Chapter 37

The State of Ireland before and after the Union--Advancement of Trade before the Union--Depression after it--Lord Clare and Lord Castlereagh in the English Parliament--The Catholic Question becomes a Ministerial Difficulty--The Veto--The O'Connell Sept--Early Life of Daniel O'Connell--The Doneraile Conspiracy--O'Connell as Leader of the Catholic Party--The Clare Election--O'Connell in the English House of Parliament--Sir Robert Peel--George IV. visits Ireland--Disturbances in Ireland from the Union to the year 1834, and their Causes--Parliamentary Evidence--The "Second Reformation"--Catholic Emancipation--Emigration, its Causes and Effects--Colonial Policy of England--Statistics of American Trade and Population--Importance of the Irish and Catholic Element in America--Conclusion.

[A.D. 1800-1868.]

It is both a mistake and an injustice to suppose that the page of Irish history closed with the dawn of that summer morning, in the year of grace 1800, when the parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland was enacted. I have quoted Sir Jonah Barrington's description of the closing night of the Irish Parliament, because he writes as an eyewitness, and because few could describe its "last agony" with more touching eloquence and more vivid truthfulness; but I beg leave, in the name of my country, to protest against his conclusion, that "Ireland, as a nation, was extinguished." There never was, and we must almost fear there never will be, a moment in the history of our nation, in which her independence was proclaimed more triumphantly or gloriously, than when O'Connell, the noblest and the best of her sons, obtained Catholic Emancipation.

The immediate effects of the dissolution of the Irish Parliament were certainly appalling. The measure was carried on the 7th of June, 1800. On the 16th of April, 1782, another measure had been carried, to which I must briefly call your attention. That measure was the independence of the Irish Parliament. When it passed, Grattan rose once more in the House, and exclaimed: "Ireland is now a nation! In that new character I hail her, and bowing to her august presence, I say, _Esto perpetua!"_ period of unexampled prosperity followed. The very effects of a reaction from conditions under which commerce was purposely restricted and trade paralyzed by law, to one of comparative freedom, could not fail to produce such a result. If the Parliament had been reformed when it was freed, it is probable that Ireland at this moment would be the most prosperous of nations. But the Parliament was not reformed. The prosperity which followed was rather the effect of reaction, than of any real settlement of the Irish question. The land laws, which unquestionably are _the_ grievance of Ireland, were left untouched, an alien Church was allowed to continue its unjust exactions; and though Ireland was delivered, her chains were not all broken; and those which were, still hung loosely round her, ready for the hand of traitor or of foe. Though nominally freed from English control, the Irish Parliament was not less enslaved by English influence. Perhaps there had never been a period in the history of that nation when bribery was more freely used, when corruption was more predominant. A considerable number of the peers in the Irish House were English by interest and by education; a majority of the members of the Lower House were their creatures. A man who ambitioned a place in Parliament, should conform to the opinions of his patron; the patron was willing to receive a "compensation" for making his opinions, if he had any, coincide with those of the Government. Many of the members were anxious for preferment for themselves or their friends; the price of preferment was a vote for ministers. The solemn fact of individual responsibility for each individual act, had yet to be understood. Perhaps the lesson has yet to be learned.

One of the first acts of the Irish independent Parliament, was to order the appointment of a committee to inquire into the state of the manufactures of the kingdom, and to ascertain what might be necessary for their improvement. The hearts of the poor, always praying for employment, which had been so long and so cruelly withheld from them, bounded with joy. Petitions poured in on every side. David Bosquet had erected mills in Dublin for the manufacture of metals; he prayed for help. John and Henry Allen had woollen manufactories in the county Dublin; they prayed for help. Thomas Reilly, iron merchant, of the town of Wicklow, wished to introduce improvements in iron works. James Smith, an Englishman, had cotton manufactories at Balbriggan; he wished to extend them. Anthony Dawson, of Dundrum, near Dublin, had water mills for making tools for all kinds of artisans; this, above all, should be encouraged, now that there was some chance of men having some use for tools. Then there were requests for aid to establish carpet manufactories, linen manufactories, glass manufactories, &c.; and Robert Burke, Esq., of the county Kildare, prayed for the loan of £40,000 for seven years, that he might establish manufactories at Prosperous. These few samples of petitions, taken at random from many others, will enable the reader to form some faint idea of the state of depression in which Ireland was kept by the English nation--of the eagerness of the Irish to work if they were only permitted to do so.

The Irish revenue for the year 1783 was, in round numbers, £900,000, which amounted to a tax of about six shillings per annum on each person. It was distributed thus:

For the interest of the National Debt, £120,000 Army and Ordnance, Civil Government, and other funds, 450,000 Pensions, grants, bounties, and aids to manufacturers, 250,000 Surplus unappropriated, 80,000 -------- Total, £900,000

More than £200,000 was spent during that year in erecting forts, batteries, and other public buildings, which gave employment to the people in certain districts. Large sums were granted to the poor of Cork and Dublin for coals; and large grants were made to encourage manufactures. I have observed, however, in carefully examining these grants, which are by far too numerous for insertion, that they were principally, and, indeed, I might say exclusively, made to persons in Dublin and its neighbourhood, in the north of Ireland, and in the _cities_ of Cork and Limerick. Hence, the prosperity of Ireland was only partial, and was confined exclusively, though, probably, not intentionally, to certain districts. This will explain why the misery and starvation of the poor, in the less favoured parts of the country, were a principal cause of the fearful insurrection which occurred within a few short years.

Lord Clare proclaimed, in the House of Parliament, that "no nation on the habitable globe had advanced in cultivation, commerce, and manufactures, with the same rapidity as Ireland, from 1782 to 1800." _The population increased from three millions to five._ There were 5,000 carpenters fully employed in Dublin; there were 15,000 silk-weavers. Nor should we be surprised at this; for Dublin possesses at the present day substantial remains of her former prosperity, which are even now the admiration of Europe. All her great public buildings were erected at this period. The Custom-house was commenced, and completed in ten years, at a cost of a quarter of a million sterling. The Rotundo was commenced in 1784. The Law Courts, the most elegant and extensive in the British Empire, were begun in 1786. In 1788 there were 14,327 dwelling-houses in Dublin, and 110,000 inhabitants. Two hundred and twenty peers and three hundred commoners had separate residences. Dublin was fashionable, and Dublin prospered.[584]

I have already said that corruption soon did its fatal work. It sanctioned, nay, it compelled, the persecution of the majority of the nation for their religious creed; and with this persecution the last flame of national prosperity expired, and the persecutors and the persecuted shared alike in the common ruin. In 1792 Lord Edward FitzGerald denounced the conduct of the House in these ever-memorable words: "I do think, sir, that the Lord Lieutenant and the majority of this House are the worst subjects the King has;" and when a storm arose, the more violent from consciousness that his words were but too true, for all retraction he would only say:

"I am accused of having said that I think the Lord Lieutenant and the majority of this House are the worst subjects the King has. I said so; 'tis true; and I am sorry for it."

On the 1st of January, 1801, a new imperial standard was exhibited on London Tower, and on the Castles of Dublin and Edinburgh. It was formed of the three crosses of St. George, St. Patrick, and St. Andrew, and is popularly known as the Union Jack. The _fleur de lis_ and the word France were omitted from royal prerogatives and titles; and a proclamation was issued appointing the words _Dei Gratia, Britaniarum Rex, Fidei Defensor_. The _Dublin Gazette_ of July, 1800, contained the significant announcement of the creation of sixteen new peerages. The same publication for the last week of the year contained a fresh list of twenty-six others. Forty-two creations in six months were rather an extensive stretch of prerogative; and we cannot be surprised if the majority of the nation had more respect for the great untitled, whose ancestry were known, and were quite above accepting the miserable bribe of a modern peerage.

Strangely enough, from the very day on which the Union was proclaimed, the Catholic question became a ministerial difficulty. Pitt's administration failed on this very point, although it had seemed invincible a few weeks before. The obstinacy of the King, which, indeed, almost amounted to a monomania, was the principal cause. He made it a personal matter, declared it the "most jacobinical thing he had ever heard of;" and he informed the world at large that he would consider any man who proposed it his personal enemy. Pitt resigned. Opinions varied as to his motives. He returned to office in 1804, having promised that he would not again press the subject; and he adhered to his determination until his death. The Irish nobles, who had worked hardest to carry the Union, were somewhat disappointed as to the result. Lord Clare was told by the Duke of Bedford, that the Union had not transferred his dictatorial powers to the Imperial Parliament. He retired to Ireland deeply chagrined, and was soon borne to his grave, amid the revilings of the people whom he had betrayed. Lord Castlereagh, who had been less accustomed to command, and had less difficulty in stooping to conquer, succeeded better with his English friends, and in a few years he ruled the cabinets of Europe; while the Iron Duke, another Irishman, dictated to their armies.

In 1803 the flame of insurrection again broke out, and again French aid was expected, and the expedition ended in disappointment. Napoleon himself regretted that he had turned his armies towards Egypt, instead of towards Ireland. Emmet's career was brief, and would probably have been almost forgotten, but for his famous speech at the moment of receiving sentence, and for the history of his love and her devoted attachment to his memory.

In 1805 Grattan entered the Imperial Parliament, at the request of Fox. An English constituency was found for him. At the same time, Plunket was brought into the house by Pitt; and thus these two famous men, the one so full of the brilliant, and the other so full of the powerful, gifts of mental science, again pleaded their country's cause together, and in perfect harmony, though differing on some political points. When Grattan first rose to address the British Senate, there was a hushed attention to his every word; as his eloquence kindled with his subject, there were suppressed murmurs of approbation; when he had concluded, there were thunders of applause. His subject was a petition from the Irish Catholics, which was presented to both Houses in 1805. The division gave 339 to 124 against going into committee; still it was something gained, when Englishmen even listened to Irish grievances, or made some effort to understand them.

The _Veto_ was now suggested. The object of this was to allow the crown a passive voice, if not an active one, in the nomination of Catholic bishops. Happily for the Catholic Church in Ireland, the proposal was steadily rejected, though with a determination which brought even members of the same Church into collision. Connexion with the State might have procured temporal advantages, but they would have been in truth a poor compensation for the loss of that perfect freedom of action so essential to the spiritual advancement of the Church.

The Duke of Richmond came to Ireland in 1807, with Sir Arthur Wellesley as Chief Secretary. The young man, whose fame was yet unattained, showed himself as clearheaded in the cabinet as in the camp. He made every attempt to suppress the party demonstrations which have been the curse of Ireland, and induced the Wexford people to discontinue their annual celebration of the battle of Vinegar Hill. If he could have suppressed a few other anniversaries in the north, it would have been a blessing to the United Kingdom. In 1806 Mr. Grattan was returned for Dublin, and generously refused the sum of £4,000, which his constituents had collected to pay his expenses. The Catholic question was now constantly coming up, and more than one cabinet was formed and dissolved according to the views of the different members on that matter. A new element of vitality had been introduced by the relaxation of the penal laws. Men were no longer afraid to ask for a grace which they wanted, lest they should lose a grace which they had. The people found that they might speak their real opinions without apprehensions of attempts at conversion in the shape of pitchcaps and half-hangings; and when the people were ready for a leader, the leader was ready for the people; and Daniel O'Connell took the place in the guidance of the Irish nation, which he will never lose in their memory and in their affections.

The history of Ireland and the life of O'Connell are convertible terms for five-and-forty years. O'Connell represented Ireland, and Ireland was represented by O'Connell. We have had our great men and our good men, our brave men and our true men; but, to my poor thinking, the greatest of our men was O'Connell--for who ever approached him in his mighty power of ruling a nation by moral suasion only? the best of our men was O'Connell, for who dare assert that he was ever unfaithful to his country or to his country's faith? the bravest of our men was O'Connell, equally fearless in every danger, moral or physical; and the truest of our men was O'Connell, dying of a broken heart in a faraway land, because he saw his country's cause all but ruined--because he knew that with his failing breath one of his country's surest helpers would pass from her for ever. A _thoughtfully_ written "History of the life and Times of O'Connell," by some one really competent to do justice to the subject, is much wanted. I believe that posterity will do justice to his memory as one of the best and noblest patriots which the world has ever seen--a justice which as yet has been scarcely accorded to him as fully as he has merited. Had O'Connell accomplished no other work for Ireland than this--the giving of a tone of nationality and manliness to the people--he had accomplished a most glorious work. He taught Irishmen that chains do not make the slave, but rather the spirit in which the chains are worn. He awoke, in the hearts of his countrymen, that love of freedom, which is the first step towards making a successful effort to obtain it. He showed them how they might intimidate their oppressors without injuring themselves--a lesson eminently necessary where the oppressors are incomparably more powerful than the oppressed.

The sept of O'Connell, from which this noble man was descended held a prominent position among the early Milesian clans. Pure Celtic blood ran in his veins; the fire of Celtic wit sparkled in his utterances; the lighthearted happiness of a Celtic spirit guided his actions; and the undaunted bravery of a Celtic warrior's courage looked out of his clear beaming eye. A nobleman, in truth, was Daniel O'Connell--a nobleman of whom any nation might justly be proud--a nobleman to whom we must hope that Ireland will yet raise some monument of enduring fame. The O'Connell sept were driven from their ancestral homes, in 1172, by Raymond, Strongbow's son-in-law. Their territory lay along the Shannon. They were now compelled to take refuge in a wild and desolate part of Kerry, too wild and too desolate to attract English cupidity. A MS. is still preserved in the British Museum, written by one of the O'Connell family; it is in the Irish language, and bears date 1245. In this document mention is made of a Daniel O'Connell, who proceeded to the north of Ireland, at the head of a large body of men, to resist an invading force. The Celts were successful; and when they had won the day, the chieftain and his vanquished foes feasted together. In 1586 Richard O'Connell was High Sheriff of Kerry; but, from the accession of William III., until the illustrious Liberator obtained some degree of freedom for his country, all the O'Connells were prescribed from positions of emolument, for having held with unswerving fidelity to the old faith.

O'Connell was born on the 6th of August, 1775, "the very year," as he himself says, in a letter to the _Dublin Evening Post_, "in which the stupid obstinacy of British oppression _forced_ the reluctant people of America to seek for security in arms, and to commence that bloody struggle for national independence, which has been in its results beneficial to England, whilst it has shed glory, and conferred liberty, pure and sublime, on America." He was educated at St. Omers, and it is said manifested some inclination for the priesthood; but there can be no doubt that his vocation lay in another direction, as he was incomparably too deeply religious and too thoroughly honest not to have obeyed the call of God at any cost, had such a favour been vouchsafed to him. It is said, whatever his dislike of physical force may have been in after-life, that he unquestionably knew how to use the _argumentum baculinum_ in his early days; and that more than one student was made to feel the effects thereof, when attempting ill-natured jokes on the herculean Celt. During his residence abroad he had some opportunities of witnessing the fearful effects of the French Revolution; and it is probable that a remembrance of these scenes, added to his own admirably keen common sense, saved him from leading his countrymen on to deeds of open violence. He was called to the Irish bar in the memorable year of 1798. For some time he failed to obtain practice; for who would confide their case to a young Catholic lawyer, when the fact of his creed alone would be sufficient to condemn his client in the eyes of Protestant juries, judges, and attorneys? His maiden speech was made in opposition to the Union, even as his life was spent in the most strenuous efforts to obtain the reversal of that most fatal measure. A meeting was held in the Royal Exchange, Dublin, at the close of the year 1799, to petition against it; but even as O'Connell was denouncing, in his most eloquent language, the new attempt at national degradation, Major Sirr and his file of military rushed into the apartment, and separated the assembly. O'Connell now retired into private life, and, with the marvellous foresight of true genius, devoted himself to storing up that forensic knowledge which he felt sure he should one day use for the benefit of his countrymen.

One of the most important instances in which O'Connell's legal acumen saved the lives of his countrymen, is known as the "Doneraile Conspiracy;" and as all the facts are eminently illustrative of the history of Ireland at that period, and of the character and abilities of one of her most distinguished sons, I shall relate the circumstances. Several Protestant gentlemen in the neighbourhood of Doneraile, had been making those abortive efforts to "convert" their tenants from Popery, which usually end in no small amount of ill-feeling on both sides; another of these gentlemen, with equal zeal and equal want of common sense and common humanity, had devoted himself to hunting out real or supposed rebels. This gentleman had at last brought on himself an armed attack, for which he deserved little pity. He contrived, however, to capture one of his assailants, who, of course, was hung. The gentlemen having thus excited the unfortunate peasantry, pointed to the results of their own folly as though these results had been the cause of it; and an informer came forward, who, with the usual recklessness of his atrocious class, accused some of the most respectable farmers of the district of having entered into a conspiracy to murder the Protestant gentlemen,--a cruel return certainly had it been true, for their earnest efforts to convert the natives from "the errors of Popery to those of the Protestant Church." A special commission was sent down; the wildest excitement prevailed on all sides; and, as was usual in such cases, the bitterest prejudice against the unfortunate accused. The Solicitor-General led for the crown: the defence was a simple denial. In such cases the examination of the approvers is the great point for the accused, and should be confided to the ablest counsel. One of the unfortunate prisoners was a respectable farmer, aged seventy, of whom the highest character was given. But it was all in vain; after five minutes' deliberation, the jury gave in the verdict of guilty. As the men were to be made an "example of," they were sentenced to be hanged in six days. This was on Saturday. The next lot of prisoners was to be tried at nine o'clock on Monday morning. There was one universal cry for "O'Connell," from the great multitude who knew these poor victims were perfectly innocent. On Saturday night a farmer mounted the best horse that could be found in Cork, and, after a night of incessant riding, he reached Derrynane Abbey on Sunday morning at nine o'clock. His name was William Burke: let it be transmitted with all honour to posterity! He told his errand to one who never listened unmoved to the tale of his country's sorrows and wrongs; and he assured O'Connell that, unless he were in Cork by nine next morning, the unfortunate prisoners, "though innocent as the child unborn," would all be hanged. The great man at once prepared for his journey; and so wild was the joy of Burke, so sure was he that there would now be a hope, if not a certainty, of justice, that only the earnest entreaties of O'Connell could induce him to remain a few hours to rest his weary horse. On the same good horse he set out again, and reached Cork at eight o'clock on Monday morning, having travelled 180 miles in thirty-eight hours. Scouts had been posted all along the road to watch the man's return: even as he passed through each little village, there was an anxious crowd waiting the word of life or death. "O'Connell's coming, boys!" was enough; and a wild cheer, which rent the very mountains, told how keenly an act of justice could be appreciated by the most justice-loving people upon earth. And O'Connell did come. He has himself described the sensations of that midnight journey, through all the autumn beauties of the most beautiful scenery in the United Kingdom. And then he exclaims: "After that glorious feast of soul, I found myself settled down amid all the rascalities of an Irish court of justice."

The Solicitor-General was actually addressing the jury, when the shouts of the excited crowd announced the arrival of one who, by this act of his life alone, deserves, _par excellence_, the proud and glorious title of the LIBERATOR. He entered the courthouse, apologized for his unprofessional attire; and as he had no refreshment, and there was no time to lose, he requested permission of the judges to have a bowl of milk and some sandwiches sent to him. The Solicitor-General resumed his address, but had not proceeded far before the stentorian voice of O'Connell was heard exclaiming: "That's not law." The bench decided in his favour. He was rapidly swallowing as much food as was necessary to sustain nature, and once more, with his mouth full, he exclaims: "That's no longer law; the Act is repealed." Again the mortified counsel proceeded with his case, and once more O'Connell's knowledge of law served him in good stead. "The learned Solicitor," he exclaimed, "has _no right_ to make such a statement; the crown cannot give such matters in evidence." For the third time the ruling was in favour of the Liberator. Then came the all-important cross-examination of the approvers; and the men who had lied so well and so boldly on Saturday, prevaricated, cursed, and howled under the searching questions of their new examiner; Nowlan, the vilest of the lot, exclaiming at last: "It's little I thought I'd have to meet you, Counsellor O'Connell." Alas! thrice-wretched man, who thought still less of another Court and another Judgment. O'Connell won the day. He threatened the very Solicitor-General with impeachment before the House of Commons, for the way he conducted the case. He taunted him, bewildered him, scolded him, laughed at him, as he only could do; and when at last the unfortunate man came out with some observation about "false _facts_," O'Connell threw the whole court into a roar of laughter by directing attention to the bull, and by his inimitable imitation of his English accent. The jury could not agree, and the men were acquitted. Another trial came on next day, and it was then discovered that one of the approvers differed in most important matters from his statements on oath before the magistrates of Doneraile, and in what he now stated. This was enough; and the jury brought in a verdict of not guilty, though, on the very same evidence, a verdict of guilty had been given on Saturday. As an act, however, of great clemency, the men who had been sentenced to be hanged in six days, were now _only_ transported.

During the time of O'Connell's retirement and study, he had but too many opportunities of knowing how little justice was likely to be meted out to Irishmen accused, justly or unjustly, of political crimes; and, doubtless, he directed his studies to those special points most likely to be helpful hereafter. Robert Emmet's execution took place in October, 1803; and from that hour, until the accession of the Whigs to office, in 1806, Ireland was ruled by martial law. The Habeas Corpus Act and trial by jury were suspended, and the jails and transport ships were crowded with the victims of military ferocity and magisterial vengeance. In the debate of 1805, when the Catholic petition was brought into the House of Commons by Mr. Fox, and treacherously opposed by Pitt, Mr. Ponsonby exclaimed, speaking of the Irish Catholics: "I know them well; and I know, at the same time, that whatever is good in them, they owe to themselves; whatever is bad in them, they owe to you, and to your bad government." Mr. Grattan accused the English Tories of "running about like old women in search of old prejudices; _preferring to buy foreign allies by subsidies, rather than to subsidize fellow-subjects by privileges."_ He might have said by justice, for the Irish have never asked for privileges; they ask simply for the same justice as is shown to English subjects. Mr. Foster, the last Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, declared that, "under the Union Act, by compact, the Protestant boroughs were suppressed, and a compensation of £1,400,000 paid to Protestant owners, and not one shilling to the Catholics."

O'Connell came prominently forward as a leader of the Catholic party in 1810. A meeting was held in the Royal Exchange, Dublin, to petition for Repeal of the Union, at which the High Sheriff of that city presided, and many distinguished men were present--a proof that, however corrupted Irish Parliaments may have been by English gold, there was still some advantage to be gained to the country by possessing even a partial independence. O'Connell's speech was published, and circulated widely. To give the full details of his career as a leader of the people, would require a volume the size of the present work; to give even a sufficiently comprehensive outline, would require several chapters: I can but hope that some able hand will take up the subject, and with equal earnestness do I hope that it may be some one really capable of doing justice to it. One who would write the "Life and Times of O'Connell" as such a work should be written, would require to bring more than ordinary abilities to the task, and would deserve, at the hands of his countrymen, the highest expression of gratitude which they could give. Such a work would be incomparably the noblest monument which could be dedicated to his memory.

The Clare election is undoubtedly the culminating point in O'Connell's career. Men stood aghast in amazement at the boldness of the man who presumed to make such an attempt. Even his friends could scarcely believe that he was in earnest, or that he was wise. His success was a splendid example of what the energy and determination of one single man could accomplish. Well might the Lord Chancellor declare that "this business must bring the Roman Catholic question to a crisis and a conclusion." The words were prophetic; the prophecy was realized. On the 5th of March, 1829, Mr. Peel moved a committee of the whole House, "to go into the consideration of the civil disabilities of his Majesty's Roman Catholic subjects." The motion was carried by a majority of 188. On the 15th of May, 1829, O'Connell appeared in the House to take his seat. He was introduced by Lords Ebrington and Dungannon. The House was thronged. The very peeresses came to gaze upon the arch-agitator, expecting to see a demagogue, and to hear an Irish brogue. There were whispers of surprise when they saw a gentleman, and a man who could speak, with the versatility of true talent, to suit his audience. The card containing the oath was handed to O'Connell; he read a portion of it over in an audible voice--the portion which required him to say that "the sacrifice of the Mass, and the invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and other saints, as now practised in the Church of Rome, are impious and idolatrous;" and to deny the dispensing power of the Pope, which never existed, except in the imagination of its framers. With a courteous bow he said, in a voice to be heard throughout the House: "I decline, Mr. Clerk, to take this oath: part of it I know to be false; another part I believe not to be true."

Again he sought the votes of the electors of Clare, and again he was returned by them. On the 13th of April, 1829, the royal signature was affixed to the Act of Emancipation, and Irishmen were no longer refused the rights of citizens because they respected the rights of conscience.

In the year 1812, the late Sir Robert Peel came to Ireland as Chief Secretary, unfortunately destitute of the enlargement of mind and the native genius of his predecessor, Sir Arthur Wellesley. His abilities, however great, were not such as to enable him to understand a nationality distinct from his own; and hence he could not deal with the Irish, either to his credit, or for their advantage. From the year 1815 to 1817 the conduct of the English Parliament towards Ireland was regulated with the nicest attention to the movements of the General who ruled the Continent. In 1817 an Act was passed, which, with admirable policy, excused Catholic officers, naval and military, from forswearing transubstantiation. In 1821 George IV. visited Ireland. It was the first time that an English King had come to Ireland as the acknowledged sovereign of the people. Their hopes were high; and the deference for royalty, so eminently characteristic of the Celt, had at last found an opportunity of expressing itself. All that loyalty could do was done; all that the warmest heart could say was said. The King appeared impressed by demonstrations so entirely new to him; he wore a large bunch of shamrocks constantly during his brief stay; but before the shamrocks were faded, Irish wants and Irish loyalty were alike forgotten.

In the year 1824 the subject of Irish disturbances was carefully inquired into by Select Committees of both Houses of Parliament. Some extracts from their reports will give the best and most correct idea of the state of the country from the Union to the year 1834, when another investigation was made. In 1807 the county Limerick was alarmingly disturbed. In 1812 the counties of Tipperary, Waterford, Kilkenny, Limerick, Westmeath, Roscommon, and the King's county, were the theatre of the same sanguinary tumults. Limerick and Tipperary remained under the Insurrection Act until 1818. In 1820 there were serious disturbances in Galway, and in 1821, in Limerick.

These disturbances are thus accounted for Maxwell Blacker, Esq., Barrister, who was appointed to administer the Insurrection Act, in 1822, in the counties of Cork and Tipperary: "The immediate cause of the disturbance I consider to be the great increase of population, and the fall in the price of produce after the war; the consequence of which was, that it was impossible to pay the rent or the tithes that had been paid when the country was prosperous." Sir Matthew Barrington, Crown Solicitor of the Munster Circuit for seventeen years, was asked: "Do you attribute the inflammable state of the population to the state of misery in which they generally are?" "I do, to a great extent; I seldom knew any instance when there was sufficient employment for the people that they were inclined to be disturbed; if they had plenty of work and employment, they are generally peaceable." John Leslie Foster, Esq., M.P., in his examination, states: "I think the proximate cause [of the disturbances] is the extreme physical misery of the peasantry, coupled with their liability to be called upon for the payment of different charges, which it is often perfectly impossible for them to meet." Matthew Singleton, Esq., Chief Magistrate of Police in the Queen's county, said, on his examination: "I have seen, and I know land to be set one-third above its value."

It would be useless to give more of this evidence, for the details are always the same. The people were almost starving. They could scarcely get a sufficiency of the poorest food, yet they were compelled to pay rent and tithes far above the value of their land. If they were unable, they were thrown out upon the wayside to die like dogs.

There can be no doubt that the outrages thus perpetrated were very fearful. Every man's hand was against them, and their hand was against every man. They shot their landlords, and they "carded" the tithe-proctors. Gentlemen's houses were barricaded, even in the daytime. Many families of the higher classes lived in a state of siege. The windows were made bullet-proof; the doors were never opened after nightfall. It was a fearful state of society for a Christian country, and the guilt and disgrace of it was surely on those who had caused it. Yet we do not find that the knowledge of these facts produced any effect upon the men who heard them, and who alone had it in their power to apply the remedy. Still something was done; and although it is one of the stern facts of history, one can scarcely choose but smile at the simplicity of those who planned and carried out such a scheme for the improvement of Ireland.

The "second reformation" was commenced in 1827. The Catholic priests were challenged to controversy; even laymen interfered. Theology and theological differences became the town and table-talk of Ireland. Bibles and tracts were distributed in all directions amongst the starving poor, food and clothing were occasionally added; yet, notwithstanding these powerful inducements, the people starved and remained Catholics. Writs of ejectment were then tried; and the Irish poor had their choice between the Bible and beggary--but they chose beggary.

So far did the Bible craze go, that it almost amounted to a monomania. One noble lord, to show his reverence for that book, and to convince his tenantry of the estimation in which he held it, flung every volume of his library into the lake of his demesne, and with the Bible in his hand, which commanded him to feed the hungry, refused to feed them unless they complied with his commands. Moore's satires were, unquestionably, the best weapons against such fanaticism. Sheil wrote in the _Gazette de France_, and hundreds of pens wrote in the American papers. A loud cry of "Shame!" arose in every quarter of the world; the echo reached the ears of the promoters of the movement; and the force of public opinion succeeded in suppressing the futile attempt.

The influence of Irish emigrants in America was already beginning to be felt. Large sums of money poured in from that country to swell the Catholic rent, and a considerable portion of the funds were employed by O'Connell in providing for men who had been ejected by their landlords, for refusing either to believe a creed, or to give a vote contrary to their conscience. He even threatened to buy up the incumbrances on some of these gentlemen's estates, to foreclose their mortgages, and to sell them out. His threat, added to his well-known determination, was not without its effect.

The whole subject of Irish emigration may be safely predicted to be the key which will unlock the future fate of Great Britain. It is true that, at this moment, every effort is being made by the English nation to conciliate America; it remains to be seen how Americans will be disposed to accept present flattery as a compensation for past injustice, and scarcely past contempt. A better knowledge of Irish history might prevent some fatal mistakes on both sides of the Atlantic. I have, therefore, felt it a duty to devote the concluding pages of this _History_ to this important subject.

The great tide of western emigration was undoubtedly caused, in part, by the sufferings of the famine year; but these sufferings were in themselves an effect, rather than a cause; and we must look to more remote history for the origin of the momentous exodus. It has, indeed, been well observed, that "when a man leaves his country for one subject to foreign rule, it must, in general, be that he does not care for it, or that it does not care for him; it must either be that he is so little attached to the institutions of his own country, that he is willing to submit to those of another; or that he despises the latter sufficiently to look forward to replacing them by those of his own."[585] No unprejudiced person can for a moment doubt which of these causes has been most active in producing Irish emigration. The Irishman's love of home and of his native land, is a fact beyond all dispute: his emigration, then, can have no other cause than this, that his country, or the country which governs his native land, does not care for him; and when we find noble lords and honorable members suggesting "the more emigration the better," we cannot doubt that he is the victim to indifference, if not to absolute dislike. Undoubtedly, if the Irishman did not care for his country, and if the Englishman, when planted in Ireland, did not become equally discontented and rather more indignant than his predecessors under English rule in Ireland, the arrangement might be a very admirable one; but Irishmen, to the third and fourth generation, do not forget their country, neither do they forget why they have been compelled to leave it. A work has been published lately on the subject of the Irish in America. It is much to be regretted, that the very able writer did not give statistics and facts, as well as inferences and anecdotes. A history of the Irish in America, should include statistics which could not be disputed, and facts which could not be denied. The facts in the work alluded to are abundant, and most important; but they should have been prefaced by an account of the causes which have led to emigration, and as accurate statistics as possible of its results.

Some few English writers have had the honesty to admit that their colonial policy has not been the most admirable; "nor should we forget," says the author of the _History of the United States_, "that the spirit in which these colonies were ruled from England was one, in the main, of intense selfishness. The answer of Seymour, an English Attorney-General under William and Mary, or towards the close of the seventeenth century, to the request of Virginia, for a college, when her delegate begged him to consider that the people of Virginia had souls to be saved as well as the people of England: Souls! damn your souls! plant tobacco!" is scarcely an unfair exponent of that spirit.[586] Another writer says: "Historians, in treating of the American rebellion, have confined their arguments too exclusively to the question of internal taxation, and the right or policy of exercising this prerogative. The true source of the rebellion lay deeper--in our traditional colonial policy."[587] One more quotation must suffice: "The legal rights of those colonies have been perpetually violated. Those which were strong enough were driven to separation; those which adhered to us in that great contest, or which we have subsequently acquired or founded, are either denied constitutions, or, if the local authorities oppose the will of the Imperial Parliament, find their constitutions changed, suspended, or annulled."[588] It will be remembered that the original colonists of America were principally Englishmen, who were driven from their own country by religious intolerance; yet no sooner had they established themselves in their new home, than they commenced to practise even more fearful persecutions on others than those from which they had fled. There was one honorable exception; the Roman Catholics who fled from persecution in England, never, even in the plenitude of their power, attempted the slightest persecution, religious, social, or legal.

It will be seen, then, that the first emigrants to America from the British dominions, could not have had any special attachment to the country they had left; that, on the contrary, their feelings were embittered against the mother country before their departure from her shores; and after that departure she did nothing to allay the irritation, but much to increase it. For several centuries after the arrival of the "May Flower," the number of emigrants from England and Ireland were, probably, tolerably equal, and by no means numerous. It was not an age of statistics, and no accurate statistics can be given.

The disruption between the States and England, or rather the causes which led to it, re-opened whatever feelings there may have been against the mother country, and at the same time increased its bitterness a hundredfold. The tide of Irish emigration had set in even then--slowly, indeed, but surely; and it will be remembered that the Irish in America, few though they were, became the foremost to fan the flame of rebellion, and were amongst the first to raise the standard of revolt. The States obtained a glorious freedom--a freedom which, on the whole, they have used wisely and well; and even their bitterest enemies cannot deny that they have formed a powerful nation--a nation which may yet rule the destinies of the world. Let us endeavour now to estimate in some degree the influence of Irish emigration on American society. If the history of Ireland were written in detail up to the present day, fully one-fourth the detail should comprise a history of the Irish in America. Never in the world's history has an emigration been so continuous or so excessive; never in the world's history have emigrants continued so inseparably united, politically and socially, to the country which they have left. The cry of "Ireland for the Irish," is uttered as loudly on the shores of the Mississippi as on the shores of the Shannon. It is almost impossible to arrive at accurate statistics of the number of Irish in America, but a fair approximation may be obtained. The population of America, according to a recent writer, was, in 1840, 17,063,353; in 1850, it had risen to 23,191,876; it is now [1868], 35,000,000. In 1842, the imports were in value, $100,162,087; the exports, $104,691,534; and the tonnage was 2,092,391. In 1859, the imports were $383,768,130; the exports were $356,789,462; and the tonnage was 5,146,037. This increase is beyond all historical precedence, and a future historian, who found such amazing statistics of increase, and knew nothing of emigration, would be strangely puzzled to account for it. But if he searched the files of an old English or Irish newspaper office, whatever might have been the creed or politics of its proprietors, he would soon arrive at a satisfactory solution. In the _Irish Times_, the leading Irish paper of the day, he would find the following reference to the present history of Ireland: "The Emigration Commissioners notice with some surprise the fact, that, during the past year [1867], the emigrants from Ireland were better clothed, and carried with them better furnished kits, than either the English or foreign emigrants. During the past year, 51,000 Irish emigrants left Liverpool alone--a regiment nearly one thousand strong every week. The loss of 100,000 persons annually, chiefly of the labouring classes, and generally strong, active, well-built men, affords matter for serious consideration. If the Government be contented that 100,000 yearly of the Irish population _should, increase the power of America_ [the italics are our own], they have but to refuse those generous and considerate measures which alone can keep our people at home, by giving them a chance of progressing as they do in America."

This is the honestly avowed opinion of a Protestant paper, whose editors are beyond all suspicion of writing to encourage "Popery," or preach Fenianism. An admirable parliamentary comment has just occurred in the rejection of the Protestant Church Suspension Bill by the House of Lords, though there is no doubt that the good sense and the native justice of the English nation will at length compel its acceptance.

The fact is, that at this moment nearly one-half the population of America are Irish and Catholics. The writer lately quoted, cannot refrain from a sneer at the "low Irish" in America, to whom he attributes the "insult and injury" which he is pleased to consider that Americans manifest to foreign nations, and especially to England; he forgets the old sources of injury, which no American can forget; and he forgets, also, how easily the same "low Irish" might have been prevented from exhibiting the feeling which he attributes to them.

Let those who wish to understand the present history of Ireland, read Mr. Maguire's _Irish in America_, carefully and thoughtfully. If they do so, and if they are not blinded by wilful prejudices, they must admit that the oft-repeated charges against Irishmen of being improvident and idle are utterly groundless, unless, indeed, they can imagine that the magic influence of a voyage across the Atlantic can change a man's nature completely. Let them learn what the Irishman can do, and does do, when freed from the chains of slavery, and when he is permitted to reap some reward for his labour. Let him learn that Irishmen do not forget wrongs; and if they do not always avenge them, that is rather from motives of prudence, than from lack of will. Let him learn that the Catholic priesthood are the true fathers of their people, and the true protectors of their best interests, social and spiritual. Let him read how the good pastor gives his life for his sheep, and counts no journey too long or too dangerous, when even a single soul may be concerned. Let him judge for himself of the prudence of the same priests, even as regards the temporal affairs of their flocks, and see how, where they are free to do so, they are the foremost to help them, even in the attainment of worldly prosperity. Let him send for Sadlier's _Catholic Directory for the United States and Canada_, and count over the Catholic population of each diocese; read the names of priests and nuns, and see how strong the Irish element is there. Nay, let him send for one of the most popular and best written of the Protestant American serials, and he will find an account of Catholics and the Catholic religion, which is to be feared few English Protestants would have the honesty to write, and few English Protestant serials the courage to publish, however strong their convictions. The magazine to which I refer, is the _Atlantic Monthly;_ the articles were published in the numbers for April and May, 1868, and are entitled "Our Roman Catholic Brethren." Perhaps a careful perusal of them would, to a thoughtful mind, be the best solution of the Irish question. The writer, though avowing himself a Protestant, and declaring that under no circumstances whatever would he be induced to believe in miracles, has shown, with equal candour and attractiveness, what the Catholic Church is, and what it can do, when free and unfettered. He shows it to be the truest and best friend of humanity; he shows it to care most tenderly for the poor and the afflicted; and he shows, above all, how the despised, exiled Irish are its best and truest supports; how the "kitchen often puts the parlour to the blush;" and the self-denial of the poor Irish girl assists not a little in erecting the stately temples to the Almighty, which are springing up in that vast continent from shore to shore, and are only lessened by the demands made on the same willing workers for the poor father and mother, the young brother or sister, who are supported in their poverty by the alms sent them freely, generously, and constantly by the Irish servant-girl.

Nor have the Catholics of America overlooked the importance of literary culture. A host of cheap books and serials are in circulation, and are distributed largely and freely in convent schools, collegiate establishments, and country parishes; and with a keen appreciation of the religious necessities of the great mass of non-Catholics, of which, unfortunately, English Catholics are oblivious, tracts are published in thousands for general reading, and given to travellers in the railcars, and steamboats. Nor has a higher class of literature been overlooked. The gifted superior of the Congregation of St. Paul has been mainly instrumental in getting up and superintending the labours of the _Catholic Publication Society_, which, in addition to the multitude of valuable works it has published, sends forth its monthly magazine, well entitled _The Catholic World_, which is unquestionably the best serial of its kind, and may vie with those conducted by the most gifted Protestant writers of the day, while it is far superior to anything which has as yet been published by the Catholics of this country.

Such is a brief outline, and scarcely even an outline, of the _present_ history of Ireland, in which the hearts of so many of our people are in one country, while their bodies are in another. There is another phase of this present history on which I could have wished to have dwelt much longer; I mean the political union between America and Ireland. So long as Irish emigration continues--I should rather say, so long as real Irish grievances are permitted to continue--so long will this state of things be dangerous to England. Justice to Ireland may be refused with impunity just so long as there is peace between England and America; but who shall dare predict how long that peace will continue, when, as must assuredly happen in a few short years, the Irish in America, or their direct descendants, shall form the preponderating class, and therefore guide the political affairs of that mighty people?

The maps which are appended to this edition of the _Illustrated History of Ireland_, will, it is hoped, be found not only interesting, but important. Irishmen in America will see, by a glance at the map of family names, the territories in Ireland formerly held by their ancestors. Statistics showing the fearful depopulation of the country, which, notwithstanding all the boasts of those who advocated it, has not benefited those who remain, will be found in another map. The third map is not less important; by that will be seen the immense preponderance of Catholics to Protestants; and it will suggest, no doubt, to thoughtful minds, the injustice of sacrificing the multitude to the individual few.

A few words must also be said about the two full-page illustrations which have been added to this Edition. One of the most important events in the life of O'Connell has been chosen for the one; and, alas! one of the most frequent occurrences in Irish history, from the first English invasion to the present day, has been chosen for the other. In the engraving of O'Connell, it was impossible to preserve the likeness, as the expression demanded by the incident could not be produced from any of the portraits extant; with regard to the eviction scene, it is unfortunately true to the life. Those who have read Mr. Maguire's _Irish in America_, will recognize the special subject represented. Those who read the Irish local papers of the day, may continually peruse accounts of evictions; but only an eyewitness can describe the misery, and despair of the unfortunate victims. When shall the picture be reversed? When will Irishmen return from America, finding it possible to be as free and as prosperous here? Finding that a man who is willing to toil may obtain a fair remuneration for his labour, and that a man may have the rights of men;--then, and not till then, may we hope that Irish history will, for the future, be a record of past injustice, amply compensated for by present equity.

FOOTNOTES:

[584] _Prospered_.--This gives an average of about eight persons to each house. There were 22,276 inhabited houses in Dublin in 1861, and the population was 254,480. This would leave an average of eleven persons to each house. There are only seventy-five carpenters in _Thom's Directory_, and sixty-four cabinet makers: if we give them an average of ten men each in their employment, it would not give more than 680 at the trade in all.

[585] _Own_.--_History of the United States_, p. 3. Ludlow and Hughes; Macmillan, London, 1862. The title of this work is singularly infelicitous, for it is merely a sketchy and not very clear account of the late war in America.

[586] _Spirit_.--_History of the United States_, p. 7.

[587] _Policy_.--Morley's _Burke_, p. 153.

[588] _Annulled_.--_Historical and Philosophical Essays_, Senior, vol. i. p. 197.

APPENDIX.

The letter given below, which is from the pen of a distinguished Protestant clergyman, appears to me of such importance, that I place it here to be a permanent record for the future historian of Ireland, as an important opinion on the present history of this country, but too well supported by facts.

TO ISAAC BUTT, ESQ., LL.D.

My DEAR BUTT,--If every other man in the world entertained doubts of my sincerity, you, at least, would give me credit for honesty and just intentions. I write to you accordingly, because my mind has been stirred to its inmost depths by the perusal of your address in my native city of Limerick. I do not regard the subject of your address as a political one. It ought to be regarded solely as a question of humanity, justice, common sense, and common honesty. I wish my lot had never been cast in rural places. As a clergyman, I hear what neither landlords nor agents ever heard. I see the depression of the people; their sighs and groans are before me. They are brought so low as often to praise and glorify those whom, in their secret hearts, are the objects of abhorrence. All this came out gradually before me. Nor did I feel as I ought to have felt in their behalf, until, in my own person and purse, I became the victim of a system of tyranny which cries from earth to heaven for relief. Were I to narrate my own story, it would startle many of the Protestants of Ireland. There are good landlords--never a better than the late Lord Downshire, or the living and beloved Lord Roden. But there are too many of another state of feeling and action. There are estates in the north where the screw is never withdrawn from its circuitous and oppressive work. Tenant-right is an unfortunate and delusive affair, simply because it is invariably used to the landlord's advantage. Here we have an election in prospect, and in many counties no farmer will be permitted to think or act for himself. What right any one man has to demand the surrender of another's vote I never could see. It is an act of sheer felony--a perfect "stand-and-deliver" affair. To hear a man slavishly and timorously, say, "I must give my vote as the landlord wishes," is an admission that the Legislature, which bestowed the right of voting on the tenant, should not see him robbed of his right, or subsequently scourged or banished from house and land, because he disregarded a landlord's nod, or the menace of a land-agent. At no little hazard of losing the friendship of some who are high, and good, and kind, I write as I now do.

Yours, my dear Butt, very sincerely,

THOMAS DREW.

Dundrum, Cough, co. Down, Sept. 7, 1868.

INDEX.

A.

Abbey, the Black, Kilkenny, 318. of Mellifont, 231. of St. Mary, 317. of Holy Cross, 317. of Dunbrody, 289. of Tintern, 317. of St. Saviour's, Dublin, 318. of St. Thomas the Martyr, 287. of Boyle, 316. Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, 623. Act of Emancipation passed, 647. Adamnan, St., 172. Adrian's Bull, 274. Aedh, St., 221. Aengus, St., 179 his Festology, 180 his Chronicle, 41. Aengus Grove, Synod at, 227. Aengus, King, baptism of, 123 his death, 130 ancestor of the O'Keeffes, O'Sullivans, O'Callahans, and MacCarthys, 130. Africa, Phoenician circumnavigation of, 69. Agrarian outrages and their causes, 613. Agricola, 95. Aideadh Chonchobair, legend of, 127. Ailbhé, Princess, 105. Ainmire, Hugh, 167. All Hallows Eve, 88n. Altan, St., 177. Amalgaidh, King, and his seven sons, 123. Amato, prelate who consecrated St. Patrick, 115. Amlaff the Dane, 195 in Dublin, 191. Ancient pitcher, 240. fireplaces, 240. shoes, 252. brooch, 270. boot, 251. Andrew, St., Church of, in Henry II.'s time, 272. Anglo-Irish and old Irish, their differences at Kilkenny, 487. Annals of Ulster, 39 compiled by Four Masters, 51 accounts in, confirmed _ab extra_, 68 poetry from, 198 kept with great care, 233 dedication of, 53 quotations from, 58, 59, 75, 88, 90, 94, 132, 144, 198, 199, 218, 232n, 265, 283, 388, 307, 312n. 313. of Tighernach, 48. of Innis MacNerinn, 39. of Innisfallen, 39. of Boyle, 39. of Clonmacnois, 60n. of Loch Cé, 115. of Ballitore, 630. preserved by Celtic Race, 67. Anselm, St., commends the Irish prelates, 229. Antiquities of pre-Christian Erinn, 148. Antwerp, Irish soldiers in, 478. Aqua vini and aqua vitæ, 245. Architecture of Tara, 167. Ardmore round tower, 237. Armagh, See of, 114 founded, 120 streets of, 187n. Arnold on pedigree, 85n. on history taught by verse, 86n. Athlone, siege of, 568 castle of, 314 bridge built, 308n. Attacotti, revolt of the, 96. Augustinians, Order of, 316.

B.

Bachall Isu, St. Patrick's, 114 its wanton destruction, 115. Ballitore, sufferings in, 630. Balor of the Evil Eye, 64. Banbha, the Lady, 43. Banqueting hall at Tara, 160. Baptism, ceremonies at, 229. Baraid, a Scandinavian chief, 195. Barbadoes, the Irish seat as slaves to, 515. Bards of Erinn, or filés, 40. Barretts, feud between Cusacks and, 332. Barrington, Sir Jonah, on the last night of Irish Parliament, 639. Barry, an Irishman, 601. Barrys and Roches, 445. Battle of Magh Tuireadh, 61. of Sliabh Mis, 75. at Taillten, 75. between the Firbolgs and Tuatha Dé Dananns, 62. Connor, 343. of Géisill, 78n. of Bealagh Mughna (Ballaghmoon), Kildare, 193. of Dundalk, 201. of Sulcoit, near Tipperary, 205. of Belach-Lechta, near Macroom, co. Cork, 207. of Glen-Mama (Glen of the Gap), near Dunlavin, 208. of Clontarf, 214. of Downpatrick, 325. of Benburb, 493. of the Boyne, 563. of Aughrim, 570. of the Ford of Comar, Westmeath, 160. of Magh-Rath, 171. of Almhain (near Kildare), 186. of Desertcreaght, 332. of St. Callixtus' day, 352. of Ford of the Biscuits, 451. Beare, O'Sullivan, his History, 534. Beasts, the three, to be hunted, 517. Bede's account of Ireland, 79 on Irish saints, 173. Belgium, MSS. preserved in, 46. Beltinne, or fire of Baal, 119 origin of, 164. Benignus, St., St. Patrick's successor in the See of Armagh. 116. Berchau, St., 162. Beresford faction, 616. Bill, curious, of a play, 547n. Bishops, Protestant, indifferent about regular ordination, 536. Black Death. 86. Blefed or pestilence, 162. Bog butter and cheese, 246. Bohun, Humphrey de, 270. Bonnell, his statistics, 540. Book, a, given for a ransom, 377. Books preserved, list of, 39, 44 list of lost, 39, 40. Book of Chronicum Scotorum, 39. of Laws, 40. of Ballymote, 37. of Leinster, 40. of Lecain, 37 when written, 50n. Annals of Ulster, 39. of Innisfallen, 39. of Boyle, 39. of Four Masters, 51. of Tighernach, 39. of Inis MacNerinn, 39. of Clonmacnois, 60n. Speckled, 37. Cuilmenn, 40. Saltair of Tara, 39 when written 40. of Uachongbhail, 39. Cin Droma Snechta, 39 when compiled, 43. Saltair of Cashel, 39 when compiled, 44. Saltair of Cormac, 41. of St. Mochta, 44. of Cuana, 44. of Dubhdaleithe, 44. Saltair of Temair, 43. Saltair-na-Rann, 41. of Leabhar buidhe Sláine, 44. of Leabhar na h-Uidhre, 44. of Eochaidh O'Flannagain, 44. of Inis an Duin, 44. Short, of St. Buithe's Monastery, 44. of Flann of St. Buithe's Monastery, 44. of Flann of Dungeimhin (Dungiven, co. Derry), 44. of Dun da Leth Ghlas (Downpatrick), 44. of Doiré (Derry), 44. of Sabhall Phatraic (co. Down), 44. of Uachongbhail (Navan), 44. Leabhar dubh Molaga, 44. Leabhar buidhe Moling, 44. Leabhar buidhe Mhic Murchadha, 44. Leabhar Arda Macha. 44. Leabhar ruadh Mhic Aedhagain, 44. Leabhar breac Mhic Aedhagain, 44. of O'Scoba of Cluain Mhic Nois (or Clonmacnois), 44. of Leabhar fada Leithghlinne, 44. Book of Invasions, 54. of Duil Droma Ceata, 44 of Clonsost, (Queen's county), 44. of Trias Thaumaturgas, 52. of Hispania Illustrata, 70, of Acaill, 104. of Armagh, 109. of Rights, 253n. Boromean Tribute, the origin of, 98 remitted, 185. Boulter, Dr., 581. Bran Dubh, bravery and stratagem of, 168. Bravery of the Dalcassians, 218. Breas, the warrior, 62. Brehon laws, 147 by whom compiled, 144. Brendan, St. and his voyages, 169. Brian Boroimhé, 205 avenges the death of Mahoun, 207 deposes Malachy, 209 his wife, 211 his death, 217 romantic ballad of the lady, 209 originator of surnames, 210n. Brigid, St., her birthplace, 131. Briton, origin of name, 60. Brodir, the apostate Dane, 212 kills Brian Boroimhé, 217. Browne, Dr., 395. Bruce, invasion of, 350. Bruce's, Edward, campaign, 342 his death, 345. Brunehalt, Queen, 173. Burke, MacWilliam, 299 head of the Burke family in Ireland, 299. Burke, MacWilliam, 326 wars of, with the FitzGeralds, 326 defeat of, by O'Connor, 328. Burke, celebrated statesman of 18th century, 593 his school days, 594 his hatred of oppression, 595 his marriage, 596 becomes secretary, 597 his maiden speech, 598 on Indian policy, 604. Burkes and Geraldines, 333. Burgat, Dr., his Brevis Relatio, 518n. Burgo, Richard de, 309. Burnt Njal, quotations from, 217. Butlers, the, their history, 354.

C.

Cæsar, his accounts of the Druids, 138. Cairbré, Satire of, 63. Cairbré, Cinn-Cait, 97. Cairbrés, the three, 102. Caligraphy, Irish skilled in, 185. Callaghan of Cashel, 196. Cambridge, treatise on origin of, 71. Camden on Ogygia, 72. Cannibalism, charge of, refuted, 74. Cannon-balls first used, 381n. Canons, St. Patrick's, 117. Carew's, Sir P., claim, 428. Carhampton, Lord, cruelties of, 617n. Carmelite monasteries, 323. Cashel, the Saltair of, 44. the Synod of, 275. massacre at, 496. Castlehaven Memoirs, 482n. Casts for celts, 246. Cataldus, St., 178. Catalogue of lost books, 44. Cathair Crofinn, a circular fort, 165. Cathal Carragh, 296. Cathal Crovderg, 296. Catholic Emancipation, 647. worship publicly restored, 411, Association, 583. priests, their peculiar position and difficulties, 586. question, a ministerial difficulty, 639. delegates met in Dublin, 615. Catholics, Orangemen bribed to persecute, 616n penal laws against, 576. Cauldrons as tribute, 241. Cavalry, 309n. Ceann Cruach, great ancient idol of the Irish, 121. Ceasair, taking of Erinn by, 54 landing in Ireland of, 57. Celedabhaill, his quatrains, 198. Celestine, Pope, sends St. Patrick to Ireland, 115. Celsus, St., 227 when buried, 227. Celtic language, antiquity of, 147 remains of, 46. Celtic literature, 37. Celtic and Roman history, 81. Celts, description of, 160. Chariots used in Ireland, 167. Charlemont, Earl of, his life, 607. Charles I., reign of, 473 his "faith," 475. Charles II., reign of, 520 his treatment of the loyalists, 521. Chesterfield and Adam Smith on Ireland, 603. Chichester, Sir John, 580. Chichester's Parliament, 471. Chieftains, Irish, 303. Child, interment of a, 157n. Christ, the age of, 94. Christian missions, 108. Christianity, introduction of, 112. Chronicle of Cormac MacCullinan, 41. of Aengus Ceilé Dé, 41. of Richard of Cirencester, 139. Chronicum Scotorum, 58 compiled by, 50 account in, 57 on Partholan's landing in Ireland, 58. Chronology, difficulties of, 44 Irish, 80. Cin Droma Snechta, 39 quotations from, 43 on Irish immigration, 58. Circular forts, 165. Cistercians, Order of, 316. Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 155. Clanrickarde, Earl of, 356. Clare, Lord, on Irish cultivation, 638. Clare election, the, 649. Clarence, Duke of, 371. Clergy, state of the Catholic, in the reign of Elizabeth, 426. Clonmacnois, the Annals of, 60n. Clubs in the seventeenth century, 545 Clynn, the annalist, 319. Cobhthach Cael, 90. Codex, containing Venerable Bede's works, 47. Coigley, Father, arrested and hanged, 624. Colgan, his labours, 52 mention of, 534. College of Physicians, establishment of, in Dublin, 543. Colleges, continental, established for Irish students, 535. Colonists--Scythians, Greeks, 68. Colonization, proofs of our early, 55 the last, 75. Columba, St., and the Bards, 168. Columbanus, St., his rule, 173 on papal supremacy, 176. Commercial status of Irish towns, 540. Comyn, John, Archbishop of Dublin, 291 his imprisonment, 295. Conchessa, 112. Confessions, St. Patrick's, 113. Conairé II., 103 collects laws, 104. Conn of the Hundred Battles, 101. Conn's half of Ireland, 102. Connaught, ancient, 64 massacre in, 297 three claimants for, 307 rising of the men, 323 plantation of, 475. Conor Mac Nessa, legend of, 127 death of, 128. Controversy, theological, of the "Three Chapters," 175. Cooke, Mr., publishes a pamphlet, 631. Coote's cruelties, 482. Cork Militia, cruelties of the, 626. Cormac, author of Saltair of Tara, 104. Council at Tara, 172. Courcy, John de, in Ulster, 286 his valour, 286 his defeat in Antrim, 288 his death. 298. Craftiné, the poet, 91. Crannoges, 159. Cranmer, Archbishop, 410. Cremation not usual in Erinn, 155. Crom Chonaill, the, 162. Cromlechs, 155 in the Phoenix Park, 161. Cromwell arrives in Ireland, 500 marches to Drogheda, 500 massacre at Drogheda. 501 letters, 502 his cruelties, 503 brutality of his soldiers, 503 his massacre at Wexford, 503. Cromwellian settlement in Ireland, 512n. Crovderg, Hugh, 307 his death, 308. Cruelties of English officers, 417. Crystède, his account of Ireland, 363. Cuilmenn, the, 40. Culdees, the, 182 question on the 179n. Curia Regis, held at Lismore, 273. Curragh of Kildare, 255. Curran, his life, 606. Cusack, Sir Thomas. 409 favours O'Neill, 421. Custom-house built, 638.

D.

Dá Derga, destruction of the court of, 91. Dagges, 413n. Dalriada, the Irish, 131. Danes, Malachy's exploits against the, 207 in Ireland, 204 cruelties of the, 190 divided into Black and White Gentiles, 191 found sea-port towns, 200 supposed conversion of, 204 pipes, 241 the Dalcassians fight the, 205. Danish fortress in Dublin, 278n the first invasion, 188 attempted second invasion, 224 pirates, first raid of the, 188 valour, battle of Clontarf, 215. Dante, 385. D'Alton on the Round Towers, 163 on History, Religion, &c., of Ancient Ireland, 68n. Dathi, 107. Defective Titles, Commission of, 475. Derry, siege of, 558. Dervorgil, the Lady, 234. Desmond, Earls of, their ancestors and descendants, 282n. Castle, 221. Earl of, his witty reply, 384. Destruction of the idols, 121. Details of the atrocities of the military, 621. Diarmaid, Princess, pursuit of, 106. Diarmaid's reign, misfortunes of, 167. Dicho, St. Patrick's first convert, 116. Dinnseanchus, a topographical work, 164. Dog, story of a faithful, 571. Domhnach, Gaedhilic term for Sunday, 121. Domhnach Airgid, 134n. Dominican Order in Ireland, 318. Donatus, St., 178. Doneraile Conspiracy, 643. Dowdall, Dr., opposition of, 410. Downpatrick, battle of, 325. Drapier's Letters, the, 581. Dress of the poorer classes in Ireland in seventeenth century, 552. Drink of the ancient Irish, 243. Drinking vessels of different kinds, 243. Druids and their teaching, 137. Drumceat, first convention held at, 167. Drury, his cruelties, 443 his death, 443 Dubhdaleithe, Book of, 44. Dublin in the seventeenth century, 544. Dublin, fashionable and prosperous, 638. Dubtach salutes St. Patrick at Tara, 121. Duke of Clarence, Viceroy, 371. Duke of York, viceroyalty of, 375. Dunboy, siege of, 460. Duncheadh, St., 221. Dundalk, battle of, 201.

E.

Early missionaries. 108. Eber, 84. Ecclesiastics, cruelties practised on, 452. Ecclesiastical property, confiscation of, 403. Edward I., reign of, 329. Elizabeth, Queen, accession of, 412 martyrs in the reign of, 416. Emania, Palace of, 89. Embargo laws, 578. Emmet's career, 640. Enda, St., 169. English, invasion of the, 257. come to Ireland for instruction, 178. quarrels of, barons, 300. law refused to Ireland, 362. writers, mistakes of, 361. schism, real cause of, 394. Irish emigrants defeat the, 584. Enniskilleners, cruelties of the, 559. Eras, three, in Irish history, 387. Eremon, reign of, 77 his death, 78 families descended from, 84. Eric, or compensation for murder, 146. Erinn, St. Patrick's mission to, 112. ancient chronicles of, 48n. pre-Noahacian colonization of, 55. takings of, 57. early geographical accounts of, 72. social accounts of, 73. ancient laws of, 144. religion of, 137. customs of, 139. language of, 147. antiquities of, 153. five great roads of ancient, 101. Essex, Earl of, tries to colonize Ulster, 432 his interview with O'Neill, 456 his death, 433. Ethnea, Princess, 123. Eva, her marriage with Strongbow, 264. Exchequer of the King of England in Dublin, fourteenth century, 339. Exiled Irishmen, 478.

F.

Fairs, Irish, seventeenth century, 538. Falkland, Lord, suspected of favouring the Catholics, 473. Fauna, description of, 253. Fené-men, the, 42n. Fenian poems and tales, 87 ascribed to, 105. Fes, or triennial assembly, 163. Fethlimia, Princess, 122. Fiacc's Hymn, Scholiast on, 111. Fidh Aengussa, the Synod of, 227. Fifth taking of Ireland, 62, Fiacre, St., 177. Finnachta Fleadhach, the Hospitable, 171. Finnen, St., 162, Fintan, son of Bochra, the Irish historian, 40. Firbolg chiefs, division of Ireland by, 60 battles of, 62. Fish in Ireland, 80n anecdote on, 72n. FitzAldelm, his viceroyalty, 285 his death, 299. FitzGerald, war between De Burgo and, 326. FitzGerald, war between De Vesci and, 333. FitzGerald, Lord Edward, joins the United Irishmen, 618 arrest of, 624 his death, 624. Fithil, the poet, 40. FitzMaurice obtains foreign aid, 441 his death, 443. FitzStephen, 260. FitzWilliam, Earl, viceroyalty, of 616. Flahertach, Abbot, and King of Munster, 194 Flann, his Synchronisms, 49 synchronizes the chiefs and monarchs with the kings of Erinn, 50. Flann, King, his reign, 192. Flint used to make weapons of defence, 160. Flood, his life, 607. Flora, description of, 253. Foillan, St., 177. Fomorians, the, 60-64. Food of the ancient Irish, 241 of poorer classes in seventeenth century, 553. Ford of the Biscuits, battle of, 451. Fothadh of the Canons, 180. Franciscan Order in Ireland, 319 their patriotism, 344 their convents, 312 remarkable spring, 319 persecution of, 474. Friars Preachers, Order of, 318. Fridolin, St., 178. Froude's History of England, quotations from his account of the English clergy, 440. Fursey, St., 177.

G.

Gall, St., 177. Galls, description of, 187n.

Gallic Church, labours of the Irish in 177. Gaul, the Celts of, 73. Irish saints venerated in, 183. Géisill, battle of, 78n. Genealogies, differences between, and pedigrees, 80-82. Milesian, 79. peculiar historical value of, 80. and pedigrees, 51. General Assembly at Kilkenny, 485. Geographical accounts of Ireland, 72 George I., 582. Geraldines, rising of, 1534, 390 ancestor of the, 333 their wars, 334 defeated at Kenmare, 325. Germanus, St., his Canons, 117. Gertrude, St., daughter of King Pepin, 177. Gherardini, letter from the, 384. Gilla Caemhain, an Irish writer, 49 gives annals of all times, 49. Ginkell, General, 568. Glundubh, Nial, lamentation for, 196. Gold ornaments, 157. Goldsmith, his life, 609. Gordon's, Mr., account of the atrocities of the military, 628, 629. Gormgal, St., 221. Gormflaith, Brian Boroimhé's wife, 210. Gospels, the, used by St. Patrick, 134. Graces, the, 474. Grammatica Celtica, 46. Granard and Staigue, 237. Grattan's demand for Irish independence, 590 his life, 607 entrance into the Imperial Parliament, 640. Grainné, pursuit of, and Diarmaid, 106. Greeks said to have visited Ireland, 139. Grey, Lord, desecrates churches, 133. Grey, John de, 301. Guaire, his hostility to St. Columba, 167.

H.

Harp, when first used as an emblem, 249. Haverty's History of Ireland, 221n. Henry II. lands in Ireland, 270 produces the Bull, 274 makes his son Lord of Ireland, 287 holds a synod at Cashel, 273 his palace, 272 Henry IV., his reign, 368 his death, 294. Henry V., 369. Henry VI., Wars of the Roses, 371. Henry VII., 379. Henry VIII., 387 persecutions during the reign of, 401 Dr. Browne's letter to, 399. Herodotus, quotations from, 69. Hibernia, the first buried in, 57. Himantiliginos, game of, 141. Himerus and Iberus, 70. Hispania Illustrata, 70. Historians of Erinn, 40. Historians of the seventeenth century, 531. Historic Tales, 86. Historical value of genealogies, 80, 87. History, Ecclesiastical, 227. History of the Exile, 91. Hoggen's Butt, and Le Hogges, 272. Holy wells not superstitious, 143. Honorius III., 305. Howth family founded, 298n. Hua Alta, race of, 125. Hy-Figeinte (Munster), 125. Hy-Kinsallagh (co. Carlow), 125. Hymn of St. Fiacc, 117. of St. Patrick, 120. Hy-Nials, contention between the, 223 palace of, 224 the northern, 192 divided into two clans, 204.

I

Idols, worship of, 88. Immoralities of the reformed clergy, 404. Imperial standard, 639. Inchiquin, 488 massacre at Cashel by, 496. Innocent I., 100. Innocent X., 490. Insult to the Irish peeresses, 608. Insurrection in Wexford, 626. in Ulster, 629. Ireland, climate of, 80, colonization of, 57. article on, in Rees' Cyclopædia, 67. last colonization of, 75. ancient laws of, 144. antiquarian remains in, 153. first mill in, 165. fauna and flora of, 253. literary ladies in, 374. persecutions in, 388. Ireland, ecclesiastical property forfeited in, 403. plantations attempted in, 429, 432. social life in, seventeenth century, 529. before the Union, and after, 637. early geographical account of, 72. early social account of, 73. Bede's account of, 79. the Romans feared to invade, 95. Saxon invasion of, 185. first Danish invasion of, 188 second invasion, 224. the circuit of, 197. Murtough's circuit of, 224. Spenser's account of, 439. division of, by the Firbolg chiefs, 60. receives the faith generously, 111. given the name of Hibernia, 70. the first writer who names, 71. called Iernis, 71. Ireton's cruelties and miserable death, 507. Irish genealogies, their rise, 85. keen, 141. painters, 608. musicians, 608. MSS., 45. authors, 608. actors, 608. missionaries, 173. missionary saints, 178. poetry, 180. poets, 605. bishops at the Council of Lateran, 289. war-cries forbidden, 383. pedigrees, their importance, 81. people transplanted as slaves to Barbadoes, 514. chronology compared with Roman, 81. schools and scholars, 183. alphabet, 152. butter and cheese, 246. fireplace, 247. clothing, 250. priests, their devotion to the people, 587. communications with Rome, 490. old, the, and the new English, 491. priests, their peculiar position, 586. history, materials for, 39. martyr, the first, 125. saints, 167. religious, 221. Irish king sent to the Isle of Man, 225. Rinuccini's account of the, 491. Catholic landowners, injustice towards, 509. Brigade, formation of, 574. Irishmen, celebrated, of the eighteenth century, 592, Iron Duke, 639. Island Magee, massacre of, 481. Ita, St. 169.

J.

Jackson, Rev. William, his miserable death, 616. James I., his reign, 463. James II., his reign, 555 arrival in Ireland, 557. Japhet, Milesians descended from, 84. Jerome's, St., statement on Ireland, 74. John of the Shamrocks, 434. John, Prince, receives title of King of Ireland, 287 his visit to Ireland, 292 second visit to Ireland, 302 succeeds to the English crown, 296 starves a bishop to death, 301 letter of Innocent III. to, 295 death, 304. Josephus, 68. Judgment of a king, 103.

K.

Kadlubeck, historian of Poland, 48. Keating, the historian, 531. on Erinn, 43n. quotations from, on the division of Ireland, 60. on descent from the Scythians, 68. on the battle of Bealagh Mughna, 193. books referred to by, 45. on colour, as a distinction of rank, 89n. on battle of Dundalk, 203. burial-place, 532. inscription in honour of, 533. Kennedy, Prince of Munster, 202. Kildare, Earl of, and Henry VII., 384. accused of treason, 384. last Catholic Earl of, 387. letter of, 388. Kildare, Monastery of, 132. Kilian, St., 177. Kincora, Brian's "Happy Family" at, 209 destruction of, 226. Knights of the Royal Branch, 125. Kunrann the poet, 187.

L.

Lacy, De, made Viceroy of Ireland, 289 endeavours to become King of Ireland, 291 cruel death, 293 family become extinct, 311. Lady physicians, 66. Laeghairé, King, holds a pagan festival, 119 receives St. Patrick at Tara, 120 his oath, 129 his death, 129 his burial, 129n. Lammas-day, 164. Landing of the Picts, 79. of Partholan, 58. of Ceasair, 57. Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 228. Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, 301. Language of ancient Erinn, 147 writing in pre-Christian Erinn, 148 Ogham writing, 150. Laws, the Brehon code of, 144 its peculiarities, 145. of the Innocents, 172. of succession, 146. of ancient Erinn, 144. Leix, St. Patrick's visit to, 124 cruelties of the deputy of, 417. Lewis, Sir G.C., 85n. Lhind, quotations from, 95n. Lia Fail, 76 or Stone of Destiny, 165 mention of, 165. Life, social, previous to the English invasion, 237. Limerick, siege of, by Ireton. 506 by William of Orange, 566 by Ginkell, 571. Linen trade, 251, 540. Literary ladies in Ireland, 374 Literary men of the seventeenth century, 531. Livin, St., 178. Londres, Henry de, made Governor of Ireland, 306 surnamed Scorch Villain, 306. Louvain collection, 46 friars, 52. Loyola, St. Ignatius, 120n. Lucas, his life, 607.

M.

Macaille, St., 131. MacArt's, Cormac, Saltair. 40 his reign, 103 his death, 105. Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome, 247n. Maccallin, St., 221. MacCarthy, King of Desmond, 229. MacCarthy More murdered at Tralee, 357. MacCullinan, Cormac, priest and king, 192 his reign, 193 his death, 193n. MacCumhaill, Finn, 105 his courtship with the Princess Ailbhé, 105. MacFirbis, quotations from, 54, 58 his book on pedigrees, 85 his pedigrees of the ancient Irish and Anglo-Norman families, 50 murdered, 51. MacGilluire, Coarb of St. Patrick, 315. MacLiag, the poet, 210n. MacMurrough, Dermod, King of Leinster, 233 attends synod at Mellifont, 234 his interview with Henry II., 258 Henry grants him letters-patent, 259 his death, 266. MacMurrough, Art, 367 his death, 370. MacNally, advocate of the United Irishmen, 618. Macutenius on St. Patrick's Canons, 118. Maelmuire, "servant of Mary," 227n. Maelruain, St., of Tallaght, 179. Magna Charta, 305. Magog and his colony, 68 his descendants, 84. Magrath, Miler, the apostate, 78. Mahoun, brother to Brian, 204 is murdered, 206. Mailduf, St., 178. Malachy, St., 229 visits Rome, 231 death of, 231. Malachy II., 198 exploits against the Danes, 208 wins his "collar of gold," 208 Brian deposes, 209 his death, 218. Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece, 141. Marco Polo, 46. Marisco, De, his treachery, 311 his death, 312. Mary, Queen, 410. Massacre of a prelate, priest, and friars, 402 of a bishop, 466 at Wexford-bridge, 628 at Cashel, 496 at Wexford, 503 of three priests, 445 of three Franciscans, 453 at Drogheda, 501 at Mullamast, 438 at Fort del Ore, 444 at Scullabogue House, 627. Mellifont, Abbey of, 231 Synod at, 231 founded, 317. Meloughlin, King of Meath, 191. Metalogicus, the, of John of Salisbury, 275n. Milcho, St. Patrick's master in captivity, 116. Milesian genealogies, 84, 88. Milesians, landing of the, 75 they conquer, 77. Milford Haven, 292. Milidh, fleet of the sons of, entrance into Ireland, 75. Mississippi Scheme, 584. Mochta, St., 151. Moira, Lord, exposes the cruelty of the yeomanry, 619. Moling, St., 109. Monastery of Kildare, St. Brigid's, 132. Kilcrea, 321. of Bobbio, 176. of Timoleague, 321, of Tallaght, 179. of St. Columbkille, 293. of Cluain Eidhneach, 179. of Donegal, 321 desolation and plunder of, 189. of Clonbroney, 188n. of St. Columba, 230, 234. of Ibrach (Ivragh), Kerry, 230. of Lismore, 226. of St. Kevin, 235. of Dunbrody, 289. of St. Peter's of Lemene, near Chambery, 381. of Clonfert, 170. of Mellifont, 234. of Clonmacnois, 221. Irrelagh (Muckross), 322. Clonmel, 322. Drogheda, 322. Cill-Achaidh, 374. Montgomery, 584. Montmarisco, 237 becomes a monk, 289 Monroe, 493. Monroe, Henry, 629. Moore, his History, 37 his partiality for Malachy, 209 on religion, 111 his life, 605. Morann the good, and his collar of gold, 97. MSS. preserved in Trinity College, 44. of ancient Irish history, 39n. Celtic, preserved in Belgium, 45. Continental, 45n. in British Museum, 46. Stowe collection of, 45n. MSS., Latin, 46. Loftus, 415. Burgundian, 46. legendary and historical, of Irish history, 39. Muckross Abbey, 322. Muircheartach, first Christian king of Ireland, 131. Muircheartach, his circuit of Ireland, 197 killed by Blacaire, 197. Murphy, Father, killed, 628. Murrough's game of chess, 211. Murtough of the Leathern Cloaks, 196.

N.

Neamhnach, the well, 164. Napier's, Lady, letter respecting the tenantry of Duke of Leinster, 623. Nathi, King, 116. National joy at the restoration of Catholic worship, 464. Nemedh, arrival of, 59. Nemenians, emigration of, 60, 62. Nemthur, St. Patrick's birthplace, 110. Nennius, 69. Nesta, her beauty and infamy, 259. Nestor, 48. Netterville, John, Archbishop of Armagh, 318. Newspapers in seventeenth century, 545. Newtownbutler, engagement at, 595. Nial of the Nine Hostages, 106. Nial Black Knee, 194. Nicholas, St., College of, 51. Niebuhr, his theory of history, 82. on the story of Tarpeia, 82n. on learning by verse, 86. Noah, genealogies from, 58. Normans, their arrival in Ireland, 257. their luxurious habits, 272. Cambrensis' account of them, 277. the, ridicule the Irish nobles, 293. feuds of the, in Ireland, 300. their treachery, 311. Viceroys, 285. Nuada of the Silver Hand, 61 his privy council, 64. Numa Pompilius, 89.

O.

O'Brien, Turlough, Monarch of Ireland, 222 his death, 223. O'Brien, Donnell, King of Thomond, 271. O'Briens, from whom descended, 84. O'Clery, Michael, one of the Four Masters, 52 his literary labours and piety, 54 his first work, Trias Thaumaturgas, 52 rewrote the Book of Invasions, 54 patronized by Fearghal O'Gara, 53. O'Connell, Daniel, in the House of Parliament, 647 obtains Catholic Emancipation, 647 represented Ireland, 641 his life, 642 his maiden speech, 643 Doneraile Conspiracy, 643. O'Curry, when Moore visited, 37 his opinion of early Irish civilization, 104 his labours, 38 on Erinn, 48n on Keating's statement of Irish descent, 68 on Cormac's writings, 104n on the Bachall Isu, 115 on Brehon Laws, 145 on Irish saints, 178 on musical instruments, 250 on Irish martyrs, 416. O'Connor, Hugh, 308. Felim, 309, 313. of Offaly, 339. Roderic, 235. expelled from Offaly, 408 returns to Ireland, 411. Margaret, a literary lady, 374. Nuala, 321 establishes the monastery of Franciscans at Donegal, 321 her death, 322. Arthur, 624. O'Connor Faly, Margaret, visits England, 411. O'Daly, the poet, 303. O'Donnell, Hugh, entertainment of, at Windsor, 387. O'Donnell, Hugh Roe, his treacherous capture, 447 leaves Ireland, 459. O'Donnell More, died at Assaroe, 313. O'Donovan, Dr., quotations from, on Brehon laws, 144. Odran, St., 147. O'Duffy, Catholicus, 304. O'Duffy, Donnell, 233. O'Flaherty, his Chronology, 81. Ogham writing, 149. Oghma, Danann prince, invented the writing called Ogham Craove, 76. Ogygia of the Greeks, 72. Ogygia, account in, of ancient writings, 148n. O'Hagan, the Abbot Imar, 229. O'Hartigan, Kenneth, 221. O'Hurly, Dr., 453. Ollamh Fodhla, 89. Ollamh, office and qualifications of a, 83, 86. O'Loughlin, Donnell, 226. O'Loughlins of Tyrone, 231. O'More, Rory Oge, 437 Roger, 480. O'Neill, Donough, 207 O'Neill, Shane, 409 feared by the English, 418 attempts to poison him, 419 Lord Chancellor Cusack persuades him to forget the poisoning, 420 he is killed treacherously, 422. O'Neill, Hugh, marriage of, 450 his insurrection, 454 defeats Bagnal, 455 his interview with Essex, 456 attempts to assassinate him, 458 his power decreases, 461 plot to entrap him, 468 his flight and death in Rome, 469. O'Neill, Sir Phelim, 480 marches against Monroe, 493. O'Neill, Owen Roe, 480. O'Neill, Hugh Boy, slain in 1283, 332. O'Neill, Donnell, 198, Ormonde, the Duke of. 483 his intrigues, 492. Orpheus, first writer who mention Ireland, 71. Orr, Mr., his trial and death, 620. O'Toole, St. Laurence, Archbishop of Dublin, 234 his genealogy, 235 Abbot of St. Kevin's monastery, at Glendalough, 235 his patriotism, 267 his journey to France, 290 sent as ambassador to Henry II., 281 his death, 290. Oirdnidhe, Hugh, the legislator, 179.

P.

Palatines, the, 580. Palladius, St., mission of, 109. Palliums, 231. Partholan, landing of, 58. Partholyan, English traditions of, 71. Patrick, St., his birthplace, 112 visits Tara, 120 his successful preaching, 123 relic of his hand, 134 his copy of the Gospels, 134 his burial-place, 133 devotion of his servant, 125 his death, 126 his vision, 113 his prayer for Ireland, 135 destruction of the idols, 121 his Hymn, 120 his captivity, 113. Peep-o'-Day Boys and Defenders, 613. Pelasgian remains, 158. Pembroke, Earl of, plots against, 311. Penal Laws, enactment of, 576. Perrot, Sir John, 417. Petrie, Dr., quotations from, on Brehon laws, 115. Petty, Sir William, 541. Philosophical Society, the Dublin, 546. Phoenician colonization of Spain, 70 circumnavigation of Africa, 69. Physicians, establishment of their college in Dublin, 543 Picts, landing of the, 79. Pitt, William, 613. Plantation of Connaught, 510 of Ulster, 469. Plowden's account of the atrocities of the military, 602. Plunkett, Dr., his trial and execution, 528. Plunkett, Lord, in parliament, 640. Poyning's Parliament, 379 law, and its effects, 382. Presentation Order, 593n. Priests, cruel massacre of, 496 their efforts to save Protestants, 483. Protestant Church, state of, 425.

Q.

Quipus used as a register by the Indians, 150.

R.

Raith Beóthaigh (Rath Beagh), an ancient burial-place, 78. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 439. Rath at Leighlin, 200 of the Synods, 165. Reformation, attempts to introduce the, 415. Reformed clergy, preaching of, 405. Religious houses and their founders, 316. Remonstrance to the Holy See, 341. Reports on the state of Ireland, 648 Richard I., accession of, 294. Richard II., visits Ireland, 365. Rinuccini, 489n lands at Kenmare, 490 reception in Kilkenny, 491 returns to Italy, 497. Rock of Cashel, 193. Rodanus, St., 162. Romantic Tales, 91. Rose Tavern, 544. Rotundo built, 638. Round Tower controversy, 153. Rowan, A. Hamilton, 615 Rufus, William, boast of, 257.

S.

Sacramental test, 579. Saltair of Temair, 41. na-Rann, 41. of Cashel, 44. of Cormac, 41. San José, arrival of, 443. Saviour's, St., Dublin, 318. Schomberg's camp, disease in, 560. Scots, 69. Scraball, 164. Scythian colonists, 68 Irish claim descent from, 65. Seanchaidhé, poet, 83n. Seanchus Mor, language of, 145 translator of, 145. Sedulus, St., 178. Segetius, priest, 115. Senchan Torpéist, 40. Severe winters and pestilences in Ireland, 223. Sheehy, Father Nicholas, judicial murder of, 589. Sheridan, his life, 608. Shrines of the three saints, 133. Sidney's official account of Ireland, 423 his interview with Granuaile, 434. Silken Thomas, his rebellion, 391 his execution, 392. Silver shields, 89. Simnel crowned in Dublin, 380. Simon, Rabbi, 68. Sitric arrival of, 195 treachery of, 201. Smith, Adam, on Ireland, 603. Smithfield, origin of the name, 241n. South Sea Bubble, 581. Spenser's Castle, 423 grandson, 513 description of Irish misery, 439. Sreng, warrior, 62. Statements in our annals confirmed by a Jewish writer, 68. Statute of Kilkenny and its effects, 359. Stierman, 48. Sterne, Dr., 544. Strafford, Earl of, 77. Strongbow, Earl of Clare, arrives in Ireland, 263 genealogy, 263 marriage of, and Eva, 264 proclaims himself king of Leinster, 266 returns to England. 268 death of, 282 his seal, 284. Succession, law of, 146. Superstitions, Irish, 142. Swan, Major, 624. Swift, Dean, 581 his writings, 581 his life, 607. Swords and chariots of ancient Ireland, 167.

T.

Tacitus, 95. Táin bó Chuailgné, the expedition of, 92 the story of, 93. Talbot, Archbishop, 525. Tanaiste, 147. Tandy, Napper, 612. Tara, account of ancient, 163 site of, 41 cursing of, 162. Taverns and coffee-houses, 544. Theatre, the first, in Dublin, 547. Thomas, St., of Canterbury, 266. Thompson, Charles, Secretary of Congress, 601. Threnodia Hiberno-Catholica, 511. Tighernach's Annals, 49 uses the dominical letter, 49 mentions the lunar cycle, 49 quotes historical writers, 49 his home, 48. Tighearnmas, 88. Timoleague, Monastery of, 321. Tithes introduced into Ireland, 232. Tom the Devil, 622. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 614. Tradition, its use in history, 40. Trias Thaumaturgas, 52. Trinity College, foundation of, 462. Tuatha Dé Dananns, fifth taking of Ireland by, 61 their skill as artificers, 61 battles of, 62, 75 dynasty passed away, 76. Tuathal, reign of, 98. Tuite, Richard (the great baron), 333. Turgesius the Dane, 189. Tussach, St, 126.

U.

Ugainé Mor, reign of, 90. Ultan, St., 171. Union, the, 632. United Irishmen, the, 618. Usher, Archbishop, 534 his indifference about orders, 536 on St. Patrick's Canons, 117 as an historian, 534. Usher's Island, 318n.

V.

Veto, the, 643. Victorious, 113n. Vinegar Hill, the battle of, 627. Volunteers, the, 591. Virgilius, St., 178. Vivian, Cardinal, 286 entombs the relics of the three saints anew, 294.

W.

Warbeck's plot, 381. Ware, 415. Ward, Father, 52. Waterford rugs, 539. Wellesley, Chief Secretary, 640. Wesley, John, his remark about Moira House, 318n. Wheat planted early, 243. White and Black Gentiles, 191. Whiteboys, the, 584. Wilde, Sir W., 79n. Wives purchased in Erinn, 43 exchanged, 229. Words and Places, 58n. Wood's halfpence, 581. Wren, veneration for the, 140.

Y.

Yeomanry, fearful cruelties of the, 630. York, house of, 371 Duke of, made Viceroy, 375. Yorkists, popularity in Ireland, 376. insurrection of the, 378. Youghal, foundation of Convent of, 318 College of, 378 burned down, 443. Young's remedy for Irish disaffection, 585.