Ancient and modern engineering and the Isthmian canal

ART. PAGE 1. Introductory 1 2. Hydraulic Works of Chaldea and Egypt 2 3. Structural Works in Chaldea and Egypt 4 4. Ancient Maritime Commerce 7 5. The Change of the Nile Channel...

12. The Beginnings of Engineering Works of Record 19 13. The Appian Way and other Roman Roads 20 14. Natural Advantages of Rome in Structural Stones 22 15. Pozzuolana Hydraulic...

25. The Roman Water-supply 37 26. The Roman Aqueducts 38 27. Anio Vetus 39 28. Tepula 40 29. Virgo 40 30. Alsietina 40 31. Claudia 41 32. Anio Novus 42 33. Lengths and Dates of...

44. Antiquity of Masonry Aqueducts 52 45. Pont du Gard 52 46. Aqueducts at Segovia, Metz, and other Places 53 47. Tunnels 54 48. Ostia, the Harbor of Rome 56 49. Harbors of Clau...

50. Ancient Engineering Science 60 51. Ancient Views of the Physical Properties of Materials 61 52. Roman Civil Engineers Searching for Water 62 53. Locating and Designing Condu...

66. Introductory 70 67. First Cast-iron Arch 70 68. Early Timber Bridges in America 71 69. Town Lattice Bridge 72 70. Howe Truss 74 71. Pratt Truss 76 72. Squire Whipple’s Work...

74. Modern Bridge Theory 78 75. The Stresses in Beams 79 76. Vertical and Horizontal Shearing Stresses 80 77. Law of Variation of Stresses of Tension and Compression 82 78. Fund...

88. The Truss Element or Triangle of Bracing 100 89. Simple Trusses 101 90. The Pratt Truss Type 102 91. The Howe Truss Type 105 92. The Simple Triangular Truss 106 93. Through-...

103. Lateral Wind Pressure on Trusses 122 104. Upper and Lower Lateral Bracing 124 105. Bridge Plans and Shopwork 125 106. Erection of Bridges 126 107. Statically Determinate Tr...

117. The Arched Rib, of both Steel and Masonry 142 118. Arched Rib with Ends Fixed 144 119. Arched Rib with Ends Jointed 144 120. Arched Rib with Crown and Ends Jointed 145 121....

124. The Masonry Arch 154 125. Old and New Theories of the Arch 155 126. Stress Conditions in the Arch-ring 158 127. Applications to an Actual Arch 158 128. Intensities of Press...

131. Cantilever and Stiffened Suspension Bridges 166 132. Cantilever Bridges 166 133. Stiffened Suspension Bridges 168 134. The Stiffening Truss 170 135. Location and Arrangemen...

141. Introductory 179 142. First Steam-pumps 180 143. Water-supply of Paris and London 181 144. Early Water-pipes 181 145. Earliest Water-supplies in the United States 182 146....

155. Waste of Water, Particularly in the City of New York 196 156. Division of Daily Consumption in the City of New York 197 157. Daily Domestic Consumption 198 158. Incurable a...

172. Application of Fitzgerald’s Results to the Croton Watershed 216 173. The Capacity of the Croton Watershed 217 174. Necessary Storage for New York Supply to Compensate for D...

183. Gravity Supplies 234 184. Masonry Conduits 234 185. Metal Conduits 236 186. General Formula for Discharge of Conduits—Chezy’s Formula 237 187. Kutter’s Formula 239 188. Hyd...

195. Pumping and Pumps 254 196. Resistances of Pumps and Main—Dynamic Head 258 197. Duty of Pumping-engines 260 198. Data to be Observed in Pumping-engine Tests 261 199. Basis o...

205. Distributing-reservoirs and their Capacities 267 206. System of Distributing Mains and Pipes 268 207. Diameters of and Velocities in Distributing Mains and Pipes 269 208. R...

211. Sanitary Improvement of Public Water-supplies 276 212. Improvement by Sedimentation 277 213. Sedimentation Aided by Chemicals 279 214. Amount of Solid Matter Removed by Sed...

254. Introductory 320 255. Train Resistances 322 256. Grades 322 257. Curves 324 258. Resistance of Curves and Compensation in Grades 324 259. Transition Curves 325 260. Road-be...

264. Railroad Signalling 335 265. The Pilot Guard 335 266. The Train-Staff 335 267. First Basis of Railroad Signalling 336 268. Code of American Railway Association 337 268_a_....

289. Evolution of the Locomotive 363 290. Increase of Locomotive Weight and Rate of Combustion of Fuel 365 291. Principal Parts of a Modern Locomotive 366 292. The Wootten Fire-...

307. Feasibility of Nicaragua Route 390 308. Discovery of Lake Nicaragua 390 309. Early Maritime Commerce with Lake Nicaragua 391 310. Early Examination of Nicaragua Route 392 3...

349. The First Panama Transit Line 429 350. Harbor of Porto Bello Established in 1597 429 351. First Traffic along the Chagres River, and the Importance of the Isthmian Commerce...

=1. Introductory.=—It is a common impression even among civil engineers that their profession is of modern origin, and it is frequently called the youngest of the professions. T...

=12. The Beginnings of Engineering Works of Record.=—In a later period of the world’s history we reach a stage in the development of engineering works of which we have both reco...

=25. The Roman Water-supply.=—There is no stronger evidence of engineering development in ancient Rome, nor of the advanced state of civilization which characterized its people,...

=44. Antiquity of Masonry Aqueducts.=—Masonry aqueducts, either solid or with open arches, were not first constructed by the city of Rome; their origin was much farther back in...

=50. Ancient Engineering Science.=—The state of what may be called the philosophy or science of engineering construction in ancient Rome is admirably illustrated by the work on...

=66. Introductory.=—Although the bridge structures of to-day serve the same general purposes as those served by the most ancient structures, they are very different engineering...

=74. Modern Bridge Theory.=—The evolution of bridge design having reached that point where necessity of accurate analysis began to make itself felt, it is necessary to recognize...

=88. The Truss Element or Triangle of Bracing.=—A number of the preceding formulæ find their applications to bridge-trusses, as well as to beams; hence it is necessary to give a...

=103. Lateral Wind Pressure on Trusses.=—The duties of a bridge structure are not confined entirely to the supporting of vertical loads. There are some horizontal or lateral loa...

=117. The Arched Rib, of both Steel and Masonry.=—During the past ten or fifteen years the type of bridge structure called the arched rib has come into much use, and its merits...

=123. Beams of Combined Steel and Concrete.=[2]—A reference has already been made to a class of beams and arches recently come into use and now quite widely employed, composed o...

=124. The Masonry Arch.=—The masonry arch is so old that its origin is lost in antiquity, but its complete theory has been developed with that of other bridge structures only wi...

=131. Cantilever and Stiffened Suspension Bridges.=—There are two other types of bridges of later development which have, in recent years, become prominent by remarkable example...

=141. Introductory.=—A preceding lecture in this course has shown to what an advanced state the public supply of water to large cities was developed in ancient times. The old Ro...

=155. Waste of Water, Particularly in the City of New York.=—The quantity of water involved in designing a water-supply for cities and towns is much larger than that which is ac...

=172. Application of Fitzgerald’s Results to the Croton Watershed.=—The evaporation data determined by Messrs. Fitzgerald and Kuichling are sufficient for all ordinary purposes...

=183. Gravity Supplies.=—When investigation has shown that a sufficient quantity of water may be obtained for a required public supply from any of the sources to which reference...

=195. Pumping and Pumps.=—When it is impossible to secure water at sufficient elevation to be delivered to the points of consumption by gravity, it is necessary to resort to pum...

=205. Distributing-reservoirs and their Capacities.=—The water of a public supply seldom runs from the storage-reservoir directly into the distributing system or is pumped direc...

=211. Sanitary Improvement of Public Water-supplies.=—In the preceding consideration of a public water-supply it has been virtually assumed that the water will reach consumers i...

=254. Introductory.=—The first step toward the construction of a railroad is the location of the line, which requires as an initiative a careful ocular examination of the genera...

=264. Railroad Signalling.=—The birth of the art of railroad signalling was probably coexistent with that of the railroad. At the very outset of the movement of railroad trains...

=289. Evolution of the Locomotive.=—The evolution of the steam locomotive may be called the most spectacular portion of the development of railroad engineering. The enormous eng...

=307. Feasibility of Nicaragua Route.=—The feasibility of a ship-canal between the two oceans across Nicaragua has been recognized almost since the discovery of Lake Nicaragua i...

=349. The First Panama Transit Line.=—The Panama route as a line of transit across the isthmus was established, as near as can be determined, between 1517 and 1520. The first se...