Chapter 48

[322] Reference, Green, _Short History_, pp. 370-376, 392-405.

[323] For English mariners and their voyages and conflicts with Spain, see Froude's _English Seamen in the Fifteenth Century_. The account of Drake's voyage is on pp. 75-103. See also "The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake," by one of Drake's gentlemen at arms, in E.J. Payne's _Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen to America_, Vol. I, pp. 196-229, Oxford, 1893.

[324] See above, p. 62.

[325] Reference for life and death of Mary Stuart, Green, _Short History_, pp. 379-392, 416-417.

[326] References, Green, _Short History of the English People_, pp. 418-420; Froude, _English Seamen_, pp. 176-228.

[327] Reference, Johnson, _Europe in the Sixteenth Century_, Chapter VII, §§ 1 and 3.

[328] See above, pp. 419-420.

[329] Reference, Wakeman, _Europe from 1598-1715_, Chapter III.

[330] Wallenstein (b. 1583) had been educated in the Catholic faith, although he came of a family with Hussite sympathies.

[331] Reference, Wakeman, _Europe from 1598-1715_, Chapter IV.

[332] Reference, Wakeman, _Europe from 1598-1715_, Chapter V.

[333] See above, p. 452.

[334] Reference, Wakeman, _Europe from 1598-1715_, Chapter VI. For a brief and excellent review of the whole war, see Schwill, _Modern Europe_, pp. 141-160.

[335] See above, p. 467.

[336] See above, p. 273.

[337] See the translators' dedication to James I in the authorized version of the Bible. Only recently has it been deemed necessary to revise the remarkable work of the translators of the early seventeenth century. Modern scholars discovered very few serious mistakes in this authorized version, but found it expedient for the sake of clearness to modernize a number of words and expressions.

[338] See Lee, _Source-book of English History_, pp. 348-352.

[339] See Lee, _Source-book of English History_, pp. 352-355, for the first writ of ship money.

[340] See above, p. 426, n. 1.

[341] The name Puritan, it should be noted, was applied loosely to the English Protestants, whether Low Churchmen, Presbyterians, or Independents, who aroused the antagonism of their neighbors by advocating a godly life and opposing popular pastimes, especially on Sunday.

[342] Reference, Green, _Short History_, pp. 595-614. For a contemporary account of Puritans, see _Readings_, Chapter XXX.

[343] Reference, Lee, _Source-book of English History_, pp. 355-357.

[344] Reference for Cromwell's early career and his generalship, Green, _Short History_, pp. 554-559.

[345] For charge against the king, etc., see Lee, _Source-book of English History_, pp. 364-372.

[346] Reference, Green, _Short History_, pp. 580-588, 594-600.

[347] See below, p. 502.

[348] Reference, Wakeman, _Europe from 1598-1715_, Chapter VII.

[349] Louis does not appear to have himself used the famous expression, "_I_ am the _state_," usually attributed to him, but it exactly corresponds to his idea of the relation of the king and the state.

[350] Reference, Perkins, _France under the Regency_, pp. 129-141.

[351] Reference, Perkins, _France under the Regency_, Chapter IV.

[352] Reference, Perkins, _France under the Regency_, pp. 141-147.

[353] See above, pp. 488 and 492, 493.

[354] See below, pp. 517-518.

[355] Reference, Perkins, _France under the Regency_, Chapter VI.

[356] The title Tsar, or Czar, was formerly supposed to be connected with Cæsar (German, _Kaiser_), i.e., emperor, but this appears to have been a mistake.

[357] References, Schwill, _Modern Europe_, pp. 215-230; Wakeman, _European History from 1598-1715_, pp. 300-308.

[358] See above, p. 196.

[359] The title King of Prussia appeared preferable to the more natural King of Brandenburg, because Prussia lay wholly without the empire, and consequently its king was not in any sense subject to the emperor but was wholly independent. Since western Prussia still belonged to Poland in 1701 the new king satisfied himself at first with the title, King _in_ Prussia.

[360] Reference, Schwill, _Modern Europe_, pp. 230-238.

[361] Reference, Schwill, _Modern Europe_, pp. 238-247.

[362] Reference, Hassall, _The Balance of Power_, pp. 18, 19, 303-317. See map below, p. 584.

[363] The last instance in which an English ruler vetoed a measure passed by Parliament was in 1707.

[364] See above, pp. 278-280.

[365] Originally there had been but seven electors (see above, p. 372), but the duke of Bavaria had been made an elector during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1692 the father of George I had been permitted to assume the title of Elector of Hanover.

[366] Wolsey, it will be remembered, had advanced the same reason in Henry VIII's time for England's intervention in continental wars. See above, p. 428.

[367] Except in 1718-1720, when she joined an alliance against Spain, and her admiral, Byng, destroyed the Spanish fleet.

[368] Derived from _Jacobus_, the Latin for James. The name was applied to the adherents of James II and of his son and grandson, the elder and younger pretenders to the throne.

[369] It will be remembered that the children of James II by his second and Catholic wife, Mary of Modena, were excluded from the throne at the accession of William and Mary. See genealogical table on preceding page.

[370] The Dutch occupation of a portion of the coast of North America was brought to an end, as has been mentioned, by the English. See above, p. 492.

[371] For the settlement of the English and French in North America, see Morris, _The History of Colonization_, Vol. I, Chapter X, and Vol. II,