Chapter 15

Heraditus, 76

Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245

Hippodamus, 241

Historical application of law, 125-126

Historical categories, 172

Historical school, 279

Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166

Household, partition of, 226-227

Husband and wife, 188 matrimonial property regime, 229

_Hybris_, 77

Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91

Idealistic interpretation, 266

_Imperium_, 199

"Implied" undertakings, 158, 171

Individual free self-assertion, 54

Individualization, 111, 113-114 by juries, 133-134 in criminal procedure, 138 in punitive justice, 134-135 judicial, 120-121 moral element in, 137 of penal treatment, 129-130

Individual life, 96

Inheritance, 139

Innkeeper, liability of, 186

Insult, 151

Intention, 189 as source of liability, 157

Interdependence, 56

Interdicts, 200

Interests, 89-90 compromises of, 94-95 delimitation of, 192 giving effect to, 90 group, 225 harmony of, 96 individual, in promised advantages, 236 intrinsic importance of, 95 inventory of, 90 of substance, 139, 237 recognition of, 90, 192 securing of 96, 97 valuing of 89, 95-99 weighing of 89, 94

Interpretation 51-52, 100 fiction of 102-108 genuine 105, 124 relation to law making 105

Jessel, Sir George 268

Judicial, contrasted with administrative 108

Jural postulates 169-179, 188, 192-193, 193-194, 237, 249, 284

Juridical idealism 41-42, 91

Jurisconsults 30, 43-44

Jurisprudence, problems of 111

Juristic theories, nature of 69

Jurists, metaphysical 52, 68 search for the more inclusive order 145 seventeenth and eighteenth-century 43-44

Jurist-theologians 39 Spanish 81-82, 83

Jury 129, 133-134 lawlessness of 138

_Jus_ 31

_Jus disponendi_ 221

Just, the, by nature or by convention 25, 27, 31, 55

Justice, Aristotle on 25, 77 definition of in the Institutes 77 executive 137 idea of 65 without law 102, 113

Justinian, Institutes of 77-78

Kant 84, 202, 219, 260 theory of contract 260-261 theory of property 210-214

Kenyon, Lord 47

Kin organization 74

_Laesio enormis_ 274

Langdell, C. C. 259

Law, adjustment with administration 137 and morals 27, 30, 41, 111, 112 application of 100 ff. as an aggregate of rules 110 as a body of agreements 63 as a body of commands 64 as a body of divinely ordained rules 60 as a keeping of the peace 72-74 as a reflection of divine reason 63 as a system of principles 62, 66 as custom 61, 62 as declaratory of economic or social laws 67-68 as precepts discovered by experience 65 as recorded traditional wisdom 61 as restraint on liberty 60 as rules imposed by dominant class 66 as standing between the individual and society 53 as unfolding an idea of right 65 basis of authority of 19, 23-24, 27, 28-29, 38, 69-72 Byzantine theory of 110 distinguished from rules of law 24 elements of 115-116 end of 35-36, 59 ff. effectiveness of 193 finding 100, 104-105 forms of 27-28 government of 136 historical theory of 65, 68 how far made 107-108 idea of self-sufficiency of 17, 67 judge made 35 jurist made 35 maturity of 48, 59, 102 merchant 155, 271, 275 nature of 59, 91, 111 nature of theories of 68-69 political theory of 68 restatement of the 282 science of 101 soft spots in the 282 theories of the nature of 60-68

Law making, judicial 105 presuppositions of 59

Legal standards 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141

Legal transactions 153 _bonae fidei_ 248 categories of 247 formal 249 _stricti iuris_ 248

Lending 150

Letters of credit 275, 276-277

_Lex_ 31

_Lex Aquilia_ 159

Liability, absolute 179 act as basis of 158, 182 analytical theory of 152-153 as corollary of fault 163-164, 166, 168, 181, 187, 283-284 basis of delictal 177 delictal 163, 167-169 elements of 162-163 employer's 163 fault as basis of 160, 163-164, 167 for cattle going on vacant lands 180-181 for injury by animal 163, 164, 180 for injury by child 159 for injury by minor 162 for injury by a _res ruinosa_ 162 for injury by slave 159 for intentional harm 168 for negligence 175, 180 for non-restraint of agencies 176 for tort, basis of 167 for tort, common-law theory of 168-169 for trespassing cattle 180 for unintended non-culpable harm 168 for unintentional culpable harm 168 for vicious animals 182, 186 from culpability 184 from legal transactions 187 fundamentals of 174 historical anomalies in 166, 179, 186 in French law 161-164 intention as basis of 157, 160 justifiable reliance as basis of 189 meaning of 147 natural sources of 156 noxal 159 of carrier 186 of innkeeper 159, 160, 186 of master of ship 159, 160 of stable keeper 159, 160 on "implied" terms of transaction 170 philosophical theories of 193-194 primitive grounds of 149-151 quasi-contractual 156 quasi-delictal 156 relational 186-188 to make restitution 187 theories of 148 will-theory of 157, 177, 179, 189 without fault 156, 162, 166, 177, 179

Liberty 84-85 idea of 65, 267 idea of as source of liability 157 law and 60

Locke, John 208

Lorimer, James 218

Louis IX 128

Magistrate, power of 112

Maine, Sir Henry 208

_Mala prohibita_ 26

Mandate 272

Mansfield, Lord 47, 260, 262, 273

Manu 60

Maturity of law 48, 59, 102

Maxims 34

Metaphysical jurists 92

_Metus_ 159

Middle Ages, conception of end of law in 78-80 idea of law in 77-81 juristic need in 36

Miller, W. G. 216-217

Mining customs 195 law 201, 222

Minos (pseudo-Platonic dialogue) 24

Mosaic law 60

_Mutuum_ 249

Narada 244

Nationalism in law 39

Natural, meaning of in philosophy of law 31-32

Natural law 25, 31, 35, 40, 41, 45-52, 55, 154, 166, 209, 253, 278, 280 American variant of 50 as a theory of growth 33-34 as deduced from "a free government" 52 as ideal critique 52 economic 205 theory of 42

Natural obligation 250

Natural reason 202

Natural rights 15, 42-43, 55, 83, 92-93, 146, 204, 205 historical-metaphysical theory of 52 theories of 44-45 to produce of labor 209

Nature, meaning of in Greek philosophy 31-32 state of 45

Necessary distinctions 172, 174

Negative community 207

Negligence 119-120, 165, 168, 177, 179, 270, 280 fiction of 179, 180 in speaking 280, 281 _per se_ 179

Neo-Hegelians 94, 98

Neo-Kantians 93, 98

New York, Code of Civil Procedure 105

_Nexum_ 249

_Nomos_, meanings of 22

Noxal liability 159

_Nudum pactum_ 246, 254, 273, 280

Oaths and vows 251

Obligation, civil 252 _ex contractu_ 146, 172 _ex delicto_ 146, 172, 174 _ex uariis causarum figuris_ 16, 172 meaning of 147 moral basis of 250 natural 250, 252-253 nature of 145 oaths as basis of 251-252 _quasi ex contractu_ 257 religious 244 will as basis of 250

Occupation 196, 211 as a legal transaction 213-214

Office or calling, duties attached to 173

Options 272, 274

Ownership, analytical theory of 222-224 development of the idea of 221-231 dogma that everything must be owned 199 things excluded from 199

_Pacta donationis_ 272

Pacts 248, 250, 261, 275

Partition 226-227, 228

Part performance 282

Paul, St. 77

_Peculium_ 227-228

_Pecunia credita_ 249

_Pedis possessio_ 222

Penal treatment, individualizing of 129-130

Penalty, for delict 149 of reparation 149

Personal government 135-136

Personality 191

Pessimism, juristic 57

Petty courts 130, 138

Philosophers, attempt to unify law and law making 19 attempt to reconcile authority with need of change 19 quest for an ultimate solving idea 19

Philosophical thinking, achievements of in law 16-18 as a force in administration of justice 16 needs determining as to law 18 possibilities of in law of contracts 284

Plato 24, 76

Pledge 251

Political interpretation 266

Positivism 54-56

Possession 233-234

Post-Glossators 37

Pothier 45

Primitive law 72-74 faith of in verbal formulas 154

Primogeniture 50

Principles 34, 53, 116

Procedure 111

Proculians 196

Promised advantages 191

Promises, abstract 255, 262, 263 an element in wealth 236 exchange of 254 "from ostentation" 256, 280, 281 moral duty to keep 262 philosophical theory of enforcing 283 simple 275 theories of enforcing 269-276 theory of inherent force of 259-260

Promissory oath 150-151, 251

Property, acquisition of 194-200, 204 analytical theory of 221-224 basis in creation 209 basis in division by agreement 205 basis in economic nature of man 205, 209 community 229 effectiveness of law as to 193 Grotius' theory of 205-207 Hegel's theory of 214-216 historical development of law of 224-232 historical theory of 219, 221-232 household 226-227, 229 inequalities in 215, 221 in natural media of life 201-202 jural postulates of 193, 194 Kant's theory of 210-214 law of 141 Lorimer's theory of 218 medieval theory of 202 metaphysical theories of 210-218 modes of acquiring 194-202 "natural" acquisition of 195 natural-law theories of 204-210 natural limits of right of 195 negative community in 207 philosophical theories of 194 ff. positive theory of 219-221 psychological theory of 209, 23, 234 restrictions on appropriation of 88 restrictions on use and disposition of 87-88 self-acquired 227-228 seventeenth-century theory of 202 socialization of 233 social-utilitarian theory of 225 sociological theories of 232 Spencer's theory of 219 theories of 202-225 theory of in Anglo-American law 208 theory of in antiquity 202 things not subject to 197 titles to 195-197, 211 twentieth-century theories of 232

Protestant jurist-theologians 39

Psychology 90, 94, 279-280

Publicists, French 110

Public utilities 117, 136 exemption of from competition 88-89 power to contract 187

Pufendorf 207-208

Punitive justice 111 individualization of 134-135

Quasi-delict 161, 162

_Ratio legis_, doctrine of 32, 46

Reason, excessive faith in 39, 46-47

Reform movement, legislative 47, 85

Relations 171 duties attached to 173 economic value of 192 interference with 192 legal protection of 193

Release 272, 274

Religion 242 ff.

Reparation 149

Representation 179

_Res communes_ 197, 198, 199, 207, 210 _extra commercium_ 197, 201, 216, 217 _ipsa loquitur_ 180, 185-186 _nullius_ 199, 205 _publicae_ 198, 210 _religipsae_ 198 _ruinosa_ 162-163 _sacrae_ 198 _sanctae_ 198

Responsibility at one's peril 167

Right, idea of 65 natural and conventional 15, 25-26, 31

Rights, _in personam_ 146 _in rem_ 147

Roman conception of end of law 77-78 jurisconsults 30, 43

Roman law 26, 36, 41, 45, 105-106, 145, 151, 155, 170, 173-174, 195, 199, 200, 225, 228, 245-250, 254, 275 as basis of medieval law 40 as basis of law in XVII and XVIII centuries 41 contribution of to legal philosophy 36

Rousseau 214

Rules 115-116 adapted to commercial transactions 141 adapted to property 141 and discretion 141-143 application of 142 as guides 121 mechanical application of 142-143

Rylands v. Fletcher 168, 182-186

Sabinians 196

Sale 249

Satisfaction of wants, as an ideal 98-99

Savigny, F. C. von 213

Scholastic philosophy 36 permanent contribution of 38

Seals 240, 271, 275 contract under seal 255

Security of transactions 193, 237

Seisin 225

Self help 73

Seller's talk 280

Separation of powers 102-103, 107

Set off 250

Social contract 204

Social control 99, 225

Social engineering 99

Social ideal 56 as a measure of values 98

Social interdependence 232 as a measure of values 98

Social interests 99 in peace and order 148 in security of transactions 237

Social laws 54-55

Social order, feudal 79-80 idealized form of the 35 static 85

Social sciences, unification of 91

Social status quo, as end of law 35-36

Social utilitarianism 92-98

Socialists 209

Society, Greek conception of 79 jural postulates of civilized 169-179 kin-organized 73-74 medieval conception of 79

Sociology 94

_Sophrosyne_ 77

Sovereignty, Byzantine theory of 40

Specification 195

Specific performance 131-132, 238-240

Spencer, Herbert 84, 97, 201, 265 his law of equal freedom 219 his theory of property 219-221

Spirit and letter 154

Standards, legal 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141

_Stare decisis_ 140

Status to contract 266

Statute of Frauds 282

Statute of Uses 277

Stipulation 246 of counsel 273, 274

Stoics 197

Strict law 33, 101, 112-113, 153, 155, 165, 280

Substance, interests of 139, 225

Super constitution 15, 51

Symbols 248

Teleology, legal 92

Theories of law, elements in 70-71

Third-party beneficiaries 273

Title, by creation 195 by discovery 195 by occupation 196, 211 "natural" 195

"Tort of negligence" 105

Torts 283 development of liability for 164-167 generalization of liability for 167 law of 117, 167 nominate 164, 165, 170, 175, 283

_Traditio_ 249

Trust, constructive 173 gratuitous declaration of 272, 274

Twelve Tables 249

Unjust enrichment 173, 187

Utilitarians 267, 268

Utility 53

Value, criteria of 89, 95-99

Vrihaspati 243

Waiver 272, 274

Wants, as juristic starting point 89-90 limitations on satisfaction of 97-98 satisfaction of 89-90

Warranties 174, 249

Whale fishing 195

Will, as basis of liability 157, 169 as basis of obligation 250 as juristic starting point 84, 89

Will theory 189 of contract 264-265

Williston, S. 282

Wills, harmonizing of 84, 90, 92-93

Workman's compensation 167

STORRS LECTURES

PUBLISHED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

THE REFORM OF LEGAL PROCEDURE. By Moorfield Storey. THE JUDICIARY AND THE PEOPLE. By Frederick N. Judson. CONCERNING JUSTICE. By Lucilius A. Emery. WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE BY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. By Henry St. George Tucker. THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS. By Benjamin N. Cardozo.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

3. The following misprints have been corrected: "predicability" corrected to "predictability" (page 33) "Aristole" corrected to "Aristotle" (page 313)

4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation have been retained.