CHAPTER VI.

CATALOGUE OF INSECTS AND DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIES.

Family.--COCCIDIDÆ.

Male and female larvæ similar, apterous, naked or covered, active.

Females in all stages apterous; metamorphosis semi-complete; naked or covered; active or stationary; rostrum usually present in all stages, sometimes absent in adult; feet sometimes absent after larval stage; tarsi where present monomerous; feet, where present, ending in a single claw; eyes sometimes absent.

Male pupæ apterous; naked or covered. Adult males with two wings and two halteres; metamorphosis complete; rostrum present in larva and pupa, always absent in adult; tarsi monomerous; feet ending in a single claw; abdomen terminating in a spike which forms the sheath of the penis; eyes present in adult; ocelli often large, sometimes exceeding three in number.

The above characters sufficiently distinguish this family from the rest of the Homoptera. Probably the first marks for identification of a specimen might be the monomerous tarsus and the single claw. The latter is always to be made out, at least in the earlier stages of the female and in the adult male.

GROUPS.

Larvæ active, naked; adult females and pupæ stationary, covered with separate shields or puparia, composed partly of secretion, partly of the earlier discarded pellicles; females apodous after larval stage; abdomen of females not exhibiting a median cleft or dorsal lobes Diaspidinæ.

Larvæ active, naked; adult females and pupæ active or stationary, naked or covered with secretion; adults sometimes apodous; abdomen of females exhibiting a median cleft and two dorsal lobes Lecanidinæ.

Larvæ active, naked, exhibiting at the abdominal extremity two protruding anal tubercles. Adult females exhibiting abdominal cleft and dorsal lobes; naked or covered with secretion Hemicoccidinæ.

Females in all stages exhibiting anal tubercles; no abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes; naked or covered with secretion Coccidinæ.

Group I.--DIASPIDINÆ.

Female insects covering themselves with separate shields or puparia composed partly of fibrous secretion, partly of the discarded pellicles; females apodous after first stage; no abdominal cleft or lobes; spinnerets usually arranged in groups on the posterior segment of female.

GENERA.

Female puparium circular, pellicles usually in the centre; male puparium slightly elongated, not carinated, pellicle at one end. Four or five groups of spinnerets, or groups absent Aspidiotus.

Female puparium more or less circular, pellicles near the centre; male puparium elongated, carinated, pellicle at one end. Five groups of spinnerets Diaspis.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at one end; male puparium nearly similar but smaller and narrower, not carinated, pellicle at one end. Five groups of spinnerets Mytilaspis.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at one end; male puparium much narrower and smaller, carinated, pellicle at one end. Five groups of spinnerets Chionaspis.

Female puparium elongated, pellicles at one end; male puparium narrower, pellicle at one end. More than five groups of spinnerets. Abdomen of female not fringed Poliaspis.

Female puparium elongated, first pellicle at one end, second pellicle almost filling the puparium; male puparium smaller and narrower, sometimes carinated, pellicle at one end Fiorinia.

_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._

Female puparium circular or elongated; male puparium elongated, not carinated Parlatoria.

Female puparium elongated; male puparium similar but smaller. Abdomen of female fringed Leucaspis.

Female puparium double, the scales superimposed, first pellicle in the centre of the upper scale; male puparium elongated, not carinated Aonidia.

Female puparium completely enclosing the insect; male puparium elongated, not carinated Targionia.

Genus: ASPIDIOTUS, Bouché.

Female puparium varying in colour; circular in outline, usually flat, sometimes rather convex; pellicles usually in the centre.

Male puparium rather longer than that of the female, the pellicle at one end; not carinated above.

Groups of spinnerets usually four, sometimes five, and in one American species (_A. sabalis_, Comstock) six; or, in a few cases, altogether wanting.

Adult females usually peg-top shaped.

1. Aspidiotus Atherospermæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198. (Plate IV., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium circular, flat, brown; diameter, about 1/20in. The pellicles in the centre form sometimes a sort of boss or protuberance, of lighter colour than the rest.

Male puparium oval, flat, brownish, about 1/36in. in length.

Adult female light-yellow in colour, of the usual peg-top shape of the genus; length, about 1/30in.; corrugated--the last abdominal section, being very small, is much overlapped by the rest. Four groups of spinnerets, upper pair with fifteen orifices; lower pair, nine or ten. Abdomen terminating in several lobes, of which the four median are the largest; between the lobes scaly serrated hairs.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Atherosperma Novæ Zælandiæ_, Wellington; Hawke's Bay.

2. Aspidiotus Budlæiæ, Signoret. Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 115. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198.

Female puparium circular, flat, dirty-white, about 1/15in. in diameter.

Male puparium oval, dirty-white, about 1/30in. in length.

Adult female light-yellow, peg-top shaped; abdomen ending in two somewhat prominent lobes, with scaly hairs and spines. Four groups of spinnerets: upper groups with five or six orifices; lower groups, three or four.

Adult male yellow, slightly brown on the thorax; antennæ of ten joints, all hairy.

Habitat--On silver-wattle, Nelson. The insect is European, and found there on _Budlæia salicina_.

Closely allied to _A. nerii_, but differing in the lobes and spinnerets of the abdomen.

3. Aspidiotus Camelliæ, Boisduval. _Kermes camelliæ_, Boisduval, Ent. Hort., p. 334. _Aspidiotus camelliæ_, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 117. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 200; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21. (Plate IV., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium nearly circular, convex, greyish or brownish in colour, about 1/15in. in diameter; pellicles often at one side.

Male puparium rather smaller, oval.

Adult female of normal shape, but somewhat elongated. Abdomen ending in two lobes, with a few scattered scaly hairs. No groups of spinnerets.

Habitat--On camellias, Christchurch; on euonymus, weeping willow, &c., Wellington.

Very common in gardens about Wellington: sometimes does much damage to euonymus shrubs and hedges.

4. Aspidiotus Carpodeti, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21.

Female puparium usually light-brown, but varying a little with the colour of the bark of the tree; convex; circular; the pellicles in the centre; some specimens are slightly elongated. Average diameter, 1/16in.

Male puparium narrow, with parallel sides; not carinated; dirty-white or brownish colour; length, about 1/16in.

Adult female of the normal peg-top shape, the abdomen not so much overlapped as usual. Abdomen ending in two median somewhat prominent lobes, with two others much smaller not in close proximity; edge of the body jagged, with curvilinear incisions, amongst which and between the lobes are a number of serrated pointed hairs, as in _A. nerii_. Four groups of spinnerets: lower pair with four to six orifices; upper, with six to ten. These groups seem surrounded by a narrow line as if enclosed in a chamber: the same appearance is presented (according to a figure of Mr. Comstock's) in _A. nerii_. There are many single spinnerets.

Adult male of normal form, with antennæ of ten joints, of which the seventh, eighth, and ninth are the longest. The haltere has a somewhat long peduncle. The abdominal spike is rather long, and springs from a large tubercle.

Habitat--On _Carpodetus serratus_ and _Vitex littoralis_ (puriri), Wellington. The puparia are so like in colour to the bark that it is difficult to detect them.

This insect is evidently closely allied to _A. nerii_, but differs in the abdominal lobes of the female and in the antennæ of the male; its male puparium is also much longer, and that of the female more convex, than in that species.

5. Aspidiotus coccineus, Gennadius.[K] _Aspidiotus aurantii_, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 199. _Aspidiotus citri_, Comstock; Canadian Entom., Vol. XIII., p. 8. (Plate IV., Fig. 3.)

[K] The author has not been able to find the original description of Gennadius, which appears to have been contained in a report to the Minister for Agriculture in Greece. Dr. Signoret states that there is a reference to it in "Risso, Histoire Naturelle des Oranges," Vol. I., p. 220.

Female puparium really dirty-white, but seeming yellowish-brown, from the colour of the insect beneath; sometimes dark-brown; circular, flat; diameter, about 1/11in.

Male puparium much smaller, rather oval.

Adult female yellow, becoming brown at last; peg-top shaped, but the abdominal segment is comparatively so small and is so much overlapped by the others that the insect looks almost globular; length, about 1/15in. Abdomen ending in six lobes (of which the two median are the largest), and several scaly hairs. No groups of spinnerets.

Adult male very small, brown or yellow in colour. The antennæ have ten joints: the two first joints are very small, round, and smooth; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth equal in length; the seventh, eighth, and ninth half as long; the tenth somewhat shorter still, and pointed. All the last eight joints show numerous hairs. The thorax is short and thick, the thoracic band occupying more than one-half the width; the abdomen short, the double spike of some length. The wings are oval, about as long as the body. The legs are hairy, femora thick, tibiæ longer, thicker at the end next the tarsus than at the other end; tarsi broad at the top, tapering gradually down to the usual single claw. The hairs on the femora are much fewer than those on the tibiæ and tarsi.

Habitat--On oranges and lemons in shops, very abundant, often several hundreds on a single fruit; on orange- and lemon-trees, Governor's Bay, Canterbury; and Auckland.

This insect is European, and has been introduced here from Australia. It is exceedingly destructive to orange and lemon groves in America and Australia. Mr. Comstock (Report of the Entomologist, U.S. Dep. of Agric., 1881, p. 295) records an instance where a grove of thirty-three acres, which in 1872 produced a rental of £1,800, could fetch in 1878 only £120, on account of the ravages of this insect.

Orange- and lemon-growers in the north of New Zealand should beware of this pest. It is scarcely likely that it should be harmless here when it is so destructive elsewhere.

The remedies most likely to be efficacious have been mentioned in the introductory chapters of this work.

6. Aspidiotus dysoxyli, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 198.

Female puparium circular, somewhat convex, brown in colour; diameter, about 1/15in.

Male puparium smaller, oval, brown.

Adult female bright-yellow, corrugated, the corrugations overlapping the abdominal region, which is comparatively small. There are four groups of spinnerets, the upper pair with ten openings, the lower with nine, many scattered oval and oblong spinnerets. The abdomen ends in six lobes, of which only the two median are conspicuous; between the lobes fine serrated hairs. The abdomen is very velvety.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Dysoxylon spectabile_, Wellington.

Allied to _A. atherospermæ_, but differing in the abdominal lobes and spinnerets.

7. Aspidiotus epidendri, Bouché. _Chermes epidendri_, Boisduval; Ent. Hort., 1867, p. 339. _Aspidiotus epidendri_, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 121. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 197.

Female puparium circular, flat, dirty-white or brownish; diameter, about 1/12in.

Male puparium elongated, the sides parallel.

Adult female greenish yellow, peg-top shaped. Abdomen ending in several lobes, of which only the two median are conspicuous; between the lobes several serrated scaly hairs, and some spines. Four groups of spinnerets: upper groups, eight to ten orifices; lower groups, six to eight: many single spinnerets.

Adult male somewhat long, yellowish in colour; antennæ of ten joints; feet having somewhat thick femora, the tibiæ and tarsi slender; all the joints hairy. The abdominal spike, or sheath of the penis, is rather long, and the tubercle at its base is large.

Habitat--On palms and orchids in hothouses, _passim_; on wattle, rarely, Christchurch.

This is a European insect, affecting hothouse plants, and scarcely likely to do damage out-of-doors. It is closely allied to _A. nerii_.

8. Aspidiotus nerii, Bouché; Schadl. Gart. Ins., 1833, 52. _Diaspis Bouchei_, Targioni-Tozzetti; "Studie sulle Coccineglie," 1867. _Aspidiotus Bouchei_, Targioni; Catal., 1868, 45, 1. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 217. (Plate IV., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium circular, flat, white or greyish; diameter, about 1/12in.

Male puparium oval, white; about 1/25in. in length.

Adult female yellow, peg-top shaped, but almost globular. Abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are the largest. Between and a little beyond the lobes are a number of scaly serrated hairs, some of which exhibit serrated extremities; also some scaly but smooth hairs. There are also a few spines. Four groups of spinnerets, which are surrounded (according to Mr. Comstock, Entom. Report, U.S. Dep. of Agric., 1880, Plate XV., Fig. 1) by a fine line, as if enclosed in a sac. Many single spinnerets.

In the larva the abdomen ends in four lobes, of which the two median are somewhat prominent.

Adult male yellow or brownish; antennæ of ten joints, each with several hairs; feet having the femora somewhat thick, the tibiæ and tarsi flat and slender, the former a little expanded at the extremity.

Habitat--On _Coprosma lucida_ and _Corynocarpus lævigata<i/> (Karaka), Wellington.

A species introduced from Europe, where its favourite habitat is _Nerium oleander_; but it is found on many other plants, and is, according to Dr. Signoret, "the commonest of all the species of this genus." It has not yet spread widely in New Zealand.

9. Aspidiotus sophoræ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 121.

Female puparium nearly circular, flat, bluish-grey; diameter, about 1/24in.

Male puparium oval; length, about 1/36in.

Adult female of the usual peg-top shape, greenish-yellow in colour; abdomen ending in two conspicuous median lobes, with a number of scaly serrated hairs, as in _A. nerii_. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group with four orifices; the remainder, seven or eight. Some specimens show only four groups.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Sophora tetraptera_ (Kowhai), Port Hills, Canterbury.

Only a few species of Aspidiotus are reported with five groups of spinnerets. The present insect differs from all of them in the scaly serrated hairs of the abdomen; none of the others has more than a few spines.

Genus: DIASPIS, Costa.

Female puparium more or less, but never quite, circular; sometimes flat, but more usually convex; pellicles more or less marginal.

Male puparium elongated, the pellicle at one end; a longitudinal carina, or keel, appears in the middle.

Groups of spinnerets, five.

Mr. Comstock (Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 85) remarks that, when the pellicles of the female of this genus are marginal, it might be difficult to distinguish it from Chionaspis, as the male puparia are alike in both. As regards the species observed hitherto in New Zealand this difficulty has not occurred.

10. Diaspis Boisduvalii, Signoret; Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 433. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 200; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 23. (Plate IV., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium oval, nearly circular, flattish; colour, yellowish-grey; diameter, about 1/12in.

Male puparium elongated, white, with a strong median keel, and with the edges raised so as to appear like two other keels; length, about 1/20in. The male puparia frequently occur massed in great numbers, and covered with white hairs and fluff.

Adult female rather elongated, oval, or somewhat pear-shaped; the body corrugated, the cephalic portion smooth. At each side, on a level with the rostrum, or a little above it, is a protruding lobe, which is characteristic. Colour, light-yellow. Abdomen ending in two lobes, not prominent, and with a depression between them; beyond the lobes are many serrations, with small lobelike projections and spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group with five to eight orifices[L]; the two upper side groups with twenty to twenty-five; lower side groups, fifteen to twenty. A few scattered single spinnerets.

[L] Mr. Comstock (Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 87) gives eight to fifteen orifices for the uppermost group.

Adult male very small, about 1/40in. in length; colour, reddish-yellow; antennæ of ten joints, all with hairs except the two first; femora and tibiæ slender, tarsi thick at the base, and tapering to the claw; digitules, fine hairs. The first and second pair of legs appear somewhat widely separated, owing to the length of the coxæ.

Habitat--On several hothouse plants, Christchurch and Wellington; and on wattle in gardens, Wellington.

A European insect. The curious projections at the side, near the head, of the female, and the arrangement of the male puparia above mentioned, sufficiently distinguish this species.

11. Diaspis rosæ, Sandberg. _Aspidiotus rosæ_, Sandberg; Abhand., priv. Boh., No. 6, p. 317. _Diaspis rosæ_, Signoret, loc. cit., 1869, p. 441. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201. (Plate IV., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium nearly circular, white, often aggregated in masses; diameter, about 1/12in. Pellicles, marginal.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; length, about 1/20in.

Adult female deep-red in colour, elongated, the body deeply segmented. Cephalic region very large, smooth. On each segment of the body several spiny hairs. Abdomen ending in two conspicuous lobes with a depression between them, and some spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets, but the lateral groups are almost continuous; uppermost group with about twenty orifices; in the lateral groups, fifty to sixty orifices. No single spinnerets.

Adult male orange-red in colour; antennæ ten-jointed, with several hairs on all but the first two joints; feet slender, hairy; digitules, fine hairs. The spike is somewhat long.

Habitat--On rose-trees, Governor's Bay, Canterbury-Napier.

A European species, stated by Mr. Comstock to attack, in America, blackberries and raspberries, besides the rose.

The deep-red colour and abnormally-large cephalic segment of this insect distinguish it from all others.

12. Diaspis santali, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122. (Plate IV., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium yellowish-grey in colour, sometimes with a greenish tinge; outline oval; very convex; pellicles at one end, black, inconspicuous; length of puparium, about 1/15in.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; pellicle, black; length, about 1/25in.

Adult female orange-red in colour, peg-top shaped; the abdominal segment very small as compared with the rest of the body, and the two next segments overlap it. Abdomen ending in two conspicuous, prominent, median lobes, and at each side of them two semi-circular depressions: several branched and serrated hairs in the region of these lobes. There are no groups of spinnerets. There is no wide depression of the edge between the median lobes.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Santalum cunninghamii_ (Maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay; and on pear, plum, and other fruit-trees at Whangarei, having probably spread from native plants.

The carinated male puparium distinguishes this species from Aspidiotus. The absence of spinnerets is curious.

Genus: MYTILASPIS, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female and male puparia similar, or nearly similar, in shape, but the male puparium is smaller. Puparia elongated, generally more or less mussel-shaped or pyriform, usually convex, more or less curved; pellicles at one end. Male puparia not carinated. Five groups of spinnerets in the female, but the groups are sometimes continuous.

13. Mytilaspis cordylinidis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 195. (Plate V., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium pure white, elongated, very narrow; usually straight, sometimes curved; pellicles yellow, at one end; length, about 1/8in.; breadth, about 1/30in.

Male puparium similar to that of the female, but much smaller; length, about 1/20in.

Adult female pale yellow in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented. Rudimentary antennæ on the cephalic segment. A few fine hairs at the edges of the segments. Abdomen ending in two lobes with a small median depression; several serrated scaly hairs, and a few spines. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost groups, seven or eight orifices; upper lateral group, fourteen to twenty; lower lateral group, twenty to twenty-five. A great number of single spinnerets.

Adult male doubtful; very minute and difficult to detect. Antennæ apparently short and tibiæ large.

Habitat--On _Cordyline australis_ and _C. indivisa_, _Phormium_, _Gahnia_, _Astelia_, _Eucalyptus_, &c., throughout the islands; but the chief habitat seems to be _C. australis_ (the common cabbage-tree), on which it is often very abundant.

This species may at first sight be mistaken for _Fiorinia stricta_, described below, which also infests Cordyline and Phormium; but, on inspection, it will be seen that the puparium of the Mytilaspis is much whiter, and the pellicles yellow, those of _F. stricta_ being black. An examination of the second pellicles of the two species will, of course, at once distinguish them.

14. Mytilaspis drimydis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 196. (Plate V., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium elongated, often straight, sometimes curved; colour, dirty-white or brown; pellicles at one end; length, about 1/12in.

Male puparium similar, but smaller.

Adult female dull-red in colour, elongated, not very distinctly segmented. Abdomen ending in a number of small lobes, of which the four median are the largest; several fine hairs between the lobes; no groups of spinnerets, but a very great number of single ones, which are scattered on the segments as far up as the rostrum. Many of these protrude as short thick tubes with serrated or fringed extremities. On the cephalic segment are a few spiny hairs and two rudimentary antennæ.

Adult male red in colour; antennæ of ten joints; tarsi somewhat large. Both antennæ and feet have numerous hairs. Digitules, fine.

Habitat--On _Drimys colorata_, Water of Leith, Dunedin, from which it has spread to other native plants.

15. Mytilaspis epiphytidis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 21. (Plate V., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium flat, pyriform, brown in colour, thin; length, about 1/11in.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and a good deal darker, being sometimes almost black; length, about 1/20in.; not carinated.

Adult female dark-grey in colour, elongated, segmented. Abdomen ending in two median lobes; along the edge several deepish curvilinear incisions, between which are some strong spines. Five groups of spinnerets: lower pair with fourteen to sixteen orifices; upper pair, twelve to sixteen; uppermost group, four to six.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Astelia cunninghamii_, Wellington.

16. Mytilaspis leptospermi, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 215. (Plate V., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium flat, elongated, irregularly pyriform, light-brown in colour; length, about 1/12in. The secretion forming the puparium is mixed with bark-cells of the tree, arranged longitudinally.

Male puparium narrower than that of the female, and darker in colour.

Adult female greyish-green, elongated, segmented; abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are conspicuous and somewhat large and floriated, the rest very small. Five groups of spinnerets: the upper group with about fifteen openings; the others with from twenty-five to thirty-five. Single spinnerets none, or very few.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka), Wellington; Canterbury; Auckland. The puparia are often numerous on the loose scaly bark of the tree.

17. Mytilaspis metrosideri, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

Female puparium white, pyriform. Female in all stages dark-coloured; in last stage nearly black. General outline resembling _M. drimydis_, but the abdomen is much sharper and more pointed, with a finely-serrated edge, ending in three minute, pointed lobes, joined by a scaly process. Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, which may be resolved into five groups; seventy or eighty openings; several single spinnerets. The rudimentary antennæ can be made out.

The young female has an elongated oval outline, little corrugated. The feet, digitules, antennæ, &c., resemble those of _M. pomorum_. The abdomen is like that of the adult, without the groups of spinnerets.

Male unknown, but puparium smaller and rather darker in colour than that of the female.

Habitat--On _Metrosideros robusta_ (rata), Wellington, and probably elsewhere. It is not common.

18. Mytilaspis phymatodidis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292.

Female puparium flattish, pyriform, dirty-white or brownish; length, about 1/12in.

Male puparium similar, brown.

Adult female greyish, elongated, segmented. Rudimentary antennæ visible. Abdomen ending in two lobes with a median depression: several scaly and serrated processes, and some spiny hairs. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group, six to nine orifices; upper side groups, ten to fourteen; lower pair, fifteen to twenty: several single spinnerets.

Male unknown.

Habitat--On _Phymatodes billardieri_, Wellington; Auckland.

In outward appearance the female resembles _M. pomorum_, but the puparium is quite different, and the abdominal characters also differ.

19. Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouché. _Aspidiotus pomorum_, Bouché; Ent. Zeit. Stett., 1851, XII., No. 1. _Aspidiotus conchiformis_, _auctorum_; _nec_ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 2,221. _Aspidiotus pyrus-malus_, Kennicott; 1854, Acad. Science of Cleveland. _Aspidiotus juglandis_, Fitch; Ann. Rep., N.Y. State Ag. Soc., 1856; _nec_ Signoret, loc. cit., 1870, p. 95. _Aspidiotus falciformis_, Bärensprung; Journ. d'Alton et Burm., 1849. _Mytilaspis pomicorticis_, Riley; Fifth Rep. State Entom., Missouri, p. 95. _Mytilaspis pomorum_ (Bouché), Signoret; loc. cit., 1870, p. 98. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 192. The common apple-scale. (Plate V., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium usually brown,[M] sometimes white; elongated, mussel-shaped, convex, slightly curved, sometimes straight; length, about 1/10in.

[M] Dr. Signoret says, "brun noirâtre." Mr. Comstock calls it "ash-grey." In reality the colour varies somewhat with that of the bark of the tree.

Male puparium not known in New Zealand. In America it is stated[N] to be small, "straight or nearly so, and with the posterior part joined to the remainder of the scale by a thin portion which serves as a hinge."

[N] Comstock; Rep. of Entom., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1880, p. 325.

Adult female greyish, yellowish, or white; elongated, segmented. Rudimentary antennæ present. At the edge of each segment two or three strong spines. Abdomen ending in two large lobes, with two others much smaller on each side; the median lobes are trifoliated. Between and beyond the lobes some spines. Five groups of spinnerets; numbers of orifices variable (see below); a few single spinnerets.

Male unknown in New Zealand and Europe, doubtful in America. Colour stated by Riley (Fifth Missouri Report, p. 95) as "translucent corneous-grey."

Habitat in New Zealand--On apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, lilac, ash, thorn, sycamore, cotoneaster, and other plants, _passim_.

An introduced European species, known in America and elsewhere as the "oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple." It is the commonest, apparently, of the Diaspidinæ; and does great damage in orchards.

This species has been referred to by many writers under the specific name "conchiformis;" some authors include it under the genus Aspidiotus, others under Coccus, and one--Réaumur--under Chermes. In the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, February, 1885, Mr. A. Michael refers to it as _Coccus (Mytilaspis) pomicorticis_.

The groups of spinnerets have been stated above to be "variable." The following table shows the numbers observed in specimens from different trees in New Zealand:--

Uppermost Upper Side Lower Side Groups. Groups. Groups.

Apple 17 17 14 Plum 20 17 17 Lilac 17 19 16 Ash 10 12 9 Cotoneaster 7 15 10

A very minute white Acarid (mite) has been observed frequently under the puparia of this species, among the eggs. The eggs, in most cases so observed, were shrivelled and dead. Mr. A. Michael, in the paper above mentioned ("Notes on Tyroglyphidæ") refers to an Acarus found in America in 1873, also in puparia of _M. pomorum_, by Mr. Riley, and expresses doubts whether or not it fed upon the insect; yet he says, "A Tyroglyphus not ordinarily predatory might regard a Coccus as suitable for gastronomic purposes."

20. Mytilaspis pyriformis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 194; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 215; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22. (Plate V., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium light-brown, elongated, pyriform, flat; length, averaging 1/10in. (sometimes reaching 1/8in.); breadth, averaging 1/15in. (reaching 1/12in.); texture, thin. The second pellicle is comparatively large.

Male puparium smaller and narrower, brown, not carinated.

Adult female yellowish-brown or greyish; elongated, segmented; on the segments are a few spiny hairs. Abdomen ending in several lobes, of which the two median are much the largest. Spinnerets in a continuous arch, containing sixty to seventy orifices. Many single spinnerets. Several scaly hairs between the lobes.

Adult male orange-coloured, about 1/30in. long. Antennæ 10-jointed. Digitules, long fine hairs. Sheath of the penis long.

Habitat--On _Dysoxylon spectabile_ and _Atherosperma Novæ Zælandiæ_, Wellington; on Coprosma, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury.

In the female puparium and in the length of the abdominal spike of the male this species resembles _M. buxi_, Bouché (Signoret, loc. cit., 1868, p. 93), but differs in all other respects.

Genus: CHIONASPIS, Signoret.

Female puparium usually white, elongated; pellicles at one end; generally flat.

Male puparium white, elongated, carinated; pellicle at one end.

Groups of spinnerets, five (in one American species, six); rarely wanting.

21. Chionaspis citri, Comstock; 2nd Rep., Dep. of Entom., Cornell Univ., 1883. _Chionaspis euonymi_, Comstock (in part); Ag. Rep., 1880, p. 313. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., p. 1884, p. 23. (Plate VI., Fig. 1.)

Female puparium dirty blackish-brown, with a grey margin; elongated. "There is a central ridge from which the sides slope like the roof of a house" (Comstock).

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated.

Adult female yellowish-white, elongated, segmented. Abdomen ending in six lobes, of which the two median are the largest: these two are divergent. Along the edge some spines. No groups of spinnerets: a few single ones.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On oranges sold in the shops, imported from Sydney.

This insect, apparently an importation from America, was not observed prior to 1884, and occurs as yet only sparingly, mingled with _A. coccineus_, from which it is easily distinguished by its elongated puparium.

22. Chionaspis dubia, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 216. (Plate VI., Fig. 2.)

Female puparium white, flat, elongated, pyriform, very thin; the pellicles rather small; length, about 1/12in.

Male puparium white, elongated, rather oval; very slightly carinated above; on the under-side are two longitudinal keels.

Adult female yellow, elongated, segmented; the abdominal segments somewhat deep. Abdomen ending with a median depression; terminal lobes inconspicuous (absent?). Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group, six to ten orifices; the rest, ten to fifteen.

Adult male reddish in colour. Antennæ hairy, 10-jointed, the first two joints very short. Feet normal, with four long, fine digitules. At the base of the abdominal spike is a somewhat large tubercle. Haltere of normal form, but the terminal seta is very long, four times as long as the thick basal portion, and has no terminal knob. Thoracic band conspicuous. The thorax is somewhat long, so that there is a considerable distance between the first and second pairs of legs.

Habitat--On _Coprosma_, _Rubus_, _Asplenium_, _Pellæa_, Riccarton Bush and North Kowai River, Canterbury; Auckland.

The female puparium resembles that of _C. aspidistræ_ (Signoret) and _C. populi_ (Bärensprung), but the abdominal segment of the female differs from both.

23. Chionaspis dysoxyli, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 22. (Plate VI., Fig. 3.)

Female puparium thin, flattish, pyriform, white in colour, with a faint pink tinge when the egg-mass beneath shows through it; length, about 1/12in. The second pellicle is comparatively large.

Male puparium white, narrow, carinated; length, about 1/36in.

The insect affects principally the leaves of the plant, and the puparia are usually clustered thickly along the midrib.

Adult female yellowish-red, elongated, segmented; but not very deeply. Abdomen ending in a broken curve, with many curvilinear incisions. There are fourteen lobes, of which the two median are the largest; separated from them by a spine on each side are two others rather smaller; then another spine and a short open space; and then three smaller lobes and another spine; another space, and then a single small lobe, followed by a spine. Five groups of spinnerets: lower pair with twelve to fourteen orifices; upper pair with seven to ten; uppermost group, four to six. A few spiny hairs are on the edge of the abdomen.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Dysoxylon spectabile_ (Kohe-kohe), Wellington; Hawke's Bay; Auckland.

The large white puparia of this insect do much to spoil the appearance of Dysoxylon, one of the most showy-leafed plants in New Zealand.

24. Chionaspis minor, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 33. (Plate VI., Fig. 4.)

Female puparium white, small, not more than 1/15in. in length, usually less; it is narrower and less pyriform than is usual in the genus, and is often bent in the middle; pellicles yellow.

Male puparium white, narrow, elongated, carinated, about 1/30in. in length.

Adult female elongated; segmented, but not deeply; colour, dark-brown. Abdomen ending in six small lobes, of which the two median--the largest--are closely contiguous. Between them and the next pair is a spine; then beyond the second pair another spine, a space, and a third pair of very small lobes; after a long space there is another spine. Five groups of spinnerets: uppermost group with twelve to fourteen orifices; upper pair, fourteen to seventeen; lower pair, eighteen to twenty-four: many single spinnerets.

Adult male not known.

Habitat--On _Parsonsia_, Hawke's Bay; on _Rhipogonum scandens_ (supplejack), Wellington; Canterbury; Otago.

The small puparia and the contiguous abdominal lobes of the female distinguish this species.

Genus: POLIASPIS, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293.

Female puparia elongated; pellicles at one end. Male puparia narrower, elongated, pellicle at one end. Female with more than five groups of spinnerets; abdomen without fringe.

In the kindred genus, _Leucaspis_, Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret, loc. cit., 1868, p. 101), the abdomen has a continuous fringe of long spines, and the groups of spinnerets vary in number from five to eight.

25. Poliaspis media, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 293. (Plate VI., Fig. 5.)

Female puparium white, elongated, pyriform, slightly convex; length, about 1/18in.

Male puparium elongated, narrow, white, doubtfully carinated.

Adult female elongated, segmented; greenish-white; length, about 1/24in. Rudimentary antennæ visible. Abdomen ending with a median depression, and inconspicuous lobes; several scattered spiny hairs. Eight groups of spinnerets: four, containing each from twenty to thirty orifices, are placed in opposite pairs, the fifth, with four to six orifices, being between the upper pair; above these, three other groups form an arch, the two outer ones having eight to ten openings, the middle one three to five. Many single spinnerets.

Adult male of a bright scarlet or deep-orange colour. The antennæ, covered with longish hairs, have ten joints, the first two very short and thick; the next five long, equal, and cylindrical; the eighth and ninth somewhat shorter; the tenth fusiform, and as long as the seventh. The legs are rather long; the femur thick, the tibia more slender, broadening towards the tarsus, which is about one-third as long as the tibia, and narrows sharply down to the claw. Both tarsus and tibia are hairy. The digitules are fine hairs.

Habitat--On _Veronica_, sp., and _Leucopogon Fraseri_, North Kowai River, Canterbury; on _Cyathodes acerosa_, Wellington; on ferns, Napier.

Genus: FIORINIA, Targioni-Tozzetti. Uhleria, Comstock; 2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 110.

Female puparium elongated; first pellicle small, at one end; second pellicle very large, entirely covering the insect, and almost extending to the edges of the puparium.

Male puparium elongated; smaller and narrower than that of the female; sometimes carinated; pellicle at one end.

Mr. Comstock proposes the name "Uhleria" for this genus, because Professor Targioni, establishing his genus for the species to which he originally gave the name of _Diaspis fioriniæ_, changed at the same time the specific name to "pellucida." This, Mr. Comstock says, necessitates now an entirely new generic name.

Targioni's nomenclature has been followed here, as likely to lead to less confusion.

26. Fiorinia asteliæ, Maskell. _Diaspis gigas_, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 201; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 217; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24. _Uhleria gigas_, Comstock; 2nd Entom. Rep., Cornell Univ., 1883, p. 111. (Plate VI., Fig. 6.)

Female puparium elongated, flat, roughly pyriform or ovate, thin; the secretion is yellowish-brown or dirty-white, but is scarcely noticeable, on account of the second pellicle; length variable, from 1/12in. to 1/8in.; breadth, about 1/16in. First pellicle small, at one end. Second pellicle, very large, almost filling the puparium, roughly pyriform; abdominal region segmented; cephalic region large, oval; abdominal segments tapering, exhibiting at the extremity either minute serrations, floriated lobes, or tusk-like lobes, or a smooth curve; the first abdominal segment sometimes produced into roundly-triangular lobes.

Male puparium flattish, elongated; length, from 1/10in. to 1/8in.; white, thin; roughly pyriform, but narrower than that of the female; central portion slightly convex, seeming on the under-side to have two keels; not carinated above.

Adult female yellow or brown; segmented; at first elongated, the cephalic region comparatively large, but during gestation shrinking up until the insect assumes the form of Aspidiotus. Abdomen ending in a minutely-serrated edge, with several small simple lobes, between which are longish spiny hairs. Spinnerets in an almost continuous arch, containing seventy to a hundred orifices; several single spinnerets.

Adult male yellow, slender. Antennæ, ten-jointed, as long as the body; each joint except the two first long and hairy; the last joint fusiform. Feet, long and slender; digitules, fine hairs. Abdominal spike, slender, not very long, springing from a small tubercular base.

This is a variable insect in size, colour, edge of abdomen, and spinnerets. On the bark of _Pittosporum eugenioide_ a variety has the extremity of the second pellicle richly floriated, other features remaining as above. It has not been thought advisable to erect all these varieties into different species.

The male pupa, in its earlier state, is elongated, segmented, and may be mistaken for a female of _Mytilaspis drimydis_; but differs in its greyish-yellow colour, and also in the form of the puparium.

Habitat--On _Atherosperma Novæ Zælandiæ_; _Astelia cunninghamii_; _Coprosma_, sp. var.; _Pittosporum eugenioide_, &c.; Wellington; Canterbury; Hawke's Bay; Otago; Nelson; Auckland.

The puparia of this insect are frequently covered by a species of torulaceous (?) fungus which spreads over the leaf they are on in a thin, brown sheet.

27. Fiorinia grossulariæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 123.

Female puparium irregularly oval, being formed chiefly by the second pellicle, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion; length, about 1/20in.

Adult female elongated; segmented; the cephalic end slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder. Segments bearing at the edge three sharp spines. The edge of the abdominal segment is much broken by serrations, and ends in two broadish median lobes, with two smaller lobes on each side. Several sharp, long spines are set in pairs along the serrated edge. Five groups of spinnerets, the three upper forming a continuous arch. Colour of insect, dark-grey.

Adult male and puparium unknown.

Habitat--On gooseberries, Amberley, Canterbury.

A doubtful species.

28. Fiorinia minima, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 122.

Female puparium flat, elongated, oval; length, about 1/36in. First pellicle, comparatively large; the second almost fills the puparium.

Male puparium rather longer than that of the female, but much narrower; carinated.

Adult female elongated; segmented; colour, pink. The abdominal segment somewhat long, the edge broken by a number of deepish curvilinear serrations, and ending in two inconspicuous median lobes, with three others, much smaller, on each side. From the serrations spring some hairs. There are five groups of spinnerets, but the three upper ones, almost or quite conjoined, form a nearly-continuous arch, containing forty to fifty orifices; the two lower groups have fifteen to twenty. There are several single spinnerets. The adult insect, before gestation, nearly fills the space covered by the second pellicle; after gestation it shrinks up into very small compass at the cephalic end of the puparium.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Brachyglottis repanda_; _Panax arboreum_, Port Hills, Canterbury.

Differs from the European species, _F. pellucida_ (Targioni), in its extremely-minute size, in the serrations of the abdomen, and the number of its hairs. Also in _F. pellucida_ the young female larva has two tubercles between the antennæ, which are not seen in _F. minima_.

29. Fiorinia stricta, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 124; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24. (Plate VI., Fig. 7.)

Female puparium elongated, narrow, with sides almost straight and parallel; length, about 1/11in.; breadth, about 1/50in. Colour of secretion, white, but seeming black, as the second pellicle shows through it. First pellicle, black, small, at one end; the cephalic portion prolonged in a slightly-cylindrical form. Second pellicle, very long, filling the puparium; black; entire for most of its length, but at the abdominal extremity cut across by transverse divisions forming narrow radiating segments; extreme edge semi-circular, sharply serrated. Texture, horny, hard, and strong.

Male puparium elongated, narrow, like that of the female; length, about 1/12in.; colour white; pellicle, black, at one end; not carinated.

Some puparia, both male and female, are found slightly curved.

Adult female small, elongated, segmented; length, about 1/30in., shrivelling at gestation. Cephalic portion compressed, cylindrical. Abdomen somewhat elongated, ending in a number of sharp-pointed, triangular, tooth-like lobes, between which may be made out a few (four?) very minute, roundly-triangular lobes. Five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost joined in an arch; in the arch, forty to fifty orifices; in the two lower groups, ten to fifteen.

Adult male, brown. Antennæ, ten-jointed; each joint except the first two long and hairy; on the last joint one hair longer than the rest, and ending in a knob. Legs, slender; claw, very thin; digitules, fine hairs.

Habitat--On _Dendrobium_, sp., _Hedycarya_, sp., Hawke's Bay; _Phormium tenax_, _Cordyline australis_, _Astelia cunninghamii_, _Muhlenbeckia_, sp., Wellington; Canterbury; Nelson.

Group II.--LECANIDINÆ.

Female insects flat, convex, or globular; elongated or circular; naked, or covered with waxy, horny, glassy, cottony, or felted secretion forming a covering or test. Adults sometimes apodous and without antennæ. Abdomen in all stages exhibiting a more or less defined cleft, and, above or beside it, on the dorsal surface, two more or less conspicuous, roughly triangular, lobes. Mentum usually monomerous or dimerous.

Male larvæ resembling females. Male pupæ covered with a test of secretion, waxy or glassy. Male adults not greatly differing from Diaspidinæ; abdominal spike usually short and thick.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Insects covering themselves with a secretion, composed chiefly of waxy, horny, or glassy matter Lecanodiaspidæ.

Test of female horny, partly formed of the second pellicle Lecanochiton.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of broad segments at the edge Ctenochiton.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated with air-cells Inglisia.

_Not yet represented in New Zealand._

Test of female waxy, produced into radiating branches Vinsonia.

Test of female waxy, without fringe or branches Ceroplastes.

Test of female waxy, elevated, not striated with air-cells Fairmairia.

Tests agglomerated in a waxy mass containing colonies of insects, male and female Carteria.

Test of female absent; tests of males aggregated in a waxy mass Ericerus.

Subdivision II.

Female insects naked Lecanidæ.

Females propagating without ovisac, arboreal Lecanium.

Females constructing ovisac, arboreal Pulvinaria.

_Not yet represented in New Zealand._

Females propagating without ovisac, subterranean, retaining feet and antennæ Lecanopsis.

Females propagating without ovisac, subterranean, losing feet and antennæ Aclerda.

Note.--The genus _Physokermes_, Targioni-Tozzetti, is placed by Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 87) amongst those which here form this subdivision; but there seems to be no sufficient distinction between it and _Lecanium_.

Subdivision III.

Insects covering themselves with secretion of cottony or felted matter Lecano-Coccidæ.

Secretion felted, scarcely apparent on adult female, conspicuous on male pupæ and female of early stages; edge fringed Eriochiton.

_Not yet represented in New Zealand._

Secretion felted, appearing only in the last stage, after gestation Signoretia.

Secretion felted, forming a nearly complete sac on adult female before gestation Lecanodiaspis.

Secretion felted, forming complete sac on adult female Philippia.

Secretion cottony, covering adult female only after gestation Lichtensia.

Secretion cottony, forming a complete sac on adult female before gestation Eriopeltis.

Subdivision I.--LECANODIASPIDÆ, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the abdominal cleft and lobes. Larvæ free, naked, active. Females after the first metamorphosis constructing over themselves a carapace, shield, or (as called herein) test, of glassy, waxy, or horny secretion. Test apparently homogeneous, really in most cases formed of aggregated segments over the insect, and prolonged beyond the body in a flat single fringe of separate, more or less triangular or quadrate, segments. Fringe not always present or conspicuous in all stages. Males, after first metamorphosis, constructing a test of similar character but varying form.

This subdivision, when first established by Targioni-Tozzetti, included only the four genera _Pollinia_, _Asterolecanium_, _Planchonia_, and _Lecanodiaspis_, all of which are apodous in the adult stage of the female. In this work the two first of these are included in a new group, Hemi-Coccidinæ; _Planchonia_ belongs to the group Coccidinæ; _Lecanodiaspis_ is left in the present subdivision. For the reasons leading to these changes, and the inclusion in this subdivision of insects retaining the feet in all stages, see N.Z. Transactions, Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207, and Vol. XVI., 1883, pp. 125-128.

Genus: LECANOCHITON, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222.

Test of adult female horny in texture, formed partly of secretion, partly of the pellicle of the second stage; abdominal cleft and lobes normal.

30. Lecanochiton metrosideri, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 222; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 129. (Plate VII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female brown, hard, horny-looking, convex, slightly elongated, open beneath, loosely attached to twigs by the edges; at the top is the pellicle of the second stage, which is flat, and gives the test the appearance of an overturned basket, of which the pellicle is the foot. Length of test about 1/15in. Remains of the thin white test of the second stage may sometimes be seen on the pellicle.

Test of the male small, white, glassy, elongated, convex.

The young insect, extremely minute, naked and active, is flat, oval, brown, or rather reddish, usually found at the tips of young shoots or on leaves. The antennæ have six joints; on the last joint are several hairs, amongst which is one excessively long, slightly knobbed. Foot normal; the joints hairy; upper digitules fine knobbed hairs, lower pair a little broader.

In the second stage the female is scarcely altered: the antennæ and feet remain as before; but there is a test, white, waxy, very thin, covering the dorsal surface, and extending a little beyond the edge in an irregular fringe. On the edge also are a number of protruding spinneret tubes, glassy, white, cylindrical, either curved or straight: a few of these tubes protrude on the surface of the back.

Adult female dark-brown in colour, filling the test; convex above, flat beneath. Rostrum comparatively large; mentum probably monomerous. Antennæ short, thick, atrophied; seven-jointed, but the joints are much confused; on the last joint some hairs. Feet absent. Four rows of rather large spinnerets radiate from the median region of the dorsum to the edge, and along these, on the lower side of the test, are corresponding narrow lines of white cottony secretion.

This insect is viviparous, the young being sheltered awhile by the mother, whose under-side becomes concave during gestation.

Adult male dark-red; length, about 1/40in. Antennæ of ten joints, of which the two first are very short; the third much longer and expanded at the end; the fourth more than twice as long as the third; the remainder about equal in length to the third, but thicker and rounder, being almost moniliform. All but the first two joints bear hairs. Foot normal; digitules fine hairs.

Habitat--On _Metrosideros robusta_ (Rata), Milford Sound; Bluff Harbour. On _M. tomentosa_ (Pohutukawa), Auckland.

A peculiar species, easily identifiable by the presence of the second pellicle on the female test.

Genus: CTENOCHITON, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 208.

Test of female waxy, with a single fringe of tooth-like, more or less broad, segments round the edge.

Test of male waxy or glassy, with similar fringe.

The edge of the body, in the second stage of the female, usually presents a wavy appearance, formed by a series of reentering curves. This is perhaps most conspicuous in _Ct. perforatus_.

The antennæ of the adult female have six or seven joints. It is often very difficult to determine the number, as the third joint exhibits frequently a shallow circular depression or ring which may easily be mistaken for a division.

During gestation the female, which at first fills the test, shrivels up at one end into a shapeless mass requiring maceration in potash to restore the original form for examination. The test thus becomes almost filled with eggs.

The presence of the fringe, which is noticeable in every species of this genus at some time or other, distinguishes it from _Ceroplastes_ and _Vinsonia_. In _Ctenochiton viridis_ the test is not to be made out in the adult stage but is clearly visible in the second stage of the female, and it is present, with the characteristic fringe, for the male.

31. Ctenochiton depressus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 132. (Plate VII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female flat, nearly circular, thin, waxy, greyish-coloured; fringe inconspicuous or sometimes absent. No perforations or rows of air-cells. Diameter, about 1/7in.

The fringe is more conspicuous in the test of the second stage.

Test of male elongated, narrow, flat beneath, slightly convex above, white, glassy, thin and brittle, with a conspicuous fringe of which the segments are truncato-triangular. The test is divided into tessellations, the median row of which is quadrangular, with two series of pentagonal divisions between it and the fringe. Near the abdominal extremity a transverse narrow slit cuts the test in two, leaving a small segment at the extreme end apparently separate. Length of the test about 1/14in.

Adult female filling the test, but shrivelling after gestation; colour brownish or grey. Antennæ of six joints, the third being the longest, and, as is commonly the case in the genus, often appearing like two. On the last joint a few long hairs. Foot normal; the upper digitules are fine hairs, the lower pair only a little broader. Anal ring and lobes normal.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge is conspicuous; the test is thin, glassy, with normal fringe. Antennæ and feet normal. The insect is somewhat thick, with yellowish colour.

Young insect normal.

Adult male yellowish-red in colour, about 1/25in. in length, exclusive of the wings. General form normal. Antennæ long, with ten joints, all long and equal, except the two first, which are very short: all the joints have several hairs. Legs normal, but the tibiæ are very long and slender, and only a little thickened at the tip; tarsi somewhat thick; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike long, and very slightly curved.

Habitat--On _Plagianthus_, _Cyathea_, &c.; Hawke's Bay.

This insect resembles, to the naked eye, somewhat nearly _Ctenochiton perforatus_, but the female differs in the absence of the curious perforations in the test of that species, and in the shorter and thicker antennæ, with also more long hairs on the last joint. The test of the male is also different.

32. Ctenochiton elæocarpi, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 26. (Plate VII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female oval, nearly circular, black in colour, divided into hexagonal and pentagonal segments which are not conspicuous, and of which the median series forms a very slightly elevated ridge somewhat lighter in colour. The test is only slightly convex. The fringe is very long and conspicuous, the segments tooth-like. Diameter of test, exclusive of the fringe, reaches 1/6in.

Test of male unknown.

Test of second stage of female white, waxy, not homogeneous, but built up of a number of loosely-aggregated tubuliform plates, somewhat resembling those of the genus _Orthezia_, Bosc. The fringe of this test is longer than in that of the adult, the teeth curling in different ways. Length of test and fringe, sometimes 1/8in.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling at gestation. Colour black. Antennæ somewhat long, of seven joints; a few hairs on the last joint. Foot normal; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair very broad. On the skin are a number of large oval spots which appear to be the orifices of spinneret tubes.

Female of the second stage wanting the usual wavy edge of the genus. Round the edge of the body is a row of sharp conical spines set closely together. Antennæ of six somewhat confused joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Elæocarpus dentatus_ (hinau), Wellington.

The large size, black colour, and very conspicuous fringe of the adult female test, and the white loose test of the second stage, distinguish this species, especially from _Ct. fuscus_.

33. Ctenochiton elongatus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 212. (Plate VII., Fig. 4.)

Test of adult female elongated, narrow, convex. Length sometimes reaching 1/3in., width about 1/10in. Fringe not always conspicuous; the segments quadrate outwardly. Test divided into quadrangular divisions. Colour whitish, but often blackened by fungoid growths.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Edge of the body wavy. Stigmatic spines long and conspicuous. Antennæ seven-jointed. Feet normal; lower digitules absent (?).

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Geniostoma ligustrifolium_, Auckland; on _Dendrobium_ sp., Hawke's Bay; on _Earina_ sp., Wellington.

Easily recognized by the great length and narrowness of the female test.

34. Ctenochiton flavus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 130; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 26. (Plate VII., Fig. 5.)

Female test golden, waxy, flat beneath, convex above; outline circular or slightly elliptical, with a fringe of broadly triangular segments round the edge. Apex of the test an irregular elongated mass of wax, the remainder divided into two concentric series of plates, the inner series pentagonal with sharp angles, the outer pentagonal with rounded angles and with the outer side forming the base of the segments of the fringe. The inner series forms often irregular lumps of wax. Diameter of test sometimes reaching 1/9in. The colour is often hidden by black fungoid growths.

Test of male much narrower than that of the female, having an irregularly rectangular edge with deep curvilinear depressions. It is glassy, white and shining, flat beneath and elevated above, and marked with numerous horizontal striæ. The upper central portion is sometimes flat, sometimes an irregular mass of the glassy secretion. On the lower side there is often a plate of secretion, so that the pupa is almost entirely enclosed.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling up after gestation: it is consequently flat beneath, convex above, with general outline of Lecanidinæ. The spiracular spines are very long and conspicuous; from their base a double row of minute circular spinneret orifices runs as far as the spiracle, with two or three outlying ones at the base of the spine; and a single row of the same kind of orifices runs across the body to the spiracle on the other side. Along the edge of the body there is a series of conical sharp spines; and scattered all over are many tubular projecting spinnerets. The abdominal cleft is deep, and the two lobes are conspicuous on the dorsal side; these lobes are not smooth, but irregular, and each bears at the end three or four strong spines. The antennæ have six joints; but the third joint often looks like two on account of the false division or depressed ring: the last joint has several long hairs. Feet normal; the upper digitules fine long hairs, the lower pair very broad. The anal ring bears a number of long hairs, of which eight seem to be conspicuous. The colour of the insect is a golden brown; diameter averaging 1/12in.

The second stage of the female is normal of the genus, showing the wavy outline, somewhat strongly marked in many specimens, but not conspicuous in others. The spiracular spines are prominent, and a row of conical spines runs round the edge of the body, as in the adult. The test is at first very thin and brittle, and with a fringe of broad, shallow segments; but afterwards becomes thicker, and in the end, before the change to the final stage, it approaches almost the form of the waxy test of an adult _Ceroplastes_.

The young insect is normal.

The adult male is normal of the genus. The legs are very long and slender; the four digitules are fine hairs. At the extremity of the tibia there is a strong spine. Abdominal spike, or sheath of the penis, slightly curved, with a seta on each side of its basal tubercle. Antennæ of ten joints; the first two very short, the rest longer and equal. On the last joint are several long hairs, of which three are knobbed.

Habitat--On _Brachyglottis repanda_, _Panax arboreum_, _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka), _Elæocarpus dentatus_ (hinau); Wellington.

The species is distinguishable by the shape and colour of the test and the arrangement of the spinnerets, in the adult female. The tests of the second stage may sometimes be taken for adult _Ceroplastes rusci_, Linn.; but can be easily distinguished on examination of the enclosed insect.

35. Ctenochiton fuscus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 131. (Plate VII., Fig. 6.)

Test of the adult female elliptical in outline, flat below, convex above, the elevation being greater than usual; almost black in colour, composed of a thin dark waxy secretion. The fringe is conspicuous, and has the appearance of teeth, the segments being sharply triangular and set closely together. Length of test sometimes nearly 1/4in., breadth 1/7in., height 1/10in. Inside of the test whitish.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ short, probably seven-jointed, but the joints are confused; on the last joint several hairs. Foot having the tibia expanded at the extremity; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair ending in conspicuously broad plates. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines. Colour almost black.

In the second stage the female is less wavy in outline than in other species of the genus, and in its later period is somewhat thick, with the edges turned inwards. Feet normal; digitules fine. Antennæ short and thick, with six joints, of which the third and fourth are the longest; on the last joint some long hairs. The abdominal lobes are irregularly triangular.

Young insect normal.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Brachyglottis repanda_, _Panax arboreum_; Port Hills, Canterbury (Dry Bush).

Distinguished by its large size, great convexity, and black colour, which is not due to fungoid growths, although these, as usual, accompany it.

36. Ctenochiton hymenantheræ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25. (Plate VIII., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female waxy, circular, convex, dirty-white, yellow, or brownish, formed of a number of hexagonal or octagonal segments, which are also convex, giving it a rough appearance. Fringe not very conspicuous. Diameter of test, about 1/12in.

Test of male glassy, dirty-white, oval, segmented, slightly convex, segments of fringe small. Length, about 1/16in.

Adult female yellowish-brown, filling the test. Antennæ of six joints, of which both the second and third seem sometimes double. Foot normal; upper digitules long fine hairs, lower pair broad. The spiracular spines are strong and conspicuous. The skin is divided into segments corresponding with those of the test, the divisions being marked by lines of spinneret orifices which are small and simple.

In the second stage the usual wavy edge of the genus is not generally apparent.

Adult male somewhat thick and short. Antennæ of nine joints, the first short and thick, the remainder long and nearly equal; each joint after the first has many nodosities, from which spring longish hairs. Foot long and slender, especially the tibia. Digitules fine hairs. Thoracic band inconspicuous. Abdominal spike short and blunt.

This species is usually accompanied by a great quantity of very black fungus covering and rendering unsightly the whole plant on which it lives.

Habitat--On _Hymenanthera crassifolia_, Evans Bay, Wellington.

This insect seems to be intermediate between _C. piperis_ and _C. depressus_, differing from both in the rugose female test and the distribution of the spinneret orifices.

37. Ctenochiton perforatus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 280; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 130. (Plate VIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female white, waxy, circular, nearly flat, brittle, thin except at the edge. Fringe thin, segments broadly triangular. Diameter nearly 1/6in. The test is divided by narrow lines of minute spots, corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect, into rows of pentagonal or hexagonal segments. The interior segments are only dotted, but the exterior row exhibits curvilinear series of small perforations or air-cells arranged in slightly radiating rows, which extend also to the corresponding segments of the fringe.

The test of the second stage of the female is very thin and filmy, waxy, flat, slightly elongated; the fringe as in the adult; but there are no perforations or air-cells. Length, about 1/14in.

Test of male waxy, thin, slightly elongated, rather convex; length, about 1/15in. Fringe and air-cells as in the female test. At the abdominal end is a joint or hinge separating the last segment.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation; colour greyish or greenish-white. General appearance somewhat leathery. Rows of minute oval spinnerets run round the edge and across the body, corresponding with the divisions of the test. Antennæ of six joints, the third joint being the longest, and seeming double on account of the depressed ring: on the last joint some hairs. Feet normal, with somewhat thick coxæ and femora: upper digitules long; lower pair narrow. Anal ring with eight hairs. A row of scattered small hairs runs round the edge of the body.

Female of second stage very thin and transparent, seeming like a bluish-green film. The wavy edge is conspicuous. Antennæ of six joints.

Adult male yellowish. Antennæ nine-jointed, every joint except the first bearing several hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules not long, lower pair fine hairs. Thoracic band conspicuous and long. Abdominal spike short.

Habitat--On _Pittosporum eugenioide_, _P. tenuifolium_, _Panax arboreum_, _Coprosma lucida_, _Rubus_, &c., Riccarton Bush, Christchurch; Nelson; Dunedin; Wellington.

38. Ctenochiton piperis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25. (Plate VIII., Fig. 3.)

Test of adult female circular, convex, regularly tessellated in hexagonal segments; fringe not very regular, sometimes almost or quite absent; waxy, somewhat thick; diameter, about 1/15in. Colour variable; outer parts white, yellow, or greenish-white, central segments purplish.

Test of second stage of female waxy, very thin, flat, with fringe of broadly triangular segments: no air-cells. Length, about 1/30in.

Test of male elongated, convex, glassy, segmented. Length, about 1/20in. Slightly coloured like that of the female.

Adult female filling the test. Colour corresponding with that of the test. At gestation the under-side becomes hollow, and the young are sheltered beneath it for awhile. Antennæ seven-jointed; on the last joint several hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad. Round the dorsal surface, half-way between the centre and the edge, is a row of swellings[O] or tubercles.

[O] Possibly spiracular.

Female of second stage elongated, the cephalic portion narrower than the abdomen; flat, thin; edge wavy; stigmatic spines rather stout; a few small spines on the edge. Antennæ six-jointed; feet normal.

Young insect of normal form, but with numerous minute wrinkles on the edge of the body.

Adult male greenish-yellow; antennæ nine-jointed. Foot normal, with somewhat thick tarsus. Penis ending in a round, somewhat large knob.

Habitat--On _Piper excelsum_ (kawakawa); Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Wellington.

The regularly-circular form and coloured segments of the female test, and the tubercles of the dorsum, distinguish this species.

39. Ctenochiton viridis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 211; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 24. (Plate IX., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female absent or fragmentary; very thin, waxy, white, divided into pentagonal or hexagonal segments, each of which exhibits numerous concentric wavy curves, crossed by straight lines radiating from the centre;[P] the segments are separated by double lines of minute spots, corresponding to the spinneret orifices of the insect. No air-cells. Fringe seldom visible.

[P] The radiating lines and concentric curves of these segments are usually somewhat conspicuous, at least on the adult female, and serve to distinguish the test from that of _C. elongatus_, which otherwise resembles it.

Test of female of second stage very thin, white, waxy, flat, divided into segments with concentric curves and radiating lines as in the adult. Fringe of broad segments. No air-cells. Length, about 1/15in.

Test of male glassy, white, elongated, slightly convex, divided into segments similarly marked to those of the female. Abdominal segments separated from the test by a transverse line, or hinge. Length, about 1/6in.

Adult female bright-green in colour, thick, elongated or pyriform, the cephalic portion somewhat acuminate; length sometimes reaching 1/2in. It produces a conspicuous depression in the leaf, in which the body is partially buried. Antennæ of six joints (apparently seven, but the third joint shows the false division or depressed ring), often atrophied. Feet normal, coxæ and femora thick. After gestation the insect frequently becomes brown, covered with a mass of white mealy or felted secretion.

Female of the second stage thin, filmy, translucent; flat, elongated, with wavy outline; colour green; length, about 1/20in. Antennæ of six joints.

Adult male greenish-yellow; length, about 1/15in. Antennæ of nine joints. Feet normal; digitules absent. A strong spine at the extremity of the tibia.

Habitat--On _Panax arboreum_, _Coprosma lucida_, _Hedycarya dentata_, _Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ_, _Rubus australis_; Canterbury, Otago, Wellington, Nelson, Auckland, Hawke's Bay.

This is probably the largest known species of the Lecanidinæ. Its size and bright-green colour in the adult state clearly distinguish it. The female of the second stage resembles nearly that of _Ct. perforatus_, but is somewhat thicker, and the markings of the segments of the test are different.

Genus: INGLISIA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213.

Test of female glassy, elevated, striated with radiating rows of air-cells. Fringe not always present in the adult stage.

In the genus _Fairmairia_, Signoret, there is also an elevated test, but it is waxy, and exhibits no air-cells, and has no fringe in any stage.

40. Inglisia leptospermi, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 220; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 27. (Plate IX., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female white, glassy or waxy, elongated, convex above, flat and open beneath, formed of several agglutinated segments, each segment more or less convex or conical, median segments usually five in number; at the edge an irregular fringe, but the fringe is often absent. Average length of test, 1/10in. The marginal segments sometimes assume the form of small cones, as if a number of secondary tests were attached to the principal one. All the segments are marked with striæ radiating from the apex of each: the striæ, which are composed of air-cells, widen from the apex to the base.

Test of the male white, glassy, elongated, convex, not unlike that of the female, but with a longer fringe; it has also its posterior segment divided from the rest by a transverse slit or hinge; average length, about 1/15in.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation; colour brown; abdominal lobes yellow, conspicuous. The flat under-surface is smooth; the dorsum divided by large corrugations, each segment corresponding to one in the test. Antennæ of seven joints, of which the third is the longest, the fourth, fifth, and sixth the shortest; a few hairs, especially on the last joint. Feet normal; the tibia is somewhat thin, and has one spine or hair at its tip. Digitules normal; upper pair long knobbed hairs, lower pair very broad.

The female in the second stage is also convex above, flat below, but is less thick than the adult, and has not the corrugations. General form elongated-oval; the abdominal lobes are not, as usual, smooth, but approach by irregularity the anal tubercles of the Coccidinæ, and like them bear a few hairs. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal; digitules as in adult. On the skin are several scattered, circular, very minute spinnerets; the stigmatic spines are long and conspicuous, and along the edge runs a row of conical hairs or spines.

Adult male yellowish-green in colour, the body slender and tapering. From the abdomen spring two very long white cottony setæ, one on each side of the spike, which is straight and short. Antennæ of ten joints; the first two short, the rest long, thin, and hairy. Of these, the seventh, eighth, and ninth are the shortest; on the last joint three long knobbed hairs. Feet slender, hairy; digitules normal. Thoracic band inconspicuous.

Habitat--On _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka); Christchurch, Kaiapoi, Wellington, Auckland. It affects the twigs of the plant, and not the leaves.

41. Inglisia ornata, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 27. (Plate X., Fig. 1.)

Test of adult female reddish-brown, the base more or less oval, the rest elevated in a cone and ending in a prominence standing up like a more or less sharp horn; sometimes there are two of these horns. The test is formed of a number of polygonal segments, each slightly elevated, and all are marked with the radiating striæ peculiar to the genus. There is a fringe of sharply triangular segments, also striated. Average length of test, about 1/6in., but specimens attain a length of 1/4in.; height, about 1/10in.

Test of second stage generally resembling that of the adult, but smaller and less conical, and more tinged with green; and at the edge a number of short spinneret tubes may be seen protruding.

Test of the male elongated-oval, convex, but wanting the prominent horn of the female, glassy, white tinged with yellowish-brown, composed of segments marked with conspicuous striæ. Length, 1/12in. Fringe often present, but irregular; often absent.

The adult female fills the test, shrivelling after gestation. It exhibits the horn, or two horns, as in the test. Antennæ of seven joints, the third joint showing the false division noted in other species of Lecanodiaspidæ. Feet normal; upper digitules strong and thick, lower pair rather broad. Along the edge of the body is a row of sharp lanceolate spines set closely together, and the spiracular spines are long and conspicuous. A double or triple row of minute circular spinnerets marks the divisions corresponding to the segments of the test. Colour of the insect greenish, turning brown after gestation. The abdominal lobes are brown.

In the second stage the female resembles generally the adult; but the antennæ have six joints, and amongst the marginal spines are some very much larger than the rest.

The young larva is flat and oval, and at the margin shows a fringe of long glassy pointed tubes, springing from the marginal spines.

The adult male is about 1/20in. in length (exclusive of the wings), brownish or reddish-yellow in colour, the wings hyaline and iridescent, with red nervures. Antennæ of ten joints, on the last of which are, amongst others, three long knobbed hairs. Foot with a spine at the extremity of the tibia; digitules fine hairs. At each side of the abdominal spike springs a strong seta, from which extends a white cottony pencil, as long as the body of the insect. The penis is a long soft cylindrical tube covered with minute recurved spines. Thoracic band short and narrow.

Habitat--On _Elæocarpus dentatus_ (hinau), _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka); Wellington.[Q]

[Q] The male pupæ may be found not unfrequently on other plants, such as _Coprosma_, _Pittosporum_, &c.

This is a handsome species: the colour and the horns of the test are clear distinctions.

42. Inglisia patella, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 213; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 219. (Plate X., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female conical or limpet-shaped, white, glassy, slightly elongated, striated with rows of air-cells radiating from the apex, and increasing in size to the edge. Length of test, about 1/14in.; height, about 1/40in. The edge is usually very wavy.

Test of male similar, but a little smaller and more elongated.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Colour greenish-yellow. Edge wavy, corresponding to the curves of the test. Antennæ very short, six-jointed; on the last three joints some hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules very long, lower pair narrow. On the edge of the body is a row of spines, of which each alternate one is conical, the remainder club-shaped; the edge seems double or ribbon-like, and inside it is a row of spinnerets, beyond which is a narrow line of short regular curves. Abdominal cleft wide and circular above, the extremities almost meeting. Anal ring with eight long hairs.

Female of second stage flattish, elongated, wavy-edged; not exhibiting alternate conical and clavate spines.

Young larva naked, flat, active; round the edge a row of clavate spines, but no conical spines. Length, about 1/50in.

Adult male greenish-yellow; length, 1/24in. Antennæ of ten joints, all except the first bearing hairs. Foot normal; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike about half the length of the abdomen, with two long white setæ springing from the basal tubercle.

Habitat--On _Coprosma lucida_, Riccarton Bush, Christchurch; _Drimys colorata_, (plentifully) on hill above Lyttelton; _Atherosperma_, Wellington.

A very pretty little species, clearly distinguished by the form of the test and the alternate spines of the adult female.

Subdivision II.--LECANIDÆ.

Female insects naked in all stages; form variable; apodous in adult stage, or retaining the feet; viviparous or oviparous, with or without attached ovisac; abdominal cleft and lobes always present. Male pupæ in some cases covered with waxy secretion.

Genus: LECANIUM, Illiger.

Females naked, flat or convex; viviparous or oviparous; propagating without ovisac; arboreal.

Dr. Signoret (loc. cit., 1873, p. 396) divides the genus into six series, as follows:--

(1.) Species flat, usually viviparous; example, _L. hesperidum_.

(2.) Species more or less convex, elongated; example, _L. persicæ_.

(3.) Species more or less globular, the skin tessellated; example, _L. aceris_.

(4.) Species more or less globular, the skin perforated with oval markings; example, _L. hemisphæricum_.

(5.) Species rugose, with dorsal keels; example, _L. oleæ_.

(6.) Species globular, with cleft beneath for attachment to twigs; example, _L. emerici_.

The following are the only species reported as yet in New Zealand; but the genus is so widely spread and the species are so numerous that doubtless many others will hereafter occur in this country.

43. Lecanium depressum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868), 37, 8; Stud. sul Coccin., 29. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 206. (Plate XI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female elongated, somewhat acuminate at the cephalic end, slightly convex; reddish-brown; skin marked with two dorsal keels and numerous irregular tessellations, finely punctate. Antennæ of eight joints; on the first two and the last three joints some hairs. Feet normal, rather long; one of the lower digitules is larger than the other. Length of insect, about 1/10in.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--On plants in greenhouses; Christchurch, Wellington. In Europe, on _Ficus_, in hothouses.

This insect belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

44. Lecanium hemisphæricum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Stud. sul Coccin., 27. _Chermes filicum_, Boisduval (1867), 336; Targioni, Catal., 1868, 38, 17. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29. (Plate XI., Fig. 2.)

Adult female hemispherical, with broad flattened edges; reddish-brown; diameter, about 1/15in. Skin regularly marked with oval perforations; no keels. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal, thin. Anal ring with eight hairs.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--On Camellia, Hutt Valley, Wellington; in Europe, on _Dracæna australis_; in America, on various greenhouse plants (Comstock). Query--Does the European habitat denote an Australian origin?

This insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series.

45. Lecanium hesperidum, Linnæus. _L. hesperidum_, Linnæus, Syst. Nat., 1735, II., 739, 1; Faun. Suec., 1746, 1015. _Coccus hesperidum_, various authors. _Calymnatus hesperidum_, Costa, Nuov. Osserv., 1835? _Calypticus hesperidum_, Costa, Faun. Ins. Nap. Gall-insect., 1837, 8, 1; Lubbock, Proc. Roy. Soc., IX., 480; Beck, Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1861, 47, &c. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 205. _The Holly and Ivy Scale._ (Plate XI., Fig. 3.)

Adult female naked; yellow, brown, or reddish; flat or slightly convex; elongated; skin smooth, sparsely punctate; length averaging 1/10in., but specimens reach sometimes 1/5in. Antennæ of seven joints; a few hairs on most, but the seventh has several. Abdominal cleft and lobes normal. Feet normal. On the edge of a body a row of small hairs, not set closely together. Viviparous; at gestation the under-side becomes concave, forming a shelter for the young; and this cavity is often of a blood-red colour. On the under-side may be seen sometimes four cottony trails starting from the region of the four stigmata.

Young larva reddish-brown; oval, flat; antennæ of six joints. From the abdominal lobes spring two long setæ.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--Everywhere, on ivy, holly, camellia, orange, laurel, myrtle, box, and many other plants out of doors or in greenhouses. In Europe, chiefly on ivy and oranges, but frequently on other plants. In America on many plants.

This is the commonest of the Lecanidæ in this country; it may be distinguished from _L. mori_ (below) by its flatness and sparse punctuation.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series.

46. Lecanium hibernaculorum, Targioni-Tozzetti, Catal. (1868), 37, 9. _Chermes hibernaculorum_, Boisduval, Ent. Hort., 1867, 337. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

Adult female nearly globular; naked; reddish-brown; diameter about 1/9in.; at gestation the body becomes simply an inverted bag covering the eggs and young. The insect appears to be partly oviparous, partly viviparous. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal. Skin pretty regularly marked with oval perforations.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--On various greenhouse plants, Christchurch. In Europe on _Brexia_, _Phajus_, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's fourth series, and may perhaps be only a large variety of _L. hemisphæricum_.

47. Lecanium maculatum, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 400. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207.

Adult female naked; flat, elongated; dorsal skin marked with a median row of rather large oval spots reaching from the abdominal cleft to the region of the rostrum. Length, about 1/15in. Colour yellowish-brown. Antennæ of seven joints. Feet normal.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--On _Bavardia_, in hothouses, Christchurch. In Europe on ivy.

This insect belongs to Signoret's first series: the dorsal spots distinguish it from _L. hesperidum_.

48. Lecanium mori, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 407. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29. (Plate XI., Fig. 4.)

Adult female naked; elongated, convex; reddish; length, about 1/9in. Skin smooth, without spots, tessellations, or keels. Antennæ of seven joints. Feet normal.

Adult male unknown: pupa covered by a white, elongated, segmented, glassy test.

Habitat in New Zealand--On _Alsophila Colensoi_ and other ferns, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. In Europe on mulberry, &c.

The insect belongs to Signoret's second series.

49. Lecanium oleæ, Bernard. _Chermes oleæ_, Bernard, Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Acad., 1872, 108. _L. oleæ_, Signoret, loc. cit., 1873, p. 440. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 28. _The "Black Scale."_ (Plate XI., Fig. 5.)

Adult female naked; semi-globular; dark-brown, sometimes almost black. Skin marked by one longitudinal and two transverse keels, not very conspicuous. Diameter, about 1/15in. Antennæ of eight joints. Feet normal. Anal ring with six hairs.

Young insect flat, elongated, reddish-brown. The keels are more conspicuous than in the adult. Skin marked with numerous oval perforations.

Male unknown.

Habitat in New Zealand--On camellia, _Cassinia leptophylla_ (tauhine), and other plants, Wellington; Hawke's Bay; on various native trees, Whangarei. In Europe on olive. In America (where it is called the "black scale") on oranges and very many other plants.

This insect belongs to Signoret's fifth series.

A European species, _L. cycadis_, Boisduval, is said by Dr. Signoret to closely resemble _L. oleæ_, the only difference apparently being the possession of nine-jointed antennæ. This character is so exceptional in the genus that it perhaps may be but doubtful.

Genus: PULVINARIA, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Female insects naked, arboreal, constructing an ovisac. Male pupæ in cottony or waxy sacs.

50. Pulvinaria camellicola, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1873, p. 32. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 207. (Plate XII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female yellowish- or reddish-brown, naked, slightly convex, elongated; skin smooth, with puncta; length variable, from about 1/7in. to 1/9in. Antennæ (according to Signoret) with sometimes six, sometimes seven, joints. Abdominal cleft and lobes normal. The insect excretes a narrow, white, cylindrical cottony ovisac, which is conspicuous on the leaf of the plant, and the brown body of the female can be seen at one end of it. The eggs in this ovisac are numerous, perhaps some hundreds.

Larva and second stage of female flat, oval, yellowish-brown.

Male pupa covered with a waxy, elongated test as in the genus _Ctenochiton_, but there is no fringe and the segments of the test are not conspicuous; the test is oval and convex.

Adult male yellowish-grey, the head rounded, with an anterior protuberance. Two dorsal and two ventral eyes, and two ocelli. Antennæ of ten joints, all hairy. Feet exhibiting only two digitules, the upper pair. Abdominal spike short, with two longish setæ on each side, each pair of which are covered with cotton which is produced into a long white conspicuous cauda.

Habitat--On camellia. In the South, chiefly in greenhouses. In the Hutt Valley, Wellington, camellias in the open air are much subject to it.

The female of this species is not unlike _Lecanium hesperidum_, but the formation of the white ovisac is a clearly distinguishing character. In late summer the female often drops off to the ground, leaving only the ovisac observable on the leaf.

Subdivision III.--LECANO-COCCIDÆ, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Female insects covering themselves with a secretion of cottony or felted matter, forming more or less complete sacs. Male insects (where known) covered with similar secretion.

Genus: ERIOCHITON, Maskell.

Secretion white, felted, formed of threads issuing from prominent spiny spinnerets; inconspicuous or absent on adult female, thicker on male pupa. Abdominal cleft and lobes present in all stages of female.[R]

[R] In both of the species here described the adult female has the tibiæ shorter than the tarsi. The author has hesitated to found a generic character on it until the discovery of other species; the character is quite exceptional in the family, occurring (besides) only in some species of _Acanthococcidæ_. In all others a tibia shorter than the tarsus would indicate an immature insect.

[This genus contains the insect named hitherto _Ctenochiton spinosus_.]

51. Eriochiton hispidus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 47. (Plate XIII., Fig. 1.)

Secretion of female white, thin, felted, formed of thin threads excreted from the numerous prominent spiny spinnerets, the threads becoming more or less matted over the dorsal surface. At the edge each thread corresponds to a spine, but has not the feathery form exhibited in the next species, _E. spinosus_, being more tubular. On the adult female the covering is often not to be detected, or presents only fragmentary portions; it is best observed on the female of the second stage.

Secretion of the male pupa white, felted, thick, covering the insect all over, and exhibiting at the edge a small fringe. At first sight the test, being obscurely segmented, presents somewhat the appearance of a Dactylopid. Length of the felted mass, about 1/16in.

Larva normal, flat, elliptical, active, exhibiting the usual abdominal cleft and lobes. Dorsal surface covered with spines, excreting a thin white mass of tubes and a tubular fringe.

Female of the second stage more or less elliptical, slightly convex, brown in colour beneath the thin white felted covering, which usually presents a segmented appearance, due to the transverse rows of prominent spinnerets. Body covered thickly on the dorsal surface with spines, which are subcylindrical, the ends rounded, springing from tubercular bases. On the ventral surface many smaller spiny hairs. Abdominal cleft normal, the lobes large. Mentum probably monomerous: the tip bears several hairs. Antennæ of six somewhat hairy joints. Feet with rather large femora; the lower digitules are fine hairs. Anogenital ring bearing numerous hairs.

Adult female elliptical, convex, hollow beneath, brown in colour, usually affecting the twigs and branches of the plant in preference to the leaves. Apparently naked, but on close inspection found to retain at least portions of the thin felted covering. Dorsal surface covered with great numbers of spines similar to those of the second stage; ventral surface with many small spiny hairs. Antennæ of seven joints. The feet have large coxæ and femora; the tibia is only about half as long as the tarsus; the lower digitules are only fine hairs.

Adult male of normal form of _Lecanidinæ_: colour brown. On the head are six visual organs: two dorsal eyes, two ventral, and two ocelli. Antennæ reddish, ten-jointed; the second joint a good deal thicker than the rest, the second, third, and fourth joints the longest; the last three moniliform; all the joints hairy. On the five last joints are several hairs with knobbed extremities. Feet slender, hairy; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short and rather broad. On each side of the base of the spike is a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ; each pair of setæ becomes enclosed in a long white cottony thread, and the two threads form conspicuous "tails," as is common with most males of the Coccid family.

Habitat--On _Olearia Haastii_, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. This is an alpine plant cultivated in the Gardens, and the insect probably came with it from the mountains.

This species is distinguished from _E. spinosus_ by the great number of spiny spinnerets on the dorsum of the female and by the tubular character of the fringe.

The curious and exceptional character of a tibia shorter than the tarsus in the adult female, as observed above, is found only in this genus and some _Acanthococcidæ_.

52. Eriochiton spinosus, Maskell. _Ctenochiton spinosus_, Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 212; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25. (Plate XIII., Fig. 2.)

Test of female white, thin, formed of felted threads excreted from spiny spinnerets; inconspicuous at all stages, and often absent on the adult, but distinguishable on the larva and the second stage. The excreting spinnerets are almost all at the edge of the body, and the fringe is formed of feather-like segments, each segment corresponding to a spine.

Test of male white, thick, felted, oval, and convex; length, about 1/16in. Fringe as in the female.

Adult female dark-brown, sometimes almost black; slightly elongated, convex, affecting almost altogether the twigs and branches in preference to the leaves. Average length, about 1/9in. Antennæ of seven joints: on the last joint some hairs. Feet with the tibia about half as long as the tarsus (see note above, under the genus). On the edge of the body is a row of conspicuous spines, subcylindrical or subconical, with tubercular bases; and on the dorsum, in some specimens, may be seen a few others on the median region.

Female of second stage brown, elongated-elliptical, slightly convex. Antennæ six-jointed. Marginal spines as in the adult, but no dorsal spines. Length, about 1/25in.

Larva red, flattish, elliptical; marginal spines as in adult, conspicuous. Antennæ of five joints. Abdominal lobes large.

Adult male brown, rather more slender than in _E. hispidus_. Antennæ of ten joints, all hairy; the second joint much thicker than the rest. The last three joints are not so globular as in _E. hispidus_. On the last five joints are several knobbed hairs. Feet slender, hairy; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike shortish, broad: at each side of the base a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ enclosed in a long filament of white cotton. Eyes four; ocelli two. Length of body, exclusive of spike, about 1/25in.

Habitat--On _Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ_, _Melicope ternata_, _Elæocarpus dentatus_, Wellington; _Muhlenbeckia adspersa_, Sumner Road, Lyttelton; Port Hills, Christchurch; and Wellington.

Distinguished from _E. hispidus_ by the feather-like segments of the fringe, and by the almost complete absence of dorsal spines on the female. The male is apparently almost identical.

Group III.--HEMICOCCIDINÆ.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.

Larvæ presenting at the extremity of the abdomen two conspicuous protuberances, or "anal tubercles," as in the following group, _Coccidinæ_; abdominal cleft and lobes absent.

Adult females exhibiting the abdominal cleft and lobes of _Lecanidinæ_. Insects naked or covered with secretion.

The formation of this group has been necessary to include certain insects, _e.g._, _Kermes_, which are evidently intermediate between the _Lecanidinæ_ and the _Coccidinæ_, exhibiting at various stages the characters of each.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Adult females naked or covered with horny secretion, without fringe Kermitidæ.

Adult females globular Kermes.

Subdivision II.

Adult females covered with a test of glassy or waxy secretion Cryptokermitidæ.

Test hard, waxy, with single fringe Pollinia.

Test hard, waxy, with double fringe Asterolecanium.

None of the insects belonging to this group have as yet been reported as occurring in New Zealand.

As regards the name "Kermes" included in the foregoing list, see N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 17.

Group IV.--COCCIDINÆ.

Adult females variable in form and colour; body segmented, the segments more or less conspicuous; naked, or covered with secretion which is mealy, cottony, felted, or waxy; active or stationary. No abdominal cleft or dorsal lobes; abdomen ending in two more or less conspicuous protruding processes, or "anal tubercles." Mentum, when present, bi- or triarticulate.

Larvæ exhibiting anal tubercles as in adult.

Adult males of general form of the family: abdominal spike usually short. Antennæ usually of ten joints. Eyes often facetted.

SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I.

Adult females stationary; naked, or covered with cottony or felted secretion; antennæ of not more than seven joints; anogenital ring with six or eight short hairs; anal tubercles conspicuous. Eyes of male not facetted Acanthococcidæ.

Adult female enclosed in closely-felted or waxy sac with double glassy fringe; apodous and without antennæ Planchonia.

Adult females enclosed in a felted sac without fringe; retaining feet and antennæ Eriococcus.

Adult females naked; retaining feet and antennæ Rhizococcus.

_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; apodous and without antennæ Nidularia.

Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; retaining feet and antennæ Gossyparia.

Adult females enclosed in a cottony sac; apodous; with or without antennæ; excreting from the abdomen a very long cottony appendage Antonina.

The genus _Acanthococcus_, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 34), is here united to _Eriococcus_; and the genus _Capulinia_, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 27), to _Antonina_.

Subdivision II.

Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion; antennæ of from six to nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with several long hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Eyes of male sometimes facetted Dactylopidæ.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six hairs; naked, or covered with meal or cotton Dactylopius.

Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; covered with cottony secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs; upper digitules of foot absent Pseudococcus.

_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._

Adult females having antennæ of six joints; covered with mealy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs Ripersia.

Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; anogenital ring with eight hairs; upper digitules of foot present Puto.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; covered with plates of waxy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs. Eyes of male facetted Orthezia.

The genera _Westwoodia_ and _Boisduvalia_, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, pp. 337, 338), are here united to _Dactylopius_.

Subdivision III.

_Not yet represented in New Zealand._

Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not facetted Coccidæ.

Adult females having antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring Coccus.

Subdivision IV.

Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, waxy, or cottony secretion; antennæ of ten or eleven joints; anterior pair of feet similar to the rest; anogenital ring without hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli Monophlebidæ.

Adult females with elongated antennæ of eleven joints; covered with mealy or cottony secretion; with or without ovisac; rostrum present Icerya.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked, or covered with cottony or mealy secretion; rostrum absent Cœlostoma.

_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._

Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males with several long processes, or tassels, on the abdominal segments Monophlebus.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males without tassels Leachia.

Adult females with conical antennæ of eleven joints; covered with cotton Ortonia.

Adult females with antennæ of ten joints. Males bearing a long mass of silky hairs on the last abdominal segment Callipappus.

Adult females with antennæ of ten joints; covered with secretion, partly cottony, partly plates of wax Walkeriana.

The genera _Drosicha_, Walker (list of Homop. Suppl., 1858, 306, 1) and _Guerinia , Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret, loc. cit., 1875, p. 356) are here united to _Monophlebus .

The genus _Llaveia , Signoret (loc. cit., 1875, p. 370), is omitted, its affinities being doubtful.

Subdivision V.

_Not yet represented in New Zealand._

Adult females with antennæ of variable number of joints; anterior pair of feet abnormally enlarged, deformed; rostrum, mentum, and buccal apparatus absent. Eyes of male facetted Porphyrophoridæ.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; covered with mealy or cottony secretion Porphyrophora.

Adult females with antennæ of seven joints; covered with waxy or calcareous secretion Margarodes.

Subdivision I.--ACANTHOCOCCIDÆ.

Female insects exhibiting in all stages the anal tubercles. Young larvæ free, naked, active. Females of second stage active, covered with thin cottony secretion. Adult females stationary; naked, or either resting on or covered with a thick cottony or felted secretion. Anal tubercles in all stages conspicuous, bearing terminal hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine short hairs. Body distinctly segmented.

Male pupæ enclosed in cottony or felted sac. Abdominal spike of adult usually short, with a curved appendage.

Genus: PLANCHONIA, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p. 282.

Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 223.

Adult females enclosed in a sac, or test, of secretion so closely felted as to appear waxy; round the edge of the sac a double fringe of glassy tubes; apodous; antennæ absent. Anal tubercles present in all stages.

The differences between this genus and _Asterolecanium_ (see above under _Lecanidinæ_) are not to be made out from external examination of the sac, nor without close investigation. It is possible, indeed, that _Asterolecanium_ should be removed from the _Lecanidinæ_ and united with _Planchonia_.

53. Planchonia epacridis, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 224. (Plate XII., Fig. 2.)

Test of adult female closely felted, smooth, hard, semi-transparent; flat beneath, convex above; elongated-oval, tapering towards the posterior end; completely enclosing the insect except at extreme posterior end, where there is a small orifice; colour partly green, partly yellow. Round the edge a fringe of long white glassy tubes in double row, one row over the other. Average length, exclusive of fringe, about 1/16in.

Test of male unknown.

Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ absent, but represented by circular rings, each bearing four hairs. Feet absent. Anal tubercles small, setiferous. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with six fine short hairs. Mentum uni-articulate; rostral setæ short. Round the edge of the body a row of figure-of-8 spinneret orifices; on the dorsal surface many circular spinnerets and a number of protruding tubes.

Female of second stage elongated, flattish; colour, reddish-brown; length, about 1/20in. Antennæ absent, represented by rings, as in adult. Feet absent. Anal tubercles as in adult. Spinnerets and fringes as in adult.

Young insect elongated-oval, tapering towards anal extremity, flat; anal tubercles clearly distinguishable, setiferous. Antennæ of five joints; the last joint clavate and bearing hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules fine hairs; lower digitales absent. Colour reddish-brown; on the dorsal surface many scattered figure-of-8 spinnerets, from which spring long, curling, white, glassy tubes. Length of insect, about 1/40in.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Leucopogon Fraseri_, Amberley and Sumner, Canterbury; on _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka) (sparingly), Nelson.

A very pretty little species, resembling in outward appearance _Asterolecanium quercicola_, Signoret, but much smaller, and distinguishable by the presence of the anal tubercles.

Genus: ERIOCOCCUS, Targioni-Tozzetti.

Signoret, loc. cit., 1874, p. 29. Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1879, p. 218.

Adult female enclosed in an elongated sac of white or yellow felted cotton; body elongated, segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous; feet and antennæ present; several rows of conical spines on dorsal surface. Antennæ of six joints.

54. Eriococcus araucariæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 134. _Rhizococcus araucariæ_, Comstock; Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339. (Plate XIV., Fig. 1.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, elongated, often aggregated in masses; length, about 1/10in.

Sac of male similar, but much smaller.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, segmented; colour yellowish; anal tubercles brown, conspicuous. Length of insect, about 1/12in. Antennæ of six joints, with some hairs. Feet normal. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight short hairs. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines (spinnerets). After gestation the insect loses its regular oval outline, shrivelling up at one end of the sac.

Young larva and female of second stage similar to adult, but smaller.

Adult male, "a delicate fly-like creature, with two large wings and a pair of long waxen filaments projecting from posterior part of the abdomen; these filaments are very conspicuous, being white, and longer than the body of the insect. Colour of body white, with many irregular markings" (Comstock, loc. cit.).

Habitat in New Zealand--On _Araucaria excelsior_ (Norfolk Island pine), Governor's Bay, Canterbury. In America, on same plant.

This insect is not greatly different from _E. buxi_, Signoret; but the sac differs, and there are a few distinguishing characters in the form of the antennæ and feet.

55. Eriococcus hoheriæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 298; Vol. XIX., 1886. (Plate XIV., Fig. 2.)

Sac of adult female white, cottony, irregularly elliptical, slightly convex, often aggregated in masses; frequently so covered with black fungus as to present the appearance of a minute gall.

Sac of male white, convex, smaller and more elongated than that of the female.

Adult female elongated-oval, convex, red in colour; length, about 1/30in. Body segmented, tapering rapidly to the posterior extremity; the cephalic segment occupying more than half the length. Anal tubercles conspicuous, apparently two, but on close inspection found to be four, brown in colour; two of them bear longish setæ; all the four are much corrugated and bear many short spiny hairs. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with eight fine hairs. Antennæ of six short joints, tapering. Foot as if atrophied, the joints small and swollen; digitules all fine hairs. On the body are many small conical spines, which are most numerous on the last two abdominal segments.

Larva free, active, red in colour, flattish, elongated, tapering to the abdominal extremity; length, about 1/50in. Body segmented; anal tubercles two, conspicuous, setiferous, with some short hairs. Antennæ of six joints; feet normal.

Adult male red, about 1/20in. long; wings rather narrow, hyaline. Antennæ ten-jointed, hairy. Feet normal. Abdominal spike short, thick, and accompanied by a curved appendage; at each side a tubercle bearing longish setæ.

Habitat--In crevices (and sometimes on surface) of bark of _Hoheria angustifolia_, on hills above the town of Lyttelton. About midsummer individuals may be found which have just completed their sac and have not yet become coated with the black fungus.

The peg-top form and the four anal tubercles of this insect distinguish it from all others of the genus.

56. Eriococcus multispinus, Maskell. _Acanthococcus multispinus_, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 217; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29. (Plate XV., Fig. 1.)

Sac of adult female yellow, felted, elongated-oval. Length, about 1/20in. Abdominal extremity open.

Sac of male similar to that of the female.

Adult female pinkish in colour, elongated-oval, convex, filling the sac, shrivelling at gestation; segmented, segments not conspicuous. Length, about 1/25in. Anal tubercles brownish, conspicuous, setiferous. Anogenital ring small, with eight fine hairs, which are often glued together by cottony secretion, forming a pencil between the tubercles. Antennæ of six joints. Feet having the tibia shorter than the tarsus;[S] digitules fine hairs. On the dorsal surface are a great number of conical spines, of which the largest are arranged in six longitudinal rows; from the spines sometimes protrude some cottony tubes with an expansion a little below the tip.

[S] As a rule, a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect not yet arrived at the adult stage. The genera _Eriococcus_ and _Rhizococcus_ sometimes present exceptions to this rule. See also, above, the genus _Eriochiton_.

Young larva free, active, elongated-oval, flattish; spines as in adult.

Adult male orange-red in colour; length, about 1/25in. Antennæ of ten joints. Abdominal spike short, thick, with a curved appendage. Feet normal.

Habitat--On _Rubus australis_, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; on _Knightia excelsa_, _Cyathodes acerosa_, Wellington.

The very numerous conical spines distinguish this species from that known as _Acanthococcus aceris_, Signoret, the European species.

There seems to be no sufficient reason why the genus _Acanthococcus_ should have been separated from _Eriococcus_, and they have been here reunited. The only difference mentioned by Signoret is the colour and texture of the sac, an unimportant character in this case.

57. Eriococcus pallidus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29. (Plate XV., Fig. 2.)

Sac of adult female yellowish-white, elongated-oval, convex, closed at both ends. Length, about 1/9in.

Sac of male unknown.

Adult female greenish-grey, turning to brown after gestation; filling the sac; shrivelling at gestation. Anal tubercles rather large and conspicuous. Anogenital ring small, with eight (sometimes six?) fine short hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal, slender; lower digitules narrow and rather long. Body segmented; segments not very distinct. On the middle of each segment a transverse row of small slender conical spines not set closely together. Very many small scattered oval spinneret orifices.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Myoporum lætum_ (ngaio), _Elæocarpus dentatus_ (hinau), &c.; throughout the Islands.

Allied to _E. buxi_, Signoret (European), and _E. multispinus_, ante: but different from both in colour, in the arrangement of the spines and spinnerets, and in the form of the antennæ.

Genus: RHIZOCOCCUS, Signoret.

Adult females naked, usually stationary; body segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous. Antennæ of six or seven joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring inconspicuous, with fine hairs.

Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac.

Mr. Comstock proposes (Ann. Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339, note) to include in this genus all the species of _Eriococcus_. The organic difference disclosed by the formation of a sac in that genus and the absence of a sac in _Rhizococcus_ seems to render the separation of the two necessary.

58. Rhizococcus celmisiæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 135. (Plate XVI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female deep red in colour, elongated-oval, convex above and flattened below; length about 1/11in. The segments of the body are not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal tubercles, each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six joints, sometimes looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully dimerous. The four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little shorter than the tarsus.[T] The trochanter bears one long hair and two short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are scattered over the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs with tubercular bases, runs transversely on each segment; also some circular spinnerets. At the edge of the body, all round, is a row of the large conical spines, which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments, of four or five on the median segments, and almost continuous on the head. When the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four spiracles are somewhat large and circular.

[T] See note, above, under _Eriococcus multispinus_.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Celmisia_ sp., Southern Alps, Canterbury.

Differs from the European _R. gnidii_ in size, colour, and habitat, that species living on the roots of grass, while the New Zealand insect is arboreal. There are also differences in the foot and in the arrangement of the spines and hairs.

It is possible that this insect may, in its latest stage, construct a sac: in that case, it would belong to _Eriococcus_.

59. Rhizococcus fossor, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 136. (Plate XVI., Fig. 2.)

Female naked in all stages, but the adult usually buried in a pit.

Male pupa enclosed in a white, elongated, cottony sac, which is about 1/20in. long.

Adult female greenish-yellow in colour, sometimes brown, stationary; sometimes resting on the leaf, usually partly enclosed in a circular pit; almost circular in outline, flat beneath and slightly convex above; length, about 1/15in. In the last stage, after gestation, it becomes dark-brown. The cephalic part is smooth; the remainder segmented. The abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles, which are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown colour. Between them there protrudes a long thick pencil of white cotton. Antennæ short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several long hairs. Feet very small; the femur rather thick; the tibia is shorter than the tarsus by about one-third; the four digitules are long fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal setæ; anal ring inconspicuous. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart, runs round the edge of the body, but none elsewhere, nor any circular spinnerets. There is no sign of a sac in any stage.

Female of the second stage oval, flatter than the adult, and of a rich golden colour; length, about 1/40in. The segments of the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The anal tubercles are proportionately larger, and bear terminal setæ. Antennæ longer than in the adult, with six joints. Feet also longer. All round the edge runs a row of conical spines, set more closely than in the adult; and from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a kind of fringe to the body; each tube is a little dilated at the end, and then tapers to a narrow point. The base of each conical spine is a somewhat large tubercle.

Young larva free, active, elongated, slightly convex, tapering to the anal extremity; colour yellow; length, about 1/60in. Antennæ as in adult, with six joints. Feet somewhat large. Anal tubercles thick, conspicuous, setiferous, with one short hair. On the edge of the body a row of conical spines set far apart, and on the dorsum four other longitudinal rows.

Adult male red in colour, about 1/30in. long. Antennæ of nine joints, all bearing hairs; the last joint nearly globular. Feet slender; digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short, thick, with sometimes a curved appendage. A rather strong seta on each side of the base of the spike.

As a rule, the adult female is nearly buried in a circular depression, or pit, formed in the leaf, and with the wall of the pit somewhat curled over it. On the other side of the leaf is a corresponding elevation, of a brown colour. Diameter of pit, about 1/18in. The abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal tubercles of the female usually protrude at the edge of the pit, probably to attract the male. After gestation, the female disappears within the pit, and the young larvæ are also sheltered in it for a while.

Sometimes two females inhabit the same pit.

The females which are not in pits are generally of a dark-red, or brown, colour.

Habitat--On _Santalum Cunninghamii_ (maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay.

A very distinct species, easily distinguishable by the pits on the leaves.

Subdivision II.--DACTYLOPIDÆ.

The "Mealy-bugs."

Female insects active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion. Body segmented. Antennæ of from six to nine joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring large, usually conspicuous, with several long hairs. Anal tubercles small, inconspicuous.

Males of general form of the family. Eyes sometimes facetted, usually granular.

Genus: DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.

Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six hairs. Naked, or more usually covered with mealy or cottony secretion.

Male pupa enclosed in cottony sac.

60. Dactylopius alpinus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138. (Plate XVII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female dark-purple in colour, producing a rich red tint in alcohol; body segmented, convex, slightly elongated, stationary; enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Length, about 1/7in. Internal substance very oily. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, thick, with broad bases. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. Feet normal; upper digitules long fine hairs; lower digitules somewhat broader. Antennæ of eight joints. On the dorsum a number of tubular projecting spinnerets, and others circular. On each of the last three abdominal segments a row of large conical spines.

Female of second stage dark-brown, active, elongated, segmented, flatter than the adult; length, about 1/20in. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, setiferous. A few conical spines on the posterior segments. Antennæ of six joints. A thin mealy secretion on the body.

Young larva dark-brown, naked, active, elongated, segmented; length, about 1/40in. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles thick, broad, and more conspicuous than in the adult. A few small spines on the dorsum.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On Veronica sp., Upper Waimakariri Valley, Southern Alps.

A species easily distinguished by its cottony sac, its rich colour in alcohol, and its conical spines. It would seem to be intermediate between _Rhizococcus_ and _Dactylopius_.

61. Dactylopius calceolariæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138. (Plate XVII., Fig. 2.)

Adult female dull-pink in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion; length variable, from 1/8in. to 1/4in. Very short cottony appendages sometimes along the edge of the body. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing fine hairs, from which spring two long cottony filaments. Anogenital ring large, with six long hairs which are often glued together by white cotton, forming a pencil between the anal tubercles. Interior substance very oily. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Feet normal.

Female of second stage similar, but smaller. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in the adult.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Calceolaria_, Christchurch; _Danthonia_, Stewart Island; _Phormium tenax_, Christchurch.

The large size, and the absence of long cottony marginal appendages, distinguish this species from the European _D. adonidum_.

62. Dactylopius glaucus, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 219; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30. (Plate XVII., Fig. 3.)

Adult female green, sometimes brownish-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion. Length, averaging 1/14in. Body oval, tapering somewhat to the posterior extremity. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, each bearing fine hairs and a long cottony filament. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs often forming with cotton a protruding pencil. A few cottony appendages sometimes round the edge of the body, often absent. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad.

Sac of male pupa narrow, cylindrical, white, cottony, open at the posterior end. Length, about 1/8in.

Adult male about 1/20in. long; brown, covered when newly hatched with white meal. Body rather thick; abdominal spike short. Antennæ of ten joints, hairy; the last eight joints equal to each other. Feet slender, hairy; upper digitules long, fine; lower digitules short.

Habitat--On _Panax_, _Rubus_, _Coprosma_, _Pittosporum_, _Piper excelsum_, &c.; throughout the Islands: also frequently on fruit-trees.

A species more nearly resembling the ordinary "mealy bug," _D. adonidum_, than any other in New Zealand; but differing in colour, in the absence of long marginal appendages, and in the form of the foot and antennæ.

63. Dactylopius poæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 220. (Plate XVIII., Fig. 1.)

Adult female pink, covered with thin white meal; slightly elongated, sometimes globular; flat beneath, convex above; segmented, the segments indistinct. Length reaching about 1/10in. Antennæ of eight joints, very short. Feet normal, very short; upper digitules short, lower digitules absent (?). Anal tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous; each has three conical spines, but no hairs. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. On the dorsum are numbers of small circular spinnerets.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On the common tussock grass, _Poa anceps (australis?)_, Mount Grey Downs and Port Hills, Canterbury; either just above the ground, or more often an inch or two below the surface.

A species clearly distinct in form and habit.

Genus: PSEUDOCOCCUS, Westwood.

Adult females covered with cottony secretion; stationary; antennæ of nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with six hairs; upper digitules of the foot absent.

64. Pseudococcus asteliæ, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 139. (Plate XVIII., Fig. 2.)

Adult female about 1/10in. long, yellowish-brown, covered with a not very abundant white cotton; segmented; anal tubercles inconspicuous; anal ring with six hairs. Antennæ with nine joints, of which the third, fourth, and fifth are the longest; the second, sixth, and ninth a little shorter; the first, seventh, and eighth the shortest. The fourth, fifth, and sixth are the narrowest, the two ends of the antennæ being thicker than the middle. The eighth joint is a little expanded at the tip; and the ninth is fusiform, with a shallow depression at the extremity. All the joints have a few long hairs, and on the eighth is one a good deal stronger than the others. The legs have the tibiæ twice as long as the tarsus; the claw is slender, and has no tooth on the inner edge. There are only two digitules (the lower pair), which are long and fine. The trochanter bears one short bristle. The whole leg is slender and long. The eyes are tubercular and smooth, showing after maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot. The body is covered with a number of spinnerets of two kinds: those with simple concentric circles are the largest, and are found all over the integument; the others are multilocular, and are placed in groups at the edges of the segments and also in great numbers at the cephalic and abdominal extremities. Interspersed with these spinnerets are several hairs, mostly very short, but on the head are some pretty long. From the anal tubercles spring two strong setæ with tubercular bases, not very long. The mentum is dimerous, and bears a few hairs on the tip. In the groups of spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small conical spines. The four spiracles are small and simple.

Adult male unknown.

Habitat--On _Astelia_ sp., in forests, Hawke's Bay.

Allied to _P. Mespili_, Geoffroy; but differs in the antennæ, feet, and spinnerets.

Subdivision III.--COCCIDÆ.

Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not facetted.

This subdivision, which includes the single genus _Coccus_, of which there would seem to be not more than one distinct species--_Coccus cacti_ (the cochineal insect)--and two or three varieties, has not yet any representatives in New Zealand.

Subdivision IV.--MONOPHLEBIDÆ.

Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion; segmented; antennæ of ten or eleven joints; anterior pair of feet similar to the rest; anogenital ring without hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous.

Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli.

Strictly speaking, the wings of the males of this group should, according to its name, present only a single nervure. This, however, is not the case, or, rather, it should be said that the nervure is precisely similar to that of all other Coccids, branching once, so that it cannot form a distinctive character. Possibly the name of _Monophlebus_ was originally given by Leach to an abnormal or imperfect specimen.

Genus: ICERYA, Signoret.

Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; covered with thin mealy secretion or with cotton; stationary; with or without ovisac. Rostrum and mentum present. Segmentation inconspicuous.

Adult males without tassels on the abdomen; antennæ with two dilations on each joint.

Two species only of this genus are at present known, the one described below and another, _I. sacchari_, infesting sugar-canes in Mauritius. The male of the latter is unknown. Possibly researches in Australia might result in the discovery of others.

65. Icerya Purchasi, Maskell. N. Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 221; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 140; p. 140; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30; Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 45. _The "Cottony-cushion Scale."_ (Plate XIX.)

Adult female dark reddish-brown, covered with a thin powdery secretion of yellowish meal, and with slender glassy filaments; stationary at gestation, and gradually raising itself on its head, lifting the posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular, filling the space beneath it with thick white cotton, which gradually extends for some distance behind it in an elongated, white ovisac, longitudinally corrugated; ovisac often much longer than the insect, and becoming filled with oval red eggs. Length of female, about 1/5in., reaching sometimes nearly 1/3in. Body previous to gestation lying flat on the plant, the edge slightly turned up; on the dorsum a longitudinal raised ridge, forming one or more prominences. Insect covered all over with numerous minute fine hairs, most thickly on the thoracic region; round the edge these hairs are longer, and are arranged in tufts somewhat closely set; the tufts are black, and contain from twenty to thirty hairs in each. Amongst the hairs in the tufts are several protruding tubular spinnerets, having on the outer end a kind of multiglobular ring or crown; from these proceed cylindrical, glassy, straight tubes as long as the tufts of hair. Long, fine, glassy, delicate filaments, as long as the body of the insect, radiate from the edge all round; but these, being very fragile, are often irregular, or absent. During gestation thick, short, cottony processes form at the edge of the thorax, seemingly attached to the feet. Antennæ of eleven joints, very slightly tapering; each joint bearing hairs. Feet normal, somewhat thick. Rostrum not long; mentum triarticulate. Procreation commencing soon after the first formation of the ovisac, the eggs being ejected into the sac as it grows; ovisac at completion containing sometimes as many as 350 eggs; ovisac convex above, sometimes irregularly split, more often nearly conical, divided by several regular longitudinal grooves or ribs.

Female of second stage dark-red, elongated, slightly convex, active, covered with thin meal, or short curly cotton. Body hairy with marginal tufts and spinnerets, as in adult. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, but the abdomen exhibits three small lobes on each side, from which spring six short setæ. Antennæ of nine nearly equal joints, hairy. Feet normal, thick. Several radiating, fine cottony filaments. Length of insect variable, from 1/10in. to 1/6in. The dorsum exhibits the longitudinal raised ridge, but less conspicuously than in the adult.

Young larva, about 1/24in. long, dark-red, elongated, flattish, active; covered with yellow cottony down. Antennæ of six joints, hairy; the last joint is much the largest, clavate, apparently four-ringed, bearing four long hairs. Feet slender; digitules short, fine hairs. Eyes prominent, tubercular. Mentum biarticulate. Anal tubercles represented by three small processes at each side of the abdominal extremity, each process bearing a very long seta. Six longitudinal rows of circular multilocular spinnerets, four on the dorsum and one on each edge. Alternating with these are rows of hairs with tubercular bases.

Adult male large, the length slightly varying; some specimens reach 1/8in.; expanse of wings, 1/4in.; length of antennæ, about 1/8in. Body red, with a shining, diamond-shaped, black patch on the dorsal surface of the thorax; legs and antennæ black. Wings dark-brown with (in some lights) a bluish tinge, marked with oblique, narrow, wavy stripes; main nervure red, branching once; there are also two longitudinal, whitish, narrow bands.[U] Antennæ very long and slender, with ten joints, which may easily be taken for nineteen, for, after the first which is short, round, and simple, all the other nine have two dilated portions with a constriction in the middle, and on each dilation is a ring of very long hairs, giving the antenna a feathery appearance.[V] Eyes very large and prominent, almost pedunculated, brown, divided into numerous semi-globular facets. Feet long and very hairy; coxæ short and thick, tibiæ long and slender, claw thin; upper digitules absent, lower pair only short bristles. Abdomen slender, segments somewhat distinct; on each segment some hairs; the last segment ends in two thick, conspicuous, cylindrical processes, which, in side view, are seen to incline upwards, and beneath them is the short, conical spike sheathing the penis. Penis red, longish, tubular, and thick, with many recurved short hairs, and at the end a ring of short spines. Each of the two processes on the last segment bears three or four long setæ, but there do not appear to be any of the long cottony appendages seen in the males of most Coccids.

[U] Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1875), under the genus _Monophlebus_, speaks of "les plis hyalins" as existing also in the wings of the males of that genus.

[V] Misled by similar appearances, Burmeister and Westwood assign twenty-five joints to the male antenna of _Leachia fuscipennis_.

Habitat--On wattle, pine, orange, lemon, cypress, rose, gorse, grass, and, in fact, on almost every kind of native and introduced plants, Nelson, Hawke's Bay, Auckland. It will probably appear also elsewhere, but the climate of Canterbury and Otago may prove too cold in winter for it.

Allied to _I. sacchari_, Guérin, which damages sugar-canes in Mauritius; but differing in the formation of the ovisac, the presence of the marginal tufts and spinneret tubes in the female, and in other particulars. The male of _I. sacchari_ has not been described. The male of _I. Purchasi_ is probably quite distinct.

This species is supposed to have come originally from Australia. It has been very injurious to orange and lemon trees at the Cape of Good Hope and in California. In Auckland it has destroyed whole orchards of the same trees, and in Nelson and Hawke's Bay it is a dreadful pest on all kinds of plants.

Tree-growers should especially beware of this insect, and the best plan to adopt would be to burn at once any tree found infested with it.

Genus: CŒLOSTOMA, Maskell.

N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1889, p. 294.

Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; segmented; naked, active; at gestation becoming stationary and enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Anal tubercles absent or inconspicuous. Rostrum and mentum absent in the adult female.

Males with prominent, facetted eyes; ocelli absent. Abdomen without tassels.

In one New Zealand species the female in the second stage is stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard mass of waxy secretion, of which some account is given in Chap. III. The other species included in this work inhabits a remote and scarcely visited district, and the female has not hitherto been found; it is not possible therefore to include the excretion of wax and the stationary position amongst the generic characters at present.

This genus is allied to _Porphyrophora_, Brandt, and to _Monophlebus_, Leach; differing from the former by the presence of an œsophagal orifice, and from the latter by the absence of tassels on the abdomen of the male. In the genus _Ortonia_, Signoret, the female possesses a rostrum and mentum.

66. Cœlostoma zealandicum, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 294; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 226; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141. (Plate XX.; Plate XXI., Fig. 1.)

Adult female brick-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, convex; length about 1/2in.; before gestation active, naked or covered with thin meal; during gestation stationary, enclosed in a thick mass of white cotton. Antennæ of eleven joints, tapering to the tip; the joints all nearly equal, and bearing several hairs. Feet black, short, strong; all the pairs placed somewhat forward; digitules absent, a short seta at the base of the claw; on the inner edge of the tibia and tarsus a fringe of strong hairs; on the trochanter a long hair. Rostrum and mentum absent; mouth represented by a minute orifice between the second pair of feet. Eyes very minute, tubercular, projecting, placed behind the antennæ. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital opening small, elliptical, simple, hairless. Body flattish beneath, more convex above; segments distinct, generally smooth, sometimes bearing hard projecting callosities. Skin covered with minute hairs interspersed with circular spinnerets.

Female of second stage deep-red in colour, nearly globular, very indistinctly segmented; stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard solid test of yellow wax; tests attaining sometimes the size of a large pea; enclosed insect averaging 1/5in. in length. Insect filling the test; skin smooth, very thin; general appearance like a hard, round, smooth ball. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital ring small, simple, hairless: from this ring springs often a tuft of short white cotton, and a long white cottony seta protruding through an orifice in the test. Rostrum and mentum present, very small; mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Antennæ very short, of eight joints, conical, tapering to the tip, hairy. Feet atrophied, bloated-looking, apparently only consisting of a very short femur, tibia, and tarsus; digitules two, very small. Skin covered with a great number of circular spinnerets of two sizes, the larger ones simple, the smaller multilocular. Tracheæ very large; spiracular orifices containing brown tubes with beaded extremities on the inner end. Anal extremity dark-brown, the anal ring in the centre; spinnerets here very numerous, converging towards the anus. Insect in this stage emitting a strong, persistent, and fetid odour.

Young larva brick-red, elongated, active, naked; length, about 1/24in. Antennæ of six joints, hairy; last joint the largest, clavate. Eyes and feet as in adult, but there is no fringe on the tibia and tarsus. Rostrum and mentum large, conspicuous. Skin covered with circular spinnerets and minute hairs; the spinnerets are most numerous on the abdomen. Anogenital ring apparently folded. At the extremity of the abdomen two long hairs springing from quadrate tubercular bases which represent the anal tubercles.

Adult male red or purplish in colour, wings bluish-purple with red nervures; length, about 1/5in.; width across expanded wings, about 1/2in. Eyes large, prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, each joint bearing many hairs. Feet long, slender, with somewhat large trochanter; on the tibia and tarsus a fringe of hairs as in the female. Upper digitules two long fine hairs; lower digitules absent. The nervure of the wings branches twice at least. Haltere large, inflated, sac-like; bearing four curling setæ. Abdomen distinctly segmented, each segment bearing many fine short hairs and several small circular marks. Abdominal spike short, broad, bivalvular; penis protruding as a long soft white tube covered with minute recurved hairs.

Habitat--For the adult female and larva the trunks of trees and shrubs in forests, or rocks and bushes in open country, Otago, Nelson, Canterbury, Wellington. For the second stage the stems and roots of _Muhlenbeckia adspersa (complexa?)_; Sumner Road, Lyttelton; Evans Bay, Wellington: _Rhipogonum scandens_ (supplejack); Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; Nelson; Wellington. On _Muhlenbeckia_ the waxy tests are often largest and most numerous underground. Male insects sometimes found clustering, attached to females.

This is a very large and peculiar species, its transformations and changes of secretion being abnormal. It cannot be said to be greatly harmful; but the odour of the second stage is unpleasant.

67. Cœlostoma wairoense, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141. (Plate XXI., Fig. 2.)

Adult female, female of second stage, and larva unknown.

Adult male very nearly resembling that of _C. zealandicum_; body red or purplish, wings blue with red nervures. Length of body, about 1/6in. Eyes prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, slender, with fine hairs. Feet as in _C. zealandicum_, but with fewer hairs. Digitules twenty-four, all springing from the claw, none from the tarsus. Haltere, abdominal spike, penis, and abdomen as in _C. zealandicum_; but the circular marks on the segments in this species are multilocular.

Male pupa bright-red, enclosed in a cylindrical sac of white cotton. Pupæ occurring in numerous colonies.

Habitat--On _Phormium tenax_, _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka), Northern Wairoa, Auckland.

The female of this species will, when found, probably nearly resemble that of _C. zealandicum_: at present the great number of digitules on the foot of the male sufficiently distinguish it.

INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDÆ ATTACKING THEM.

This list is of course only approximate, as insects may at any time be found on other trees than those given.

_Icerya Purchasi_ is omnivorous, and it has not been thought necessary to repeat it here against every plant in the list; but it has been set against some.

The adult female of _Cœlostoma zælandicum_ may also be found wandering over numbers of native trees in forests.

In hothouses and greenhouses all sorts of plants are liable to attack.

Key to Symbols Following Insect Listings

* Unsightly: spoiling appearance of plant. † Usually accompanied by much black fungus. ‡ Likely to do much injury to plant.

Plants. Insects.

Alsophila Colensoi (fern) Lecanium mori. * Apple Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡ Apricot Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Ash " pomorum. ‡ Asplenium bulbiferum (fern) Chionaspis dubia. * † " lucidum " dubia. * † Astelia Cunninghamii Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * " " " epiphytidis. " " Fiorinia asteliæ. * † " " " stricta. " " Pseudococcus asteliæ. Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ Aspidiotus atherospermæ. " " Mytilaspis pyriformis. * " " Fiorinia asteliæ. * " " Ctenochiton viridis. * † " " Inglisia patella. " " Eriochiton spinosus. Bavardia Lecanium maculatum. * † ‡ Box " hesperidum. * † ‡ Brachyglottis repanda Fiorinia minima. " " Ctenochiton flavus. " " " fuscus. * † Budlæia salicina Aspidiotus budlæiæ. Calceolaria Dactylopius calceolariæ. * † ‡ Camellia Aspidiotus camelliæ. " Lecanium hemisphæricum. * † ‡ " " hesperidum. * † ‡ " " oleæ. * † ‡ " Pulvinaria camellicola. * † ‡ Carpodetus serratus Aspidiotus carpodeti. Cassinia leptophylla (tauhine) Lecanium oleæ. * † ‡ Celmisia Rhizococcus celmisiæ. * Coprosma Aspidiotus nerii. " Mytilaspis pyriformis. * " Chionaspis dubia. " Fiorinia asteliæ. * " Ctenochiton perforatus. * † Coprosma Ctenochiton viridis. * † " Inglisia patella. " Dactylopius glaucus. * Cordyline australis (cabbage-tree) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * ‡ " " " Fiorinia stricta. * ‡ " indivisa (large-leaved cabbage-tree) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * ‡ " " " " Fiorinia stricta. * ‡ Corynocarpus lævigata (karaka) Aspidiotus nerii. Cotoneaster microphylla Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Cyathea Smithii (tree-fern) Ctenochiton depressus. * Cyathodes acerosa Poliaspis media. * " " Eriococcus multispinus. * Cypress Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Danthonia (grass) Dactylopius calceolariæ. * Dendrobium Fiorinia stricta. * " Ctenochiton elongatus. * † Drimys colorata Mytilaspis drimydis. " " Inglisia patella. Dysoxylon spectabile Aspidiotus dysoxyli. " " Mytilaspis pyriformis. * " " Chionaspis dysoxyli. * ‡ Earina Ctenochiton elongatus. " Fiorinia stricta. * Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau) Ctenochiton elæocarpi. " " " " flavus. " " " Inglisia ornata. * " " " Eriococcus pallidus. Eucalyptus Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * Euonymus Aspidiotus camelliæ. * ‡ Ferns, various Chionaspis dubia. " " Poliaspis media. " " Ctenochiton depressus. * " " Lecanium mori. " " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡ Gahnia Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * Geniostoma ligustrifolia Ctenochiton elongatus. * Gooseberry Fiorinia grossulariæ. Gorse Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Grasses, various Dactylopius poæ. " " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Hawthorn Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Hedycarya Fiorinia stricta. Hoheria angustifolia Eriococcus hoheriæ. Holly Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡ Hymenanthera crassifolia Ctenochiton hymenantheræ. * † Ivy Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡ Knightia excelsa Eriococcus multispinus. * Laurel Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡ Lemon Aspidiotus coccineus. * ‡ " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) Mytilaspis leptospermi. " " " Ctenochiton flavus. " " " Inglisia leptospermi. " " " " ornata. " " " Planchonia epacridis. " " " Cœlostoma wairoense. * Leucopogon Fraseri Poliaspis media. * " " Planchonia epacridis. Lilac Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Melicope ternata Eriochiton spinosus. Metrosideros tomentosa (pohutukawa) Lecanochiton metrosideri. * † " robusta (rata) Mytilaspis metrosideri. " " " Lecanochiton metrosideri. * † Muhlenbeckia adspersa Fiorinia stricta. " " Eriochiton spinosus. " " Cœlostoma zælandicum. Myoporum lætum (ngaio) Eriococcus pallidus. Myrtle Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡ Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria) Eriococcus araucariæ. * † ‡ Olearia Haastii Eriochiton hispidus. * † Orange Aspidiotus coccineus. * ‡ " Chionaspis citri. " Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡ " " oleæ. * † ‡ " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Orchids (hothouse) Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡ " " " nerii. * ‡ " " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡ Palms (hothouse) Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡ " " " nerii. * ‡ " " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡ Panax arboreum Fiorinia minima. " " Ctenochiton flavus. * † " " " fuscus. * † " " " perforatus. * † " " " viridis. * † " " Dactylopius glaucus. * Parsonsia Chionaspis minor. Peach Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Pear Diaspis santali. " Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Pellæa rotundifolia (fern) Chionaspis dubia. Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * " " " Fiorinia stricta. * " " " Dactylopius calceolariæ. * " " " Cœlostoma wairoense. * Phymatodes Billardieri (fern) Mytilaspis phymatodidis. * Pines and firs Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Piper excelsum Ctenochiton piperis. " " Dactylopius glaucus. * Pittosporum (various) Fiorinia asteliæ. " " Ctenochiton perforatus. * † " " " viridis. * † " " Dactylopius glaucus. * † Plagianthus Ctenochiton depressus. * Plum Diaspis santali. ‡ " Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡ Poa anceps (tussock-grass) Dactylopius poæ. Rhipogonum scandens (supplejack) Chionaspis minor. * " " " Cœlostoma zælandicum. Rose Diaspis rosæ. * ‡ " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Rubus australis (bush-lawyer) Chionaspis dubia. * " " " Ctenochiton perforatus. * † " " " " viridis. * † " " " Eriococcus multispinus. Rubus australis (bush-lawyer) Dactylopius glaucus. * Santalum Cunninghamii (maire) Diaspis santali. * " " " Rhizococcus fossor. Sophora tetraptera (kowhai) Aspidiotus sophoræ. Sweetbriar Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Sycamore Mytilaspis pomorum. Thorn " pomorum. ‡ Various greenhouse or hothouse plants Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡ " " " " " nerii. * ‡ " " " " Diaspis Boisduvalii. * † ‡ " " " " Lecanium hemisphæricum. * † ‡ " " " " " hesperidum. * † ‡ " " " " " hibernaculorum. * † ‡ " " " " " mori. " " " " " oleæ. * † ‡ " " " " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡ " " " " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡ Veronica (various) Poliaspis media. " " Lecanium hesperidum. * † " " Dactylopius alpinus. * Vitex littoralis (puriri) Aspidiotus carpodeti. Wattle (various) " epidendri. * " " Diaspis Boisduvalii. * " " Icerya Purchasi. * † Weeping-willow Aspidiotus camelliæ.

INDEX OF GROUPS, SUBDIVISIONS, GENERA, AND SPECIES INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.

_Names in italics_ are synonyms. * Signifies that the insect has not yet been found in New Zealand.

Page

Acanthococcidæ, 88, 91 _Acanthococcus_, 95 _multispinus_, 94 Aclerda*, 63 Antonina*, 88 Aonidia*, 39 Aspidiotus, 39, 40 atherospermæ, 40 _aurantii_, 42 _Bouchei_, 44 budlæiæ, 40 camelliæ, 41 carpodeti, 42 _citri_, 42 coccineus (the orange-scale), 42 _conchiformis_, 51 dysoxyli, 43 epidendri, 44 _falciformis_, 51 _juglandis_, 51 nerii, 44 _pomorum_, 51 _pyrus-malus_, 51 _rosæ_, 47 sophoræ, 45 Asterolecanium*, 64, 87, 91 quercicola*, 92

_Boisduvalia_*, 89

Callipappus*, 90 _Calymnatus hesperidum_, 80 _Calypticus hesperidum_, 80 Capulinia*, 89 Carteria*, 62 Ceroplastes*, 62 _Chermes epidendri_, 44 _filicum_, 80 _hibernaculorum_, 81 _oleæ_, 82 Chionaspis, 39, 54 citri, 54 dubia, 54 dysoxyli, 55 _euonymi_, 54 minor, 56 Coccidæ, 89, 103 Coccidinæ, 38, 88 Coccus* (the cochineal-insect), 89 _hesperidum_, 80 Cœlostoma, 90, 107 wairoense, 109 zælandicum, 107 Cryptokermitidæ, 87 Ctenochiton, 62, 65 depressus, 66 elæocarpi, 67 elongatus, 68 flavus, 68 fuscus, 70 hymenantheræ, 71 perforatus, 72 piperis, 73 _spinosus_, 86 viridis, 74

Dactylopidæ (the "mealy-bugs"), 89 Dactylopius, 89 alpinus, 99 calceolariæ, 100 glaucus, 100 poæ, 101 Diaspidinæ, 37, 39 Diaspis, 39, 45 Boisduvalii, 46 _Bouchei_, 44 _gigas_, 58 rosæ, 47 santali, 47 _Drosicha_*, 90

Ericerus*, 62 Eriochiton, 63, 84 hispidus, 84 spinosus, 86 Eriococcus, 88, 92 araucariæ, 93 hoheriæ, 93 multispinus, 94 pallidus, 95 Eriopeltis*, 63

Fairmairia*, 62 Fiorinia, 39, 57 asteliæ, 58 grossulariæ, 59 minima, 59 stricta, 60

Gossyparia*, 88 _Guerinia_*, 90

Hemicoccidinæ, 38, 87

Icerya, 90, 104 Purchasi (the cottony-cushion scale), 104 sacchari*, 106 Inglisia, 62, 75 leptospermi, 75 ornata, 76 patella, 78

Kermes*, 87 _camelliæ_, 41 Kermitidæ*, 87

Leachia*, 90 Lecanidæ, 63, 79 Lecanidinæ, 38, 62 Lecanium, 63, 79 depressum, 79 hemisphæricum, 80 hesperidum (the holly and ivy scale), 80 hibernaculorum, 81 maculatum, 81 mori, 82 oleæ (the "black scale"), 82 Lecanochiton, 62, 64 metrosideri, 64 Lecanococcidæ, 63, 84 Lecanodiaspidæ, 62, 63 Lecanodiaspis*, 63, 64 Lecanopsis*, 63 Leucaspis*, 39 Lichtensia*, 63 _Llaveia_*, 90

Margarodes*, 91 Monophlebidæ, 90, 104 Monophlebus*, 90 Mytilaspis, 39, 48 cordylinidis, 48 drimydis, 49 epiphytidis, 49 leptospermi, 50 metrosideri, 50 phymatodidis, 51 _pomicorticis_, 52 pomorum (the apple-scale), 51, 52 pyriformis, 53

Nidularia*, 88

Orthezia*, 89 Ortonia*, 90

Parlatoria*, 39 Philippia*, 63 _Physokermes_*, 63 Planchonia, 64, 88, 91 epacridis, 91 Poliaspis, 39, 56 media, 57 Pollinia*, 64, 87 Porphyrophora*, 91 Porphyrophoridæ*, 91 Pseudococcus, 89, 101 asteliæ, 102 Pulvinaria, 63, 83 camellicola, 83 Puto*, 89

Rhizococcus, 88, 96 _araucariæ_, 93 celmisiæ, 96 fossor, 97 Ripersia*, 89

Signoretia*, 63

Targionia*, 39

_Uhleria_, 57 _gigas_, 58

Vinsonia*, 62

Walkeriana*, 90 _Westwoodia_*, 89

DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Fig.

1. Eggs of Coccididæ.

2. Larva of Diaspidinæ.

3. Diagram of life-history of female Diaspidinæ. _a_, pellicle of larva; _b_, second pellicle; _c_, adult female somewhat shrivelled after egg-laying; _d_, eggs; _e_, secreted matter forming the "scale." In this diagram the scale is shown as overturned.

4. Types of various spinnerets. _a_, simple orifices (_Mytilaspis_); _b_, double orifice (_Planchonia_); _c_, multilocular orifice (_Ctenochiton_); _d_, multilocular orifice (_Cœlostoma_); _e_, simple protruding spinneret (_Aspidiotus_); _f_, serrated protruding spinneret (_Mytilaspis drimydis_); _g_, protruding spinneret (_Acanthococcus_); _k_, conical spiny spinneret and cottony secretion (_Rhizococcus_); _m_, lanceolate spinneret and glassy secretion (_Inglisia_); _n_, group of abdominal spinnerets, with detached orifices (_Mytilaspis_); _p_, double multilocular orifice (_Cœlostoma_); _s_, coronetted spinnerets and part of glassy secretion (_Icerya_).

5. Rostra. _a_, simple rostrum of Diaspidinæ; _b_, rostrum and trimerous mentum of Coccidinæ.

6. Foot of a female insect. _c_, coxa; _tr_, trochanter; _f_, femur; _ti_, tibia; _ta_, tarsus; _cl_, claw.

7. Foot of a male insect. The letters as in Fig. 6.

8. Foot with digitules, upper and lower.

9. Type of female antenna (_Ctenochiton_).

10. Type of female antenna (_Dactylopius_).

11. Type of antenna of larva (_Icerya_).

12. Type of male antenna (_Fiorinia_).

13. One joint of antenna of Monophlebidæ (_Icerya_).

14. Diagram of head of male of Lecanidinæ (after Signoret), both dorsal and ventral aspects being shown together. _a_, antennæ; _e_, _e_, true eyes, the lower pair being on the ventral surface in the place of the mouth; _oc_, _oc_, ocelli.

15. Head of male Icerya, with facetted eyes.

16. Wing of male insect. _n_, nervure.

Plate II.

Fig.

1. Types of anogenital rings. _a_, Diaspidinæ; _b_, Lecanidinæ; _c_, Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Dactylopidæ; _e_, Monophlebidæ.

2. Types of last abdominal segments of female. _a_, Diaspidinæ; _b_, Lecanidinæ; _c_, Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Dactylopidæ; _e_, Monophlebidæ.

3. Types of last abdominal segments of male, and sheath of the penis. _a_, Diaspidinæ; _b_, Lecanidinæ (_Ctenochiton_); _c_, Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Lecanidinæ (_Inglisia_); _e_, Dactylopidæ; _f_, Monophlebidæ (_Icerya_).

4. Respiratory system. _a_, spiracle of _Lecanium_ (after Targioni); _b_, spiracle of _Coccus_ (after Targioni); _c_, diagram of arrangement of the four spiracles and the tracheal tubes (Lecanidinæ) (s. spiracles); _d_, spiracle and trachea of Cœlostoma.

5. Types of spines and hairs. _a_, anal serrated hairs (_Aspidiotus nerii_); _b_, spiracular spines (_Ctenochiton_); _c_, marginal spines (_Ctenochiton_); _d_, lanceolate marginal spines (_Inglisia_); _e_, spines on anal tubercles (_Rhizococcus_); _f_, marginal spines (_Eriococcus_); _g_, conical spines (_Eriococcus_); _k_, marginal hairs (_Dactylopius_); _m_, hairs (_Icerya_); _n_, anal hairs (_Cœlostoma_).

Plate III.

Types of Last Abdominal Segments of the Diaspidinæ.

Fig.

1. _Aspidiotus coccineus_ (after Comstock); no groups of spinnerets.

2. _Diaspis rosæ_; five groups of spinnerets.

3. _Mytilaspis cordylinidis_; five groups of spinnerets and single orifices.

4. _Mytilaspis pyriformis_; five groups of spinnerets, almost forming an arch.

5. _Chionaspis dysoxyli_; five groups of spinnerets.

6. _Poliaspis media_; eight groups of spinnerets.

7. _Fiorinia asteliæ_; arch of spinnerets.

8. _Fiorinia stricta_; five groups of spinnerets, the three upper groups almost forming an arch.

Plate IV.

Fig.

1. _Aspidiotus atherospermæ._ _a_, insects on leaf of Atherosperma; _b_, adult female.

2. _Aspidiotus camelliæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Euonymus; _b_, adult female; _c_, _d_, puparia of female.

3. _Aspidiotus coccineus._ _a_, insects on rind of orange; _b_, adult female in puparium (overturned); _c_, puparium of male.

4. _Aspidiotus nerii._ _a_, insects on leaf of wattle; _b_, puparia, male and female.

5. _Diaspis Boisduvalii_, adult female (after Signoret).

6. _Diaspis rosæ._ _a_, insects on twig of rose; _b_, adult female; _c_, puparia, male and female.

7. _Diaspis santali._ _a_, insects on twig of pear; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, last abdominal segment of female.

Plate V.

Fig.

1. _Mytilaspis cordylinidis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Cordyline australis (cabbage-tree); _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

2. _Mytilaspis epiphytidis._ _a_, female puparium; _b_, male puparium; _c_, adult female.

3. _Mytilaspis drimydis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Drimys colorata; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, marginal spinnerets.

4. _Mytilaspis leptospermi._ _a_, insects on bark of Leptospermum (manuka); _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

5. _Mytilaspis pomorum._ _a_, insects on twig of hawthorn; _b_, female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, puparium overturned, showing enclosed female, _f_, and eggs, _e_.

6. _Mytilaspis pyriformis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon spectabile; _b_, male and female puparia; _e_, adult female; _d_, male; _e_, last three joints of male antenna; _f_, foot of male.

PLATE VI.

Fig.

1. _Chionaspis citri._ _a_, insects on rind of orange; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

2. _Chionaspis dubia._ _a_, insects on fern-leaf (Pellæa); _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

3. _Chionaspis dysoxyli._ _a_, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

4. _Chionaspis minor._ _a_, insects on twig of Parsonsia; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

5. _Poliaspis media._ _a_, insects on leaves of Cyathodes; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

6. _Fiorinia asteliæ._ _a_, insects on leaves of Coprosma; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, pellicles of second stage.

7. _Fiorinia stricta._ _a_, insects on leaves of Earina; _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.

Plate VII.

Fig.

1. _Lecanochiton metrosideri._ _a_, insects on branch and leaves of Metrosideros (rata); _b_, test of female, upper side; _c_, test of female, under-side; _d_, female of second stage, ventral aspect; _e_, antenna of adult female; _f_, test of male.

2. _Ctenochiton depressus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Plagianthus; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, test of male; _d_, part of fringe of female test.

3. _Ctenochiton elæocarpi._ _a_, insect on bark of Elæocarpus (hinau); _b_, female of second stage in test, on leaf.

4. _Ctenochiton elongatus._ _a_, female tests on leaves of Earina; _b_, part of fringe.

5. _Ctenochiton flavus._ _a_, insects on half leaf of Panax; _b_, female tests; _c_, male test; _d_, adult female, ventral aspect; _e_, spiracular and marginal spines and spinnerets of female.

6. _Ctenochiton fuscus._ _a_, insects on half leaf of Panax; _b_, female test, upper side.

PLATE VIII.

Fig.

1. _Ctenochiton hymenantheræ._ _a_, insects on leaves of Hymenanthera; _b_, female test; _c_, male test.

2. _Ctenochiton perforatus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_, adult female in test, ventral aspect; _c_, male test; _d_, female test and fringe; _e_, portion of edge of female test with three segments of fringe, showing the rows of perforations; _f_, antenna of adult female; _g_, male; _k_, head of male, upper side; _m_, head of male, under-side.

3. _Ctenochiton piperis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Piper excelsum; _b_, females in tests, dorsal aspect; _c_, male pupa in test, dorsal aspect; _d_, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; _e_, two of the tubercles on the dorsum of the adult female, after pressure.

PLATE IX.

Fig.

1. _Ctenochiton viridis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_, female of second stage; _c_, adult female (the test removed); _d_, male test; _e_, a segment of the female test; _f_, diagram of head of male, upper and under sides shown together, eight eyes and two ocelli; _k_, antenna of male.

2. _Inglisia leptospermi._ _a_, insects on twig of Leptospermum (manuka); _b_, female test, side view; _c_, female test, upper side; _d_, male test; _e_, a segment of the female test; _f_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _g_, antenna of female; _k_, foot of female.

Plate X.

Fig.

1. _Inglisia ornata._ _a_, insects on twig of Elæocarpus (hinau); _b_, female test, side view; _c_, female test, dorsal view; _d_, a segment of the female test and three segments of fringe; _e_, male test; _f_, adult female, side view; _g_, marginal spines of female.

2. _Inglisia patella._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_, _c_, female tests, upper side; _d_, adult female, ventral aspect; _e_, marginal spines of female.

PLATE XI.

Fig.

1. _Lecanium depressum._ _a_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _b_, markings of the skin.

2. _Lecanium hemisphæricum._ _a_, insects on Camellia; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, adult female, side view; _d_, female of second stage.

3. _Lecanium hesperidum._ _a_, insects on leaf of ivy; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, female of second stage; _d_, markings of skin.

4. _Lecanium mori._ _a_, insects on fern-leaf (Asplenium); _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect.

5. _Lecanium oleæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Camellia; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, adult female, side view; _d_, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; _e_, markings of skin.

Plate XII.

Fig.

1. _Pulvinaria camellicola._ _a_, insects on branch and leaf of Camellia; _b_, adult female and ovisac, dorsal aspect; _c_, adult female and ovisac, side view; _d_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _e_, female of second stage; _f_, markings of skin, with hairs; _g_, antenna of adult female; _k_, diagram of head of male, upper and under sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli.

2. _Planchonia epacridis._ _a_, insect in test on leaf of Leucopogon; _b_, female in test, dorsal aspect; _c_, portion of the double fringes; _d_, extremity of abdomen of female; _e_, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of female; _f_, antenna of larva; _g_, rings with hairs replacing antennæ of adult female.

Plate XIII.

Fig.

1. _Eriochiton hispidus._ _a_, Insects on twig and leaves of Olearia Haastii; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect, with fragments of test and fringe; _c_, adult female without test, dorsal aspect; _d_, male test, upper side; _e_, male test, under-side; _f_, larva, with fringe; _g_, female of second stage, without test, dorsal aspect; _k_, _m_, spines and tubular fringe; _n_, antenna of adult female; _p_, foot of adult female; _s_, last five joints of male antenna; _t_, abdominal spike of male.

2. _Eriochiton spinosus._ _a_, insects on twig of Melicope; _b_, adult female, without test; _c_, female of second stage; _d_, male test; _c_, marginal spines and feathery fringe of female; _f_, foot of adult female; _g_, antenna of adult female.

PLATE XIV.

Fig.

1. _Eriococcus araucariæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Araucaria excelsa (Norfolk Island pine); _b_, sac of female, upper side; _c_, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed shrivelled female and eggs; _d_, sac of male; _e_, adult female before gestation; _f_, extremity of abdomen, anogenital ring, and anal tubercles of female.

2. _Eriococcus hoheriæ._ _a_, insects on bark of Hoheria; _b_, sac of female, upper side; _c_, sac of male; _d_, adult female; _e_, extremity of abdomen and anal tubercles of adult female; _f_, foot of adult female; _g_, antenna of adult female; _k_, larva, ventral aspect; _m_, male; _n_, abdominal spike of male; _p_, antenna of male.

Plate XV.

Fig.

1. _Eriococcus multispinus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Knightia; _b_, sac of female, upper side; _c_, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed insect; _d_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _e_, diagram of arrangement of spines on female; _f_, spines of female; _i_, antenna of female; _k_, head of male, upper side; _m_, abdominal spike of male.

2. _Eriococcus pallidus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Myoporum (ngaio); _b_, sac of female; _c_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _d_, part of abdomen of female; _e_, antenna of female.

Plate XVI.

Fig.

1. _Rhizococcus celmisiæ._ _a_, Insects on leaves of Celmisia; _b_, adult female dorsal aspect.

2. _Rhizococcus fossor._ _a_, Insects on leaves of Santalum (maire); _b_, elevation produced by insect on _upper_ side of leaf; _c_, female in pit on _under_-side of leaf; _d_, sac of male; _e_, adult female before gestation, from a pit; _f_, adult female from surface of leaf; _g_, female of second stage; _k_, marginal spines and tubular cotton of second stage; _m_, antenna of adult female; _n_, male; _p_, diagram of head of male, upper and lower sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli; _s_, abdominal spike of male; _t_, antenna of male.

Plate XVII.

Fig.

1. _Dactylopius alpinus._ _a_, Insects on twig of Veronica; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, female of second stage; _d_, anogenital ring; _e_, antenna of adult female.

2. _Dactylopius calceolariæ._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Phormium tenax; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, antenna of adult female.

3. _Dactylopius glaucus._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_, adult female, green variety; _c_, adult female, brown variety; _d_, sac of male; _e_, antenna of male.

Plate XVIII.

Fig.

1. _Dactylopius poæ._ _a_, Insects on roots of Poa (tussock-grass); _b_, adult female; _c_, antenna of adult female; _d_, foot of adult female; _e_, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of adult female.

2. _Pseudococcus asteliæ._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Astelia; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, antenna of adult female; _d_, foot of adult female; _e_, various spinnerets.

Plate XIX.

_Icerya Purchasi._ _a_, Insects on twig of Acacia (wattle); _b_, adult female and ovisac, upper view; _c_, adult female and ovisac, side view; _d_, female of second stage; _e_, larva, with yellow cotton; _f_, male; _g_, haltere of male; _k_, two joints of male antenna; _m_, hairs, spinnerets, and glassy tubes; _n_, antenna of adult female.

Plate XX.

_Cœlostoma zælandicum._ _a_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _b_, adult female, ventral aspect; _c_, waxy tests of females of second stage on twig of Muhlenbeckia; _d_, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; _e_, female of second stage, ventral aspect, with anal tuft of cotton and seta; _f_, larva, with yellow mealy secretion; _g_, eggs, in cottony mass; _k_, antenna of female, second stage; _l_, foot of female, second stage; _m_, antenna of adult female; _n_, spiracle and trachea of female; _p_, anal extremity and "honeydew" organ of larva and female of second stage.

N.B.--The foot of the adult female is shown in Plate I., Fig. 6.

Plate XXI.

Fig.

1. _Cœlostoma zælandicum._ _a_, male insect; _b_, abdomen of male; _c_, foot of male; _d_, hairs and marks, abdomen of male; _e_, antenna of male; _f_, circular marks, abdomen of male; _k_, abdominal spike and penis of male; _m_, haltere of male.

2. _Cœlostoma wairoense_. _a_, male insect; _b_, head of male, upper side, with facetted eyes; _c_, foot of male; _d_, circular marks, abdomen of male.

Plate XXII.

The Honeydew, and resulting Fungi.

Fig.

1. _a_, Lecanid female (Ctenochiton) with protruded honeydew organ; _b_, abdominal extremity of the same, enlarged, the drop of honeydew bursting in spray.

2. _a_, fungoid growth on upper side of leaf; _b_, fungoid growth on twig; _c, d, e_, various forms of black fungi from honeydew.

Plate XXIII.

Parasites of Coccididæ.

Fig.

1. _a_, pupa of hymenopterous parasite; _b_, the same pupa under the waxy test of _Ctenochiton perforatus_; _c_, imago, or full-grown parasite.

2. _a_, brown and yellow fungi on _Ctenochiton viridis_ (leaf of Hedycarya dentata); _b_, upper side of brown fungus; _c_, under-side of the same, with attached fungoid sheet; _d._, _Ctenochiton viridis_ (test removed) filled with yellow fungus, and with globular mass of the same above it.

Since this work has been in type, the author has received a letter from the State Inspector of Fruit Pests for California, in which the writer states that the insect _Icerya Purchasi_ has there, especially in the southern part of the State, gained such hold on the orange-groves, in spite of the most strenuous efforts, that the people find it impossible to keep it down. Orange- and lemon-growers (and indeed other tree-growers) in New Zealand, especially in the North Island, should take note of this fact, and beware of ever letting this omnivorous and most destructive insect obtain any footing on their trees. _A speedy burning of every infected tree is the best remedy in this case._

Transcriber Notes

All illustrations moved so as to not split paragraphs.

The notes explaining the damage done by the insects in the "INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDÆ ATTACKING THEM." were moved before the table.