Part 13

[73] These sounds lost their palatal quality too early to cause breaking: cf. §§ 30, 37. Cf. _Einf._, § 133.

[74] _Palaitz_, however, is used by Marcabru, A. Daniel, and P. Vidal. _Poizon_ occurs in _Flamenca_ and in modern Limousin (beside _pozon_), _raizo_ is found in the _Boeci_ and other texts.

[75] Cf. § 49, (3).

[76] _Daun_, etc., are Gascon.

[77] Such forms as _amda_ ＜ _amĭta_, _comde_ _conde_ ＜ _compŭtum_, show a late fall of the medial vowel.

[78] The _i_ in _ueich_ seems to be merely graphic.

[79] The _i_ in _voig_ seems to be merely graphic.

[80] _Fret_, _freda_ occur also.

[81] The phenomena of dissimilation have been well classified by M. Grammont in _La dissimilation consonantique dans les langues indo-européennes et dans les langues romanes_, 1895. For metathesis, see _Zs._, XXVIII, 1.

[82] Cato uses _fructi_.

[83] The process began in classic Latin: _materies_ _materia_, etc.

[84] See § 89, 1.

[85] See § 47, (3).

[86] See § 16, 1.

[87] See § 52, (1), 1.

[88] Perhaps from a fusion of _plūs_ and _pluriōres_ = _plūres_. Cf. Fr.

[89] These forms existed as early as the 1st century of our era. See _Zs._, XXVI, 600, 619. _Ejus_, _ei_ may have had some influence.

[90] See § 67, (2).

[91] § 45.

[92] § 74, (2).

[93] Cf. Meyer-Lübke, _Gram._, II, p. 104.

[94] See Suchier in _Grundriss_, I, p. 627.

[95] Cf. A. von Elsner, _Ueber Form und Verwendung des Personalpronomens im Altprovenzalischen_, 1886.

[96] Cf. Thomas in _Rom._, XII, 334; Meyer-Lübke in _Gram._, II, page 104. For a different explanation, see Ascoli in _Archivio glottologico italiano_, XV, 314, 396.

[97] For a different explanation of _mia_, see _Gram._, I, pp. 246-248, also Horning in _Zs._, XXV, 341. Cf. Fr. _moie_.

[98] _Cels_ shows the influence of masculine nouns and adjectives.

[99] _Aquel_ has also _aquilli_. _Cilha_ is evidently a combination of _cilh_ and _celha_.

[100] _Aquel_ has also _aqueli_.

[101] _Aquel_ has also _aquelz_ and _aquelses_.

[102] See G. Rydberg, _Le développement de_ facere _dans les langues romanes_, 1893.

[103] See A. Zimmermann in _Zs._, XXV, 735.

[104] See C. C. Rice in _Publications of the Modern Language Association of America_, XIX, 217.

[105] Cf. § 138.

[106] Cf. § 72, Sw.

[107] According to Raimon Vidal, a 13th century grammarian, _tenir_ is French.

[108] _Esvanuir_ seems to come from the perfect, _evanuī_.

[109] _Enfolhetir_ shows the influence of _follet_.

[110] For two different explanations of this ending, see A. Thomas, _Essais de philologie française_, 25, 281; E. Herzog, in _Bausteine zur romanischen Philologie_, 481.

[111] See K. Sittl in _Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik_, I, 465.

[112] For _ai estat_ we sometimes find _soi agutz_. The confusion arises perhaps from the use of both _es_ and _a_ in the sense of ‘there is’: hence _es estat_ = _a agut_; and by a mixture of the two, _es agut_. Cf. L. Gauchat, _Sone avuto_, in _Scritti vari di filologia_ (dedicated to E. Monaci), 1901, p. 61.

[113] Cf. P. Thielmann, _Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik_, II, 48 and 157.

[114] For the accented vowels in these forms, see §§ 167, 168.

[115] See § 168.

[116] See § 37.

[117] See § 30.

[118] Also, by analogy, _iassér_.

[119] Raimon Vidal says that _crei_, _vei_ are the proper forms for the 1st pers. sg. of the pres. indicative.

[120] According to Raimon Vidal, _trac_ is the only correct form.

[121] _Volemus_ occurs repeatedly in 7th century Latin.

[122] Cf. O. Schmidt, _Ueber die Endungen des Præsens im Altprovenzalischen_, 1887.

[123] The loss of _-s_ is not confined to the Provençal territory: it occurs also in western France, Catalonia, and the Engadine.

[124] Cf. the reduction of _habēbam_ to _aβea_: § 153.

[125] _Tenér_ _tenír_ really belongs to the second conjugation.

[126] According to Raimon Vidal, this is the regular ending of the 3d pers. sg. of the fourth conjugation.

[127] In _nasquec_ the _ui_ ending occurs twice.

[128] Beside parẹc, coming perhaps from a V. L. ✱_parēvit_ ✱_parēvuit_.

[129] All verbs in _-ndĕre_ took the perfect in _-sī_: _ascos_, _defes_, _pris_, _respos_, etc. _Lĕgĕre_ took ✱_lĕxī_ ＞ _leis_ through the analogy of the p. p. _lĕctum_. So _fĭngĕre_ took ✱_fĭxī_ ＞ _feis_ through _fĭctum_; _frangĕre_, _pĭngĕre_, _tangĕre_ did likewise (_frais_, _peis_, _tais_); and in Provençal _cénher_ ＜ _cĭngĕre_, _esténher_ ＜ _exstĭnguĕre_, _plánher_ ＜ _plangĕre_ followed the example of these (_ceis_, _esteis_, _plais_): hence all verbs in _-nher_ have the preterit in _-s_.

[130] See _Zs._, XXVIII, 97.

[131] _Gram._, II, p. 357.

[132] _Tĕnuī_ and _vēnī_ influenced each other.

[133] So _bĭbuit_ ＞ _bec_, _debuit_ ＞ _dec_.

[134] So _cognōvit_ ＞ _conoc_, _mōvit_ ＞ _moc_.

[135] So ✱_cŏcuit_ ＞ _coc_, _jacuit_ ＞ _iac_, ✱_nascuit_ ＞ _nasc_, ✱_pa(s)cuit_ ＞ _pac_, _placuit_ ＞ _plac_, _tacuit_ ＞ _tac_, ✱_tescuit_ ＞ _tesc_, ✱_vĭncuit_ ＞ _venc_, ✱_vīscuit_ ＞ _visc_.

[136] So _caluit_ ＞ _calc_, ✱_tŏluit_ ＞ _tolc_, _vŏluit_ ＞ _volc_.

[137] So ✱_vēnuit_ ＞ _venc_.

[138] So _erĭpuit_ ＞ _ereup_, _recĭpuit_ ＞ _receup_.

INDEX

N.B.--The references are to paragraphs.

a: 23-24. --ạ: 24. --Unaccented a: 40, (1); 45; 48, 1; 51, (1).

_-a_ _-anem_: 95, 2.

_ab_: 65, P, 2.

_abans_: 65, β, 2.

Abbreviations: p. VI.

_abet_: 65, β, 2.

Ablative: 91, (5).

_abora_: 65, β, 2.

_aβea_: 87, β.

_ac_ (Lat.): 43, 2.

Accent: --Primary: 16-17. --Secondary: 18; 45, 1.

Accented Vowels: see Vowels.

Accusative: 91, (5).

_ad_: see _az_.

_ad-_: 66, 1.

_ades_: 25, 1, (_e_).

Adjectives, 102-109. --Comparison: 106-109. --Declension: 102-104; 107. --Neuter: 104; 108; 128, 1. --Numeral: 110-113. --Pronominal: see Pronouns.

_adoutz_: 33, 4.

Adverbial _-s_: 82, S, 3.

Adverbs: 82, S, 3; 105; 108.

æ: 22. --Unaccented æ: 41.

_-age_: see _-aticum_.

_ai_ ＜ _habeo_: 73, βy.

_aigla_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aiglentina_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aigua_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aire_: 51, 4.

_-aire_ _-ador_: 91, (6); 101, (3); 101, (3), 1.

_aital_: 74, 2; 136, (6).

_aitan_: 74, 2; 136, (7).

_albire_: 87, 1.

_alcun_: 136, (1).

Alphabet: --Phonetic: p. VII. --Provençal: 7; 9.

_alquant_: 136, (2).

_alques_: 136, (3).

_als_: 136, (4).

_altre_: 136, (5).

_altretal_: 136, (6).

_altretan_: 136, (7).

_aluc_: 65, C, 2.

_Alvernhe_: 87, 1.

_amdui_: 111, 2.

_amiu_: 51, 3; 65, G, 1.

_ams_: 111, 2.

Analogy: --Initial Syllable: 42. --Intertonic Syllable: 46.

_anar_: 137, (1); 150; 162, (1).

_anedier_: 45, 3.

_anet_: 48, 1.

_anta_: 39, 2.

_apud_: see _ab_.

_aquestos_: 51, 2.

_ar_, _ara_: 33, 3.

_-arius_: 23, 1; 73, Ry, 1.

_arma_: 87, n + m.

_arnei_: 25, 3.

Articles: 116-119. --Definite: 116; 118-119. --Indefinite: 117.

_asabentar_: 73, Py.

_-aticum_: 49, (4); 52, (3); 65, G, 3; 73, Tg.

_atressi_: 74, 2.

_atretal_: 74, 2; 136, (6).

_atretan_: 74, 2; 136, (7).

au: --Accented: 39. --Unaccented: 41.

_auca_: 65, C, 1; 80, βc.

_aucel_: 65, C´, 1; 80, βc´.

_aucire_: 43; 162, (2).

_aurir_: 65, D, footnote; 65, R, 2.

_auvent_: 65, S, 2.

_auvir_: 65, D, footnote; 65, S, 2.

Auxiliary Verbs: 140-141.

_auzil_: 28.

_auzir_: 160; 162, (3); 164, (1); 168; 169; 186; 191.

_aver_: 73, βy; 87, β; 137, (1); 148, (1), (2), 1; 150; 152; 162, (4); 167; 168; 170; 173, (1); 177, (1), (2), (3); 181, (1); 184, (1); 187; 192.

_avia_: 87, β.

_avinen_: 46, 1.

_az_: 82, D.

_azaut_: 52, (2), 1.

b ＞ β: 55, B.

_bat_: 72, Tw, 1.

_berbitz_: 25, 2, (_a_).

_Bernat_: 87, r.

_bisbes_: 41, 1.

_borgues_: 73, Rg´.

_brey_: 65, β, 3.

_briu_: 28, 3.

_broc_: 37, 1.

c palatalized: 55; 61; 62, (3); 65, G; 67, (1); 70, C´r; 73, C´y, Dg, Lc´y, Nc´y, Ndg, Ng, Rc´y, Rg, Rrg, Rtg, Tg; 74; 76; 77; 78; 80, Ksc, Ppc; 92, (2).

_cabil_: 27, 1.

_cabirol_: 86.

_cada_: 136, (8).

_caire_: see _cazer_.

_caitiu_: 80, Pt.

_calacom_: 136, (9).

_calmelh_: 45, 3.

_cal que_: 136, (10).

_camisa_: 25, 2, (_a_).

_can_: 136, (11).

_canorgue_: 65, N, 1; 87, n + n.

_cap_: 100.

_caramel_: 87, 1.

_caresma_: 45, 3.

_cascun_: 136, (12).

Case: 91.

_cazer_: 137, (1); 148, (2); 150; 162, (5); 176; 178, (1).

ch (Greek): 57, θ.

_chastiu_: 51, 3; 65, G, 1.

_cibdat_: 80, βd.

_cieutat_: 44, 2.

_cilh_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_cinc_: 72, Nw; 87, kw.

_ciptat_: 80, βt.

_ciri_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_ciutat_: 80, βt.

_clerc_: 47, (3).

_clerge_: 52, (3).

_clergue_: 47, (3); 52, (3).

_cobra_: 33, 1.

_cointe_: 47, 1, 80, Gnt.

_colbe_: 48, 1.

_colp_: 22, 48, 1.

_coma_: 51, 5.

_comensar_: 45, 1.

_comergar_: 87, m + n.

Comparative: 106-108.

Comparison: 106-109.

_comprar_: 45, 3.

Conditional: --New: 142, (2); 149-151. Endings: 153. --Old: 141, (2); 185-189. Strong: 187-188. Weak: 186.

_conge_: 47, 1; 80, Gnd.

Conjugation: 137-193. --Auxiliary Verbs: 140-141. --Change of Conj.: 137. --Compound Tenses: 141. --Conditional: see Conditional. --Deponent Verbs: 140. --Future: 142, (1), 149-152. Endings: 152. --Gerund: 143; 145. --Imperative: 156. --Imperfect Indicative: 170. --Imperfect Subjunctive: 141, (2); 190-193. Strong: 192. Weak: 191. --Inchoative: 138, 145. --Infinitive: 144. Used as noun: 94; 144, 4. --New verbs: 139. --Passive: 140. --Participle: see Participle. --Perfect Tenses: 141. --Pluperfect: 141. --Present: see Present. --Preterit: see Preterit.

_conois_ = _conosc_: 78, 3.

_conoisser_: 78, 3; 80, Gn; 148, (2); 162, (6); 175, (3); 177, (1); 178, (4).

_consi_: 85.

Consonants: --Dissimilation: 87. --Final: 81-83. Groups: 83. Single: 82. --Germanic: 56. --Greek: 57. --Initial: 59-62. Groups: 62. Single: 60-61. --Insertion: 85. --Latin: 54-55. --Medial: 63-80. Contiguous to _-s_ in Pr.: 63-64; 65, L, R; 78, 2. Final in Pr.: 63-64; 65, L; 65, M, 1; 65, R, 1; 76, (2). _Groups_: 66-80: Cons. + l, 68-69; Cons. + r, 70-71; Cons. + w, 72; Cons. + y, 73; Ct, gd, gn, ks, 79-80; Double Cons., 67; L + cons., 74; M + cons., 75; Miscellaneous, 79-80; N + cons., 76; Ps, pt, 79-80; R + cons., 77; S + cons., 78. _Single_: 65. --Metathesis: 86. --Sporadic Change: 84-87.

_contranher_: 25, 4.

_cor_: 100.

_cors_: 100.

_cossint_: 28, 2.

_costa_: 33, 1.

_costum_: 72, Sw; 80, Dn.

_covinen_: 46, 1.

_coyre_: 73, Pry.

_cozer_ ＜ _consuere_: 72, Sw; 137, (2).

_cozer_ ＜ _coquere_: 49, (1); 72, Kw, 2.

_creire_: 145; 148, (2); 160; 162, (7); 167; 168.

_creisser_: 49, (1); 162, (8).

_cremedar_: 60, 1.

_criar_: 44, 4.

_cridar_: 41, 2.

_crollar_: 41, 2; 68, Tl.

_cruzel_: 25, 1, (_b_).

_cuende_: 47, 1; 80, Gnd.

_cug_: 80, Yd.

_cuit_: 80, Yd.

_-culus_: 47, (2); 68, Cl.

_dalgat_: 44, 6.

_dar_: 137, (1); 162, (9); 175, (4).

Dative: 91, (4); 116; 120; 133.

_daus_: 44, 6.

_dec_: 27, 2.

_dech_ ＜ _debeo_: 162, (11).

Declension: 89-136. --Adjectives: 102-104; 107. --Articles: 116-119. --Change of Decl.: Nouns, 90; Adj., 103, 1. --Disappearance of Decl.: 91, (6). --Fifth Decl.: 90; 97. --Final _-ci_, _-gi_: 92, (2). --Final _-i_: 92, (1). --First Decl.: 95. --Fourth Decl.: 90; 96. --Infinitives: 94. --Inflection -o -onem: 101, (3); 101, (3), 1. --Invariable Nouns and Adj.: 93. --New Inflections: -a -anem, 95, 2; -us -onem, 96, 2. --New nom. sg.: 98. --New plural: 93; 99; 102, 2. --Numerals: 111; 112. --Pronouns: 116; 120-136. --Second Decl.: 96. --Third Decl.: 97-101.

Definite Article: 116; 118-119.

_degun_: 87, n + n.

_dei_ ＜ _debeo_: 73, βy

_-dei_: 174, (3).

_deime_: 80, C´m.

_dementre_: 43.

Demonstratives: 130-132.

_demora_: 35, 1.

Deponent Verbs: 140.

_depte_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_derrier_: 30, footnote.

_desme_: 80, C´m.

_destruire_: 162, (10).

_deude_: 47, (3); 80, βd.

_deute_: 47, (3); 80, βt

_dever_: 27, 2; 73, βy; 144, 4; 148, (2); 150; 160; 162, (11); 167, (2); 171; 173, (2), (5); 179; 187, (3); 192, 1.

_dia_: 90; 95; 95, 1.

Dialects: 3-8, 10-13.

_-didi_: 174, (3).

_diious_: 91, (3).

_diman_: 43.

_dimecres_: 87, r.

_dimenge_: 43.

_dimercres_: 17, 2.

_dimergue_: 65, N, 1.

_dins_: 25, 2, (_d_).

_dintre_: 25, 2, (_d_).

Diphthongs: see æ, au, œ. --Final Diphthongs: 51, (3).

_dire_: 49, (1); 137, (2); 144, (1); 148, (3); 162, (12); 172; 177, (1), (3); 183; 183, 1; 188; 192.

_disnar_: 49, 3; 87, y.

Dissimilation: 87.

_dit_ = _det_: 25, 2, (_a_); 65, Y, 1.

_dizer_: 49, (1); see _dire_.

_don_: 134; 135, (2).

_dos_ = _dous_: 74, (2).

_dotze_: 40, 1; 80, Dc´.

Double Consonants: see Consonants.

_dreit_: 41, 2.

_duire_: 148, (3); 162, (13); 177, (3); 183.

Duration of Pr. Language: 1; 14.

Duration of Pr. Literature: 1.

ẹ: 25-27; 29; 41. --Before Nasal: 29. --Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

ę: 28-30; 41. --Breaking: 30. --Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

e̯: 40, (2); 55, Y; 61, Y; 65, Y; 73.

e- before initial s + cons.: 62, (3).

-e in 1st. pers. sg. of present: 52, (6); 164, (1).

_ecce_: 131, (1); 132, (3), (4).

_eccu_: 43, 2; 131, (1); 132, (3), (4).

eé ＞ e: 40, 1.

_ei_ = _ai_: 23, 2; 152, 1; 162, (4); 175, (4).

_-ei_ in pret.: 174, (3); 175, (3), (4).

_eigal_: 72, Kw, 1.

_-eire_ _-edor_: 101, (3), 1.

_eis_: 80, Ps; 132, (2).

_eissi_ ＜ _ecce hīc_: 80, Cc´; 82, C.

_eissi_ ＜ _et sīc_: 80, Ts.

_eissir_: 30, 2; 44, 3; 159, (2); 162, (14).

_elig_: 28, 3.

_emblar_: 69, 1.

_empastre_: 69, 1.

_en_ ＜ _domine_: 41, 3.

_en_ ＜ _in_: 82, N.

_en_ ＜ _inde_: 123.

Enclitics: 19; 118, (1), (2), 2; 122; 123; 123, 2.

_enclutge_: 52, (4); 80, Dn; 85.

Endings: see Personal Endings.

_engal_: 72, Kw; 85.

_engoissa_: 33, 1; 43.

_enteir_: 70, Gr, footnote.

_envanezir_: 43.

_er_, _era_: 33, 3.

_er_ ＜ _ero_: 149, 1.

_es_ ＜ _est_: 28, 5; 83, St.

_escoisson_: 73, Ty, 3.

_escremir_: 86.

_escrich_: 148, (3).

_escrire_: 144, (3).

_escrit_: 52, (2), 1.

_escrius_: 183, (3).

_escriut_: 148, (3).

_escur_: 43.

_espaza_: 65, T, 3.

_espelh_: 28, 5.

_esper_: 25, 1, (_d_).

_esprit_: 17, 1.

_essem_: 82, L.

_esser_: 49, (2); 148, (3); 148, 1; 149, 1; 150; 162, (15); 167; 170, 4; 173, (1); 179; 182, (2); 182, (2), 1; 187; 192; 193.

_estanc_: 80, Gn; 86.

_estar_: 137, (1); 162, (16); 175, (4).

_estela_: 28, 5.

_Esteve_: 48, 1.

_estraniar_: 73, Ny.

_estre_: see _esser_.

_esturmen_: 86.

_-ētis_ ＞ _etz_: 25, 1, (_a_).

Euphonic Vowel: 52; 164, (1); 165; 166.

Extent of Pr. Territory: 2; p. VIII.

_ez_: 65, T, 3; 82, T.

_faim_: 52, (4), 1; 80, C´m.

_faire_: 137, (1); 150; 148, (3); 156, 1; 160; 162, (17); 168, 1; 170; 173, (2); 179; 181, 1; 182, (1); 182, (1), 2; 187; 187, 1; 192; 192, 3.

_faitz_: 80, C´t.

_far_: 137, (1); 144, 2; see _faire_.

_fau_ ＜ _fagum_: 65, G, 1.

_feble_: 47, (3); 87, l; 103, 1.

_fei_ = _fe_: 25, 3.

_ferre_ = _fer_: 52, (1), 2.

_fetge_: 52, (3), 2.

_fier_: 30, 1.

Final Consonants: see Consonants.

_fizel_: 25, 1, (_b_).

_Folco_: 101, (3), 1.

_fontaina_: 23, 4.

_fores_: 51, 4.

_formir_: 86.

_fouzer_: 74, (4); 100.

_fragel_: 47, (3).

_frair_: 52, (1), 1.

_freble_: 47, (3); 87, l; 103, 1.

_freg_: 31, 1; 80, Gd.

_freit_: 31, 1; 80, Gd.

_frevol_: 47, (3).

Future: 142, (1); 149-152. --Endings: 152.

g palatalized: 55; 61; 65, G, Y; 73, Lg´, Llg´, Ng´, Ng´y, Rg´; 77; 92, (2).

_ganre_: 87, r.

_garensa_: 44, 5.

Gascon: 3; 10; 23, 2; 38; 62, (2); 152, 1.

_Gasconha_: 61, 1.

_gazardo_: 42, 1.

_gen_ = _genh_: 73, Ny.

Gender: 89.

Genitive: 91, (3); 116.

Germanic Consonants: 56.

Germanic Verbs: 139.

Gerund: 143; 145.

_ges_: 100, 1.

_ginh_: 28, 3.

_ginhol_: 86, 1.

_gisar_: 65, R, 2.

_gitar_: 44, 3; 80, Ct.

_glai_ = _glatz_: 73, C´y, footnote.

_glavi_: 65, Y, 2.

_glieza_: 30; 41, 1.

_granolha_: 60, 1.

_grau_: 51, 3; 65, D, 2.

_grazal_: 65, T, 3.

_grazir_: 65, T, 3.

Greek Consonants: 57.

Greek Verbs: 139.

Greek Vowels: 22.

_greug_: 65, β, 3.

_greuga_: 28, 8.

_grey_: 65, β, 3.

_gua_: 61, 1.

_guaina_: 61, 1.

_guastar_: 61, 1.

_habebam_: 87, β.

_hic_: 132, (1).

i: 31-32; 41. --Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

i̯: 40, (2); 55, Y, 61, Y; 65, Y; 73.

i ＜ d, t: 65, D; 70, Dr, Tr.

-ī: 27; 51, (2), (3); 92, (1); 125, (1); 131, (3), (4); 173, (1).

-i, 1st pers. sg. of present: 52, (6); 164, (1).

-i ＜ _-ium_: 53; 96, 1.

_ia_ ＜ _jam_: 82, M.

_Iacme_: 80, Cm.

_iai_: 39, 1.

_iasser_: 65, C´, 2; see _iazer_.

_iassey_: 65, N, 2.

_iazer_: 65, C´, 2; 160; 162, (18); 192, 1.

ie ＜ ę: 30.

ié ＞ e: 40, 1.

_ier_: 30, 1.

_-ier_: see _-arius_.

ieu: 32; 44, 2.

_ilha_: 65, S, 1.

_illac_: 16, 4.

_ille_: 115; 116, 118; 132, (3).

_illic_: 16, 4.

Imperative: 156; 165; 168.

Imperfect Indicative: 170.

Imperfect Subjunctive: 141, (2); 190-193. --Strong: 192. --Weak: 191.

Impersonal Construction: 104.

Inchoative: 138; 145.

Indefinite Article: 117.

Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives: 136.

Indicative: see Conjugation.

Inflection: see Conjugation and Declension.

Initial Consonants: see Consonants.

_ins_: 25, 2, (_d_).

Insertion of Consonant: 85.

Interrogatives: 133-135.

Intervocalic Consonants: see Consonants, Medial, Single.

Invariable Nouns: 93.

_invern_: 85.

_ioi_: 39, 1.

_ióve_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_iovén_: 89, 1.

_ipse_: 132, (2).

_-ire_ _-idor_: 101, (3), 1.

_-isc-_: 138; 145; 155; 156.

_isme_: 28, 3.

_isnel_: 44, 3.

_issarnit_: 46, 1.

_issir_: 44, 3; see _eissir_.

_iste_: 132, (4).

iu: 32.

_iure_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_ius_: 33, 2.

_ivern_: 44, 3.

-ίζειν: 57, 2; 139.

j: see y.

k: 57, K; 62, (1).

l ＞ u: 65, L; 67, (2); 73, Lc´y, Lty; 74, (2).

Latin: 14; see Consonants and Vowels.

_laus_: 89, 1; 93, (2); 101, (1), (2).

_lauzeta_: 41, 1.

Learned Words: 15. --Cf. also: 17, 1; 25, 1, (_c_); 25, 2, (_b_); 45, 4; 50; 65, β, 6; 65, C, 2; 65, C´, 4; 65, D, 4; 65, F, 1; 65, G, 2; 65, G´, 1; 65, P, 4; 65, T, 5; 65, Y, 4; 68, Bl, Pl; 70, Cr, Dr, Gr, Pr, Tr; 72, Nw, 1; 73, βy, Cty, C´y, Ly, Nty, Py, Ry, Ty; 80, Bs; 82, B, L, M; 83, Ks; 84; 91, (3); 109; 113.

_legir_: 65, Y, (3), footnote.

_lei_: 101, (2), 3.

_leis_: 125, (1).

_leo_: 101, (3), 1.

_lhun_: 86.

Limousin: 5-6; 13, (1); 24.

_lire_: 28, 1; 137, (2); 144, 1.

ll ＞ lh: 67, (2).

Locative: 91, (1).

_luenh_: 36, 1; 37.

_lunh_: 86, 1.

_lur_: 33, 2.

_maint_: 136, (14).

_mais_: 65, Y, (2), footnote; 82, S, 1, 4.

_malapte_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_malaude_: 47, (3); 80, βd.

_malaut_: 52, (2), 1.

_malaute_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_man_: 96; 96, 3.

_maneira_: 72, Nw, 1.

_maniar_: 73, Ndg.

_mar_: 100.

_marbre_: 71.

_margue_: 52, (3); 87, m + n.

_marme_: 87, r; 100.

_marsip_: 87, m + n.

_massis_: 65, β, 4.

Medial Consonants: see Consonants.

_meesmes_: 65, T, 3.

_mege_: 49, (4); 73, Dg.

_melhura_: 33, 2.

_-men_: 105.

_menhs_: 65, N, 2.

_meravilha_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_mercey_: 65, D, 1.

_mermar_: 87, n + m.

_mes-_: 45, 2.

_messer_: 65, Y, 3.

_mestier_: 91, (3).

_met-_: 131, (2).

Metathesis: 86.

_metre_: 148, (3); 181, (1); 183; 192, 2, 4.

_mezeis_: 65, T, 3.

_mezesmes_: 65, T, 3.

_mica_: 65, G, footnote.

_midons_: 91, (2); 93, (2).

_mier_: 30, 1.

_mint_: 28, 2.

_molt_: 136, (15); see _mon_, _mot_, _mul_.

_mon_ = _molt_: 74, 1.

_monge_: 52, (3).

_mongue_: 52, (3).

Mood: see Conjugation.

_morgue_: 52, (3); 65, N, 1; 87, m + n.

_morir_: 137, (1).

_mostier_: 25, 1, (e); 45, 3.

_mot_ = _molt_: 74, (2).

_mou_: 37, 1.

_moure_: see _mover_.

_mover_: 137, (2); 150; 159, (1); 160-162, (19); 178, (4).

_mul_ = _molt_: 74, 1.

_mulierem_: 16, 1; 40, 1.

_-mus_ ＞ _-mu’_: 167.

_natiz_: 65, β, 4.

_nebla_: 28, 4.

_nede_: 47, (1), (3).

_negun_: 136, (16); see _degun_.

_neir_: 70, Gr, footnote.

_nembrar_: 87, m + m.

_nemes_: 51, 4.

_ner_: 25, 1, (_e_).

_net_: 47, (1), (3); 80, Td.

_neu_: 25, 1, (_e_)

Neuter Adjectives: 104; 108; 128, 1.

Neuter Nouns: 89; 96; 96, 1; 100.

_ney_: 65, β, 3.

_nible_: 28, 4.

_niu_: 51, 3; 65, D, 2.

_niula_: 28, 4.

Nominative: 91, (6).

_non_: 82, N.

_nora_: 33, 1.

_nossas_: 38, 2.

_nou_: 37, 1.

Nouns: 89-101; see Case, Declension, Gender.

_nul_: 136, (17); see _lhun_, _lunh_.

Numerals: --Cardinal: 110-111. --Ordinal: 112-113.

ọ: 33-34; 36; 41. --Before Nasal: 36. --Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

ǫ: 33, 1; 35-37; 41. --Irregular: 33, 1. --Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

_o_ ＜ _hoc_: 82, C; 132, (1).

_o_ ＜ _aut_: 41, 4.

_-o_ _-onem_: 101, (3); 101, (3), 1.

_oc_: 82, C.

œ: 22,41. --Unaccented: 41.

_olifan_: 42, 1.

_om_: 101, (2), 2; 136, (18).

_ome_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_omne_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_onze_: 38, 1; 76, (1)

oó ＞ o: 40, 1.

_orzol_: 73, Rc´y.

_ou_: 33, 1.

_oz_: 82, T.

p between m and s: 63, (8); 75.

_pair_: 52, (1), 1.

_pais_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_palafrei_: 25, 3.

_palai_: 73, Ty, 1.

Palatalization: 55, C, G, Y; 67, (2); 73.

_palle_: 74, 3.

Participle: --Past (= Perfect): 140; 141, (1); 146-148. --Present: 143, (1); 145.

Particles: 19; see Enclitics, Proclitics.

_partir_: 145; 160; 162, (20); 165; 167; 168; 169; 170; 171; 172; 173, (2), (3); 175, (2); 176.

_parven_: 85.

_pasmar_: 87, s.

Passive: 140.

Past Participle: see Participle.

_pauc_: 136, (19).

_paziment_: 65, β, 5.

_pege_: 52, (3), 2.

_Peire_: 96, 2.

_peiura_: 33, 2.

_peleri_: 87, r.

_penchenar_: 85.

_penre_: 71; 87, r; see _prendre_.

_perdre_: 162, (21); 174, (3).

_perdris_: 85.

Perfect: 141; see Preterit.

Perfect Participle: see Participle.

_perilh_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_perquei_: 25, 3.

_perri_: 70, (1).

Personal Endings: --Conditional: New, 153; Old, 186-187. --Future: 152. --Imperfect: Indicative, 164-169; Subjunctive, 191-193. --Present: 164-169. --Preterit: 173.

Personal Pronouns: 116; 120-125.

ph: 57, φ.

Phonetic Alphabet: p. VII.

_piion_: 73, Py.

_piucela_: 42, 1; 44, 2.

_plach_: 80, C´t.

_plaire_: see _plazer_.

_plais_: 28, 6.

_plait_: 80, C´t.

_plazer_: 144, 4; 148, (2); 150; 160; 162, (22); 173, (3); 187, (4).

_ploia_: 33, 1.

_plou_: 37, 1.

Pluperfect: 141.

Plural: 93.

_poder_: 137, (1); 148, (2); 150; 162, (23); 168; 181, (1); 184, (2); 184, (2), 1; 187; 192, 1.

_polpra_: 87, r.

Popular Words: 15.

Possessives: 126-129.

Post-verbal Nouns: 96, 1.

_poutz_: 52, (3), 1.

_pouzer_: 85.

Prefix, Change of: 43.

_preire_: 78, 1.

_prendre_: 71; 87, r; 148, (3); 161; 162, (24); 172; 173, (1); 177, (1), (3); 179; 180; 180, 1; 181, (1); 183; 183, (1); 188; 192.

_preon_: 43; 44, 4.

Preposition + Article; 118, 2.

Present: 154-169. --Double Stems: 155-161; -c, 161; Diphthong, 159; -nc -nh, 161; Palatal, 160-161; -sc-, 155-156. --Peculiar Forms: 162. --Personal Endings: 164-169.

_presseguier_: 86.

_prestre_: 71, 1; 87, r.

Preterit: 141, (2); 171-184. --Personal Endings: 173. --Strong: 178-184. Accent in 1st pers. pl.: 179. Stem vowel change in 1st pers. sg.: 181, (1). Third pers. pl. without _r_: 180. Types: _-i_, 178, (2) and 182; reduplicative, 178, (1); _-si_, 178, (3) and 183; _-ui_, 178, (4) and 184. --Strong and Weak: 172-177. Strong stems with weak endings, 177. --Weak: 174-177. Conjugations: 1st, 174, (1) and 175, (4); 2d, 174, (2) and 175, (1); 3d, 174, (3) and 175, (3); 4th, 174, (1) and 175, (2). Ending _-c_: 176.

_preu_: 65, G, 1.

_preveire_: 78, 1.

_prever_: 71, 1.

_proa_: 35, 1.

Proclitics: 19; 118, (1); 122; 123.

_profich_: 28, 1.

_pron_: 63, (5), footnote.

Pronominal Adjectives: see Pronouns.

Pronouns: 114-136. --Demonstrative: 130-132. --Indefinite: 136. --Interrogative: 133-135. --Personal: 116, 120-125. --Conjunctive: 122-123. --Disjunctive: 124-125. --Possessive: 126-129. Plural possessor: 129. Singular possessor: 127-128. --Relative: 133-135.

Pronunciation: 8-9.