An Introduction to the History of Japan
CHAPTER XIV
EPILOGUE
Japan of the past fifty years since the Revolution of the Meidji may be said to have been in a transition period, although we do not know when nor how she will settle down after all. As a transition period in the history of any country is generally its most eventful epoch, so our last half century has been the busiest time the nation has ever experienced. Not only that. We were ushered into the wide world, just at the time when the world itself began to have its busiest time also. The opening of the country at such a juncture may be compared to a man in deep slumber, who is aroused suddenly in the dazzling daylight of noon. Moreover, Japan has had another and not less important business to attend to, that is to say, she had to trim herself, and complete her internal reconstruction, a task which may not perhaps come to its completion for a long time to come. Excitation must be the natural outcome to anybody placed in such a position. Japan has over-worked indeed, and is yet working very hard. She has achieved not a little already, and is still struggling to achieve more. If we would try to describe the history of Japan during these fifty years, we should have more to tell than the history of the preceding twenty centuries. That is not, however, possible in the scope of this small volume. Another reason why we need not expatiate on this period of our national history is because it is comparatively better known to foreigners than the history of old Japan, though we are not sure that it is not really misunderstood. The root, however, of the misapprehension of Japan of the Meidji era lies deep in the misapprehension of the history of her past, for one who can understand rightly Japan of the past, may not err much in comprehending Japan of the present. I will not, therefore, describe in detail the contemporary history of Japan, but will content myself by giving merely a cursory view of it.
It was none but the _samurai_, the mainstay of feudal Japan, who brought about the momentous change of the Meidji, and it was the _samurai_ of the lower class, who acted the chief part in the Revolution. The savants, however they might have proved useful in fanning the nationalistic spirit among the people, were after all not men of action. Only the _samurai_, when permeated with this spirit, could effect such a grand political change. There may be no doubt that the _samurai_ undertook the task for the sake of the national welfare, and most of all not to restore the already rotten regime which had once existed before the advent of the Kamakura Shogunate. But this evident truth was known neither to the court-nobles, who dreamt only of seeing their past glory recovered, nor to those idealists of ultra-conservative trend, who sincerely believed that the history of nearly twelve centuries might be simply ignored and the golden days of the Nara period be called back into life once more. The latter strongly urged the personal government of the Emperor and the restoration of the worship of the national gods to its ancient glory, while the former strove to recover the reins of government into their own hands. It was the result of their compromise, that the political organisation of the Taiho era was formally revived, though with not a few indispensable modifications. Think of the statute of eleven hundred seventy years before recalled to reality again, and of a country, governed by a such a petrified statute, entering the concourse of the nations of the world in the nineteenth century. How comical it would have been if such a retrogression had been allowed to proceed even for a generation? The first to be disappointed were the court-nobles. The expectation of the ultra-conservatives was also far from being fulfilled. The country was in urgent need of a new legislation conformable to the new state of things, and the restored statute was soon found to be utterly inadequate to serve the purpose. The quixotic movement of the bigoted Shintoists to persecute Buddhism, which led to the lamentable demolition of many Buddhist sculptures and buildings of high artistic merit, was to subside as soon as it was started, for it was now the age of complete religious toleration, which was extended even to Christianity soon afterwards.
The most extravagant expectation of the ultra-conservatives was thus frustrated, but the conservative spirit in the nation, which was by no means to be swept away at all found its devotees among the class of the _samurai_. Though they were the real makers of the Revolution, yet the loss of their privileges and material interests which it entailed, touched them sorely. A very small fraction of them served the new government as officials and soldiers of high and low rank, and could enjoy life much more comfortably than they did in the pre-Meidji days. The greater part of the _samurai_, however, were obliged to betake themselves to some of the callings which they were accustomed to look down upon with disdain, for if they did not work, the compensation which they received from the government did not suffice to sustain them for long. Some of them preferred to become farmers, and those who persisted in that line generally fared well. Many others turned themselves into merchants, and mostly failed; being accustomed to the simplicities of the life and the code of soldiers, and utterly unversed in the complexities of the code commercial, and the trickeries of the life merchants; and the small capital obtained by selling their compensation-bonds was soon squandered. What wonder if they began to regret and whine for better days of the past? Discontentment became rampant among them; but the inducement to its disruption was provided by the diplomatic tension with Korea.
I have no space here to dwell upon the intricate history of the differences between Korea and our country in the later seventies of the nineteenth century. Suffice it to say that the militaristic party in and out of the government favoured the war with Korea, while the opposing party was against it, considering it injurious to sound national progress, especially at a time when it was an immediate necessity for the welfare of the country to devote all its resources to internal reconstruction. The war party with Takamori Saigo at its head seceded from the government. Saigo had been a great figure since the Revolution, as the representative _samurai_ of the Satsuma, and had a great many worshippers, so that even after his retirement his influence over the territory of Satsuma was immense. At last he was forced by his adorers, whose ill-feeling against the government now knew no bounds, to take up arms in order to purge the government, which seemed to them too effeminate and too radical. Not only the warlike and conservative _samurai_ of Satsuma, but all the _samurai_ in the other provinces of Kyushu, who sympathised with them, rose up and joined them. Siege was laid by them to the castle of Kumamoto, the site of regimental barracks.
So far they had been successful, but owing to insufficiency of ammunition and provisions, they could not force their way much farther. Moreover, the Imperial Army recently organised, recruited mostly from the common people by the conscription system, proved very efficient, owing to the use of Snider rifles, although at first the new soldiers had been despised by the insurgents on account of their low origin. The siege of Kumamoto was at last raised; the remnant of the defeated forces of Saigo retired to a valley near the town of Kagoshima; Saigo committed suicide; and the civil war ended in the victory of the government in September 1877, seven months after its outburst.
This civil war is an epoch-making event in the history of the Meidji era, in the sense that it was a death blow to the last and powerful remnant force of feudalism, the influence of the _samurai_. Though the _samurai_-soldiers who fought on the side of Saigo were very few in number compared with the host of the _samurai_ within the whole empire, and though not a few _samurai_-soldiers fought also on the opposite side, still it was clear that the insurgents represented the interests of the _samurai_ as a class better than the governmental army, and the defeat of the former had, on the prestige of the class, an effect quite similar to that which was produced in Europe of the later Middle Ages by the use of firearms and the organisation of the standing army, and significantly reduced the traditional influence of knights on horseback. It is for this reason that the democratisation of the nation markedly set in after the civil war, and with it the territorial particularism, which had been weakened by the Revolution, has been rapidly dying away. Political parties of various shades began to be formed. The works of Montesquieu and Rousseau were translated into Japanese, and widely read with avidity. The cry for a representative government became a national demand. Against the hesitating government riots were raised here and there. To sum up the history of the second decade of the Meidji era, we see that it strikingly resembles French history in the first half of the nineteenth century. The rise of the influence of the new-born bourgeois class in modern Japan may be said to have dated from this epoch. Europeanisation in manners and customs became more and more striking year by year.
What is unique in our modern history is that, parallel with the growth of the democratic tendency in the nation, the imperial prestige effected a remarkable increase. This seemingly contradictory phenomenon may be explained easily by considering how our present notion of fidelity to the Emperor has evolved. The divine authority of the Emperor did not suffer any remarkable change after his personal regime ceased, though his political prestige had been eclipsed by the assumption of power by the Fujiwara nobles. Even after the establishment of the Shogunate, nobody in Japan had ever thought it possible that the Emperor could be placed in rank equal to or under a Shogun or any other sort of dictator, however virtually powerful he might have been. Through all political vicissitudes the Emperor has remained always the noblest personage in Japan, and in this sense he has been the focus toward which the heart of the whole nation turned.
The relation of the Emperor to the people at large, during these periods of eclipse, was indirect. Between them intervened the Shogun and the _daimyo_ as actual immediate rulers, so that fidelity to the Emperor had been spoken of only academically, and their fidelity, in a concrete sense, had been solely centered in their immediate master, who reciprocated it by the protection he extended directly over them. Thus fidelity on the one hand and protection on the other hand had been conditioned by each other, and because the bond was naturally an essential link of the military regime, it was strengthened by its being handed down from generation to generation. In short, the fidelity of the Japanese may be said to be a product of the military regime, and owes its growth to the hereditary relation of vassalage. As all the ideals and virtues cherished among the _samurai_ class used to be considered by plebeians as worthy of imitation, if practicable in their own circles, fidelity was also understood by them in the same sense as among the military circles, that is to say, as a soldierly virtue in a subordinate toward his superior. So it grew to be more disciplinary, self-sacrificing and devotional, than in the times before the military regime. This condition of the national morals had continued to the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, with occasional relaxations, of course. But now that the Shogunate and the _daimyo_ were eliminated from the political system, the foci toward which the fidelity of the people had been turned ceased to exist, and the fidelity remained, as it were, to be a cherished virtue of the nation though without a goal. It sought for a new focus, looked up one stage higher than the Shogun, and was glad to make the Emperor the object of its fervent devotion. Soon it developed almost into a passion, because the nation became more and more conscious of the necessity of a well-centred national consolidation, and it could find nowhere else a centre more fit for it than the Emperor. His prestige could increase in this way _pari passu_ with the growth of the democratic spirit in the nation. It is not, therefore, a mere traditional preponderance, but an authority having its foundation in modern civilisation.
It cannot be denied, however, that history clothes our imperial house with special grandeur, which might not be sought in the case of any royal family newly come to power, and if conservatism would have a firm stand in Japan, it must be the conservatism which sprang from this historical relation of the people to the Emperor. This explains the sudden rise of the conservative spirit, which at once changed the aspect of the country at the end of the second decade of the Meidji era. It happened just at the time when the current of Europeanisation was at its height and the realisation of the hope of the progressives, the promulgation of the Constitution and the inauguration of representative government, drew very near.
In February 1889 the Constitution long craved for was at last granted, and by virtue of it the first Imperial Diet was opened the next year. This adoption of the representative system of government by Japan used to be often cited as a rare example of the wonderful progress of a nation not European, and all our subsequent national achievements have been ascribed by foreigners to this radical change of constitution. Every good and every evil, however, which the system is said to possess, has been fully manifested in this country. We have since been continually endeavouring to train and accustom ourselves to the new regime, but our experience in modern party government is still very meagre, and it will take a long time to see all classes of the people appropriately interested in national politics, which is a requisite condition to reaping the benefit of constitutional government to the utmost. At present we have no reason to regret, on the contrary much reason to rejoice at, the introduction of the system.
After the constitution came many organic laws, the civil and penal code, and so forth, in order of proclamation. This completion of the apparatus necessary to the existence of the modern state improved in no small measure the position of our country in the eyes of attentive foreigners. What, however, contributed most of all to the abrogation of the rights of extraterritoriality enjoyed by foreigners on Japanese soil, the object of bitter complaint and pining on the part of patriots, was the victory won by our army in the war against China.
Before the outbreak of the Sinico-Japanese war, China had long been regarded not only by Western nations, but by the Japanese themselves, as far above our country in national strength, not to speak of the superiority of wealth as well as of civilisation in general. Though the victory of the expeditionary troops sent by Hideyoshi over the Chinese reinforcements despatched by the Emperor of the Ming to succour the invaded Koreans was sufficient to wipe off the military humiliation which our army had suffered on the peninsula nine hundred years before, and had much to do in enhancing the national self-confidence against the Chinese, the renewed imitation of her civilisation during the Tokugawa Shogunate turned the scale again in favour of China even to the eyes of the Japanese intelligents, and we had been constantly overawed by the influence of the big continental neighbour. So that the formal annexation of the Loochoo Islands in the first decade of the Meidji era against the opposing Chinese claim was considered to be a great diplomatic victory of the new government. The failure of the French expedition added also to the credit of the unfathomable force of the Celestial Empire. The grand Chinese fleet which visited our ports in the year previous to the war was thought to be more than our match, and made us feel a little disquieted. Contrary to our anticipation, however, battle after battle ended in our victory in the war of 1894-1895, and Korea was freed from Chinese hegemony by the treaty of Shimonoseki.
Though some of the important articles of the same treaty were made useless by the intervention of the three Western powers, the war proved on the whole very beneficial to our country. The growth of the consciousness of the national strength emboldened the people to develop their activity in all directions. Several new industries began to flourish. The national wealth increased remarkably so as to enable the government to adopt a monometallic currency in gold. Education, high as well as low, was encouraged by the increase of various new schools and by the strengthening of their staffs. We laboured very hard for the ten following years, and then the Russo-Japanese war took place.
It was indeed fortunate that we could win after all in the war in which we put our national destiny at stake. Not only in this war with Russia, but in that with China a decade before, we had been by no means sure of victory, when we decided to enter into them. It is such a war generally that proves salutary to the victorious party, when, after having been fought with difficulty, it ends in a way better than had been anticipated. It was so in the war of 1894-1895, and was not otherwise in that waged ten years later. These military successes, needless to say, increased still more the splendour of the imperial prerogative already magnificently revived. At the same time they countenanced the growth of conservatism. The impetus, however, which these wars gave to the general activity of the nation necessitated the people betaking themselves to the study and imitation of Western civilisation. And this Europeanisation, direct or through America, tended to make the nation more and more progressive. Thus conservatism in recent Japan has been marching hand in hand with liberalism, nay, even with radicalism, each alternately outweighing the other. This is why present Japan has appeared to be lacking in stability, especially in the eyes of foreign observers.
The years immediately succeeding the Russo-Japanese war formed the culminating period of the glorious era of Meidji, and also a turning-point of the national history. Up to that time foreign nations had been lavishing their kindness in the education of the novice nation, who seemed to them to be yet in her teens on account of having just entered into the concert of the world as a passive hearer. They did not know what would become of Japan, brought up and instructed in this way. In military affairs the English were our first masters, then came the French and the German. In the navy, the Dutch followed by the English were our instructors. In the sphere of legislation, the first advisers were the French, to whom the Germans succeeded. The latter also taught us their science of medicine, which to study in Japan the German language has become the first requisite. Besides what has been enumerated above, knowledge of all branches of industries, arts, and sciences has been introduced into our country in the highly advanced stage of the brilliant century. Who would have dreamt, however, of the victory of the Japanese over the Russians in January of 1904? In the war, it is true, a great many foreigners sympathised with the cause of the Japanese, simply because all bystanders are unconsciously wont to take the side of the weaker. The fall of Port Arthur and the annihilation of the Russian navy on the Sea of Japan were beyond all expectation. They now began to think that they might be also taken unawares by us, as they thought the Russians were, forgetting that they had ignored to study the Japanese. They rather repented that they had underestimated the real Japanese unduly, and thereby they have fallen into the error of overestimation. We do not think that a sheer victory on a battlefield can in any case be taken as a measure of the progress of civilisation in the victor. Moreover, in what field could we have been able to beat any European nation except in battle, if we could beat her at all? Almost all of our cultural factors we have borrowed from foreign countries, and therefore they are of later introduction, so that they could not be easily brought by our imitation, however adroit it might be, to a stage nearly so high as they had reached in their original homes. But as to the art of fighting only, we have come to practise it since the old times, and during the successive Shogunates it had been the calling most honoured and followed by us at the expense of other acquirements. In short, it was the speciality of old Japan, so that our success in arms could not testify to the sudden jump in other branches of our civilisation. Those foreigners, however, who had been accustomed to judge us from afar, looked only at the scientific and mechanical side of modern war, of which we had availed ourselves, and surmised that if we could stand excellently the test in this department, we must certainly have surpassed what they had expected of us in all respects. This surmise, which they felt not very agreeably, they flatly imputed to our dissimulation and feigning, and branded them as our national vices, instead of attributing the miscalculation to their self-deception and ignorance as regards things Japanese. On the contrary, we have had never the least intention to deceive any foreigner in the estimation of the merit of what we have achieved. Would it not be ridiculously absurd to assume the existence of such a tendency in any living nation in the world?
We have been thus overestimated and at the same time begun to be somewhat disliked by those short-sighted observers in foreign countries after our successful war with Russia. The pet nation of the whole world of yesterday was turned suddenly into the most suspected and dangerous nation of to-day! There have been many missionaries who had personal experience of our country, owing to their residence here for years, professing that they have tried their utmost to plead our cause. Unfortunately, their defence of us has not availed much, for a great part of them are used to depict us as a nation still evolving. Evolving they say, for our recent national progress is too evident a fact to be refuted, and they wish to ascribe it to their fruitful endeavours. Evolving, they say repeatedly, for they are fain to show that there is still remaining in Japan a wide field reserved for them to work, lest their _raison d'etre_ in this country should otherwise be lost forever. In fact, we are now far enough advanced as a nation as not to require the tutelage of the missionaries of recent times.
I regret that we have among us a certain number of typical braggarts, who unfortunately abound in every country, and their shameless bluffing has often caused astonishment to unprejudiced observers in foreign countries. Nevertheless, we as a nation are neither far better nor far worse than any other in the world. To remain as a petrified state, with plenty of well-preserved relics of all ages, is what we cannot bear for our country. We know well that a nation which produces sight-seers must be incomparably happier and more praiseworthy than that which furnishes quaint objects for show to please those sight-seers. If there be any other nation that wishes to make its home a peepshow for others, let it do so. That is not our business. What we aspire to earnestly as our national ideal is to make our country able to stand shoulder to shoulder with the senior Western nations in contributing to the advance and welfare of world civilisation. We shall proceed toward this goal, however fluctuating foreign opinion about us may be for years or ages to come.
INDEX
A
Abe, family, 93
Aborigines, 28
Adoption, 346
Adzumakagami, 322
Agriculture, 78
Aidzu, 377ff.
Ainu, 30ff., 66f., 70ff., 82ff., 86ff., 91, 104ff., 114, 119, 122ff., 125, 130, 143, 147, 153, 157, 175, 183, 192ff., 204, 237ff.
Alienation of land, 346
Allod-holders, Frankish, 144
Alphabet, 167, 324
Amalgamation of cultures, 335, 347. _See_ Assimilation of cultures
America, 371 ff., 394
Amita, 172
Amusements, 211
Ancient regime, 356
Annals, 364
Ansai, Yamazaki, 359
Anti-Semitism, 344
Apaches, 254
Archaeology, 29
Archery, 205, 312
Architecture, 130ff., 296
Aristocracy, 62, 246, 250, 343
Armour, 314ff.
Art, 129ff., 261, 331, 345
Artisans, 288ff.
AEsop, Fables of, 262
Ashigaru, 304
Ashikaga, age of, 214, 222ff., 227, 231, 234ff., 238, 241, 243, 245ff., 248, 251, 258ff., 263, 274, 284ff., 296ff., 310, 312, 316, 318, 320, 328, 331, 344, 350, 360ff.
Ashikaga, family, 206ff., 210, 215ff., 233, 268ff., 307
Ashikaga Shogunate, 187, 207, 210ff., 215ff., 223, 227ff., 242, 252, 257, 261, 264, 268, 307, 320
Ashikaga, town, 227
Assessment, 298
Assimilation of cultures, 150. _See_ Amalgamation of cultures
Astronomy, 107ff., 349
Augury, 64, 139
Auspices, 139
Austria, 213
Ave Maria, 173
B
Balkan, 68
Ballad, 129, 134
Ball, kicking of, 237
Barons, English, 213
Barriers, 291, 342
Bartering, 84ff.
Biographies, 365
Bismarck, 356
Biwa, instrument, 162
Biwa, Lake, 119ff.
Block-engraver, 233ff.
Blood-ties, 89
Body-guard, of Shogun, 294ff. _See_ Hatamoto
Books, 231ff., 348, 358
Bookstores, 325
Botany, 349
Bourbons, 282
Bourgeois, 237, 245, 250, 332, 345, 388
Brewers, 244
Bricks, 131
Britons, 69
Buddhism, 8, 96, 98ff., 109, 118, 130, 145ff., 162, 168ff., 233, 235, 237, 250, 262, 273ff., 351ff, 359, 384
Buffoons, 244
Buffoons, 262, 273ff., 351ff., 359, 384
Bulgarians, 68
Bunjingwa, 332
Byobu, 250
C
Caesars, 154
Calendar, 107ff.
Calligraphy, 323, 325, 331
Calvinism, 189
Cape Colony, 70
Carlovingians, 94
Carpets, 133
Caste-system, 61, 343
Castles, feudal, 237
Catholic, 170, 350
Cattle, 78
Cavalry, 304
Celibacy, 351
Census, 116ff., 125, 144
Centralisation, 15ff., 89, 92, 95ff., 221ff.
Chaotic period of Japanese history, 224
Chen-Shou, Chinese historian, 59
Chikafusa, Kitabatake, 321
China, 7, 99, 106, 159, 195, 225ff., 228ff., 234, 237, 241ff., 245, 392
Chinese, people, 233, 348
Chinese art, 129, 249
Chinese Buddhists, 226
Chinese civilisation 6ff., 57, 60, 96, 105ff., 227, 253, 261, 348, 371
Chinese colonists, 58
Chinese language, 60ff., 166ff., 235, 324, 362, 366
Chinese literature, 129, 134, 152, 227, 230, 232ff., 248, 321ff., 327, 358
Chinese philosophy, 358
Chivalry, 162
Christianity, 245, 251ff., 262ff., 278, 280, 296, 348, 351, 353, 385
Chronicles, 53ff., 61, 277, 364
Chronology, 107, 235ff.
Church, 352
Churche, 195ff.
Chu-tse, 352, 359, 366
Cities, growth of, 223, 230, 241
Civil Code, 392
Civil war, between two branches of Imperial family, 240, 255ff., 355
Class-system, 140, 288ff., 343, 347
Classicism, 224
Clay, types made of, 320
Clients, 81, 87, 90ff., 115
Climate, 21ff.
Cochin China, 323
Codification, 123
Coins, 231ff., 298, 312
Common people, 141, 145, 289, 328, 389. _See_ Plebeians
Communication, 236, 238, 280
Community, religious, 172
Community, self-providing, 84
Compensation-bonds, 385
Condottieri, 242, 277
Confiscation, 345
Confucius, 8, 232, 234, 320, 328ff., 352, 358ff.
Connoisseurs, 244, 285
Conscription, 125, 381, 387
Conservatism, 163, 269, 390, 394
Constitution, 391ff.
Convent, 233
Conventionalism, 193, 272
Corporations, 84
Corvee, 116
Court-ladies, 152
Court-musicians, 135
Court-nobles, Courtiers, 131, 140, 152ff., 156, 204ff., 210ff., 215, 218ff., 227, 237, 252, 255, 272, 306, 308ff., 335, 338, 360, 374f., 383ff.
Court-philosophers, 352
Craft-groups. _See_ Groups
Crafts-men, 340
Crown prince, 95, 311
Crusades, 226
Culture, 238, 335, 347
Curios, 244
Currency, system of, 298. _See_ Monetary system and Coins
Cycle, chronological, 107ff.
D
Daibutsu, 136, 144
Daimyo, 225, 236ff., 290ff., 293ff., 299ff., 307, 310ff., 315ff., 325ff., 331ff., 337ff., 358ff., 380, 389ff.
Dai-Nihon-shi, 364
Dancing, 135
Dark Ages, 224
Date, family, 303
Deities, 168, 170
Democratisation, 388ff., 390
Deshima, 348, 371
Diadochi, 279
Dialect, 315, 341
Diplomatists, 244, 301, 349
Disintegration of the Empire, 216
Dismemberment, 10f
Dissimulation, 396
District-governors, 116
Djito, 181 ff., 202ff., 212ff., 225, 294, 297
Doctrinaires, 373
Documents, 364
Dog-shooting, 205, 294ff., 314
Domains, 80ff., 90ff., 94, 97, 306, 330
Domicile, 340
Dramatist, 333
Dutchmen, 348f., 350, 353, 371, 394
E
Earthenware, 29
East Chin dynasty of China, 99
East Roumelia, 68
Education, 235, 238, 289ff., 358, 394ff.
Educational Museum, 327
Eighty Thousand, 294. _See_ Hatamoto
Elders, 294
El Dorado, 265
Embargo, 291
Emperor, 80ff., 95, 101, 108, 223, 306ff., 327, 365, 367ff., 384, 389ff.
Empire style, 285
Empress, 141, 310, 336
England, 69
Englishmen, 199, 395
Epic, 130, 134
Etiquette, 145, 250ff.
Europe, 224, 371ff.
European civilisation, 262, 347, 348, 353
European history, 12
Europeanisation, 388, 391, 394
Europeans, 347
Excavation in northern China, 130
Executioners, 343
Ex-Emperor, 311
Extradition, 340
Extra-territoriality, 392ff.
F
Facsimile, 325
Family life, 256ff.
Farmers, 340. _See_ Peasants
Fetichism, 272
Feudalism, 12ff., 302, 379, 387
Feudal Japan, 383
Feudatories, 225, 237, 242, 247, 293ff., 351
Fighting, 396ff.
Fire-arms, 243, 312, 388
Fiscal-system, 306
Florence, 241
Flower-trimming, 132ff., 244
Foreign relations, Foreigners, 326, 373
Forest, 305
Formosa, 23, 27
Fortress, 296
France, 69, 282
Freeholders of land, 81
Freemen, 81
French, 295
French Revolution, 356
Fu-Chien, Chinese potentate, 96
Fudai, 294ff., 296
Fujiwara, age of, 156ff., 163ff., 174, 177ff., 186ff., 248, 254ff., 263, 272, 275, 306, 389
Fujiwara, family, 140ff., 149, 152ff., 202, 204, 218, 306, 336
Fukuwara, Settsu, 159. _See_ Kobe
Fushimi, 321ff., 376ff.
G
Gemmyo, Empress, 53, 130ff.
Genealogical records, 337
Generalissimo, to chastise the Ainu, 183
Genji-monogatari, 152, 248, 261, 360
Genko-shakusho, 235
Gentlemen, 328
Gentry, 330, 335
German Confederation, 329
German Empire, 194, 356
German Language, 395
Germans, 79, 94, 129, 395
Germany, 68, 213, 239
Go-Daigo, Emperor, 205, 306, 321
Goetz von Berlichingen, 246
Go-Kenin, 179, 202, 294
Go-Midzunowo, Emperor, 319, 321
Go-Sanjo, Emperor, 178
Government, signification of, 177
Go-Yozei, Emperor, 319ff.
Great Britain, 194
Great Japan, History of, 365
Greece, 10f., 136
Gregorian Calendar, 381
Groups, system of, 62, 80, 82ff., 88, 92, 115
Guild, of Medieval Europe, 84
Guns, 243, 312
H
Hachiman, of Tsurugaoka, 177
Hai-nan, island, 65
Haito, 72, 83, 86
Hakata, 190, 223, 226, 228ff., 233, 241
Hakodate, 378
Haniwa, 129
Hanseatic towns, 239
Harakiri, 287ff.
Harps, 133
Hatamoto, 295, 305ff., 310, 376
Hei-an, 146. _See_ Kyoto
Heike, 162. _See_ Taira
Heike-monogatari, 162
Hidehira, Fujiwara, 192
Hidetada, Tokugawa, 350
Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 267, 269, 279ff., 285, 293ff., 298ff., 306ff., 319ff., 351, 358, 392
Hieta-no-Are, 53f.
Highlanders, 157
Higo, province, 72
Hikwan, 214, 217. _See_ Proteges
Historiography, 363, 365f.
History, as science, 4ff., 73
History, study of, 269, 349, 358, 364ff.
Hitachi, province, 296
Hiyei, Mount, Monasteries, 275. _See_ Yenryakuji
Hizen, province, 376
Hogen, era, 160
Hohenstaufen, 219
Hojo, family, 184ff., 188, 201ff., 205, 207, 212, 227, 256
Hokke, Buddhist sect, 189, 274. _See_ Nichiren-shu
Hokkaido, Island, 23, 27, 32ff., 119, 237ff., 370, 378
Holland, 378. _See_ Dutchmen
Holy Roman Empire, 295
Homestead, 303
Homicide, 288
Hohen, 173ff., 189, 234
Hongwanji, Temple, 276
Honto, Main Island, 31, 67ff., 119, 122ff., 192, 302, 316, 344, 378
Horsemanship, 133, 304, 313
Horses, 78, 116
Hosokawa, family, 240ff.
Hostages, 257, 300, 338
Hsiao-king, 258, 319ff.
Humanism, 226, 249ff., 260, 272, 317, 328ff., 331, 333
Hunting, 133
Hyogo, 241, 374. _See_ Kobe
I
Ideographs, 57
Idolatry, 273
Idzu, province, 160
Idzumi, province, 239ff.
Iki, island and province, 121, 197
Ikko-shu, 274, 351. _See_ Jodo-shinshu
Illiteracy, 28, 61ff.
Illustrations, 325
Imagawa, family, 259
Imitation, 129ff.
Immigrants, 28, 34, 76, 78, 81, 89, 91, 99ff.
Immunity, 142
Imperial court, 199, 227
Imperial Diet, 391
Imperial family, 62, 87ff., 90ff., 276, 336
Imperial household, 307, 311ff.
Imperial power, 92, 355
Imperial residences, 114
Imperialists, 376ff.
Impurity of blood, 344. _See_ Pollution
Iname, Soga, 101
Indifferentism, 352
Individualism, 165, 246ff, 261, 264
Indoor-life, 132, 249
Infantry, 304, 312
Inland Sea, 25ff., 159, 161, 230ff.
Invincible Armada, 199
Iron age, 46ff.
Iruka, Soga, 112
Ise, province and Shrines, 102, 238ff.
Ise-monogatari, 261
Italian cities, 226
Italians, 261, 350
Italy, 285
Iwaki, province, 104
Iwami, province, 305
Iwashiro, province, 104
Iyeyasu, Tokugawa, 267, 281ff., 293, 296, 309, 318ff., 321ff., 350ff., 358, 364, 368
J
Japan, climate of, 21ff.
Japan, historic, 24, 51ff., 75
Japan, Northern, 26ff., 70
Japan, Sea of, 24, 119
Japan, Southern, 26ff.
Japanese, people, 9, 33ff., 37, 45, 61, 65, 75, 122ff., 164
Japanese architecture, 39ff.
Japanese art, 130
Japanese authors, 234
Japanese history, 1ff., 10, 18f., 50, 75, 78
Japanese language, 35, 167
Japanese literature, 129ff., 133ff., 151, 166ff., 249, 261, 323, 360ff.
Jesuits, 264ff.
Jews, 343
Jimmu, Emperor, 115
Jingo-shotoki, 321
Jingu-kogo, Empress, 59ff., 93ff., 98
Jodo-shinshu, Buddhist sect, 245, 274. _See_ Ikko-shu
Jodo-shu, Buddhist sect, 174, 189, 190
Jokyu, era, 185, 205
Jomei, Emperor, 102
Joruri, 162
Joyei, era and Laws, 185, 235
Jujutsu, 313ff.
K
Kachi, 304
Kaempfer, Engelhardt, 284
Kaga, province, 293, 299, 303
Kagoshima, 233, 387
Kakemono, 249
Kamako, Nakatomi. _See_ Kamatari
Kamakura, 156, 176, 191, 204ff., 207, 222ff., 225ff., 272
Kamakura, period, 174, 202, 214ff., 224, 232, 234, 237, 250, 254ff., 274, 294, 296, 383
Kamakura Shogunate, 156, 175, 177, 179ff., 182ff., 186ff., 193, 197ff., 212, 214, 254ff., 259, 285, 294, 307, 309, 322, 383
Kamatari, Nakatomi, 112ff., 140. _See_ Fujiwara
Kana, 167
Kanazawa, Musashi, 227
Kanera, Ichijo, 218
Kanetsugu, Naoye, 319, 321
Kano school of painters, 247, 249, 331
Keichu, priest, 361
Khubilai, Mongol Khan, 198, 200
Kimmei, Emperor, 96, 100, 101
Kiso, forest of, 305
Kiyomori, Taira, 158ff., 163, 181, 272
Kiyowara, family, 149
Knights, 388
Knights-errant, 242
Knights-immediate, 295
Kobe, 159, 241, 374
Kojiki, 53f., 362
Kojiki-den, 362
Kokinshu, 360
Koku, 299ff., 302ff.
Kokuri, 60, 96, 99, 110, 121, 196. _See_ Korea
Kokyoku, Empress, 113
Komei, Emperor, 374
Korea, 23, 27, 34, 57ff., 96, 196, 228, 237, 263, 280, 319ff., 386ff.
Koreans, 197
Koropokkuru, 30
Koto, 133
Kotoku, Emperor, 113
Kotsuke, province, 91
Koya, Mount and Monasteries, 233, 275ff.
Kreis-institution, 213
Kugatachi, 65
Kujiki, 55ff.
Kumamoto, 387ff.
Kumaso, 66, 72
Kuni, 81
Kutara, 56, 97ff., 110, 120ff. _See_ Korea
Kwai-fu-so, 134
Kwammu, Emperor, 146ff.
Kwanto, 192
Kyoto, 119ff., 146ff., 152, 157, 159, 161, 166, 174ff., 181, 186, 190, 191, 199, 204ff., 212, 216, 218ff., 222ff., 225, 227ff., 232ff., 235, 238, 240, 245, 268, 277ff., 306, 309ff., 323, 327, 331, 333, 335, 364, 374, 376ff., 378, 380
Kyushu, 23, 33, 49, 66ff., 72, 91, 121, 197, 223, 228, 230, 243, 302, 315, 386
L
Labour, agricultural, 84
Labour, manual, 84
Lacquering, 243
Land-appropriation, by warriors, 154
Land-distribution, 115ff., 125
Landholders, 80, 87ff., 141ff.
Landlords, 87ff., 90, 115
Lands, confiscation of, 91
Lands, Crown, 80
Lands, granted by Emperors, 80
Lands, new exploration of, 84, 87, 90ff.
Lands, private, 80
Landscapes, 166, 249
Land-survey, 279, 298
Land-tenure, 214
Learning, 326ff., 345
Leaseholders, 141
Legislation, 393
Legisimism, 367
Levantine trade, 226
Library, 227. _See_ Kanazawa
Liegnitz, battle of, 198
Lieutenant, of Shogun at Kyoto, 207
Lieutenant, of djito, 203
Limes, 69
Lineage, 299, 303, 337
Literati, 61, 149, 237, 247, 261, 325, 328, 332, 345
Longevity, 64
Loo-choo, islands, 23, 27ff., 241, 393
Lung-yue, 232ff.
Lutheranism, 189
Lyang, dynasty in China, 100
Lyao, river, 57
M
Mabuchi, Kamo, 361
Magatama, 42f.
Majordomo, 94
Makura-no-soshi, 152
Mannyo-shu, 134, 360f.
Manors, 182ff., 211, 214, 218ff., 223, 252ff., 279, 297, 310
Manuscripts, historical, 325
Market, 65, 66
Marriage, 211, 316, 335ff., 343
Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, 213
Mayeta, family, 293, 299, 303
Mediatised princes of Germany, 295
Medicine, 234, 348, 394
Meidji, Emperor, 374
Meidji, era, 167, 283, 293, 335, 343, 354f., 357, 378ff., 387
Meidji, Restoration of, 146, 367, 379ff., 382ff., 385ff., 391, 393, 394
Mercantilism, 292
Mercenary, 286
Merchants, 8, 241ff., 240, 289ff., 333ff., 340
Merovingians, 94
Mesalliance, 335ff.
Metallic types, 321. _See_ Types
Middle Ages, 343, 351, 388
Migration, 28, 339ff.
Mikawa, province, 259
Militarism, 337
Military affairs, 395
Military class, 156. _See_ Warrior
Military regime, 315, 317, 326ff., 330, 333ff., 389
Military sciences, 349
Military service, 143, 381
Military system, 124ff., 203
Mimana, a Korean state, 120
Minamoto, family, 156, 163ff., 166, 175, 186, 188, 202, 205, 213, 215, 255, 309
Mines, 305
Ming, dynasty in China, 228, 229, 263, 288
Mino, province, 268
Misapprehension, 383
Misogi, 43f., 63
Missionaries, 145, 245, 262, 264ff., 278ff., 284, 327, 351, 370, 397ff.
Mito, 296, 364ff., 377
Mitsukuni, Tokugawa, 364
Miyake, 90ff.
Modernisation, 270ff.
Mommu, Emperor, 131ff.
Momoyama, style of art, 285
Monetary system, 381, 393. _See_ Currency
Mongols, 8, 195, 197ff., 206, 227ff., 381
Monometallic system, 393
Mononobe, family, 93, 101ff.
Monzayemon, Chikamatsu, 333
Morals, 253ff., 359, 390
Moriya, Mononobe, 102
Movable types, 319ff., 323ff. _See_ Types
Municipal councillors of Sakai, 241
Municipal freedom, 241
Murasaki-shikibu, 152, 248
Mushashi, province, 282
Musicians, 243
Mutsu, province, 119, 147, 161, 192, 303
Myths, 362
N
Nagasaki, 225, 305, 348f.
Nagato, province, 230, 376
Nagoya, 296
Naivete, 363
Naka-no-Oye, Prince. _See_ Tenchi, Emperor
Nakatomi, family, 93, 113. _See_ Fujiwara
Naniwa, 147. _See_ Osaka
Nara, age of, 132ff., 135ff., 144, 146, 384
Nara, town, 233
National consciousness, 143
National gods, 384. _See_ Deities
Naturalism, 249
Navigation, 120
Navy, 395
Negoro, Temple of, 276
Nembutsu, 172ff.
Netsuke, 331
Nichiren, priest, 189
Nichiren-shu, Buddhist sect, 189, 274, 351. _See_ Hokke
Nihongi, 53ff., 62, 107, 129, 320, 361f.
Niigata, 67, 305
Nine Years, War of, 156
Nintoku, Emperor, 115
Nishijin, 243
Nobility, military, 294
Nobles, 131, 140, 142, 144ff., 148, 151ff., 183ff.
Nobunaga, Oda, 267ff., 274ff., 282, 308, 332, 351
Nobuzane, 246
No-dancers, 345
Norinaga, Motooeri, 361f.
Norito, 362
Norizane, Uyesugi, 233
Normans, in Sicily, 48
Notes, 312
Novelists, 361
Novels, 249, 261, 360
Nutari, 67, 71
O
Occupations of ancient Japanese, 78
Oda, family, 259, 267ff., 285
Odawara, 233
Officers, 153, 303
Officials, 108ff., 304, 312ff., 328, 339
Ohmi, province, 116, 119, 218, 120
Ohmi Laws, 116
Ohnin, era and civil war of, 216ff., 232, 243, 257, 307
Oh-no-Yasumaro, 53
Ohsumi, province, 33, 126
Ohtomo, family, 93, 101
Ohtsu, 119ff., 147
Ondo, strait of, 159
One-six, Lord, 225
On-no-Imoko, 106, 111ff.
Orders, mendicant, 173
Organic laws, 391
Orleans, family, 282
Ornaments, 29
Orthodox, Greek Church, 170
Osaka, 114, 147, 225, 279, 332ff., 361, 376
Ouchi, family, 230ff., 240
Outdoor-life in Nara age, 132
Overestimation, 395
Owari, province, 268, 296
P
Pacific, Ocean, 24, 119ff.
Painters, 243, 345
Painting, 130, 249, 331
Pastimes, literary, 210, 237
Peasants, 288ff. _See_ Farmers
Peasants' War, 246
Pedigrees, 337
Pedlers, 290
Peerage list, 338
Penal code, 392
Peninsular states, 112
Period-name, 114
Philologists, 361f.
Physicians, 326, 345.
Picts, 69
Picts' Wall, 69
Pilgrims to Ise Shrines, 238ff.
Pirates, 197ff., 228, 236
Plays, religious, 170
Plebeians, 289ff., 344ff., 347, 387
Plutocrats, 333
Poems, 134ff.
Poetry, 331
Poets, 243, 361
Political development, 16
Political parties, 389
Politics, 358f.
Pollution, 63f., 343
Population, 126
Porcelain-making, 243
Port Arthur, 395
Portrait-painting, 247ff.
Portuguese, 243, 350
Pottery, 44
Preachers, Buddhist, 168
Predominant stock of Japanese, 87ff., 93
Prefectures, 380
Prehistoric, 50ff.
Pre-Meidji regime, 356
Prerogative, imperial, 307
Preservation, 270
Priests, Buddhist, 208, 326
Primogeniture, 92, 202, 337, 347
Printing, 231ff.
Privilege, 343
Proletariat, 245
Proteges, 214, 217
Proto-historic, 50
Provinces, 81, 90, 115
Provincial governors, 114, 115, 180
Prussia, 275, 329
Publication, 323
Public land, 141ff.
Publishers, 325
Purchase-system, 345
Q
Quattrocento, 261, 285
R
Race, 1, 21, 27, 75ff., 81
Rainy season, 24
Ransoms, 286
Rationalism, 352, 366
Reading circle, 324
Realistic, 248
Recitation, 162
Red tape, 272
Reformation, 246, 285, 328
Reformed Church, 350
Reforms, 138
Regency, 148, 306, 309
Religion, 117, 168ff.
Religious community, 172
Religious movements, 18
Religious pictures, 246
Renaissance, 236, 251, 261, 285ff., 328
Renga, 210, 237
Representative government, 391
Reprinting of books, 319ff.
Restoration of Bourbons, 355
Restoration of Meidji, 283, 355
Restoration of Stuarts, 355
Retainers, 183, 188, 197, 199ff., 202, 205, 213ff., 233, 294ff., 301
Revenue, 143
Rhetoric, 331
Rhine, 68
Rice, 41ff., 116, 297ff.
Richu, Emperor, 57
Rigorism, 366f.
Rikuchu province, 147
Rochu, 294
Rococo, 285
Roman Empire, 125
Roses, War of, 206
Rousseau, 388
Rowing, 133
Rumination, 9
Russians, 370
Russo-Japanese War, 393ff.
S
Sado, island and province, 305
Saga, Emperor, 250
Saghalien, 23, 27
Sakai, city, 223, 225, 230, 233ff., 243, 277, 305, 332ff.
Sakanouye-no-Tamuramaro, 147
Sake, 244
Salic law, 202
Samurai, 288, 295, 301ff., 312ff., 318, 327ff., 335, 339ff., 380, 383, 385, 387, 389
Sanetomo, Minamoto, 226
San-kuo-chi, 59ff., 71, 84, 99
Satsuma, province, 23, 33, 72, 126, 238, 303, 376, 386
Schools, 358
Scipios, 154
Scotland, 69
Screens, 250. _See_ Byobu
Scribes, 57, 61f., 82
Scroll-paintings, 165, 246, 249
Sculptures, 130, 136, 164ff., 384
Seasonal changes, 24ff.
Secretaries, 62
Seigneur, 81ff., 87
Sei-shonagon, 152
Sekigahara, 293, 309, 322
Semi-independent lords, 11
Sen-no-Rikqu, 244
Sentimentalism, 248
Seppuku, 287ff.
Sesshu, 249
Settsu, province, 114, 147
Seventeen Articles, 109
Shamisen, 162
Shiba, family, 268
Shi-chi, 364
Shikoku, island, 33, 240
Shimabara, 313
Shimatsu, family, 303
Shimonoseki, 161, 230ff., 393
Shinano, province, 67, 305
Shingon, Buddhist sect, 275
Shinran, priest, 189
Shin-shu, 189, 351f. _See_ Ikkoshu and Jodo-shinshu
Shintoism, 39ff., 63, 117ff., 145ff., 168ff., 172, 181, 203, 273, 359, 262f., 363, 384
Ship-building, 240
Shiragi, 59f., 97, 110, 120ff., 196
Shirakawa, Emperor, 178
Shirakawa, town in Mutsu, 147, 192
Shogun, 181ff., 197, 201ff., 209ff., 213, 215ff., 247, 255, 294ff., 300, 305, 307ff., 311, 325ff., 329, 331, 333, 346, 348, 355, 360, 368ff., 372f., 378, 389
Shogunate, 11, 156, 272, 302, 389, 390, 396
Shomu, Emperor, 132, 140, 164, 336
Shooting, 312
Shop-keepers, 290
Shosoin, 132
Shotoku, Crown Prince, 55, 102, 109
Shoyen, 180. _See_ Manors
Shrines, 252. _See_ Shintoism
Shugo, 182, 210, 212ff., 216ff., 224, 296ff.
Shu-king, 232
Siberia, 370
Silesia, 198
Singers, 243
Singing, 135
Sinico-Japanese War, 392ff.
Sinico-mania, 149, 366
Slavery, 80
Snider, rifle, 387
Social progress, 16
Soga, family, 93, 100ff., 112, 140
Soga-no-Umako, 55
Soga-no-Yemishi, 55
Solidarity, national, 200ff.
Southern China, 99ff.
Southern Korea, 97
Spaniards, 350
Spy-system, 257
Ssuma-Chien, 364
Ssuma-Tateng, 100
Still-life, 249
Stories, 248
Storms, cyclonic, 24
Story-tellers, 244
Stuarts, 355
Students sent to China, 111ff., 138ff.
Succession, law of, 92, 346ff.
Sugawara, family, 149
Sugawara-no-Michizane, 150
Sui, dynasty in China, 106, 110
Suicide, 287ff., 314
Suiko, Empress, 55f., 106, 108
Sumpu, Shidzuoka, 322
Sung, dynasty in China, 8ff., 190, 195, 226ff., 232, 263, 322, 368
Superstitions, 139, 272, 276, 352, 366
Suruga, province, 91, 268, 322, 377
T
Taiho, era and Statutes of, 117, 185, 335, 384
Taikwa, era and reforms of, 80, 114, 116, 118, 123ff., 128, 220
Taira, family, 156ff., 163ff., 174ff., 181ff., 188, 192, 309
Takakura, Emperor, 158
Takamori, Saigo, 386ff.
Takanobu, painter, 165, 246
Takauji, Ashikaga, 206ff., 215
Takayori, Sasaki, 218
Takeshi-uchi, 93
Tang, dynasty in China, 7ff., 79, 117, 120ff., 128ff., 136, 137, 149ff., 196, 263, 322
Tankei sculptor, 164
Tanners, 343
Taoism, 273
Tatami, 39, 132ff.
Taxes, 116, 125ff., 142, 279
Tea-ceremony, 244, 250
Temmu, Emperor, 53f.
Temples, Buddhist, 39, 142, 181, 203, 252, 353
Tempyo, era, 164ff., 360
Tenchi, Emperor, 111ff., 115ff., 119, 131, 133
Tendai, Buddhist sect, 189
Terakoya, elementary school, 176
Territories, 252ff., 259ff., 291, 295ff., 300ff., 305ff., 312, 316, 337ff., 341ff., 345, 347, 358, 372
Teutonic nobles, 198
Teutonic Order of Knights, 275
Teutons, land-system of, 79
Text-book, 235
Textiles, 116
Theatre, 333
Thirty Years' War, 350
Three Years, War of, 156
Tiles, 131
Toba, village, 376f.
Toba-sojo, painter-priest, 166
Todaiji, Temple, 136
Toi, 197
Tokimune, Hojo, 198ff.
Tokugawa, family, 259ff., 267, 282, 294, 296, 309, 337, 357, 361, 375f., 377
Tokugawa, age of, 225, 285, 288ff., 294, 310, 312, 328, 332, 340, 342, 353f., 361ff., 379
Tokugawa Shogunate, 17, 187, 282, 284ff., 290ff., 296, 301, 305ff., 309ff., 315, 317, 325ff., 329, 332, 336ff., 34i, 344ff., 352, 356, 358, 361, 363, 370ff., 380, 390, 392
Tokyo, 282, 379
Toleration, religious, 352f., 385
Tombs, 28
Toneri, prince, 53f.
Tonkin, 323
Tosa, school of painters, 247, 249
Totemism, 272
Totomi, province, 67, 268
Towns, provincial, 225
Toyotomi, family, 267, 285, 293
Tozama, 294, 296
Travelling, 236, 342
Tripitaka, Buddhist, 320, 322
Tsuba, 331
Tsugaru, strait of, 120
Tsunayoshi, Tokugawa, 327
Tsushima, island and province, 121
Types, in printing, 319ff., 322ff. _See_ Clay-types, Metallic types, and Movable types
Typhoon, 41
U
Ultra-conservatism, 384ff.
Umako, 102, 109. _See_ Soga-no-Umako
Unification, 14ff., 238, 260, 267, 273ff., 280, 308, 367
Uniqueness of the Japanese, 75
United States, 373
Unkei, sculptor, 164
Usufruct of land, 141, 341
Utagaki, 135
Utai, 162
Utilitarianism, 328ff.
Uyeno, in Toyko, 377
Uyesugi, family, 321
V
Vassalage, 80, 153, 212, 214, 240, 294ff., 302, 304, 389
Versification, 234, 323, 360
Village, 330
Vulgarisation, 224, 248
W
Wakayama, 296
Wani, family, 93
War, 194
Warehouse, 333
Warfare, 286ff.
Warriors, 154, 203ff., 206, 215, 227, 232, 254ff., 289ff., 306, 308ff., 312ff., 316, 319, 327, 334, 339, 345, 358, 372
Weapons, 65
Weavers, Chinese, 100
Weaving, 100, 243
Wei, dynasty in China, 59
Wen-hsuean, 321
West, civilisation of the, 9, 369
Women, 337
Wood-block printing, 322ff.
Wood-types, 320, 323
Written characters, 28
Wu-ti, Emperor of China, 57
X
Xavier, Francis, 245, 264
Y
Yamaguchi, 223, 230, 233, 245
Yamana, family, 225
Yamashiro, province, 146
Yamato, province, 90, 95, 115, 147, 240
Yamato, river, 239
Yang-ti, Emperor of China, 110
Yasumaro. _See_ Oh-no-Yasumaro
Yasutoki, Hojo, 185ff.
Yechigo, province, 67, 319
Yedo, 187, 282, 294ff., 300ff., 306, 309ff., 327, 330ff., 338, 348, 373, 377, 378f. _See_ Tokyo
Yemishi, 112ff. _See_ Soga-no-Yemishi
Yenomoto, Admiral, 378
Yenryakuji, Temple on Mount Hiyei, 159, 173, 276
Yeshin, priest, 173ff.
Yezo, island of, 370, 379. _See_ Hokkaido
Yodo, river, 147
Yoichi, Suminokura, 323, 325
Yonezawa, 321
Yoritomo, Minamoto, 156, 160, 175ff., 179ff., 181ff., 184, 186ff., 192, 201ff., 213, 215, 226, 272, 309
Yoriyoshi, Minamoto, 156
Yosai, priest, 190, 250
Yoshihisa, Ashikaga, 217ff.
Yoshihisa, Tokugawa, 374ff.
Yoshiiye, Minamoto, 156, 177, 309
Yoshimasa, Ashikaga, 216ff.
Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga, 229
Yoshimoto, Imagawa, 268
Yoshimune, Tokugawa, 349
Yoshiteru, Ashikaga, 269
Yoshitsune, Minamoto, 161, 192
Yuan, Mongol dynasty in China, 8, 196, 197ff., 226ff., 263
Yuryaku, Emperor, 93, 134
Yushima, in Tokyo, 327
Z
Zen, Buddhist sect, 190, 226, 325, 332
Zen priests, 226, 235, 247, 251
Zodiacal signs, 107
Transcriber's Notes:
Throughout the document, the romanization of Japanese words was in a form dissimilar to that used today. For instance, the era immediately prior to the Showa era was called the Meidji era rather than the Meiji era. No attempt was made to modernize the romanization used.
Also, throughout the document there was inconsistent hyphenation of Japanese words. No attempt was made to make the hyphenation consistent, inasmuch as the notion of hyphenation is absent in the Japanese language.
Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.
Throughout the document, the [oe] ligature was replaced with "oe".
Errors in punctuations, spelling, and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted below:
On page vii, "foreging" was replaced with "foregoing".
On page xvii, a period was added after "GROWTH OF THE IMPERIAL POWER".
On page 16, "political devolopment" was replaced with "political development".
On page 24, "necesasry" was replaced with "necessary".
On page 25, "later" was replaced with "latter".
On page 29, "archaeological" was replaced with "archaeological".
On page 70, "necesary" was replaced with "necessary".
On page 81, "his his" was replaced with "his".
On page 92, "inucleus" was replaced with "nucleus".
On page 94, "dimplomatic" was replaced with "diplomatic".
On page 102, "succeded" was replaced with "succeeded".
On page 103, "conslidated" was replaced with "consolidated".
On page 131, "hough" was replaced with "though".
On page 134, "peneterated" was replaced with "penetrated".
On page 139, "selfsatisfaction" was replaced with "self-satisfaction".
On page 159, "verisification" was replaced with "versification".
On page 159, "sarcosanctity" was replaced with "sacrosanctity".
On page 168, "succees" was replaced with "success".
On page 169, "neghbourhood" was replaced with "neighbourhood".
On page 170, "comformable" was replaced with "conformable".
On page 179, a period was placed after "government".
On page 182, "maner" was replaced with "manor".
On page 183, "jurisriction" was replaced with "jurisdiction".
On page 190, "conincided" was replaced with "coincided".
On page 192, "annihiliation" was replaced with "annihilation".
On page 194, "the war of" was replaced with "the wars of".
On page 195, "aboriginies" was replaced with "aborigines".
On page 201, "warrors" was replaced with "warriors".
On page 222, "an an" was replaced with "in an".
On page 225, "Ashikaga shugo" was replaced with "Ashikaga _shugo_".
On page 227, "contemparary" was replaced with "contemporary".
On page 228, "ambasdor" was replaced with "ambassador".
On page 231, "civilisaion" was replaced with "civilization".
On page 238, "Hokkaido" was replaced with "Hokkaido".
On page 244, "eagerely" was replaced with "eagerly".
On page 253, "irresistable" was replaced with "irresistible".
On page 270, "extotic" was replaced with "exotic".
On page 272, "iniated" was replaced with "initiated".
On page 272, "undiminised" was replaced with "undiminished".
On page 280, "unfication" was replaced with "unification".
On page 282, "roughcut" was replaced with "rough-cut".
On page 286, "combattants" was replaced with "combatants".
On page 289, "alotted" was replaced with "allotted".
On page 300, "terrtory" was replaced with "territory".
On page 305, "was reserved" was replaced with "were reserved".
On page 330, "catagory" was replaced with "category".
On page 331, "dillettanti" was replaced with "dilettanti."
On page 331, "signifiance" was replaced with "significance".
On page 337, "diamyo" was replaced with "daimyo".
On page 339, "diamyo" was replaced with "daimyo".
On page 341, "unsufruct" was replaced with "usufruct".
On page 342, "whithersover" was replaced with "whithersoever".
On page 345, "reetablished" was replaced with "reestablished".
On page 346, "demain" was replaced with "domain".
On page 352, "Shinsu" was replaced with "Shinshu".
On page 360, "diamyo" was replaced with "daimyo".
On page 371, "quite" was replaced with "quiet".
On page 378, "diamyo" was replaced with "daimyo".
On page 379, "pracice" was replaced with "practice".
On page 389, "though" was replaced with "thought".
On page 389, "miliary" was replaced with "military".
On page 393, "Meirji" was replaced with "Meidji".
On page 400, "60f." was replaced with "60ff.".
On page 403, "67f." was replaced with "67ff.".
On page 403, "46f." was replaced with "46ff.".
On page 403, in the entry for Hsiao-king, the final comma was removed.
On page 405, "289ff,." was replaced with "289ff.,".
On page 411, "See" was replaced with "_See_".