Chapter 74

comment upon this chapter. The recommendations amount to this: that a man should be fair-minded and reasonable, free from partisanship, cautious, and able to suspend judgment where the evidence is not clear; also that where the light of reason does not seem to him to shine brightly and to illumine his path as he could wish, he should be influenced in his actions by the reflection that he has his place in the social order, and must meet the obligations laid upon him by this fact. When the pragmatist emphasizes the necessity of accepting ideals and living by them, he is doing us a service. But we must see to it that he does not lead us into making arbitrary decisions and feeling that we are released from the duty of seeking for evidence. Read together sections 64, 91, and 93.

INDEX

Absolute, The: Spencer's doctrine of, 70; Bradley's, 191-192; meanings of the word, 201; reference, 312. Activity and Passivity: meaning of, 159-161; confused with cause and effect, 159-161; activity of mind, 162-163. Aesthetics: a philosophical discipline, 242-243. Agnosticism: 202. Aikins: 314. Albert the Great: scope of his labors, 9. Analytical Judgments: defined, 178. Anaxagoras: his doctrine, 4; on the soul, 101. Anaximander: his doctrine, 3. Anaximenes: his doctrine, 3; on the soul, 101. Appearances: doubt of their objectivity, 35; realities and, 59 ff.; apparent and real space, 80-87; apparent and real time, 93-99; apparent and real extension, 113; measurement of apparent time, 128; appearance and reality, Bradley's doctrine, 191-192. Aristotle: reference to Thales, 3; scope of his philosophy, 7; authority in the Middle Ages, 9; on the soul, 102-103. Arithmetic: compared with logic, 225-226. Atoms: nature of our knowledge of, 22-23; also, 65-67; doctrine of Democritus, 194-195. Augustine: on time as past, present, and future, 90 ff.; on soul and body, 104; as scientist and as philosopher, 278. Authority: in philosophy, 291-296. Automatism: the automaton theory, 129-130; animal automatism, 141-142; activity of mind and automatism, 162; references, 308-309. Automaton: see Automatism.

Bacon, Francis: his conception of philosophy, 10. Baldwin: on psychology and metaphysics, 314. Berkeley: referred to, 56; on appearance and reality, 61-63; his idealism, 168-170; his theism, 190-191; references to his works, 310. Body and Mind: see Mind and Body. Bosanquet: his logic, 235. Bradley: his "Absolute," 191-192; reference given, 311. Breath: mind conceived to be, 101.

Cassiodorus: on soul and body, 103-104. Cause and Effect; meaning of words, 118-120; relation of mental and material not causal, 121-126; see also, 132; cause and effect, activity and passivity, 159 ff. Child: its knowledge of the world, 18-19. Cicero: Pythagoras' use of word "philosopher," 2; on immortality, 32. Clifford, W. K.: on infinite divisibility of space, 79-80; on other minds, 135; on mind-stuff, 144-146; his panpsychism, 197-198; his parallelism, 308-309; references on mind-stuff, 309. Common Sense: notions of mind and body, 106 ff.; Reid's doctrine, 171-174; common sense ethics, 236-240. Common Thought: what it is, 18-20. Concomitance: see Mind and Body. Copernican System: 282. Cornelius: on metaphysics, 249. Creighton: 314. Critical Empiricism: the doctrine, 218-219. Critical Philosophy: outlined, 175-180; criticised, 211-218; references, 311. Croesus: 1.

Democritus: doctrine referred to, 4; his place in the history of philosophy, 5; on the soul, 101-102; his materialism examined, 194-195. Descartes: conception of philosophy, 10; on mind and body, 105-106; also, 119; on animal automatism, 141-142; on the external world, 163-168; on substance, 198; his rationalism, 206-209; the "natural light," 208; his attempt at a critical philosophy, 214; his rules of method, 214; provisional rules of life, 301-302; reference given, 306; reference to his automatism, 308; references to the "Meditations," 312. Determinism: 155-159; references, 309-310. Dewey, John: 312-314. Dogmatism: Kant's use of term, 211-212. Dualism: what, 193; varieties of, 202-204; the present volume dualistic, 204; Hamilton's, 312.

Eleatics: their doctrine, 4. Empedocles: his doctrine, 4; a pluralist, 205. Empiricism: the doctrine, 209-211; Kant on, 212; critical empiricism, 218-219. Energy: conservation of, 151-154. Epicureans: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their materialism, 102. Epiphenomenon: the mind as, 162. Epistemology: its place among the philosophical sciences, 247-249. Ethics: and the mechanism of nature, 159-164; common sense ethics, 236-240; Whewell criticised, 238-240; philosophy and, 240-242; utility of, 265-267; references, 315. Evidence: in philosophy, 296-298. Existence: of material things, 56-58; also, 165-192. Experience: suggestions of the word, 58; Hume's doctrine of what it yields, 170-171; Descartes and Locke, 178; Kant's view of, 179; empiricism, 209-211; critical empiricism, 218-219. Experimental Psychology: its scope, 234-235. Explanation: of relation of mind and body, 125-126. External World: its existence, 32 ff.; plain man's knowledge of, 32-36; psychologist's attitude, 36-38; the "telephone exchange," 38-44; what the external world is, 45-58; its existence discussed, 56-58; a mechanism, 147-150; knowledge of, theories, 165-180; Descartes on, 207-208; psychologist's attitude discussed, 230-234. Falckenberg: 311, 316. Fate: 158; literature on fatalism, 309-310. Fichte: on philosophic method, 10; solipsistic utterances, 133. Final Cause: what, 161. "Form" and "Matter": the distinction between, 82-83; space as "form," 82-84; time as "form," 94; Kant's doctrine of "forms," 179; the same criticised, 216-217. Free-will: and the order of nature, 154-159; determinism and "free-will-ism," 155-159; literature referred to, 309-310.

God: revealed in the world, 163-164; Berkeley on argument for, 190-191; Spinoza on God or substance, 199; Descartes' argument for, 208; influence of belief on ethics, 241; conceptions of, 252-253; relation to the world, 253-254; monistic conception of, 312; references, 314. Greek Philosophy: Pre-Socratic characterized, 2-5; conception of philosophy from Sophists to Aristotle, 5-7; the Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics, 7-8. Green, T. H.: 218, 315.

Hamilton, Sir W.: on space, 76; on the external world, 174; also, 182; reference, 311; his dualism, 312; on utility of philosophy, 316. Hegel: his conception of philosophy, 11; an objective idealist, 190. Heraclitus: his doctrine, 4; on the soul, 101. Herodotus: 1-2. History of Philosophy: much studied, 273-274; its importance, 274-281; how to read it, 281-287; references, 316. Hobhouse: on theory of knowledge, 248; reference, 312. Höffding: his monism, 200-201; his history of philosophy, 311. Howison: on pluralism, 205. Humanism: 312-313. Hume: his doctrine, 170-171; use of word "impression," 177; influence on Kant, 177-178. Huxley: on other minds, 135, 138; on automatism, 308. Hypothetical Realism: see Realism.

Idealism: in Berkeley and Hume, 168-171; general discussion of the varieties of, 187-192; proper attitude toward, 289-291. Ideas: distinguished from things, 33-36; in psychology, 36-38; Berkeley's use of the word, 168-170; Hume's use of the word, 177. Imagination: contrasted with sense, 45-49; extension of imagined things, 113. Immateriality: of mind, see Plotinus, and Mind. Impression: Hume's use of word, 177. Infinity: infinity and infinite divisibility of space, 73-80; of time, 88-90; also, 95-97; mathematics and, 226. Inside: meaning of word, 55. Interactionism: see Mind and Body. Intuitionalists; defined, 240. Ionian School: 3.

James, W.: on pragmatism, 220-222 and 312-313; on psychology and metaphysics, 230-231; on interactionism, reference, 308; on "free-will," 309-310. Jevons: his logic, 224; on study of scientific method, 256. Jodl: 315.

Kant: on space, 75; his critical philosophy, 175-180; his philosophy criticised, 211-218; references to, 307, 311. Keynes: 314.

Localisation: of sensations, what, 127. Locke, John: on doubt of external world, 32; on substance, 108; on perception of external world, 166-168; his empiricism, 209-210; his attempt at a critical philosophy, 215-216; on innate moral principles, 240; reference to "Essay," 310; his hypothetical realism, 311; treatment of substance, references, 312. Logic; the traditional, 224; "modern" logic, 224-225; Jevons and Bosanquet referred to, 224-225; philosophy and, 225-229; compared with arithmetic, 225-227; deeper problems of, 227; Spencer cited, 228; utility of, 264-265; references, 314. Lucretius: his materialistic psychology, 102.

Mach: 14. Mackenzie: 315. Malebranche: referred to, 142. Martineau: 315. Materialism: primitive man's notion of mind, 100-101; materialism in the Greek philosophy, 101-102; refutation of, 111-132; general account of, 194-197. Mathematics: nature of mathematical knowledge, 23-25; arithmetic compared with logic, 225-226; mathematical relations and cause and effect, 257; mathematical methods, 256-257. Matter: what is meant by material things, 51-58; the material world a mechanism, 147-150. "Matter" and "Form": see "Form" and "Matter." McCosh: on mind and body, 120. Mechanism: the material world a, 147-150; objections to the doctrine, 148-150; mind and mechanism, 151-154; mechanism and morals, 159-164; mechanism and teleology, reference, 310. Metaphysician: on the mind, 111 ff. Metaphysics: psychology and, 230-234; distinguished from philosophy, 244-245; uncertainty of, 247; utility of, 269-272; traditional divisions of, 315. Method: scientific method, 256-259. Middle Ages: view of philosophy in, 8-9. Mill, J. S.: the argument for other minds, 136-138; on permanent possibilities of sensation, 289; his logic, 314. Mind: the child's notion of, 100; regarded as breath, 101; suggestions of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew words for mind or soul, 101; materialistic views of, in Greek philosophy, 101-102; Plato and Aristotle on nature of, 102-103; doctrine of Plotinus, 103; of Cassiodorus, 103; of Augustine, 104; of Descartes, 105-106; modern common sense notions of mind, 106-110; mind as substance, Locke quoted, 108-109; psychologist's notion of, 110-111; what the mind is, 111-114; place of mind in nature, 151-154; minds active, 162-163; see also, Mind and Body, and Other Minds. Mind and Body: is the mind in the body, 115-117; plain man's notion of, 116; interactionism, 117-121; doctrine of Descartes and his successors, 119-120; plain man as interactionist, 120; McCosh quoted, 120-121; objection to interactionism, 121; parallelism, 121-126; its foundation in experience, 123-124; meaning of word "concomitance," 123-125; time and place of mental phenomena, 126-129; objections to parallelism, 129-132; Clifford's parallelism criticised, 130; mental phenomena and causality, 129; double sense of word "concomitance," 131-132; mind and the mechanism of the world, 151-154; mechanism and morals, 159-164; "concomitant phenomena" and attainment of ends, 162; references given on other minds and mind-stuff, 309; see also, Other Minds. Mind-stuff: see Other Minds. Minima Sensibilia: 87. Modern Philosophy: conception of philosophy in, 9-12. Monism: what, 193-194; varieties of, 194-202; narrower sense of word, 198-202. Moral Distinctions: their foundation, 159-164. Muirhead: 315.

Naïve Realism: 181. "Natural Light": term used by Descartes, 208. Natural Realism: see Realism. Nature: place of mind in, 151-154; order of nature and "free-will," 154-159. Neo-Platonism: referred to, 8; on the soul as immaterial, 103. Nihilism: word used by Hamilton, 186. Noumena: see Phenomena.

Objective Idealism: 189-190; reference to Royce, 311. Objective Order: contrasted with the subjective, 55. Ontology: what, 315. Orders of Experience: the subjective and the objective, 55; see also, 114. Other Minds: their existence, 133-136; Fichte referred to, 133; Richter quoted, 133; Huxley and Clifford on proof of, 135; the argument for, 136-140; Mill quoted, 136-138; Huxley criticised, 138-140; what minds are there? 140-144; Descartes quoted, 141-142; Malebranche, 142; the limits of psychic life, 142-144; mind-stuff, 144-146; proper attitude toward solipsism, 291. Outside: meaning of word, 55.

Panpsychism: the doctrine, 198; references given, 311. Pantheism: 202. Parallelism: see Mind and Body. Paulsen: on nature of philosophy, 305. Pearson: the "telephone exchange," 38 ff.; on scientific principles and method, 258-259; reference given, 306. Peirce, C. S.: on pragmatism, 219-220. Perception: see Representative Perception. Phenomena and Noumena: Kant's distinction between, 176-180. Philosophical Sciences: enumerated, 13; why grouped together, 13-17; examined in detail, 223-259. Philosophy: meaning of word, and history of its use, 1 ff.; what the word now covers, 12-17; problems of, 32-164; historical background of modern philosophy, 165-180; types of, 181-222; logic and, 225-229; psychology and, 230-234; ethics and, 240-242; aesthetics and, 242-243; metaphysics distinguished from, 244-245; religion and, 250-254; the non-philosophical sciences and, 255-259; utility of, 263-272; history of, 273-287; verification in, 276-277; as poetry and as science, 281-283; how systems arise, 283-287; practical admonitions, 288-303; authority in, 291-296; ordinary rules of evidence in, 296-298. Physiological Psychology: what it is, 234. Pineal Gland; as seat of the soul, 105. Place: of mental phenomena, see Space. Plain Man: his knowledge of the world, 19-20; also, 32-36; his knowledge of space, 73; on mind and body, 106-110; his interactionism, 120. Plants: psychic life in, 143. Plato: use of word "philosopher," 2; scope of his philosophy, 6-7; on the soul, 102-103. Plotinus: the soul as immaterial, 103. Pluralism and Singularism: described, 204-205. Poetry and Philosophy: 281-283. Poincaré: referred to, 258. Pragmatism: the doctrine, 219-222; see also, 296-298, 300-303, and 312-314; will to believe, references, 310, 312. Present: meaning of "the present," 97-99. Psychology: psychological knowledge characterized, 25-28; attitude of psychologist toward external world, 36-38; toward mind, 110-111; philosophy and, 230-234; double affiliation of, 234-235; utility of, 268-269; metaphysics and, 313; "rational," 315. Ptolemaic System; 282. Pythagoras: the word "philosopher," 2. Pythagoreans: their doctrine, 4.

Qualities of Things: contrasted with sensations, 51-56.

Rational Cosmology: 315. Rationalism: the doctrine, 206-209. Rational Psychology: 315. Real: see Reality. Realism: hypothetical realism, 168; "natural" realism, 174; general discussion of realism and its varieties, 181-187; ambiguity of the word, 186-187. Reality: contrasted with appearance, 35; in psychology, 36-38; the "telephone exchange" and, 38 ff.; things and their appearances, 59-61; real things, 61-63; ultimate real things, 63-68; the "Unknowable" as Reality, 68-72; real space, 80-87; real time, 93-99; substance as reality, 111; real and apparent extension, 113-114; measurement of apparent time, 128; Bradley's doctrine of reality, 191-192; Clifford's panpsychism and reality, 197-198.

Reflective Thought: its nature, 28-31. Reid, Thomas: doctrine of "common sense," 171-174; references, 310. Religion: philosophy and, 250-254; conceptions of God, 252-253; God and the world, 253-254; see God. Representative Perception: plain man's position, 32-36; the psychologist, 36-38; "telephone exchange" doctrine, 38-44; the true distinction between sensations and things, 45-58; the doctrine of, 165-168; Descartes and Locke quoted, 165-168. Richter, Jean Paul: on the solipsist, 133. Royce: an objective idealist, 311; a monist, 312.

Schelling: attitude toward natural philosophy, 10. Schiller: on "Humanism," 312-313. "Schools": in philosophy, 291-296. Science: philosophy and the special sciences, 12-17; the philosophical sciences, 13 ff.; nature of scientific knowledge, 21-28; compared with reflective thought, 29-31; science and the world as mechanism, 148; the conservation of energy, 151-154; philosophical sciences examined in detail, 223-259; science and metaphysical analysis, 246-247; the non-philosophical sciences and philosophy, 255-259; study of scientific principles, 256-259; verification in science and in philosophy, 275-277; philosophy as science, 281-283. Scientific Knowledge: see Science. Sensations: knowledge of things through, 33-44; sense and imagination contrasted, 45-49; are "things" groups of, 49-51; distinction between things and, 51-56; use of the word in this volume and in the "System of Metaphysics," 306-307. Sidgwick: on Kant, 311. Sigwart: 314. Singularism and Pluralism: described, 204-205. Skeptics: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their doubt of reality, 59; Hume's skepticism, 171. Socrates: use of words "philosopher" and "philosophy," 2; attitude toward sophism, 6. Solipsism: see Other Minds. Solon: 1. Sophists: characterized, 6. Soul: see Mind. Space: plain man's knowledge of, 73; said to be necessary, infinite and infinitely divisible, 73-74; discussion of it as necessary and as infinite, 74-77; Kant, Hamilton, and Spencer quoted, 75-77; as infinitely divisible, the moving point, 77-80; Clifford quoted, 79-80; real space and apparent, 80-87; "matter" and "form," 82-84; extension of imaginary things, 113; place of mental phenomena, 115-117, also, 126-129. Spencer, Herbert: his definition of philosophy, 11; his work criticised, 11-12; on the "Unknowable" as ultimate Reality, 69-70; Spencer as "natural" realist, 174; influenced by Kant's doctrine, 176; his inconsistent doctrine of the external world, 183-184; defective logic, 228; influence of agnosticism, 271; references given, 307, 311. Spinoza: his _a priori_ method, 10; on God or substance, 199; his rationalism, 208; his parallelism, 308; references, 311-312. Spiritualism: the doctrine, 197-198. Stoics: their view of philosophy, 7-8; their materialism, 102. Strong: on other minds, 209; references to, 309, 311. Subjective Idealism: 187-188. Subjective Order: contrasted with objective, 55. Substance: meaning of word, 108; Locke on, 108; mind as substance, 111-112; doctrine of the One Substance, 198-202. Synthetic Judgments: defined, 179. Systems of Philosophy: their relations to each other, 283-287.

Taylor: on other minds, 309. Teleology: what, 163; reference, 310. "Telephone Exchange": doctrine of the external world as "messages," 38-44. Thales: his doctrine, 3. Theism: see God. Theory of Knowledge: see Epistemology. Things: our knowledge of, 18-23; contrast of ideas and, 33-36; same contrast in psychology, 36-38; sensations and things, 45 ff.; existence of, 56-58; contrasted with appearances, 59 ff.; real things, 61 ff.; the space of real things, 80-87. Thomas Aquinas: scope of his labors, 9. Time: as necessary, infinite, and infinitely divisible, 88-90; problem of knowing past, present, and future, 90-93; Augustine quoted, 90-91; timeless self criticised, 92-93; real time and apparent, 93-99; real time as necessary, infinite, and infinitely divisible, 95-97; consciousness of time, 97-99; mental phenomena and time, 126-129. Timeless Self: 92-93. Touch: the real world revealed in experiences of, 61-63. Truth: pragmatism and, 219-222 and 312-314; Whewell on veracity, 238-239; criterion of truth in philosophy, 296-298; also, 300-303.

Ueberweg: 305, 311. Ultimate Reality: see Reality. "Unknowable": as Reality, 68-72; see Spencer. Utility: of liberal studies, 260-263; of philosophy, 363-272.

Verification: in science and in philosophy, 275-277.

Ward, James: on concepts of mechanics, 148. "Weltweisheit": philosophy as, 12. Whewell: his common sense ethics, 236-240; referred to, 315. Will: see Free-will. Will to Believe: see Pragmatism. Windelband: 305. Wolff, Christian: definition of philosophy, 10. World: see External World. Wundt: ethics referred to, 315.