xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true

larva of a _Tinea_ of Linné, but of a different habit from that of most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196--.); as is another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of which is given by Goeze _Naturf._ xiv. 105.

[297] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. See also below, p. 137.

[298] Lyonnet _Anatom._ 84. _t._ iii. _f._ 11, 12.

[299] _Hist. Vermium_, 130.

[300] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.

[301] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 18.

[302] _Account of Locust-tree Insects_, 69.

[303] Reaum. iv. 443. _t._ xxx. _f._ 6. _l l._ _t._ xxii. _f._ 6. _l l._

[304] De Geer vi. 383. and 137. _t._ viii. _f._ 8, 9.

[305] See above, VOL. II. p. 278. De Geer _ubi supr._ 376.

[306] Reaum. iv. 184. _t._ xv. _f._ 12. _c c._

[307] De Geer v. 203.

[308] See above, p. 110, 114.

[309] Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.

[310] De Geer ii. _t._ xl. _f._ 15, 16. Bergman has added to these four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs, are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs upon _Erysimum alliaria_ (v. 91), but he does not speak positively.

[311] De Geer v. 288.

[312] De Geer iv. 157.

[313] Ibid. v. 36. _t._ ii. _f._ 11.

[314] See above, VOL. I. p. 171.

[315] De Geer v. 228.

[316] Ibid. 233.

[317] See above, VOL. II. p. 281.

[318] De Geer vi. 388.

[319] Ibid. 389.

[320] Reaum. v. _t._ v. _f._ 10.

[321] Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (_t._ v. _f._ 4, 5, _s s_), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they are. _Gen. Crust. et Ins_. iv. 249.

[322] De Geer Ibid. _t._ xxiv. _f._ 15-17.

[323] Ibid. 383.

[324] Ibid. 111. _t._ vi. _f._ 14-16.

[325] Merian _Ins. Sur. t._ xx.

[326] _Ibid. t._ xxxiv.

[327] I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.

[328] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 12. _c._

[329] That of _Sphinx Iatrophæ_ L. appears to be jointed, at least it is moniliform. Merian _Surinam. t._ xxxviii. Compare also _t._ iii.

[330] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 252.

[331] Schellenberg _Entomolog. Beytr. t._ 1.

[332] Smith's _Abbott's Insects of Georgia, t._ xiii.

[333] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _m n. t._ xiv. _f._ 7.

[334] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 256.

[335] See above, VOL. II. p. 244--.

[336] PLATE XIX. FIG. 1. _a._

[337] Reaum. i. _t._ xxx. _f._ 2. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 490, 497--.

[338] Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton in Yorkshire: _Lett._ 69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding on _Selinum palustre_. It will also eat the wild carrot.

[339] This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.

[340] Reaum. i. 92.

[341] Bonnet ii. 84--. iii. 1.

[342] See above, VOL. II. 251--.

[343] Bonnet ii. 88.

[344] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _c._

[345] Rös. iv. 162.

[346] De Geer i. 322--. See PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a a._

[347] Reaum. ii. 275. _t._ xxii. _f._ 3.

[348] Ibid. 276. _t._ xxii. _f._ 4, 5.

[349] _Ins. Surinam. t._ vii. _Nymphalis Amphinome_ xxiii. _Morpho Teucer t._ xxxii. _Papilio Cassiæ_.

[350] This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363. _t._ xxix. _f._ 8.) (_G. amatoria_) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed these horns seem to be appendages.

[351] Sepp. iv. _t._ l. _f._ 6-8.

[352] PLATE XIX. FIG. 5. _a b._ Sepp. iv. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4-7.

[353] Rös. iii. 69.

[354] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13. _c._

[355] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 95.

[356] De Geer v. 170-- _t._ v. _f._ 19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235--.

[357] PLATE XIX. FIG. 11. _a._ De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.

[358] Reaum. iv. _t._ xiv. _f._ 9, 10.

[359] Reaum. v. 32. _t._ v. _f._ 3-5. Latr. _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iv. 249.

[360] De Geer ii. 1031. _t._ xl. _f._ 13, 14. _k k._

[361] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ x. 430.

[362] De Geer ii. 697. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5. _b b b._

[363] Reaum. v. _t._ vi. _f._ 7. _n._

[364] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.

[365] Reaum. ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 20.

[366] See above, VOL. II. p. 245--.

[367] Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 7, 8.

[368] Rös. iii. _t._ lxviii. _f._ 1. Meinecken _Naturf._ vi. 120.

[369] Ibid. xiii. 175.

[370] In the larva of _Tenthredo Cerasi_ L., and some others, no traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being distinctly perceptible.

[371] Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met with in houses (_Aglossa pinguinalis_), every segment is divided into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again, according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances on which they often feed. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 208.

[372] See above, p. 110.

[373] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 329.

[374] _Hor. Entomolog._ 285. 397--. 422. 462--. &c.

[375] _Ibid._ 399-401.

[376] _Hor. Entomolog._ 423.

[377] See above, p. 23.

[378] The _Intestinaux cavitaires_ of Cuvier, and the _Epizoaria_ of Lamarck. See _Hor. Entomolog._ 286--.

[379] _Hor. Entomolog._ 422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the larva of _Meloe_ is taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great doubts. (See Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ ii. 168, and Latreille _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives also _Mordella_ and many _Heteromera_ as having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably that of _Clerus_ is of the same description; to which he suspects that many of Latreille's _Malacoderma_ likewise belong.

[380] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 1. as to the thoracic shield.

[381] _May_ 27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De Geer took for the larva of _Meloe Proscarabæus_, which he found on the leaves of _Achillea Millefolium_. These little animals were coursing each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ of _Coleoptera_, as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all they might be _coleopterous_ larvæ. One, amongst other circumstances, however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that in this infinite number none appeared to differ in _size_.

[382] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13.

[383] Ibid. FIG. 12.; PLATE XVIII. FIG. 4, 11, 13, &c.

[384] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 3, 9.

[385] PLATE XIX. FIG. 8.

[386] _Ibid._ FIG. 3. Reaum. v. 97. _t._ xii. _f._ 17, 18.; De Geer ii. 1004. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 12.

[387] See above, p. 110, 114, 138, 142.

[388] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 7.

[389] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 5.

[390] PLATE XIX. FIG. 9.

[391] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.

[392] _Hor. Entomolog._ 465.

[393] De Geer iv. 66. _t._ ii. _f._ 5-8.

[394] Ibid. _t._ xiii. _f._ 16-19. A very singular larva, which preys upon that of _Aleyrodes proletella_ Latr., if Reaumur's figure be correct (ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 18-20), is of a perfect _Chilopodiform_ type, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid. _f._ 21), has some tendency to the _Anopluriform_ type.

[395] "Squilla _insectum a_ squilla _pisce parum differt_." Mouffet, 319.

[396] A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the wire-worm and that of _Elater undulatus_. In the former, the last segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156. _t._ v. _f._ 25. I have a similar larva, but not the same species.

[397] _Hor. Entomolog._ 397.

[398] _Ibid._ 399.

[399] _Ibid._ 438. Note *.

[400] _Traité Element._ ii. 35. _n._ 577.

[401] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vii. 66. _t._ vi. _f._ 3.

[402] Compare De Geer iii. _t._ xi. _f._ 3. and _t._ xvii. _f._ 14. &c.

[403] Ibid. _t._ i. _f._ 4, 9. _t._ ii. _f._ 15. _t._ ix. _f._ 4.

[404] See above, p. 125--.

[405] Compare PLATE VI. FIG. 6. with FIG. 12 _c_, _d_, _d_.

[406] De Geer ii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5.

[407] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xiii. _f._ 1.

[408] _Hor. Entomolog._ 438.

[409] See above, VOL. II. p. 256.

[410] De Geer ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 1, 2.

[411] De Geer ii. _t._ xiv. _f._ 7. &c. The caterpillar of _P. G. Scratiotata_ L. like those of _Phryganeæ_, has these respiratory threads. _Ibid._ i. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 2-6. De Geer has described the larva of a _Phryganea_ L. which is without any respiratory threads, ii. 569. _t._ xv. _f._ 10.

[412] _Hor. Entomolog._ 401. Montagu in _Linn. Trans._ vii. 67.

[413] _Ins. Surinam. t._ xxviii. Compare _Ibid._ _t._ xix. right-hand figure.

[414] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 10.

[415] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xxxix. PLATE XIX. FIG. 13.

[416] Lyonnet 69--.

[417] _Surinam_, _t._ lvii. right-hand figure.

[418] Sepp iv. _t._ ii. _f._ 3. _t._ xvi. _f._ 2, 3.

[419] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 254.

[420] PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville Island. See Parry's _Voyage_, Appendix No. x. 37.

[421] Sepp. iv. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. Some species have three, others four, and others even five of these brushes. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 255.

[422] _Ibid._ Merian _Eruc._ xxxiv. upper left hand figure.

[423] Merian _Ins. Surinam_. _t._ lx.

[424] _Ibid._ _t._ xl.

[425] See above, VOL. I. p. 238.

[426] De Geer iv. 207. _t._ viii. _f._ 4-6.

[427] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xix. right hand caterpillar.

[428] _Ibid._ xli.

[429] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 13.

[430] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xxix.

[431] _Ibid._ _t._ vii. liii.

[432] Smith's _Abbott's Ins. of Georg._ Pref. vi.

[433] _Prodromus Entomology._

[434] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xliii. The figure represents only the two spines near the head as thus circumstanced.

[435] Reaum. v. _t._ xii. _f._ 8, 14. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.

[436] See above, VOL. II. p. 238. This, with _B. imperatoria_, &c. in the modern system, should form a genus.

[437] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xlviii. right hand figure.

[438] _Ibid._ _t._ xi.

[439] _Ibid._ _t._ xxiii.

[440] _Ibid._ _t._ xxix.

[441] Reaum. v. 95.

[442] Huber _Mœurs des Fourmis_, 79.

[443] See above, VOL. II. p. 276--.

[444] Reaum. v. 72. _t._ ix. _f._ 2-4.

[445] Rös. _t._ 211.

[446] See above, VOL. I. p. 29, 198--.

[447] De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the French word _flocon_, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean very different things.

[448] vii. 604. _t._ xliv. _f._ 26.

[449] _Fn. Germ. Init._ xxxvi. 21.

[450] _Syst. Rhyng._ 311. 29.

[451] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 554.

[452] _Natural History of the Slug-worm_, 7.

[453] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xv. xvii.

[454] The larvæ of _Carabus_ L. form one, being generally black.

[455] _Annales de Chimie_ ii.

[456] _Wien. Verz._ 219.

[457] _Wien. Verz._ 4.

[458] Reaum. v. 92.

[459] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xi.

[460] ii. 1017.

[461] De Geer i. 57.

[462] _Ibid._ 58. Reaum. i. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 13, 14.

[463] De Geer ii. 400.

[464] See above, VOL. I. _Letters_ xii. xiii.

[465] Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly (_Pieris Cratægi_), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however, so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its egress. Those also of _Coccinella bipunctata_ which I lately bred from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to place her eggs in the midst of _Aphides_, their proper food.

[466] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 359.

[467] In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent from _Scarlatina_, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.

[468] The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his author, has turned the "_linguis_ micat ore trisulcis" of Virgil, into "darts his forky _sting_."

[469] VOL. I. p. 70.

[470] See above, p. 52--.

[471] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ ii. 596. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxvi. 165.

[472] Cuvier _Ibid._ 624.

[473] Reaum. i. 182.

[474] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290.

[475] Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (VOL. I. p. 67), bees, the female _Cocci_, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva state. Reaum. iv. 364. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 365.

[476] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 289. xx. 372. Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ ii. 548. M. Cuvier (_Ibid._ 547.) asserts, that most _Papiliones_ and _Bombyces_ moult _seven_ times.

[477] _Œuvr._ ii. 71.

[478] Reaum. ii. 75.

[479] _Bibl. Nat. E. Trans._ i. 135. col. B. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 6.

[480] _Œuvres_, viii. 303.

[481] _Entwickelungsgeschichte_, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin itself may still observe the coat that was cast by the _intestinum rectum_." _Ubi supr._ 136. col. A.

[482] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290

[483] Reaum. iv. 604.

[484] Ibid. 364. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 365. Huber _Fourmis_ 78. M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only previously to their metamorphosis.

[485] Lyonnet 11.

[486] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290.

[487] _De Bombycibus_, 68.

[488] _Opusc._ i. 27.

[489] _Linn. Trans._ x. 399.

[490] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 129.

[491] As the larvæ of Ephemeræ usually live in the submerged part of the banks of rivers, perhaps they may be regarded as following the economy of subterranean _terrestrial_ larvæ.

[492] A caterpillar nearly answering to the description of that of _Bombyx camelina_, which I found upon the hazel, after a few days produced sixteen grubs of some _Ichneumon_. At first these grubs were green, but they became gradually paler; and after a day or two became pupæ. But I mention this circumstance here for another reason: upon examining them after this last occurrence, I observed that they adhered to the lid of the box in which I kept the larva, arranged somewhat circularly; and at a little distance from the anus of each was a pea-green mass, consisting of about eight oval granules, which appeared like so many minute eggs. These were the excrement evacuated by each grub previously to its becoming a pupa. The appearance of this little group, with their verdant appendage, formed a curious spectacle: they are still pupæ, July 30, 1822.

[493] Except some species of _Polyammatus_ Latr. (_Thecla_, _Argynnis_ F.), _P. Argiolus_, _Corydon_, &c., and _Hesperia Rubi_, _Betulæ_ F., &c. Some of the larvæ of the former become pupæ within the stalk of some plant, or partly under the earth: those of the latter usually in a leaf to which the abdomen is fastened by various threads. These last are the _rouleuses_ of the butterfly-tribe, living, like some moths, in leaves that they have rolled up. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 499.

[494] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1. _a._

[495] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 8. _a._

[496] Bonnet is of opinion that this twirling process is not with any view to get rid of the exuviæ, but is caused only by the irritation occasioned by the spines of the skin of the caterpillar when they touch that of the pupa. _Œuv._ ii. 109.

[497] For the above account see Reaum. i. _Mem._ x. xi.

[498] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 291--.

[499] _De Bombyc._ 24.

[500] i. 498.

[501] _De Bombyc._ 43.

[502] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 294.

[503] Lesser. L. ii. 150, note 22. Boyle says an English lady found that the silk of a single cocoon would extend 300 English leagues or 900 miles. But this must be a mistake.

[504] Reaum. i. 555--.

[505] PLATE XVII. FIG. 5. _b._

[506] De Geer i. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 3-6.

[507] De Geer i. 463--.

[508] Reaum. ii. _Mem._ xi. Comp. De Geer ii. 162. Reaum. ii. 424.

[509] _B. Catax_--Pupa arcte folliculata. _Fab._

[510] _Travels in Greece_, 285.

[511] See above, VOL. I. p. 476--.

[512] Merian _Surinam._ _t._ xv.

[513] Reaum. ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 5.

[514] Sepp. iv. _t._ viii. _f._ 5.

[515] Reaum. i. _t._ xliv. _f._ 2.

[516] PLATE XVII. FIG. 7.

[517] I have a black one from Mr. Francillon's cabinet.

[518] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 294.

[519] See above, VOL. II. p. 298--.

[520] Reaum. ii. 436.

[521] Reaum. i. 503.

[522] Peck on _Locust-tree Insects_, 69.

[523] Bonnet ii. 260.

[524] Sepp. iv. _t._ ii. _f._ 4.

[525] Brahm. _Ins. Kal._ 289.

[526] PLATE XVII. FIG. 8.

[527] The thick cocoons of _Attacus Paphia_, _Polyphemus_, &c. are also thus fastened between leaves.

[528] Merian _Europ._ ii. _t._ ix.

[529] Reaum. ii. 284.

[530] Ibid. i. 524.

[531] Bonnet ii. 297.

[532] Ibid. ix. 181.

[533] Reaum. v. 102.

[534] Ibid. iv. 269.

[535] De Geer ii. 1084. Comp. Ray _Hist. Ins._ Præf. xi. It is the opinion of M. P. Huber, that in this case the _naked_ pupæ are deprived of their cocoons by the neuters: he states, indeed, that he has often seen them pulled off by them, and also by those of _F. canicularia_; and he seems to think that these larvæ are never developed. _Mœurs des Fourmis_, 84. note 1.

[536] II. viii. 16.

[537] _Linn. Trans._ vii. _t._ ii. _f._ 5, 6.

[538] _Wien. Verz._ I possess a cocoon of this kind from New Holland, even now quite solid, and retaining its form. No silk appears to have been used in its composition.

[539] Reaum. i. 579.

[540] Ibid. vi. 368.

[541] Ibid. i. 542.

[542] Ibid. 543.

[543] _Linn. Trans._ i. 196.

[544] Reaum. i. 545--.

[545] _Pyral._ 8. 3. _t._ iii. _f._ 16.

[546] See above, VOL. I. p. 172--.

[547] Reaum. ii. 491.

[548] Reaum i. 540.

[549] See above, VOL. I. 167--. II. 264.

[550] See above, VOL. I. p. 67.

[551] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvi. 269--. xxii. 76.

[552] Reaum. iv. 32. The author here quoted asserts that the grub of _Ichneumon Larvarum_ L. retains its skin, which, he says, is so transparent that the form of the nymph can be seen through it. Ibid. ii. 447. De Geer, however, found that this really did cast its skin, which is so transparent as to be scarcely visible, by pushing it gradually towards the anus, where it soon dries up and cannot then be discovered. De Geer ii. 893--. According to Rösel the same circumstance attends the transformation of _Coccinella renipustulata_ Illig. (_C. Cacti_ Ent. Brit.), which at first perplexed him not a little. It is probable that in this case the retention of the skin was accidental; for some of the grubs of a _Mycetophila_, the transformation of which I observed, became pupæ within their last skin, while others wholly disengaged themselves from it. The cause of this variation, I conjectured, arose from the former being too weak to extricate themselves from the skin.

[553] See above, VOL. I. p. 238. _Byrrhus Musæorum_ belongs to this genus.

[554] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 161.

[555] _Pezold._ 102.

[556] De Geer i. 339--.

[557] Reaum. ii. 423, and iii. 497.

[558] Ibid. i. 605.

[559] De Geer ii. 941.

[560] Brahm _Insek._ 72.

[561] Reaum. _ubi supra._