Chapter 45

[77] Not to be confounded with the _duchy_ of Burgundy just referred to. See p. 97, above.

[78] See genealogical table and map of the Plantagenet possessions, pp. 140-141, below.

[79] Henry's family owes its name, Plantagenet, to the habit that his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, had of wearing a bit of broom (_planta genista_) in his helmet on his crusading expeditions.

[80] Geoffrey, the eldest of the three sons of Henry II mentioned above, died before his father.

[81] The Estates General were so called to distinguish a general meeting of the representatives of the three estates of the realm from a merely local assembly of the provincial estates of Champagne, Provence, Brittany, Languedoc, etc. There are some vague indications that Philip had called in a few townspeople even earlier than 1302.

[82] For the French monarchy as organized in the thirteenth century, see Emerton, _Mediæval Europe_, pp. 432-433; Adams, _Civilization_, pp. 311-328.

[83] In spite of the final supremacy of the West Saxons of Wessex, the whole land took its name from the more numerous Angles.

[84] References, Green, _Short History of the English People_ (revised edition, Harper & Brothers), pp. 48-52; extracts from the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ may be found in _Readings_, Chapter XI.

[85] The shires go back at least as far as Alfred the Great, and many of their names indicate that they had some relation to the earlier little kingdoms, e.g., Sussex, Essex, Kent, Northumberland.

[86] See above, p. 62.

[87] Often called the battle of Hastings from the neighboring town of that name.

[88] For contemporaneous accounts of William's character and the relations of Normans and English, see Colby, _Sources_, pp. 33-36, 39-41; _Readings_, Ch. XI.

[89] Reference, for the Conqueror and his reign, Green, _Short History_, pp. 74-87, and Gardiner, _Students' History_, pp. 86-114.

[90]

William I (1066-1087), m. Matilda, daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders | +----+----------------------+-------------------------+ | | | William II (Rufus) Henry I (1100-1135), Adela, m. Stephen, (1087-1100) m. Matilda, daughter of Count of Blois Malcolm, King of Scotland | | | Matilda (d. 1167), Stephen (1135-1154)