CHAPTER X

GROWING INTO MATURITY, 1909-45

Growth in numbers had been very rapid during the first eighty years. It was not unusual to hear the confident prediction that at this rate they would soon “take the country,” and it seemed disloyalty to doubt that the rate of increase would continue. But the population of the country was also growing very rapidly, though not so rapidly as the Disciples. So long as there was an open frontier—that is, until about 1890—and even later, while the heavy westward migration continued, the Disciples outran the general population increase. But so also did the Methodists and Baptists. Immigration from Europe brought tremendous reinforcements to Roman Catholics and Lutherans, none to Disciples; and Disciples gained by conversion almost none of these immigrants or their children. The nation was becoming increasingly urban, while the Disciples remained more rural than other large communions. Inevitably there were diminishing returns in growth.

There was a high point in 1910. It was higher still in 1914, with an abrupt drop of nearly 300,000 to 1915, and a fair rate of growth thereafter. An improvement in statistical methods probably explains the greater part, though perhaps not all, of the apparent loss in 1915. Certainly there was no great disastrous event in that year. Perhaps some of the “Churches of Christ” were included in the count until 1915. Here are the figures since 1900:

1900 1,120,000 1905 1,238,515 1910 1,363,533 1915 1,142,206 1920 1,178,079 1925 1,450,681 1930 1,554,678 1935 1,618,852 1940 1,669,222 1944 1,681,933

Improving the Machinery

With the recognition of many fields of responsibility besides home and foreign missions and the consequent multiplication of societies, each having an annual “special day” to promote its work and raise its funds, a good deal of rivalry and confusion ensued. There were not enough days to go around. For example, the Foreign Society bitterly opposed the claim of the new American Christian Education Society (1903) upon the third Sunday in January as Education Day, because this interfered with the exclusive occupancy of January and February in preparation for Foreign Missions Day, the first Sunday in March; but it could do nothing about it because the latter was an independent and theoretically coordinate society. Moreover, the conventions were conventions of the societies rather than of the churches.

The first step toward remedying this condition was the appointment of a “calendar committee,” at Buffalo in 1906, to devise a plan for reducing the number of special days. There was no immediate result. At New Orleans in 1908, the constitution of the American Christian Missionary Society was amended to provide for a delegate convention in which every church, whether contributing or not, should have elected representatives. So much parliamentary confusion attended this action that it was not carried into effect. The Centennial Convention of 1909 appointed a standing committee to consider unifying all missionary and philanthropic work under one or two boards. The committee’s intimation that it would recommend a strictly delegate convention to which all societies should report touched off a long and heated discussion. “Delegate convention” became, for the more conservative element, a symbol of apostasy, as “higher criticism” and “federation” had been a few years earlier.

The formal report of the committee was made at Louisville in 1912, and the vote was almost unanimous in favor of a general convention to be composed of elected and accredited delegates from the churches. The convention of the following year, at Toronto—which was supposed to be composed of delegates but was not, because few churches sent them—ratified the delegate plan which it failed to exemplify. In subsequent conventions also there were few delegates. The delegate system failed not because of opposition but because of indifference to it. The vast majority of churches did not elect delegates, and habitual convention-goers continued to go whether they were delegates or not. At Kansas City, 1917, a new constitution was adopted, which, while retaining the delegate feature, made it meaningless by giving equal voting power to all members of churches who were in attendance. (It was like having an elected Congress with the provision that any citizen who cares to attend its sessions shall have all the powers of a congressman.) But with a large and representative “Committee on Recommendations” serving as an upper house, the plan works surprisingly well.

A national publication society, to be owned by the brotherhood and operated for its benefit, seemed desirable to many. A committee was appointed in 1907 to study the problem. Mr. R. A. Long solved it by agreeing, in December, 1909, to buy all the stock of the Christian Publishing Company, publishers of the _Christian-Evangelist_ and of books and Sunday school materials, and place it in the hands of a self-perpetuating board of directors, all profits to be appropriated to the missionary and other enterprises of the Disciples. The fears of a regimentation of opinion by an “official” journal and publishing house have proved groundless. The Christian Board of Publication is, in fact, no more “official” than are the Disciples’ colleges, which have exactly the same kind of ownership and control. But the brotherhood does get the profits, which have totaled much more than Mr. Long’s original gift.

Mr. Long was also the prime mover in, and the largest donor to, the Men and Millions Movement, the aim of which was to enlist a thousand men and women for religious service and to raise six million dollars for missions and colleges. The campaign, beginning in 1914, was interrupted by the war, but its financial goal was finally reached.

The unification of missionary agencies had been suggested at least as early as 1892 and discussed at intervals thereafter. Before it was accomplished, the separate societies had already reformed some of the evils of the old system by establishing a joint budget committee to make the securing of funds for the various interests cooperative rather than competitive, and by stressing weekly giving for missions as part of each congregation’s financial system instead of relying upon spasms of appeal on special days. Conditions caused by World War I doubtless precipitated the consolidation of the societies. In 1919 the home and foreign missionary societies, the Christian Woman’s Board of Missions, the boards of church extension and ministerial relief, and the National Benevolent Association were merged to form the United Christian Missionary Society. F. W. Burnham was its president until 1929.

Some Disciples, without being opposed to societies on principle, had long been critical of much that the societies did and the way they did it—their “cold institutionalism” and “bureaucratic methods” and their concern with so many things other than winning converts by the simple plea of faith, repentance, and baptism and organizing churches according to the ancient order. The United Society fell heir to these hostilities and aroused more. One result was an increase in the number of “independent agencies.” These have a loose bond among themselves as the “Associated Free Agencies.” The _Christian Standard_, chief journalistic critic of the organized work, publicizes these agencies and, together with the Christian Restoration Association, lends them its support. The annual North American Christian Convention appeals primarily to those who stand aloof from the United Society and support the independent agencies.

Widening Educational Horizons

The remarkable improvement of the Disciples’ colleges has been an indication of the widening intellectual outlook of the communion and also one of the causes of it. The increase of endowments was only one aspect of the improvement, but an essential one. In the first thirty years of this century, the total of their endowments rose from $3,300,000 to $33,000,000. There was similar betterment of buildings, libraries, and equipment. Academic standards were raised, and faculties were better trained for their specific tasks. The transformation of Bethany College, beginning with the administration of President T. A. Cramblet, from the decadent and moribund state into which it had fallen to its present admirable and flourishing condition, is an example of what several colleges achieved. Drake, Butler, Phillips, and Texas Christian University gained honorable prominence in their states and beyond. These four developed graduate schools for the ministry, or raised toward full graduate status the departments they already had. The College of the Bible, at Lexington, entered upon a new epoch. Transylvania, always prominent in Kentucky, resumed the ancient name which identified it as “the oldest college west of the Alleghenies.” There were also casualties among the colleges. As costs increased and academic requirements stiffened, some were forced to close down. Cotner was one of these.

Meanwhile, much larger numbers of the younger ministers have been taking advantage of the resources of other universities and seminaries. Hundreds have gone to Yale Divinity School, hundreds more to the Divinity School of the University of Chicago and the Disciples Divinity House. The pastors of the great majority of the larger churches at the present time are men who have had such education. Likewise the faculties of the Disciples’ colleges and of their graduate schools for the ministry are composed, almost without exception, of university-trained men. The “cultural isolation” of the Disciples has definitely ended.

The Congresses of the Disciples, which began in 1899 and were held annually until about 1925, were a valuable means of adult education for ministers. These were gatherings for the discussion of religious, theological, and social problems which could not properly come before the conventions. They were characterized by great freedom of utterance. At first, all phases of opinion were represented, but as the more conservative element gradually dropped out, the congresses lost much of their value.

Liberal Tendencies

Through all these agencies, the liberalizing effects of the newer learning were widely diffused. One aspect of this was that a great number of ministers accepted the so-called “modern view” of the Bible, based upon historical and critical methods of study, in place of the theory of inerrancy and level inspiration. Proof texts lost something of their finality. The pattern of the primitive church seemed somewhat less sharply drawn, and the duty of restoring it in every detail less axiomatic. Christian truth and duty were seen as far more extensive, and far less simple, than the conversion formula and the restoration of the ancient order as these had been conceived. In this atmosphere of opinion, the stress was upon union, while the concept of restoration seemed to require reinterpretation to give it continued validity. All this had begun to happen in the previous period; but now it happened on a large scale, reaching many important pulpits, the colleges, the missionary executives, the missionaries themselves.

It was no longer possible to say that only a little coterie of young men held and taught these disturbing ideas. Their spread could not plausibly be charged to the Campbell Institute, though this provided a free forum for its members. The Campbell Institute began in 1896 as a company of fifteen young men who had done some graduate work, or were still doing it. It was organized, as its constitution says, “to enable its members to help each other to a riper scholarship by a free discussion of vital problems; to promote quiet self-culture and the development of a higher spirituality both among the members and among the churches with which they shall come in contact; and to encourage productive work with a view of making contributions of permanent value to the literature and thought of the Disciples of Christ.” The young men grew older, and their number increased to several hundred. The institute’s meetings were all open to the public, its membership was opened to any college graduate who cared to enroll, and a wide variety of theological opinions found expression on its programs and in its organ, the _Scroll_. It never pulled a wire to get one of its members into a position of honor or leadership. Still, it was and is of some significance as an incentive to untrammeled thinking, an organization liberal enough to be equally hospitable to liberal and conservative opinion.

The _Christian Century_, immediately after C. C. Morrison became its proprietor and editor in 1908, became the exponent of a more liberal theology than had ever been voiced by any Disciples’ paper, an equally liberal social outlook, and the strongest possible emphasis upon the unity of all Christians. Gradually, and quite definitely from about 1920, it became an undenominational journal with a large constituency among all communions. The prestige that it gained in the wider field and its complete editorial independence gave it great influence among thoughtful Disciples as a stimulus to their own thinking even if they did not go all the way with it.

The Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity, which grew out of a meeting called by Peter Ainslie at the 1910 Topeka convention, of which he was president, stressed the things which the Disciples held in common with other communions and, through many years, sought ways of cultivating this fellowship. While the association itself did not espouse open membership, it did not envision union by the universal acceptance of the Disciples’ “historic plea” for the immersion of penitent believers for the remission of sins and the restoration of the pattern of the New Testament church as they had understood it. But Dr. Ainslie, who was president of the association for many years, became an outspoken advocate of open membership, which he called “recognizing the equality of all Christians before God.”

Missionaries in certain foreign fields, especially China, were reported to be too little concerned with baptizing converts and too much involved in activities other than pressing the “distinctive plea” of the Disciples. Whether or not they actually received Chinese Methodists or Presbyterians who had no other church home, remained a disputed question even after a self-appointed investigator had gone to China and reported that they did.

Conservative Reaction

From all these circumstances there arose a vigorous campaign of criticism against all the agencies that seemed implicated in this liberal tendency. The attack upon Transylvania University and the College of the Bible, long a citadel of orthodoxy but now manned by younger men of university training, was spearheaded by the Bible College League in 1916. It failed to accomplish its purpose. The “Medbury resolution,” passed by the 1918 convention, demanded that the Foreign Society forbid the reception of unimmersed persons into mission churches in China. An explanation by Frank Garrett that what looked from a distance like open membership in China was really not that, because the mission communities were not fully organized churches, brought the repeal of the Medbury resolution.

But criticism was only checked, not silenced. The “restorationists” organized the New Testament Tract Society to spread “sound doctrine.” The Board of Managers of the new United Society adopted an affirmation of allegiance to the “historic position” of the Disciples, including immersion, signed it themselves, and required all missionaries to sign it. The 1922 convention adopted the “Sweeney resolution,” which approved this action and put teeth into it. A “peace committee,” in 1924, failed to agree, and the _Christian Standard_ led in organizing the Christian Restoration Association and began to publish the _Restoration Herald_. The Oklahoma City convention of 1925 adopted a resolution by which it ordered the recall of any missionary who “has committed himself to belief in the reception of unimmersed persons into church membership,” and voted to send a commission to the Orient to find the facts. The commission reported that it found no open membership in China, and the Board of Managers officially interpreted the Oklahoma City resolution as “not intended to invade the right of private judgment, but only to apply to such an open agitation as would prove divisive.” The critics repudiated both the report and the interpretation and, when defeated in the 1926 Memphis convention, called the first “North American Christian Convention” for October, 1927. This convention, repeated annually, has continued to be the rallying place of the opponents of the United Society.

While open membership has been thrust into the foreground in the controversy between the United Society and its critics, the society does not avow sympathy with that practice and refuses to admit that this is the real issue. But it cannot be doubted that there are two contrasting views as to the basis of the Christian unity which Disciples seek and the nature and scope of the restoration at which they aim. Under this difference lie two views of the Bible, and from it flow differences of emphasis upon baptism. The admission of the unimmersed is openly defended by relatively few, but quietly practiced by a good many. Still more are restrained from it, not by their own convictions, but by the feeling that at present it would promote division rather than unity.

An Ecumenical Outlook

All Protestantism has been seeking ways of cooperation and dreaming of unity during the past forty years. In these efforts the Disciples have had their full share, and their hope of unity has been more than a dream. The revived conception of an ecumenical church is congenial to their best tradition and has stirred them to reconsider the ways in which they may help in its realization.

The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America has been the foremost cooperative agency since 1905. A Disciple suggested that name, and Disciples had a part in its organization and have been well represented in its leadership. Jesse Bader has been at the head of its department of evangelism for many years. Herbert L. Willett was in charge of its Midwestern office for a considerable period. Edgar DeWitt Jones has served as its president. The Disciples have entered heartily into cooperative educational work in foreign missions and into comity arrangements both at home and abroad for the allotment of fields and the distribution of forces to prevent duplication and competition. A Disciple missionary, Samuel Guy Inman, has been the leading spirit in the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America. The Interchurch World Movement, which aimed at a revival of Christian work and the strengthening of all Christian institutions immediately after World War I, was overambitious and became a costly fiasco. Disciples shared in this, too, and paid their part of the staggering deficit.

What is more explicitly called the Ecumenical Movement began with a World Conference on Foreign Missions, at New York City in 1900. This led to a similar conference in Edinburgh in 1910. The Disciples were not represented in the organization or on the program of either of these. In the minds of the promoters of these conferences, they were still an unknown people, or a minor sect. Some Disciples attended, however, as unofficial observers. Beginning with the problem of unity in missions, the Ecumenical Movement expanded to become “Life and Work” (Stockholm, 1925, and Oxford, 1937) and “Faith and Order” (Lausanne, 1927, and Edinburgh, 1937). The problems of Christianity in relation to other world religions were studied at the Jerusalem Conference, 1930, and those of the “younger churches” of the mission lands at Madras, 1939. In all these ecumenical gatherings, the Disciples have had a recognized place and have taken an active part. They have also recorded their adherence to the World Council of Churches, which grew out of the Oxford and Edinburgh conferences of 1937.

Sunday school work had an undenominational aspect at its very beginning, early in the nineteenth century. Disciples took part in the International Sunday School Association, organized in 1872, and adopted its uniform lessons. B. B. Tyler was its president in 1902. Other organizations arose to develop more modern phases of religious education. Robert M. Hopkins was prominent in the Sunday School Council from the start, and he was chairman of the executive committee of the International Council of Religious Education for eleven years after its formation by the union of the old International Association and the Sunday School Council in 1922. Roy G. Ross is now executive secretary of the International Council. Many other Disciples, experts in various phases of this work, have borne heavy responsibilities in these organizations, especially in the latest and most comprehensive one.

In brief, no communion has been more active in all the cooperative enterprises of the churches in recent years, or more sympathetic with the ecumenical trend toward thinking less of the churches and more of the Church.

The bitter experiences of World War II have accentuated the common responsibilities of all the churches in the face of a resurgent paganism and world-wide suffering. Disciples have participated in the counsels of Christians on the problems of war and peace and have not shunned their special burdens. They raised a million-dollar emergency fund, furnished their quota of chaplains with the armed forces, made provision for their conscientious objectors. The Drake Conference on “The Church and the New World Mind” was part of their contribution to the study of postwar problems.

Rethinking the Disciples

The central body of opinion among Disciples cherishes the watchwords “union” and “restoration,” about which the whole movement has developed. But it recognizes that changed conditions and widened horizons may require a reconsideration of the program of union and of the meaning of restoration. It is not the impatience of youth but the voice of experience that rejects a static and unchangeable system. J. H. Garrison was editor and editor emeritus of the _Christian-Evangelist_ for sixty years. In the last contribution written with his own hand, published on April 11, 1929, being then in his eighty-eighth year, he wrote:

Are we Disciples, who started out a century ago to plead for Christian unity, losing our zeal for this holy cause, or are we losing confidence in ourselves as fit instruments of our Lord for promoting it? I think it would be a good move for the president of our international convention to appoint at once a committee to study and report on the question: What changes in the way of addition or subtraction are demanded among the Disciples to make their plea more efficient, either in its substance or in the manner of its presentation to the world?

The religious world today is very different from what it was a century ago. Science has given us a different conception of nature and of the universe. Biblical criticism has changed for most of us our view of the Bible, making it not a less but a more valuable book for the student of religion. This increase of light is evident in every department of knowledge. Is it possible that all these changes do not require any readjustment in the matter and method of a plea for unity inaugurated more than a century ago?

This suggestion bore fruit, a few years later, in the appointment of a Commission on Restudy of the Disciples of Christ. Since 1935, this commission has carried on a study of the past and the present with a view to finding what readjustments may profitably be made for the future. This is only one of many groups which are concerned that the Disciples shall not simply be “a great people,” as they sometimes proudly and truly claim that they are, but shall go forward to the fulfillment of their highest purposes. There is yet much light to break from God’s Word and from the teachings of their own experience.

INDEX

A “Acceptance with God,” 23 Acheson, Thomas, 69 Adams, John, 19, 29 Africans brought to England, 24 Ahorey, 60 Ainslie, Peter, 150 Alabama, “Christian” churches in, 98 Allen, T., M., 101 Altars, Abraham, 66 Amend, William, 85 America in 19th century: characteristics of, 28-31; churches in, 31-36 American and Foreign Bible Society, 109 American Christian Bible Society, 108 American Christian Education Society, 143 American Christian Missionary Society, 111, 112, 122-23, 124, 126, 143; founded, 110; ceases to function, 123 _American Christian Review_, 113, 122, 124 Ames, E. S., 138 Anabaptists, 18 Anglican Church, separation of Methodists from, 42f. Anti-Burgher Presbyterians, 60 Antislavery societies, 36 _Apology for renouncing the Jurisdiction of the Synod of Kentucky, An_, 54 _Apostolic Times_, 124 Arkansas College, 115 Armenians, missions to, 128 Asbury, Francis, 41-43 _passim_ “Associate membership,” 138 Associated Free Agencies, 146 Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity, 150 Augsburg Confession, 19 Aulard, A., 19

B Bacon College, 106, 114 Bader, Jesse, 153 Baltimore, Haldanean churches in, 84 Baptism, 25, 26, 135-39, 151-52; Ainslie on, 150; A. Campbell on, 79, 104-5, 135-36; A. Campbell debates on, 77-79, 106; design of, 79, 87; in Brush Run Church, 74-75; in China mission, 150; in Christian Church, Ky., 56-57; and opinion, 96; Pinkerton on, 136; the “one institution,” 104; Stone on, 95-96. _See also_ Immersion; Open membership Baptists, 41; A. Campbell’s relations with, 76ff., 108-9; Disciples’ differences from, 87-88; English, 22; Free Will, 45; “General,” 35, 53; in America in 1800, 34-35; in Kentucky, 30, 81ff.; in Rhode Island, 32; in Virginia, 32; “Kissing,” 83-84; “New Testament,” 95, 97; “Old Scotch,” 22; “Particular,” 53; and religious liberty, 37-38; separation from, 87ff., 90 Barclay, James T., 110-11 Baxter, William, 85 Beardslee, J. O., 111 Bentley, Adamson, 87 Berea College, 115 Bethany College, 76, 107, 114, 147; and slavery issue, 116-17 Bethany, W. Va., 80 Bethel, Ky., 57 Bible distribution, cooperation in, 36 Bible, modern view of, 148. _See also_ Higher criticism “Bible chairs,” 128, 131 Bible College League, 151 Bible Society: American and Foreign, 109; American Christian, 108 Blythe, James, 50 Boston: “Christian” church at, 46; in 1800, 29; Sandemanian churches in, 22 “Brethren,” 26 Brown University, 34 Brush Run Church, 73, 74-75, 81, 135; joins Redstone Association, 75 Bucer, Martin, 18 Buffaloe, 62, 80 Burgher Presbyterians, 60 Burnet, D. S., 106, 108 Burnham, F. W., 146 Butler University, 114, 147

C Caldwell, David, 47-49 _passim_ Calendar committee, 143 California, beginnings in, 102 Calvin, 18, 121 Calvinism, 33, 44, 49, 54f., 60, 88 Campbell, Alexander, 10-14 _passim_, 18, 23, 27, 72, 87, 90, 98, 99, 113; born, 60; decides for ministry, 66-67; at Glasgow, 67; Breaks with Seceders, 68; reaches America, 66, 68; reads _Declaration and Address_, 68; first sermon, 73; licensed to preach, ordained, 74; marries, acquires property, 76; immersed, 74-75; founds _Christian Baptist_, 80-82; conducts boarding school, 77; takes lead in reform, 76ff.; preaches among Baptists, 76, 77; first visit to Kentucky, 79; debates Walker, 77-79; debates Maccalla, 79; founds church at Wellsburg, 81; tours Kentucky in 1824, 82; meets Scott, 84; at Virginia Constitutional Convention, 88-89; debates Owen, 89, 103; founds _Millennial Harbinger_, 91; meets Stone, 92; publishes _The Christian System_, 103; at his zenith, 102ff.; debates Purcell, 105; debates Rice, 105-6; founds Bethany College, 107; elected president of missionary society, 110; tours Indiana in 1850, 112; death, 122, 123; early theological views, 67f.; Ewing’s influence, 67f.; Locke’s influence, 62; no effective evangelist, 103; on baptism, 77-79, 104-5, 106, 119, 135-36; on church and state, 77; on cooperation, 108; on ecclesiastical order, 80; on education, 107; on missions, 108-9, 122; on slavery 88-89, 116-17; “rules of interpretation,” 134; “Sermon on the Law,” 76f., 78; his views vs. Stone’s, 94-98 Campbell, Thomas, 10-14 _passim_, 18, 27, 34, 84, 103; early life, 60; migrates to America, 62; charges against, 62f.; breaks with Seceders, 63ff.; _Declaration and Address_, 66, 68; elder of Brush Run Church, 73; is immersed, 74-75; _Declaration and Address_, summary of, 66, 68, 69ff., 135; differences from Seceders, 64f.; early views, 61f.; on baptism, 74-75; on causes of divisions, 71; on clergy, 65; on creeds, 64-65, 71; on “expedients,” 72; on faith, 64, 65; on unity, 70, 72 Campbell Institute, 149 “Campbellites,” 83, 103 Camp meetings: _See_ Revivalism Cane Ridge, Ky., 50, 51, 55; meeting at, 50ff. “Catechetical exhibition,” 72, 80 Cave, Robert L., 136-37 Centennial Convention, 140, 144 Chicago, University of, 132, 134, 147 Children’s Day, 129 Chillingworth, William, 19 China, missions in, 129, 150, 151 Chinese Nestorians, 18 Christmas Conference, 42 “Christian,” name adopted, 56 _Christian_, 126 Christian Association of Washington, 66, 69-70, 73 _Christian Baptist_, 72, 79, 80-82, 90, 101, 120, 122; compared with _Christian Messenger_, 94-98; publication ends, 91; and Scott, 84 Christian Board of Publication, 145 _Christian Century_, 127, 138, 149-150 “Christian” Churches, 13, 41ff.; in Kentucky and the west, 47-59, 82, 92-99; in New England, 44-47, 99; in Virginia and North Carolina, 41-44, 99; views of Stone’s, 94-98; union with Disciples, 92, 98-99 Christian College, 115 _Christian-Evangelist_, 126-27, 135, 137, 145, 155 _Christian Messenger_, 58, 59, 92ff., 99; compared with _Christian Baptist_ and _Millennial Harbinger_, 94-98 _Christian Monitor_, 72 _Christian Oracle_, 127 Christian Publishing Company, 126, 145 _Christian Quarterly_, 124 _Christian Record_, 113 Christian Restoration Association, 146, 151 _Christian Standard_, 123, 124, 127, 133, 135, 139, 140, 146, 151 _Christian System, The_, 103-4 Christian Woman’s Board of Missions, 128, 146 Church, S. H., 139 Church and state, 20; in America, 28; separation of, 36, 37, 39-40, 77 Church Extension, Board of, 126, 129, 146 “Church of Christ,” 26 “Churches of Christ,” 12, 25f.; British, 27 Clarksville, Tex., 102 Clay, Henry, 106 Clergy: _See_ Ministry Close communion, 26, 119-120. _See also_ Open membership Coke, Dr., 42 College of the Bible, 151 Colleges, 114-15; founded, 106f.; improvement of, 146f.; number of, in 1897, 131 Columbia, Mo., 115 _Commentary on Acts_, 137 Commission on Restudy of the Disciples of Christ, 156 Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, 153 Community of goods, 26 Concord, Ky., 50 _Congregationalist_, 46 Congregationalists, 19, 32-33 Congresses of the Disciples, 133, 148 Conservative group (antimissionary society), 12 Conservative reaction, 1909-45, 150ff. Constitutional Convention, 37 Controversy, period of, 119ff. Cooperation, 11, 36, 100 Cotner College, 147 Craig, W. B., 138 Craighead, Thomas, 50 Cramblet, T. A., 147 Creath, Jacob, Sr., and Jr., 83 Creeds, 64, 65, 71, 80, 94, 119, 120-21 Crockett, David, 102 Cross, Alexander, 111 Cumberland district, 50 Cumberland Presbyterians, 52, 55

D Danbury, Conn., 22 Danville, Ky., 50 Davies, Samuel, 49 _Declaration and Address_, 14, 61, 66, 68, 103, 141; summary of, 69-73; “brought down to date,” 124 Deer Creek, Ohio, conference of “Christians,” 58 Delegate convention, 144-45 Denominationalism as normal, 17 Denver, 138 Design of baptism: _See under_ Baptism Disciples: beginnings as separate body, 87, 90; early growth, 90-91; growth 1830-44, 99ff. (_see also_ Statistics); general views, 94-97; name, 11-12, 95; organization for cooperation, 100; periodicals of, 91 (_see also_ Periodicals); rethinking, 155-56; separation from Baptists, 87-88; union with “Christian” Churches, 91, 98-99 Disciples Divinity House, 132, 134, 147 “Dissenters,” 15; in New England, 32 Divisions, causes of, 71 Drake Conference, 155 Drake University, 115, 147 D’Spain, Lynn, 102 Dunlavy, John, 54, 56

E Ecumenical Movement, 152, 153ff. Edinburgh conferences, 153 Edinburgh: Haldanes organize church in, 24; “primitive” church in, 25 Edinburgh, University of, 10 Education, renaissance in, 1874-1909, 130-32. _See also_ Colleges Elizabeth, Queen, 19 England, missions in, 128 Episcopacy, 32 Episcopalians, 19 Errett, Isaac, 13, 113, 116, 119; issues “Synopsis,” 120; launches _Christian Standard_, 123-24; death, 127 Eureka College, 115 Evangelism: A. Campbell’s, 103; Franklin’s, 113-14; Scott’s, 97-98; Smith’s, 97; Stone’s, 97-98 Evangelical Alliance, 109 _Evangelist_, 126 Ewing, Greville, 24, 67-68 “Exercises,” 51-53 _passim_ “Expedients” vs. commandments, 72

F “Faith and Order,” 153 Faith: as act of reason, 23, 64, 65, 67-68, 87-88, 94-95; before repentance, 22 Fall, P. S., 83 Faraday, Michael, 21 Farmer-preachers, 34 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ, 140, 152-53 Federation, 133, 139-41, 144 Federation of Churches and Christian Workers, 139 First Amendment, 36 Florida in 1800, 30-31 Foot washing, 26 Foreign Christian Missionary Society, 128, 136 Foreign Missions Conference of North America, 140 Forrester, Mo., 83, 84 Franklin, Benjamin, 113-14, 116, 122, 123 Franklin College, 114

G Garfield, James A., 124 Garrett, Frank, 151 Garrison, J. H., 126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139, 155 Gaston, Joseph, 86 “General Conference” at Windham, Conn., 46-47 Georgetown, Ky., 106 Georgia, Stone visits, 48 Glas, John, 12, 20-21, 22, 61, 67, 84 Glasgow, University of, 10, 60, 67 _Gospel Advocate_, 124 _Gospel Preacher, The_, 114 Graham, Robert, 124 Great Awakening, 35, 49 Great Western Revival, 50ff. Greensboro, N. C., 47, 48 Growth of Disciples: _See_ Statistics Guirey, William, 54

H Haden, Joel, 101 Haggard, Rice, 43, 56 Haldane, J. A., and Robert, 12, 24ff., 61, 84; influence on A. Campbell, 67-68 Haldanean churches, 25, 26, 83-84, 112 Haley, J. J., 124, 137 Hanover, N. H., 45 Harper, W. R., 134 Harrodsburg, Ky., 106 Hartford (Seminary), 132 Harvard University, 132 Hayden, A. S., 86 Hayden, William, 86, 87 Henry, John, 86 _Herald of Gospel Liberty_, 46, 56, 59 Higher criticism, 133-35, 136, 144 Hill, Rowland, 61 Hiram College, 114 Hiram, Ohio, church at, 81 Hodge, William, 48 Hofmann, Melchior, 18 Holley, Horace, 93 “Holy kiss,” 26 Holy Spirit, Stone’s view, 93 Home Missions Council, 140 Hopkins, Robert M., 154 Hopson, W. H., 124 Hull, Hope, 48, 49

I Illinois: beginnings in, 101; “Christians” in, 58 Immersion, 22, 57, 68, 95-96, 119, 133, 135, 151; adopted by Brush Run Church, 74-75 Independent agencies, 146 _Independent Monthly_, 136 India, missions in, 128, 129; attempted by Haldanes, 24 Indiana: beginnings in, 100-101; “Christian” churches in, 98; Disciple churches in, 112; first state convention in, 101; sends messengers to first convention, 109 Indianapolis, church organized in, 101 Inman, Samuel Guy, 153 Instrumental music, 47, 119, 121-122, 124, 132 Interchurch World Movement, 153 International Council of Religious Education, 154 International Sunday School Association, 154 Iowa: “Christians” spread into, 58; “Christian” churches in, 98

J Jacksonville, Ill., Stone at, 101 Jamaica, missions to, 111, 128 Jerusalem Conference, 153 Jerusalem mission, 110-11 Johnson, B. W., 126 Jones, Abner, 45-46 _passim_ Jones, Edgar DeWitt, 153

K Kentucky: “Christian” churches in, 47-49, 82, 92-99; Baptists in, 81ff.; A. Campbell’s first visit to, 79; Disciple churches in, 112; in 1800, 30 Kentucky Female Orphan School, 114 Kentucky University, 106 “Kissing Baptists,” 83-84 Knoxville, Tenn., Stone at, 50

L Lard, Moses E., 115, 118, 121, 124 “Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery,” 55 Lausanne Conference, 153 Lexington, Ky., 50, 51, 53, 105, 106; in 1800, 30; meeting between “Christians” and Disciples, 98-99 Liberia, missions to, 111, 128 Liberty of opinion, 16-17 “Life and Work,” 153 Locke, John, 16, 23, 61-62, 84 “Log College,” 33-34, 49 Logan County, Ky., 51 Long, R. A., 145 Lord, J. A., 139 Louisiana Territory in 1800, 31 Louisville, Ky., 83 “Louisville Plan,” 123, 128 Loyalty resolution, 118 Luther, Lutheranism, 18, 19 Lunenburg letter, 104, 135 Lyndon, Vt., 45

M Maccalla, W. L., 78-79, 82 Madison, James, 89 Madras Conference, 154 Mahoning Association, 78, 83, 86, 141; appoints Scott as evangelist, 85; dissolution of, 87f., 90; emphasizes restoration, 81; separates from Baptists, 86, 87 Marshall, John, 89 Marshall, Robert, 54, 57 Mathes, James M., 113 Matthews, Mansil W., 102 Matthews, R. T., 137 McBride, Thomas, 101 McGarvey, J. W., 117, 121, 124, 133-34, 135, 137 McGee, John, and William, 51 McGready, James, 47-48, 49, 51 McKinney, Collin, 101-2 McLean, A., 129 McLean, Archibald, 22 McNemar, Richard, 52, 53, 56, 65 Medbury resolution, 151 Meldenius, Rupertius, 17 _Memoirs of Alexander Campbell_, 63 Men and Millions Movement, 145 Methodists, 30, 35, 41-44, 49, 53 Michigan, University of, 128, 131 Midway, Ky., 121 Ministerial Relief, Board of, 129 Ministry: and laity, 21; T. Campbell on, 65; “Christians’” view, 96-97; _Christian Baptist_ attacks status of, 80; Disciples’ view, 97; education of, 116, 130, 131-32; no “call” to, 88; schools for, 147 Mississippi, “Christian” churches in, 98 Missouri, 126; beginnings in, 101; “Christians” in, 58, 98 _Millennial Harbinger_, 91, 99, 102, 107, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123; compared with _Christian Messenger_, 94-98; quotation from, 104-5 Missionary societies: controversies over, 122-23; unification of, 145-46 Missionary society: formed, 110; opposition to, 110, 113 _Missionary Tidings_, 128 Missions: A. Campbell on, 108-9; controversy over, 122-23, 132; development of foreign, 128-29; Franklin on, 122, 123; in China, 150, 151; in England, 128, 136; in Jamaica, 111; in Jerusalem, 110-11; in Liberia, 111, 128; rise of interest in, 128f. Money making, 114 Monroe, James, 89 Moore, W. T., 136 Mormon Church, 78-79 Morrison, Charles Clayton, 127, 138, 149 Morro, W. C., 134 “Mutual edification,” 21, 120 Muckley, George W., 129 Munnell, Thomas, 137

N Names of movement, 11-12, 95 Nashville, Tenn., 51; Stone at, 50 National Benevolent Association, 129 National Convention, first, 109-10 “National Covenant,” 20 Native American party, 105 Nestorians, 18 New Albany, Ind., 106 _New Christian Quarterly_, 137 New England: “Christian” churches in, 44-47, 99; general conference in, 59; motives in settlement of, 31, 32ff.; Sandemanian churches in, 22; Haldanean churches in, 84 New Light Presbyterians, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 60 New Lisbon, Ohio, 1831 meeting at, 100 New Testament Tract Society, 151 New York: episcopacy in, 32; Haldanean churches in, 84; in 1800, 29; “primitive” church in, 25 Non-Sectarian Church, 137 North American Christian Convention, 146, 152 North Carolina: “Christian” churches in, 41-44; episcopacy in, 32 North District Association, 82-83 Northwest Territory, 29-30 Northwestern Christian University, 114, 116

O Ohio: admitted, 30; “Christian” churches in, 98 O’Kane, John, 101 O’Kelly, James, 42, 43, 48, 65 O’Kelly secession, 43 Oklahoma, 126 _Old Faith Restated, The_, 137 Old Light Presbyterians, 60 “One-man system,” 119, 120 Open membership, 135ff., 138, 150, 151-52 Opinion, political and social questions as matter of, 117 Ordinance of 1787, 29 Oregon Territory, beginnings in, 102 Organ controversy: _See_ Instrumental music Organization: for cooperation, 100; lack of, an asset in Civil War period, 117f.; of early movement, 11; of “Christians,” 57f.; on national scale, 108; opposition to, 110; periodicals as substitute for, 113 Original sin, 22 Oskaloosa College, 115 Otten, B. J., 18 _Our Plea for Union in the Present Crisis_, 138 Owen, Robert, 89, 103 Oxford Conference, 153, 154

P “Pacifist manifesto” of 1861, 117 Pattillo, Henry, 49 Pearre, Mrs. C. N., 128 Pendleton, W. K., 116 Pension Fund, 129 Periodicals: as substitute for organization, 113; of Disciples, 91; in 1849-74, 113-14. See also _Christian Baptist_, _Christian-Evangelist_, etc. Persecution, reasons for, 37 Philadelphia: in 1800, 29; Presbyterians in, 33 Philadelphia Confession, 35, 81, 83, 88 Phillips brothers, 124 Phillips University, 147 Philputt, J. M., 138 Piermont, N. H., “Christian” church at, 45 Pinkerton, L. L., 136 Pittsburgh, 10, 12, 78; T. Campbell preaches at, 62; Centennial Convention at, 140; in 1800, 30; Scott at, 83; Synod of, 73, 74 “Plan of Salvation,” 113 Plan of Union, 33 “Plurality of elders,” 21 “Popular churches,” 35 Portsmouth, N. H., “Christian” church at, 46 Powell, E. L., 139 Presbyterians, 19; and revivalism, 52-53; anti-Calvinism among, 54f.; in early America, 33-34; in Kentucky, 30; in Virginia, 32 Presbytery of Chartiers, 62, 63, 65 Princeton, 34, 47, 50, 132 Protestant reformers, 14-15, 18f. Protestantism, types of, 15 Publication society founded, 145 Purcell, Archbishop, 105 Puritans: and religious liberty, 38; in New England, Virginia, 32

Q Quakers and religious liberty, 37f.

R Randolph, John, 89 Redstone Association, 75, 76, 81 _Reformer_, 113 “Reforming Baptists,” 80-83 _passim_, 90, 95 Religious experience, 23 Religious liberty, 37-39 _passim_; in America, 28; in Rhode Island, 32, 34. _See also_ Church and state; Unity of Christians Religious unity: _See_ Unity of Christians Republican Methodists, 43-44 _Restoration Herald_, 151 Restoration of primitive Christianity: and division, 24-27; _Christian Baptist_ emphasizes, 80; history of idea, 14, 17-20; in 18th century, 12, 20ff., 27, 67; in 16th, 17th, centuries, 27; modern view, 148, 152; need of reconsidering, 155-56 “Reverend,” 47, 55, 119, 120 Revivalism, 51, 52, 53, 82 Rhode Island, religious liberty in, 32, 34 Rice, N. L., 106 Rich Hill, 60, 61, 66 Richardson, Robert, 63, 67 Rigdon, Sidney, 78-79 Rogers, John, 99 Roman Catholicism, 14f., 18, 37; A. Campbell’s debate on, 105 Ross, Roy G., 154 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 19 Russian Church, 18

S St. Louis, 101, 126, 129, 136 Salem, Mass., “Christian” churches at, 46 Salvation, steps in, 84-85 Sandeman, Robert, 12, 21-23, 61, 84; influence on A. Campbell, 67, 68 Sandemanian churches, 21-23, 25, 26, 112; Disciples as “off-shoot” of, 23 Sanford, E. B., 139 Scotch-Irish: Immigration of, 34; in Virginia, 32 Scott, Walter, 10-13 _passim_, 75, 83-87, 95, 99, 106, 139, 141; joins Haldanean church, 84; meets A. Campbell, 84; and _Christian Baptist_, 84; evangelism of, 85ff.; on salvation, 84-85, 100 _Scroll_, 149 Seceder Presbyterians, 34, 55; A. Campbell breaks with, 68; T. Campbell breaks with, 63ff.; divisions among, 60-61; origin of, 60 Sects: imported, 36; in early America, 28, 31-36 Semple, Robert, 81 “Sermon on the Law,” 76f., 78 Shackleford, John, 136, 137 Shakers, 52, 56 Slavery, 36, 116-18; A. Campbell on, 88-89, 116-17; Franklin on, 114 Smith, Elias, 44-46 _passim_, 56 Smith, “Raccoon” John, 82-83, 99; evangelism of, 97-98 South Carolina, episcopacy in, 32 Springer, John, 48, 49 Springfield Presbytery, 41, 54-56; dissolution of, 55 Statistics: for “Christians,” 59; for early movement, 11; for 1849-74, 112-13; for 1874-1909, 126; for 1909-45, 142; table for 1900-44, 143 Steubenville, Ohio, conference on cooperation, 108 Stillingfleet, Edward, 16 Stockholm Conference, 153 Stone, Barton W., 10-14 _passim_, 41, 47-50, 51-53 _passim_, 54, 56-59 _passim_, 65, 99; leadership of “Christians,” 58, 92f.; meets A. Campbell, founds _Christian Messenger_, 92; at Jacksonville, Ill., 101; evangelism of, 97-98; not a Unitarian, 94; on baptism, 57; on doctrine, 93f.; on Trinity, 48, 50, 93; on unity, 93; his views vs. Campbell’s, 94-98 Succoth Academy, 48 Sunday School Council, 154 Sunday school work, 36 “Sweeney resolution,” 151 Synod of Kentucky, 53, 54, 55 Synod of North America, Associate, 62f. Synod of Pittsburgh, 73, 74 “Synopsis,” Errett’s, 120

T Temperance societies, 36 Tennent, William, 33, 49 Tennessee, “Christians” in, 58 Texas, beginnings in, 101-2 Texas Christian University, 147 Theological school, controversy on, 116. _See_ Ministry Thompson, John, 53, 57 Thompson, Thomas, 102 “Thompsonian” system of medicine, 45 Toleration granted to churches, 17. _See_ Religious liberty Transylvania Presbytery, 50 Transylvania University, 93, 106, 147, 151 Trinity, Stone on, 48, 50, 93 Trollope, Mrs., 103 Tyler, B. B., 138, 154

U Union of “Christians” and Disciples, 10-11, 92, 98ff. Union Theological Seminary, 132 Unitarianism, 33; Stone charged with, 94 United Christian Missionary Society, 146, 151-52 United States conferences, 47, 59 Unity of Christians: as political necessity, 15f., 37ff.; Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity, 150; A. Campbell on, 80, 94; T. Campbell and, 61, 84; _Declaration and Address_, 69-72; different views of, 148, 152, 155-56; Haldaneans, Sandemanians on, 26; history of idea, 14-17; in relation to baptism, 135-39; new problem in America, 39; Stone on, 93, 94 University Church of Disciples of Christ, Chicago, 138

V Vanderbilt University, 132 _View of the Social Worship and Ordinances of the First Christians, A_, 25 Virginia: Bill of Rights, 38; “Christians” in, 41-44; Constitutional Convention, 88-89; motives in settlement of, 31-32; University of, 128, 131

W Wabash, Ind., conference of “Christians,” 59 Walker, John, of Dublin, 61 Walker, John, of Ohio, 77-78 Walnut Grove Academy, 115 Ware, C. C., 48 Washington, D. C., 29; Haldanean churches in, 84 Washington, Ga., 48 Washington, George, 29 Wayne, Anthony, 30 “We can never divide,” 118 Weekly communion, 21, 24, 88, 98; A. Campbell on, 67; at Brush Run Church, 74 Wellsburg, 81, 85 Wesley, John, 19, 35, 41-42 _passim_ West London Tabernacle, 136 Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, 114 Westminster Confession, 35, 50, 54, 55, 63 Wharton, G. L., 129 Wheeling, W. Va., meeting at, 100 “Where the Scriptures speak...,” 66, 71 Whitefield, George, 49 Whitsitt, W. H., 23 Wilkes, L. B., 124 Willett, Herbert L., 127, 134, 135, 138, 153 Williams, Roger, 32 Windham, Conn., “Christian” church at, 47 World Conferences on Foreign Missions, 153 World Council of Churches, 154

Y Yale Divinity School, 131, 147

Z Zwingli, 18, 121

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