An introduction to the study of fishes

Aristotle, 2--Belon, 4--Salviani, 6--Rondelet, 6--Faunists and Anatomists of the Seventeenth Century, 7--Ray and Willughby, 8--Artedi, 9--Linnæus, 10--Gronow and Klein, 12--Pupi...

Branchiostoma, 63--Cyclostomes, 64--Chondropterygians, 66--Holocephali, 70--Ganoids, 71--Dipnoi, 71--Chondrostei, 74--Polypteroidei, 77--Lepidosteoidei, 80--Amioidei, 82--Teleos...

Fishes are dioecious, 157--Hermaphroditism, 157--Oviparous and viviparous fishes, 157--Generative organs of Branchiostoma, 157--of Cyclostomes; their ova, 158--Female organs of...

Changes of form of the body or certain parts, normally accompanying growth, 170--Changes dependent on sexual development, 176--Secondary sexual differences, 176--Mixogamous, pol...

List of Freshwater Fishes, 208--Continuous and interrupted range of distribution, 209--The ways of dispersal of Freshwater fishes, 211--A wide range of a type is not necessarily...

Shore-fishes, Pelagic, and Deep-sea fishes, 255--List of Shore-fishes, 257--Oceanic areæ as determined by Shore-fishes, 259--Distribution of Shore-fishes compared with that of F...

Families: Acronuridæ (Surgeons), 438--Carangidæ (Horse-Mackerels, Pilot-fish, Boar-fish), 440--Cyttidæ (John Dorey), 450--Stromateidæ, 452--Coryphænidæ (Dolphin, Sun-fish), 452-...

The commencement of the history of Ichthyology coincides with that of Zoology generally. ARISTOTLE (384–322 B.C.) had a perfect knowledge of the general structure of fishes, whi...

In the body of a fish four parts are distinguished: the _head_, _trunk_, _tail_, and the _fins_; the boundary between the first and second being generally indicated by the _gill...

In order to readily comprehend the subsequent account of the modifications of the skeleton in the various sub-classes and groups of Fishes, the student has to acquaint himself w...

The vertebral column is represented by a simple _chorda_ _dorsalis_ or _notochord_ only, which extends from one extremity of the fish to the other, and, so far from being expand...

In the lowest vertebrate, _Branchiostoma_, the whole of the _muscular_ mass is arranged in a longitudinal band running along each side of the body; it is vertically divided into...

The most simple condition of the nervous central organ known in Vertebrates is found in _Branchiostoma_. In this fish the spinal chord tapers at both ends, an anterior cerebral...

Characteristic of the _Organ of Smell_ in Fishes is that it has no relation whatever to the respiratory function, with the exception of the _Dipnoi_, in which possibly part of t...

Fishes are either exclusively carnivorous or herbivorous, but not a few feed on vegetable substances as well as animal, or on mud containing alimentary substance in a living or...

Fishes breathe the air dissolved in water by means of gills or branchiæ. The oxygen consumed by them is not that which forms the chemical constituent of the water, but that cont...

The _Blood-corpuscles_ of fishes are, with one exception, of an elliptic shape; this exception is _Petromyzon_, which possesses circular, flat, or slightly biconvex blood-corpus...

In Myxinoids these organs are of a very primitive structure: they consist of a pair of ducts, extending from the urogenital porus through the abdominal cavity. Each duct sends o...

All fishes are _dioecious_, or of distinct sex. Instances of so-called _hermaphroditism_ are, with the exception of _Serranus_, abnormal individual peculiarities, and have been...

Changes of form normally accompanying growth (after absorption of the vitelline sac) are observed in all fishes; but in the majority they affect only the proportional size of th...

A few fishes only are thoroughly domesticated--that is, bred in captivity, and capable of transportation within certain climatic limits--viz. the Carp, Crucian Carp (European an...

Of what kind the fishes were which were the first to make their appearance on the globe; whether or not they were identical with, or similar to, any of the principal types exist...

In an account of the geographical distribution of fishes the _Freshwater_ forms are to be kept separate from the _Marine_. However, when we attempt to draw a line between these...

Having shown above that numerous marine fishes enter fresh waters, and that some of them have permanently established themselves therein, we have to eliminate from the category...

On such parts of a coast at which there is a mixture of fresh and salt water, either in consequence of some river emptying its water into the sea or from an accumulation of land...

1. _Shore Fishes_--That is, fishes which inhabit chiefly parts of the sea in the immediate neighbourhood of land either actually raised above, or at least but little submerged b...

Pelagic Fishes,--that is, fishes inhabiting the surface of mid-ocean (see p. 255), belong to various orders, viz. Chondropterygians, Acanthopterygians, Physostomes, Lophobranchs...

The knowledge of the existence of deep-sea fishes is one of the recent discoveries of ichthyology. It is only about twenty years ago that, from the evidence afforded by the anat...

10. _C. pilchardus._--The “Pilchard” or the “Sardine,” equally abundant in the British Channel, on the coast of Portugal, and in the Mediterranean, and readily recognised by rad...