves differed in many particulars, not only from their Norman predecessors, but from each other; and it would require a volume to examine at large the many curious devices for offence and defence that are exhibited in the various examples left to our times. We must again refer the student to the admirable work of M. Viollet-le-Duc, _Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Âge_, and to the able paper on the same subject in the first volume of the "Archæological Journal." And, for a complete account of the works at Caerphilly, see the _Archæologia Cambrensis_, vol. i., N. S. The engraving before us is from a drawing by Mr. G. T. Clark, in which some portion of the lost buildings has been supplied from the indications afforded by a careful survey of those remaining. Conspicuous in front is the Great Hall, with its louvre. Below is a water-gate, leading from the moat into the interior of the castle. Various outworks are connected with the main structure by means of drawbridges, and at the right-hand corner is a mill, turned by the stream which supplies the moat. 377

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Chaucer, Reve's Tale.

[2] Plates XXXI. and XXXVII.

ANCIENT ARMOUR,

_&c._