An Elementary Study of Chemistry

~The natural sciences.~ Before we advance very far in the study of nature, it becomes evident that the one large study must be divided into a number of more limited ones for the...

~History.~ The discovery of oxygen is generally attributed to the English chemist Priestley, who in 1774 obtained the element by heating a compound of mercury and oxygen, known...

~Law of Boyle.~ This law expresses the relation between the volume occupied by a gas and the pressure to which it is subjected. It may be stated as follows: _The volume of a gas...

~Historical.~ The element hydrogen was first clearly recognized as a distinct substance by the English investigator Cavendish, who in 1766 obtained it in a pure state, and showe...

~Historical.~ Water was long regarded as an element. In 1781 Cavendish showed that it is formed by the union of hydrogen and oxygen. Being a believer in the phlogiston theory, h...

~Three fundamental laws of matter.~ Before we can gain any very definite idea in regard to the structure of matter, and the way in which different kinds of substances act chemic...

~Formulas.~ Since the molecule of any chemical compound consists of a definite number of atoms, and this number never changes without destroying the identity of the compound, it...

~Historical.~ Nitrogen was discovered by the English chemist Rutherford in 1772. A little later Scheele showed it to be a constituent of air, and Lavoisier gave it the name _azo...

~Atmosphere and air.~ The term _atmosphere_ is applied to the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth. The term _air_ is generally applied to a limited portion of this envelope,...

~Definitions.~ When a substance disappears in a liquid in such a way as to thoroughly mix with it and to be lost to sight as an individual body, the resulting liquid is called a...

~Acids, bases, and salts.~ The three classes of compounds known respectively as acids, bases, and salts include the great majority of the compounds with which we shall have to d...

~Definition of valence.~ A study of the formulas of various binary compounds shows that the elements differ between themselves in the number of atoms of other elements which the...

~Occurrence.~ As has been stated in a former chapter, nitrogen constitutes a large fraction of the atmosphere. The compounds of nitrogen, however, cannot readily be obtained fro...

~Reversible reactions.~ The reactions so far considered have been represented as continuing, when once started, until one or the other substance taking part in the reaction has...

~Occurrence.~ The element sulphur has been known from the earliest times, since it is widely distributed in nature and occurs in large quantities in the uncombined form, especia...

A number of the elements have now been studied somewhat closely. The first three of these, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, while having some physical properties in common with e...

================================================================== | | | | | ATOMIC | MELTING | BOILING | COLOR AND STATE | WEIGHT | POINT | POINT | ______________|________|____...

~The family.~ Carbon stands at the head of a family of elements in the fourth group in the periodic table. The resemblances between the elements of this family, while quite mark...

~Conditions necessary for flames.~ It has been seen that when two substances unite chemically, with the production of light and heat, the act of union is called combustion. When...

~Introduction.~ In the chapter on The Atomic Theory, it was shown that if it were true that two elements uniting to form a compound always combined in the ratio of one atom of o...

================================================== | | ATOMIC | | MELTING | SYMBOL | WEIGHT | DENSITY | POINT -----------+--------+---------+---------+--------- Phosphorus | P |...

================================================================= | | | | | | SYMBOL | ATOMIC | DENSITY | CHLORIDES | OXIDES | | WEIGHT | | | ____________|________|________|____...

~The metals.~ The elements which remain to be considered are known collectively as the metals. They are also called the base-forming elements, since their hydroxides are bases....

================================================================= | | | | | | SYMBOL | ATOMIC | DENSITY | MELTING | FIRST PREPARED | | WEIGHT | | POINT | __________|________|___...

=========================================================================== | | | | | | | | | MILLIGRAMS SOL- | | | | | UBLE IN 1 L. | | | | | OF WATER AT 18° | | SYMBOL | ATOMI...

=========================================================================== |SYMBOL |ATOMIC |DENSITY |MELTING |BOILING | OXIDE | |WEIGHT | | POINT | POINT | --------------------...

~The family.~ The element aluminium is the most abundant member of the group of elements known as the aluminium family; indeed, the other members of the family--gallium, indium,...

=================================================================== | | | | | | | | | APPROXIMATE | | SYMBOL | ATOMIC | DENSITY | MELTING | OXIDES | | WEIGHT | | POINT | _______...

================================================================== | | | | | | | | | | FORMULAS OF OXIDES | SYMBOL | ATOMIC | DENSITY | MELTING |___________________ | | WEIGHT |...

~The family.~ Tin and lead, together with silicon and germanium, form a family in Group IV of the periodic table. Silicon has been discussed along with the non-metals, while ger...

==================================================================== | | | | | | SYMBOL | ATOMIC | DENSITY | MELTING | FORMULAS OF ACIDS | | WEIGHT | | POINT | __________|______...

============================================================================== | | | | | | | | ATOMIC | | HIGHEST | HIGHEST | MELTING | SYMBOL | WEIGHT | DENSITY | OXIDE | CHLOR...

~Division of chemistry into organic and inorganic.~ Chemistry is usually divided into two great divisions,--organic and inorganic. The original significance of these terms was e...