i. Like the perfect insect, except in proportion and number of

parts.

1. Except in proportion (_Lice_, _Poduræ_, _Mites_, _Spiders_, _Scorpions_, &c).

2. Except in proportion and number (_Centipedes_, _Millepedes_).

ii. With rudiments of the organs of flight.

1. With oral organs resembling those of the perfect insect (_Hemiptera_).

2. With oral organs differing from those of the perfect insect (_Libellula_ L., _Ephemera_ L.).

II. Incapable of eating and walking.

i. Incomplete pupæ.

ii. Obtected.

iii. Coarctate.

Lamarck divides the pupæ of insects that undergo a metamorphosis into three kinds, which he names--_Chrysalis_, _Mumia_, and _Nympha_.

i. _Chrysalis._ Under this denomination he includes all inactive pupæ inclosed in an opaque puparium which entirely conceals them. These he further subdivides into two kinds.

1. _Chrysalis signata._ This term is synonymous with the _Pupa obtecta_ of Linné, or the _Chrysalis_ of _Lepidoptera_ and some _Diptera_.

2. _Chrysalis dolioloides._ Equivalent to the _Pupa coarctata_ Linn. peculiar to those _Diptera_ that assume this state in the skin of the larva.

ii. _Mumia._ All inactive pupæ which are covered by a transparent skin, through which all the parts of the inclosed imago may be seen, subdivided also into two.

1. _Mumia coarctata._ Corresponding with the _Pupa incompleta_ Linn., which includes the _Coleoptera_ and most of the _Hymenoptera_.

2. _Mumia pseudonympha_, confined to the Pupa of _Phryganea_ and some others. This might be named _Pupa subincompleta_.

iii. _Nympha._ Under this denomination are included all insects that undergo only a partial metamorphosis, and are active in their pupa state, corresponding with the _Pupa semicompleta_ Linn. and also _subsemicompleta_ MacLeay. See _Anim. sans Vertebr._ iii. 285--.

M. Latreille has started an ingenious idea on this subject with regard to these kinds of metamorphosis, which comprehends both larva and pupa under a distinct denomination: as thus--

1. _Demilarve_ and _Deminymph_, synonymous with the _Semicomplete Metamorphosis_. 2. _Larve_ and _Nymph_, answering to _Incomplete Metamorphosis_. 3. _Caterpillar_ and _Chrysalis_, answering to _Obtected Metamorphosis_. 4. _Vermilarve_ and _Pupa_, answering to _Coarctate Metamorphosis_. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 272.

[569] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 57.

[570] De Geer ii. 105.

[571] Reaum. ii. 428--.

[572] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat._ Engl. Tr. ii. 32. _t._ xli. _f._ 2. Comp. Reaum. iv. _t._ xxv. _f._ 1.

[573] _Ibid._ i. 144.

[574] Reaum. i. 355.

[575] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ubi sup. 59.

[576] PLATE XVI. FIG. 14. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 59.

[577] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xliv.

[578] De Geer v. 47. _t._ ii. _f._ 29-31.

[579] In the pupa of _Hydrophilus piccus_ (Lesser L. _t._ ii. _f._ 13, 14), the arrangement of the parts is nearly the same, but the tarsi are not reflexed.

[580] _Ibid._ _f._ 9, 10. De Geer ii. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 5. Reaum. v. _t._ xxxvi. _f._ 14.

[581] Reaum. _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 9.

[582] The legs of _Tipula replicata_ L. are placed in a similar way. De Geer vi. _t._ xx. _f._ 12. _l._

[583] Rös _t._ 81.

[584] _Ibid._ _t._ 95.

[585] De Geer vi. 237. _t._ xiv. _f._ 8.

[586] Reaum. v. _t._ ii. _f._ 7. The anal and ventral spines of _Tipula replicata_ are also remarkable. De Geer vi. _t._ xx. _f._ 14.

[587] De Geer _Ibid._ 377. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 8, 9. _n._ Reaum. v. 42. _t._ vi. _f._ 9. _m n._

[588] The caterpillar consists of twelve segments (Lyonnet _t._ i. _f._ 4, 5), excluding the head; on each of which, except the 2d, 3d, and 12th, there is a pair of spiracles. The chrysalis usually exhibits an analogy to this structure, though the first, second, and last pair of spiracles are more or less obsolete in most.

[589] De Geer ii. 847. _t._ xxix. _f._ 7. _a b._

[590] _Animaux sans Vertebres_, iii. 287.

[591] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 57.

[592] Sepp ii. _t._ i. _f._ 4. _t._ ii. _f._ 4. _t._ iv. _f._ 5.

[593] PLATE XVI. FIG. 12.

[594] PLATE XVI. FIG. 10.

[595] _Ins. Surinam. t._ lx. It is singular that the chrysalis of its congener, _Morpho Teucer_, which she figures _t._ xxiii., exhibits no such process. The larvæ also widely differ.

[596] PLATE XVI. FIG. 11.

[597] Sepp ii. _t._ iii. _f._ 5.

[598] Sepp i. _t._ vii. _f._ 5.

[599] _De Insectis_, ed. Lister. _t._ 1.

[600] _Ins. Surinam. t._ liii.

[601] Sepp i. _t._ ii. _f._ 6.

[602] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 60.

[603] _Ibid._ 57.

[604] See above, VOL. I. p. 131.

[605] Reaum. ii. 158. _t_. viii. _f_. 4, 5.

[606] Lesser L. i. 160. note. _t._ ii. _f._ 19.

[607] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxvi. 165. Reaum. i. 347. Rösel says this is present only in some individuals. I. ii. 47.

[608] PLATE XVI. FIG. 13. _a._

[609] _Ins. Surinam. t._ iii.

[610] De Geer ii. 433. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. _t._

[611] See above, VOL. II. p. 300.

[612] This description was taken from a _puparium_ in my own cabinet; it is similarly described by De Geer i. 490. _t._ vii. _f._ 2.

[613] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 8, 9.

[614] _Kliemann Beitrage_, 304.

[615] See above, VOL. I. 464.

[616] Von Scheven in _Naturf._ stk. xx. 64. _t._ ii. _f._ 4.

[617] PLATE XVII. FIG. 2. Lesser L. _t._ ii. _f._ 26.

[618] PLATE XVII. FIG. 1. Lesser L. _t._ ii. _f._ 24, 25.

[619] Whether M. Meigen has separated this fly generically from others, I am not aware: in my catalogue it stands under the name of _Tyrophaga_.

[620] Reaum. iii. 376. _t._ xxxi. _f._ 7.

[621] Ibid. iv. 318. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 1-4. xxv. _f._ 1.

[622] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xxix.

[623] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xxxii. Lister imitated the gilding of _Chrysalises_ by putting a small piece of a black gall in a strong decoction of nettles: this produced a scum, which when left on cup-paper, he says, will exquisitely gild it.--Ray's _Letters_, 87. 90.

[624] _Beitrage_, 181.

[625] Sepp. pt. ii. _t._ ii. _f._ 4.

[626] Rösel. I. i. 61. ii. 5.

[627] Reaum. i. 383.

[628] Lister's _Goedart_. 122.

[629] Reaum. ii. 10--.

[630] Ibid. 24.

[631] This is a legend of Virgil, of which an account is given in _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_, Note xv. 12mo ed. 1822, p. 257.

[632] Haworth _Lepidopt. Britann._ i. 125. An instance is recorded in Scriba's Journal, in which a pupa was not disclosed until the _fourth_ year. B. i. st. iii. 222. Pezold. 170.

[633] Marsham in _Linn. Trans._ x. 402.

[634] Meinecken found, that of several pupæ of _Saturnia pavonia_, some kept all winter in a room heated daily by a stove, and others in a cold chamber, some of both parcels appeared in March (none earlier), and some of both had not appeared in July, though evidently healthy. _Naturf._ viii. 143.

[635] The exclusion of certain moths, &c. from the pupa is probably regulated by the time their eggs require to be hatched, and the appearance of the leaves that constitute their appropriate food.

[636] Mr. Marsham makes a similar observation in _Linn. Trans._, ubi supr.

[637] See above, p. 245.

[638] The appearance of them sometimes continues to near the end of the month: it began on the 19th, when Reaumur observed them. vi. 480. 488.

[639] _Bibl. Nat._ E. Transl. i. 103--.

[640] Reaum. vi. 486.

[641] Brahm. 423. 421.

[642] _Naturf._ xxi. 75.

[643] Reaum. ii. 423.

[644] De Geer ii. 370. It is not certain, however, that De Geer did not, in this instance, mistake the winter habitation of a larva for a cocoon intended to shelter the future chrysalis; since Lyonnet informs us that they spin a habitation to pass the winter in. _Traité Anatomique_, &c. 9.

[645] De Geer i. 490. _t._ vii. _f._ 3, 4.

[646] _Œuv._ ii. 1.

[647] De Geer v. 229.

[648] VOL. II. 300--.

[649] VOL. II. 298--.

[650] I. iv. 101.

[651] Reaum. vi. 407.

[652] Haworth _Lepidopt. Britann._ i. 127.

[653] De Geer ii. 566.

[654] Reaum. iii. _t._ xlv. _f._ 12-14.

[655] For this whole account, see Reaum. iv. Mem. viii.

[656] Ibid. 472.

[657] See above, p. 255--. and VOL. II. p. 301--.

[658] Bonnet, _Œuv._ ii. 169.

[659] Bonnet, _Œuvr._ ii. 207.

[660] Rös. I. iv. 209. _t._ lxiii. ccxii.

[661] See above, p. 217.

[662] Bonnet, _Œuvr._ ii. 229.

[663] De Geer ii. 477.

[664] Sepp. iv. _t._ xi. _f._ 8.

[665] PLATE XVII. FIG. 5. N.B. Sepp's figure represents the _exterior_ funnel; and this, which exhibits the cocoon divided longitudinally, the _interior_ one, or dome.

[666] Rös. I. iv. 31.

[667] _Naturf._ viii. 133.

[668] _De Bombyc._ 29.

[669] Reaum. i. 624.

[670] _Trans. of the Society of Arts_, vii. 131.

[671] Reaum. _ubi supr._

[672] ii. 359.

[673] _Linn. Trans._ vii. 35.

[674] Pezold. 171.

[675] Lyonnet 16.

[676] _Some Notice of the Insect which destroys the Locust-trees_, 70. This Memoir is in some American periodical work, of which I have not the title.

[677] Huber _Fourmis_ 82.

[678] VOL. I. p. 467.

[679] VOL. II. p. 264.

[680] De Geer ii. 519.

[681] Reaum. iv. 610--.

[682] Ibid. v. 30--. _t._ v. _f._ 1-10. See above, p. 153--.