Part 9

_altus_: aut ---- aussọr ✱_bellātus_ = _bĕllus_: ---- bellaire bellázer-s bellazọr _gĕnĭtus_: gen génser-s gensọr ✱_grĕvis_ = _gravis_: gręu gręuger ---- _grŏssus_: grǫs gruęysser ---- _laið_: lai láiger ---- _largus_: larc ---- largọr _lĕvis_: lęu lęuger ---- _lŏngus_: lonc ---- lonhọr (_grandis_): (gran) máier maiọr (_bŏnus_): (bon) męlher melhọr (_paucus_): (pauc) mẹnre-s menọr _nūgālis_: ---- ---- nüalhọr (_malus_): (mal) pęier peiọr (_mŭltus_): (mọlt) ---- plüsọr[88] _sŏrdĭdus_: sorde sordẹier sordeiọr

108. The following neuter comparatives were used as adverbs: gensẹis gensẹs gensẹtz (＜ génser influenced by longẹis, sordẹis); longẹis longẹitz ＜?✱longĭtius (＜ longĭter + lŏngius); mais ＜ _magis_; męlhs ＜ _mĕlius_; mẹns ＜ _mĭnus_; pęitz ＜ _pĕjus_; sordẹis ＜ _sordĭdius_; viatz ＜ _vivacius_. Mais, męlhs, mẹns, pęitz were used also as neuter pronouns. Viatz lost its comparative sense.

109. A few adjectives, most or all of them learned, preserved the old superlative form with an intensive sense: altisme, carisme, pęsme, prǫsme, santisme.

NUMERALS.

110. The cardinal numerals are:--

ün dọs trẹs quatre cinc sęis sęt uęg nǫu dętz ọnze dọtze trẹtze quatọrze quinze sętze, sędze dętz e sęt dętz e uęg dętz e nǫu vint, vin vint e ün vint e dọs trẹnta quaranta cinquanta sessanta setanta quatre vint nonanta cent, cen dozent tresent quatre cen cinc cens (de) mil dọs milia trẹs melia quatre mila cinc millięrs (de) cent miria

111. The first two numbers were inflected as follows:--

ü(n)s üna düi dọi dọas dọs ü(n) üna dọs (düi) dọas dọs

Düi dọi are from Vulgar Latin _dŭī_ = _dŭo_; dọs is from _dŭos_, dọas from _dŭas_. Trẹs has a form trẹi (originally nom. m.), patterned after düi, and a form trẹis, which seems to be a cross between trẹs and trẹi. For the dialect forms of ọnze--sętze, see § 76, (1), Ndc´, and § 80, Dc´. Cen, multiplied by another number, took a plural form when used substantively; when used adjectively, it generally did not, but we find dozentas with a feminine noun. Mil had four plurals, milia miria melia mila; millięrs is a noun.

1. As an example of a longer compound numeral, we have _cen e quatre vint e ueg_.

2. From _ambo_ we have the obj. forms, m. and f., _ams_, _ambas_. _Ambo_ combined with _dŭī_ (_dŭos_ _dŭas_), and perhaps influenced by Pr. _ab_ (§ 65, P, 2), had this inflection:

_amdui_ _andui_ _abdui_ _ambedui_ _amdoas_ _amdos_ _andos_ _abdos_ _ambedos_ _amdoas_

112. The ordinal numerals had separate forms for the two genders; the masculine forms followed the second declension type, the feminine forms, the first declension. After 5th, they were made by adding to the cardinal numeral the originally distributive ending _-ēnus_ _-ēna_.

primięr, primięra segọn(t), segọnda tęrz, tęrza quart, quarta quint, quinta seizẹ(n), seizẹna setẹ(n), setẹna ochẹ(n), ochẹna novẹ(n), novẹna dezẹ(n), dezẹna onzẹ(n), onzẹna dozẹ(n), dozẹna vintẹ(n), vintẹna centẹ(n), centẹna milẹ(n), milẹna

113. Beside primięr we find premięr prümier promięr (§ 44, 1, 3), and also prim and primeiran; for the developments of the ending -ięr, see § 23, 1 and § 73, Ry, 1. Tęrz, tęrza regularly became tęrs, tęrsa (§ 73, Rty). Such forms as secọnda, tęrcia, sęxta, octava, nọna, dęcima are learned.

1. As an example of a compound ordinal numeral, we have _vintena tersa_.

PRONOUNS.

114. Under this head will be treated not only pronouns and pronominal adjectives, but also articles.

115. In popular Latin the personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives had two sets of forms, according as they were accented or unaccented (§ 19). _Ille_, when stressed and used pronominally, became a disjunctive personal pronoun of the third person; when unstressed and used pronominally, it furnished the conjunctive forms of the third person; when unstressed and used adjectively, it developed into a definite article. _Ipse_ had similar uses. These differentiations must have begun in Vulgar Latin times.

116. The declension of _ĭlle_ was considerably altered in Vulgar Latin. The neuter _ĭllud_ disappeared, being replaced by _ĭlium_. Through the influence of _quī_ _cūjus_ _cūī_, ✱_ĭllī_ _illūjus_[89] _illūī_[89] came to be used beside _ĭlle_ _illīus_ _ĭllī_. The feminine had, beside _illīus_ _ĭllī_, a genitive and dative _ĭllæ_; through the analogy of _illūjus_ _illūī_, _ĭllæ_ was expanded into _illæjus_[89] _illæi_.[89] _Illīus_ then went out of use. In the plural, _illōrum_ (which in some regions, by the analogy of _illūjus_ _illūī_, had a form ✱_illūrum_) crowded out _illārum_; this _illōrum_ came to be used also as a dative.

_Ipse_ and _ĭste_ followed in the main the same course as _ĭlle_.

ARTICLES.

117. The indefinite article comes from _ūnus_, which seems to have been occasionally so used even in classic Latin:--

ü(n)s üna ü(n) üna

118. (1) The definite article comes from unaccented _ĭlle_, which, being used as a proclitic, regularly lost its first syllable (§ 19). _Ille_ (✱_ĭllī_), _ĭllum_, _ĭllī_, _ĭllos_, _ĭlla_, _ĭllas_ became respectively le (li), lo, li or lhi,[90] los, la, las. Le, lo, li, lhi, la frequently elided their vowel before another vowel (l’an, l’arma), becoming l or lh. Furthermore, le, lo, li, lhi, los, in the intertonic position after a vowel (vé lo páire), regularly lost their vowel (vẹl páire)[91]; and, by analogy, la and las were sometimes reduced to l and ls. We have, then, beside the full forms, the proclitics l, lh, and the enclitics l, lh, ls. Inasmuch as l might be vocalized before a dental,[92] the enclitics l and ls sometimes became u and us (a͡u portęr, e͡uz dias antix).

(2) The particles e and que, with the enclitic l, formed combinations ẹl and quẹl. Quẹl, being understood as _qu’el_, gave rise to a form ẹl.

(3) In the f. nom. sg. there is a form li or lhi, which is hard to explain. The most likely theory is that when the masculine _quī_ took the place of the feminine _quæ_ (see § 133), the masculine ✱_ĭllī_ came to be used beside _ĭlla_,[93] for the feminine. The Provençal feminine li (lhi) which resulted was strongly supported by the analogy of a feminine possessive mi, beside ma (see § 127).[94]

(4) The regular forms are, therefore, the following:--

MASCULINE FEMININE Sg. {_nom._: lẹ li l ẹl la li lhi l lh {_obj._: lọ l u ẹl la l

Pl. {_nom._: li lhi l lh las {_obj._: lọs ls us las ls

In many texts the objective forms lo, los, ls are used in the nominative.

1. The m. obj. sg. _le_, obj. pl. _les_, which occur in a few texts, are doubtless French. So is the enclitic form _s_ for _ls_ or _us_: _de s_, _entre s_, _e s_.

2. The enclitic forms combine as follows with the prepositions _a_, _con_, _de_, _en_, _entre_, _iosta_, _per_, _sus_, and with the conjunctions _e_, _ni_, _o_, _que_, _si_: _al_ _au_ _als_ _aus_, _col_, _del_ _deu_ _dels_ _deus_ (_des_), _enl_ _el_ _els_ _eus_, _entrels_, _iostal_, _pel_ _pels_, _sul_ _suls_; _eil_ (= _e lhi_) _el_ (= _e lo_), _nils_, _oill_ (= _o lhi_), _quel_, _sil_. They combine freely with other words: _eral_ (= _era le_), _fals_ (= _fa los_), etc.

119. In some southwestern and some southeastern dialects we find forms sọ, sọs, sa, sas, coming from _ĭpse_.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.[95]

120. In Vulgar Latin _ĕgo_ lost its g (§ 55, G). The dative, _mĭhi_, was preserved only in its contracted form, _mī_. After the pattern of _mī_, ✱_tī_ and ✱_sī_ were created for the other persons.

121. Provençal has no nominative forms that are regularly unaccented. In the conjunctive forms of the third person (not reflexive), the direct object is distinguished from the indirect; elsewhere there is no such distinction.

CONJUNCTIVE FORMS.

122. Latin _mē_ ＞ mẹ, _mī_ ＞ mi, _nōs_ ＞ nọs; _tē_ ＞ tẹ, ✱_tī_ ＞ ti, _vōs_ ＞ vọs; _sē_ ＞ sẹ, ✱_sī_ ＞ si. Me mi, te ti, se si, used as proclitics before a vowel, or as enclitics after a vowel, were reduced to m, t, s: m’ama, t’apela, s’es; o͡m, be͡t, cosi͡s. Nọs and vọs, used as enclitics after a vowel, became respectively ns and us; que͡ns, no͡us; _sī vōs_ ＞ sius, later sieus (§ 32). The forms (all objective) for the first and second persons and for the third person reflexive are, then:--

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON (REFLEXIVE) _Sg._: mẹ mi m tẹ ti t sẹ si s _Pl._: nọs ns vọs us sẹ si s

The pronouns of the first and second persons could, of course, be used reflexively.

123. The conjunctive forms of the third person (not reflexive) come in the main from the proclitic _ĭlle_: _ĭllī_, _ĭllum_, _illōrum_ (✱_illūrum_), _ĭllos_, _ĭlla_, _ĭllas_ became respectively li or lhi, lo, lọr (lür), lọs, la, las. When used proclitically or enclitically, under the conditions described in § 118, (1), li (lhi), lo, los were reduced to l (lh), l, ls; and l was sometimes vocalized. O ＜ _hŏc_ was employed also, meaning ‘it.’ The adverb _ĭnde_ became ẹnt ẹn n (and, through the analogy of me m, te t, se s, also ne), which was often used as a pronoun with the sense ‘of it’, ‘of them’, sometimes ‘of him’, ‘of her’; nọs ẹn ＞ nọn, vọs ẹn ＞ vọn. The adverb _hīc_ became i, meaning ‘here’ or ‘there,’ which served also as a dative pronoun, ‘to it,’ ‘to them’; it was then always an enclitic, forming a diphthong with a preceding vowel; it regularly took the place of li in the constructions lọi = lo li, lai = la li. The forms are:--

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

Sg. { _gen._: ẹnt ẹn n nẹ ẹnt ẹn n nẹ ẹnt ẹn n nẹ { _dat._: li lhi l lh i li lhi l lh i i { _acc._: lọ l u la lọ l ǫ

Pl. { _gen._: ẹnt ẹn n nẹ ẹnt ẹn n nẹ { _dat._: lọr lür lọr lür { _acc._: lọs ls las

1. _Les_ for _los_ is doubtless French. _Los_, _ls_ were occasionally used for m. _lor_; _lors_, which occurs rarely for _lor_, looks like a cross between _lor_ and _los_.

2. The following combinations illustrate the use of the enclitic forms: _aura i_, _be i_, _e l_, _laissa n_, _no i_, _qui ll_, _si ls_.

DISJUNCTIVE FORMS.

124. Vulgar Latin ✱_ĕo_ or ✱_ĕu_ ＞ ęu ięu (§ 30), which before an enclitic became ę ię (ę͡l, ię͡n). The other forms explain themselves. The nominative tü, from the beginning of the 13th century, was sometimes used for tẹ after prepositions; this use may have been suggested by the existence of lü = ‘him’; § 125, (1). Nọs + ẹn ＞ nọn, vọs + ẹn ＞ vọn.

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON (REFLEXIVE) Sg. { _nom._: ęu ięu ę- ię- tü { _obj._: mẹ mi tẹ (ti?) tü sẹ si

Pl. { _nom._: nọs vọs { _obj._: nọs vọs sẹ si

1. We find, besides, the French or borderland forms _ie_ _iou_ _iu_ _yo_ for _eu_ (_gi_ and _iey_ have been noted also), _mei_ _tei_ _sei_ for _me_ _te_ _se_.

125. The disjunctive pronouns of the third person (not reflexive) come from accented _ĭlle_, with the exception of ǫ from _hŏc_. _Illūi_, _illōrum_, _illæjus_, _illæi_ lost their first syllable, perhaps through elision after a vowel; _illūjus_ disappeared. _Ille_, ✱_ĭllī_ gave ẹl ẹlh, il ilh; ẹl sometimes vocalized its l. _Illūī_ became lüi, in some dialects reduced to lü. _Illum_ became ẹl ẹlh. _Illōrum_ (✱_illūrum_) gave lọr (lür). _Illos_ became ẹls (often ẹus) ẹlhs. _Illa_, _ĭllam_ both gave ẹla ẹlha. _Illæjus_ became lęis lięis (in some dialects reduced to lięs).[96] _Illæi_ gave lęi (dialectically lę) lięi. _Illas_ became ẹlas ẹlhas.

(2) In the feminine singular nominative there is, beside ẹla ẹlha, a form ilh il. This is probably to be explained, like the feminine article lhi li, as coming from the masculine nominative ✱ĭllī introduced into the feminine, and supported by the feminine possessive mi: see § 118, (3).

(3) Some dialects preserve the final -i of ẹli (m. pl. nom.) and ilhi ili (f. sg. nom.): see § 51, 1.

(4) Occasionally the conjunctive li (f. sg. obj.) and lo (neuter sg. nom.) were used as disjunctive forms. And sometimes the masculine lüi lü was used for the feminine.

(5) The forms are, therefore, the following:--

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER Sg. { _nom._: ẹl ẹu ẹlh il ilh ẹla ẹlha ilh il ilhi ili ẹl lọ { _obj._: lüi lü ẹl ẹlh lęis lięis lięs lęi lięi ǫ lę ẹla li lüi lü

Pl. { _nom._: il ilh ẹl ẹlh ẹli ẹlas ẹlhas { _obj._: lọr lür ẹls ẹus ẹlhs lọr lür ẹlas ẹlhas

In many texts the objective forms ẹls ẹlhs, lęis lęi are used in the nominative. We then find occasionally a new objective, ẹlses.

POSSESSIVES.

126. Beside _mĕus_ _mĕa_, _tŭus_ _tŭa_, _sŭas_ _sŭa_, there existed in popular Latin the shorter forms ✱_mĕs_? ✱_ma_, ✱_tŭs_ ✱_ta_, _sŭs_ _sa_. Of the two forms _vĕster_ and _vŏster_, only the latter was used. To supply the lack of a third person possessive denoting a plural possessor, _illōrum_ came to be employed as a possessive.

SINGULAR POSSESSIVE.

127. (1) The primarily atonic possessives come from the shorter Latin forms. The original masculine singular forms of the first person were displaced by mọs mọ, made on the analogy of tọs tọ, sọs sọ, which come regularly from ✱_tŭs_ ✱_tŭm_, _sŭs_, _sŭm_; so in the objective plural we find mọs, corresponding to tọs ＜ ✱_tōs_, sọs ＜ _sōs_. _Mĕī_, _tŭī_, _sŭī_ gave męi, tọi tüi, sọi süi (§ 34), which, however, were often replaced by the objective forms. ✱_Ma_ ✱_mam_ ✱_mas_, ✱_ta_ ✱_tam_ ✱_tas_, _sa_ _sam_ _sas_ became ma mas, ta tas, sa sas; ma, ta, sa often elided their a before a vowel. The formation of _midons_ has been explained in § 91, (2); § 93, (2); § 118, (3): from it came a feminine singular possessive mi, and, by analogy, ti and si.

(2) The forms are:--

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON

Sg. { _nom._: mọs ma mi tọs ta ti sọs sa si { _obj._: mọ mọn ma mi tọ tọn ta ti sọ sọn sa si

Pl. { _nom._: me̯i mọs mas tọi tüi tọs tas sọi süi sọs sas { _obj._: mọs mas tọs tas sọs sas

They are generally used only adjectively, and without the definite article. In some early texts, however, tọs and sọs, preceded by the article, are used substantively.

128. (1) The primarily tonic possessives come from the longer Latin forms. _Mĕus_ _mĕum_ _mĕi_ _mĕos_ ＞ męus męu męi męus, which regularly became mięus etc. (§ 30); an analogical form mięu is found beside mięi. In the feminine of the first person we have, instead of ✱męa, mięua and mia: the first of these two forms is evidently made up from the masculine; the second may be due partly to the analogy of mi, partly to a proclitic use of the word (§ 44, 4).[97] In the second and third persons the masculine forms are mainly, and the feminine forms partially, replaced by analogical formations based on the possessive of the first person; _tŭi_, _sŭi_, _tŭa_, _sŭa_, however, give regularly tọi tüi, sọi süi, tọa tua, sọa sua (§ 8).

(2) The forms follow, those of the third person (which correspond exactly to those of the second) being omitted:--

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON

Sg. {_nom._: męus mięus mia mięua tęus tięus tọa tua tięua tia {_obj._: męu mięu mia mięua tęu tięu tọa tua tięua tia

Pl. {_nom._: męi mięi mięu mias mięuas tọi tüi tęi tọas tuas tięuas tięi tięu tias {_obj._: męus mięus mias mięuas tęus tięus tọas tuas tięuas tias

They may be used adjectively or substantively, with or without the definite article.

1. We occasionally find a neuter sg. nom. form without final _-s_: _lo mieu_.

PLURAL POSSESSOR.

129. _Nŏster_, _vŏster_ developed regularly after the _pauper_ model: § 103, (1). The masculine singular nominative often took an -s: cf. § 96; § 101, (1). Some southeastern dialects preserved the -i of nǫstri: cf. § 51, 1. Beside vǫstra we occasionally meet vǫstri, due to the analogy of feminine mi, ti, si.

FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON

Sg. {_nom._: nǫstre-s nǫstra vǫstre-s vǫstra vǫstri lọr lür lọr lür {_obj._: nǫstre nǫstra vǫstre vǫstra vǫstri lọr lür lọr lür

Pl. {_nom._: nǫstre nǫstri nǫstras vǫstre vǫstras lọr lür lọr lür {_obj._: nǫstres nǫstras vǫstres vǫstras lọr lür lọr lür

These forms are used adjectively or substantively, with or without the definite article.

1. In later times _lor_ came to be inflected like a one-gender adjective: § 103, (2).

DEMONSTRATIVES.

130. Latin _īdem_ went out of use. Latin _ĭs_ was preserved only in the phrase _ĭd ĭpsum_ (_ad ĭd ĭpsum_ ＞ adęs), and in the combination _ĕccum_, in which it ceased to be recognized, so that _ĕccu’_ was regarded as a synonym of _ĕcce_.

131. (1) The demonstrative particles _ĕcce_ and _ĕccu’_ were often prefixed to pronouns in Vulgar Latin. Being thus proclitically used, they frequently lost their first syllable (§ 19); sometimes, however, under the influence of _ac_ (as in _ac sīc_ ＞ aissi), they preserved it, assuming the vowel of _ac_: _ecce ĭlla_ ＞ aicẹla, _eccu’ ĭsta_ ＞ aquẹsta; cf. § 43, (2).

(2) The suffix _-met_ was used in Vulgar Latin as an intensive prefix. Its change of place was probably due to such phrases as _sēmet ĭpsum_, understood as _sē metĭpsum_. The _-t_, before a vowel, regularly gives -d- (_met-ĭpsum_ ＞ mẹdes); but we find, besides, -z- (＜ Lat. _d_), introduced perhaps through the analogy of _ĭd_ in _ĭd ĭpsum_ (✱_medĭpsum_ ＞ mezẹis); and also -t- (＜ Lat. _tt_), which may be the result of a combination of _met-_ and _ĭd-_ (_met-ĭd-ĭpsum_ ＞ ✱_metdĭpsu_ ＞ metẹis).

132. The pronouns preserved, either in their simple form or combined with a prefix, are the following:--

(1) Of _hīc_ only the neuter, _hŏc_, was kept _Hŏc_ ＞ ǫ; _ecce hŏc_ ＞ aiçǫ aissǫ, and çǫ so; _eccu’ hŏc_ ＞ aquŏ acŏ. All of these are invariable.

(2) _Ipse_ appears as ẹps ẹpsa, ẹus ẹussa, ẹis ẹissa (with a m. pl. ẹisses and a neuter ẹis); the last forms are the commonest; for the development of the _ps_, see § 79 and § 80, Ps. _Met-ĭpse_ gives (medips) medẹs, (metẹish) metẹis, and, more commonly, mezẹis (f. mezẹissa, neuter mezẹis); see § 131, (2). ✱_Met-ĭpsĭmus_ becomes medẹsme-s, mesẹsme-s, meẹsme-s (§ 65, D), with feminine forms in -a. Unaccented _ĭpsum_ is probably one source of the neuter sǫ: cf. § 132, (1). For the article (so, sa), see § 119.

(3) _Ille_, uncombined, developed into an article (§ 118) and a personal pronoun (§§ 123, 125), but went out of use as a demonstrative. Combined with _ecce_ and _eccu’_ it gave: aicẹl aissẹl, cẹl, sẹl; aquẹl. Echẹl (pronounced ekẹl?) seems to come from _eccu’ ĭlle_ with its original initial vowel preserved. _Ipse ĭlle_ perhaps gave rise also to a sẹl, which ultimately coincided with the form coming from _ecce ĭlle_. There is a neuter aicelo, perhaps aicẹl + ǫ. Cẹl will illustrate the inflection of all these words; the forms are to be explained like those of the disjunctive personal pronoun (§ 125):--

MASCULINE FEMININE

Sg. {_nom._: cẹl cẹu cẹlh cẹls[98] cẹla celha cil cilh cilha[99] cellüi {_obj._: cẹl cẹu cẹlh cellüi cẹla cẹlha celęi celęis celięis cilh

Pl. {_nom._: cil cilh cẹlh cẹls[100] cẹlas cẹlhas {_obj._: cẹls cẹlhs[101] cẹlas cẹlhas

(4) _Iste_ gave ẹst, ẹstz, ẹsta, ẹstas. _Ecce ĭste_ became aicẹst (not common) and cẹst sẹst; _eccu’ ĭste_ became aquẹst echẹst, and chẹst. Aquẹst will illustrate the inflection; the forms are to be explained like those of cẹl:--

MASCULINE FEMININE

Sg. {_nom._: aquẹst aquẹsta aquist aquisti {_obj._: aquẹst aquẹsta

Pl. {_nom._: aquist aquisti aquẹstas {_obj._: aquẹstz aquẹtz aquẹstas

INTERROGATIVES AND RELATIVES.

133. The interrogative and relative pronouns were confused and combined in Vulgar Latin, _quī_ taking the place of _quĭs_, and _quĭd_ gradually encroaching on _quŏd_. Furthermore, the masculine forms were used instead of the feminine, which disappeared. We have in Provençal no evidence of the survival of any other cases than the nominative, dative, and accusative singular and the nominative plural:--

MASCULINE AND FEMININE NEUTER

Sg. {_nom._: _quī_ ＞ qui _quĭd_ ＞ que, (_before vowel_) quez {_dat._: _cūī_ ＞ cüi _cūī_ ＞ cüi {_acc._: _quĕm_ ＞ que _quĭd_ ＞ que, (_before vowel_) quez

Pl. _nom._: _quī_ ＞ qui _quæ_ ＞ que

The distinction between que ＜ _quĕm_, que quez ＜ _quĭd_, and que ＜ _quæ_ could not be maintained; we have, then, simply three forms: a nom. sg. or pl. qui, a nom.-acc. sg. or pl. quẹ (quẹz), a dat. sg. or pl. cüi (sometimes written _qui_).

134. We have also _qualis_, which came to be inflected like fezẹls: see § 103, (2); the feminine singular, however, often dropped its -s, and sometimes took the ending -a (cal, cala). _Quīnam_ apparently became quina, which, understood as a feminine form, developed a masculine, quin. There seems to have been also a ✱_quīniam_ (cf. _quŏniam_?), which gave quinh, quinha. Cf. D. Behrens in the _Zeitschrift für französische Sprache_, XVII, ii, 67-8, footnote. The phrase _de ŭnde_ became dọnt, dọn, which was often used with the meaning ‘of which’, ‘of whom’.

135. (1) In Provençal the interrogative pronouns are: qui, ‘who’ or ‘whom’; que quez, ‘what’; cüi, ‘to whom’ or ‘whom’, ‘to what’ or ‘what’ (obj.); cals (either alone or preceded by the definite article, inflected as in § 134), ‘which’; quin quinh, quina quinha, ‘which’. Cals is used also as an adjective.

(2) The relative pronouns are: qui, ‘one who’, indefinite (used also, in early texts and in southwestern Languedoc, as the regular relative pronoun for persons); que quez, ‘who’ or ‘whom’, ‘which’; cüi, ‘whom’, ‘which’ (generally used as indirect object of a verb, or after a preposition); lo cals (inflected as in § 134), ‘who’ (‘whom’), ‘which’; don dont, ‘of which’, ‘of whom’.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

136. The following words call for special mention:--

(1) Alcüs ＜ ✱_alĭqu’ ūnus_ = _alĭquī ūnus_, ‘someone’. Inflection: alcüs, alcü(n); alcüna.

(2) Alquant ＜ _aliquantum_, _aliquanti_, ‘somewhat’, ‘some’; diminutive, alquantet.

(3) Alques alque ＜ _alĭquĭd_, used as an invariable neuter pronoun or adverb, ‘something’, ‘somewhat’. The -s form, which originally developed before a vowel, was preferred because of the analogy of other neuter pronouns and adverbs. The preservation of the e is due to association with quez que. Alque was sometimes used as an adjective.

(4) Als al au, used as an invariable neuter pronoun, ‘something else’. Al (au) may have been detached from alques, understood as al ques. Meyer-Lübke, however, takes it, as well as Old French el, from ✱_alum_ = _aliud_: _Gram._, II, p. 649. Als owes its -s to the analogy of other neuter pronouns, such as alques, ẹis, mais, męlhs, mẹns, pęis, etc.