PART II.

_Containing the Architecture peculiar to the Ancients._

CHAP. I.

_Of Publick Buildings._

ARTICLE I.

_Of Fortresses._

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 1. _Cap._ 3.]

Buildings are either _Publick_, or _Private_; Those that are Publick, appertain either to Security, or Religion, or Publick Convenience. The Fortifications of Cities are for _Security_, the Temples for _Religion_, the Market-places, Town-Houses, Theatres, Academies are for the _Publick Convenience_.

The Disposition and Figures of the Ramparts were so ordered, that the Towers advanced out of the Walls to the end, that when the Enemy approached them, the Besieged which were in the Towers, might fall upon their Flank, both on the Right and the Left.

They took likewise great Care to make the Approaches to the Walls difficult, ordering their Ways so, that they came not directly, but to the Left of the Gate. For by this means, the Besiegers were constrained to present to them that were upon the Walls the Right side, which was not covered with a Buckler.

The Figure of a _strong_ place ought neither to be Square, nor composed of Angles that advance too far. But the Ancients made them with many Sinuosities or Corners, for Angles that are too far advanc'd, are more advantageous for the Besiegers, than the Besieged.

The thickness of the Wall was so ordered, that two Armed Men might walk by one another upon the Wall without justling.

They made their Walls strong and durable, with sindged Beams of Olive, which bound them and kept them up.

Although there be nothing that makes the Ramparts so strong as Earth, they had not for all that the Custom of making Terrasses, unless it were in some place where some Eminency was so near the Wall, that the Besiegers might easily enter.

To make the Terrasses strong, and to hinder the Earth from pushing down the two Walls that supported it, they made Buttresses or Counter-forts which went from one Wall to another, to the end, that the Earth being divided into many parts, might not have that weight to push the Walls.

Their Towers were round, for those that are square are easily ruin'd by their War-like Engines, and their Battering easily broke down the Corners.

Directly against the Tower, the Wall was cut off within the breadth of the Tower, and the Walls so interrupted were only joyned with Joyces, which were not nailed down; to the end, that if the Enemy made themselves Masters of some part of the Wall, the Besieged might take up this Bridge made of Joists, and hinder their further advance.

ART. II.

_Of Temples._

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 4. _Chap._ 4.]

The second Sort of Publick Fabricks, which are those that belong to Religion are the _Temples_, which among the Ancients were of two Sorts; some were after the _Greek_, and some after the _Tuscan_ Fashion.

The _Temples_ after the _Tuscan_ Fashion were Square, the _Greeks_ made them sometimes Round, sometimes Square; in the Square _Temples_ of the _Greeks_, there are three Things to be considered, _viz._ The Parts that compose it, the Proportion of the _Temple_, and its _Aspect_.

The Parts of the Square _Temples_, were for the most part Five; for they had almost every one of them a Porch before the Temple called _Pronaos_, and another Porch behind the _Temple_, called _Posticum_, or _Opisthedomos_, the middle of the _Temple_, called _Cella_, or _Sacos_; the _Portico's_ or _Isles_, and the _Gate_.

The Porch was a place covered at the Entrance at the greatest part of _Temples_, being as broad as the whole _Temple_. There were three sorts of them. Some were surrounded with Pillars on three Sides; Others had only Pillars in the Front, the Sides of the Porch being made up by the continuation of the Side-Walls of the _Temple_; Others were made up at the Sides, partly by Pillars, and partly by the Continuation of the Side-Walls of the _Temple_.

The _Posticum_ of the _Temple_ was equal to the Porch, having likewise a Gate, but all Temples had not _Posticums_, though almost every _Temple_ had its _Pronaos_, or Porch.

The Middle of the _Temple_, called _Cella_, was a place inclosed with four Walls, having no Light but at the Gate, unless it were uncovered, as we shall shew hereafter.

The _Portico's_ which make the Isles, were ranks of Pillars, sometimes single, sometimes double, which stood along the Sides of the _Temple_ on the out-side: some _Temples_ wanted this part.

The Gates of the _Temples_ were different according to the difference of the Order of the Architecture, according to which the _Temple_ was built: there was the _Dorick_, the _Ionick_, and the _Attick_.

The height of the _Dorick_ Gate was taken by dividing into 3 parts and an half, the space which is from below to the bottom of the _Plat-fond_ of the _Portico_, which _Platfond_ was called _Lacunar_: they allow'd 2 to the height of the Gate under the _Lintel_: this height was divided into 12 parts; 5 and an half were taken for the breadth of the Gate below, for above it was straiter by a 3d. part. A 4th. part, and even an 8th. part of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, according to the height of the Gate, which was to be less straitened above, the higher it was. The breadth of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, was the 12th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate.

The _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_ grew straiter and straiter towards the top, _viz._ the 4th. part of its breadth: it was only edged with a _Cymatium_, with an _Astragal_.

Upon the _Cymatium_ above the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, was a _Frise_ called _Hyperthyron_, which had the same breadth with the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_. Upon this _Frise_ was placed a _Dorick Cymatium_, with a _Lesbian Astragal_; both of them jetting out very little.

Upon the _Moulures_ the _Flat-Crown_ was placed, with its little _Cymatium_, which jetted out the whole breadth above of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, with its Mould.

The height of the _Ionick_ Gates was taken as those of the _Dorick_; but to have the right breadth, they divided the height into 2 parts and an half: To allow them one and an half below, it was straitned at the top, as the _Dorick_ Gate was; the breadth of the _Chambranle_ was the 14th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate; this breadth of the _Chambranle_, or _Door-Case_, being divided into 6, one was allowed for the _Cymatium_, the rest being divided into 12, 3 were allowed to the 1st. Face comprising its _Astragal_, 4 to the 2d. and 5 to the 3d.

The _Frise_ which is called _Hyperthyron_, was made with the same Proportions that are in the _Dorick Order_. The _Consoles_ or _Shouldering-Pieces_, descended directly to the bottom of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, without comprizing the _Foliage_ or _Leaf-work_ that they had at the bottom: The breadth above was the 3d. part of that of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, and at the bottom they grew straiter by a 4th. part.

The _Attick_ were like the _Dorick_, but their _Chambranles_ or _Door-Cases_ had only a _Plat-band_ under the _Cymatium_, and this _Plat-band_ or _Face_, had only the breadth of 2 parts in 7, into which was divided all the rest of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_ with its _Mouldings_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The Proportion of the _Temples_ was so ordered, that they were twice as long as broad, but it is not to be understood precisely, but only of _Temples_ that were without _Pillars_, whose length was divided into 8, and 4 were allowed for the breadth.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 4._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]

The _Temples_ which had _Pillars_ round about, could not have this double Proportion; for as much as the length had only the double of the intercolumniations, and by consequence a _Pillar_ less than the double of the _Pillars_ before and behind.

The _Aspect_ of the _Temples_ signifies two things in _Vitruvius_, _viz._ The Disposition of the parts of the _Temple_, in respect of one another, and the Disposition in respect of the Heavens.

As to what regards the Disposition of the _Temple_ in respect of the Heavens, the Ancients always observed to turn them toward the Sun-rising, if the place were not ill-disposed for it, and that some great Street obliged them to turn it otherwise.

As to what belongs to the Disposition of the parts, _viz._ of the _Porch_, _Porticum_, _Isles_ or _Oiles_ within the _Temple_ and the _Gates_, it was different in the _Temples_ which were without _Pillars_, and in those which had _Pillars_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 4._]

The _Temples_ without _Pillars_, were those that were not 20 Foot broad, the length of these _Temples_ being divided into 8, 4 were allowed for the breadth, 5 for the length of the _Temple_ within, and 3 for the _Porch_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 1._]

The _Temples_ which had _Pillars_ were of 8 sorts; The 1st. and the most Simple, was that which was called _Ad Antes_, because in this sort of _Temples_, there were only 2 _Pillars_ in the Face or Front before, betwixt 2 _Antes_. There was 3 sorts of these _Temples_.

The First and the most Simple, had 2 _Pillars_ before the Face of the _Temple_, at whose Corners there were 2 _Antes_, and the 2 _Pillars_ supported a _Piedement_ or _Fronton_.

The Second Sort had likewise but 2 _Pillars_, but they were between 2 _Antes_ upon the same Line with the _Antes_; and these _Antes_ with the 2 _Pillars_, made up the _Face_ of the _Porch_ of the _Temple_.

The Third Sort was, when betwixt 2 _Pillars_ which were at the _Face_ before, which made up the _Porch_, there were likewise 2 others within the _Porch_; these _Pillars_ within, were not so thick as those without, although they were of an equal height; but to the end they might seem as thick as those without, they made more _Channellings_, for the most part 28 or 32, supposing those without had 24; this was done to get more room within the _Porch_. These _Temples_ had also this particular to themselves, that the Front of the _Porch_ was closed with Partitions of _Marble_ or _Joyner's-Work_, which ran from the _Ante_ of one of the Corners to its neighbouring _Pillar_, and from this _Ante_ to the other _Pillar_, and from this _Pillar_ to the other _Ante_.

The second Sort of _Temples_, with _Pillars_, was called _Prostyle_; which differ'd not from the first, but in this, that besides the 2 _Pillars_ of the _Temple_, _Ad Antes_, there were two others directly on the Angular _Antes_.

The Third Sort was called _Amphiprostyle_; because it had _Pillars_ as well behind as before.

The Fourth Sort was the _Periptere_, which in the Front, as well as behind, had 6 _Pillars_, and 12 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the distance which was between the _Pillars_ and the _Walls_, was equal to that which was between the _Pillars_.

The Fifth, the _Pseud-diptere_, viz. _False Diptere_, it had 8 _Pillars_ in the _Front_, and as many behind, and 15 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the _Pillars_ were distant from the Wall, the space of 2 Intercolumniations, and the thickness of a _Pillar_.

The Sixth Sort was the _Diptere_, which had 8 _Pillars_ before and behind, and 2 rows round about.

The Seventh Sort was called _Hypethre_, because the inner part of the _Temple_ was uncovered, it had 10 _Pillars_ before and behind; and as to the rest, it was like the _Diptere_, but in this particular to it self, that all about it had two Orders of _Pillars_, at a little distance from the Wall, to make _Portico's_, as in the _Peristyles_.

The Eighth was called _Pseudo-Periptere_, or _False Periptere_; for the Disposition of the _Pillars_ was equal to that of the _Pillars_ of the _Periptere_: This _Temple_ having 6 _Pillars_ in the _Front_, and behind, and 11 in the _Isles_ or _Wings_; but the Disposition of the Walls of the _Temple_ was different in this, that they extended even to the _Pillars_, which made no _Portico_, for they were joyned to the Walls, except those of the _Porch_ which were insulated, or stood alone like Islands.

The Round _Temples_ were of 2 sorts; The first were called _Monopteres_, because they had no Walls, having only an _Isle_ or _Wing_; viz. _Pillars_ which supported a _Coupe_. Their Proportion was, that dividing the whole _Temple_ into three, one part was allowed for the _Steps_ upon which the _Pillars_ were placed, which had their height equal to the distance that there was from one _Pillar_, to that which was Diametrically opposite to it.

The Second Sort which was called _Periptere_, had _Pillars_ upon their _Basis_ round about the _Temple_, the space that was between the _Basis_ and the _Wall_ was the 5th. part of the whole _Temple_, and the Diameter of the _Temple_ within, was equal to the height of the _Pillar_.

The _Temples_ after the _Tuscan_ fashion were square, having 5 parts in length and 4 in breadth; the _Porch_ which was as great as the rest of the _Temple_, had 4 _Pillars_ in the _Front_; the Sides were closed half by the Continuation of the Walls of the _Temple_, half by 2 _Angular Pillars_; and there were likewise 2 _Pillars_ in the middle of the _Porch_: The _Temple_ had 2 _Chappels_ within on each Side.

We find that the Ancients had 14 Sorts of _Temples_, viz. 1. The Temple without _Pillars_. 2. The Temple _ad antes_ Simply. 3. The Temple _ad Antes_, with 2 _Pillars_ upon the same Line with the _Antes_. 4. The Temple _ad antes_, with _Pillars_ of an unequal Magnitude. 5. The _Prostyle_. 6. The _Amphiprostyle_. 7. The _Periptere_. 8. The _Pseudo-diptere_. 9. The _Diptere_. 10. The _Hypethre_. 11. The _Pseudo-Periptere_. 12. The _Monoptere_. 13. The _Round Periptere_. 14. The _Tuscan_. See the Tab. 2, 3, 4.

ART. III.

_Of Publick Places_, Basilica's, Theatres, Gates, Baths _and_ Academies.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 1._]

The Third Sort of _Publick Fabricks_ are those which are Built for the Convenience and Use of all People; and there are Six Sorts of them, viz. _Market-Places_, _Basilica's_, _Theatres_, _Gates_, _Baths_ and _Academies_.

The _Market-Places_ among the _Greeks_ were surrounded with Pillars close one against another. Among the _Romans_, the Pillars which environed the _Market-Places_, had larger Intercolumniations, for they made _Peristyles_, under which were Shops.

The Proportion of the _Market-Places_ was so ordered, that having divided the length into three parts, they allowed two for the breadth; the _Basilica's_ had never less breadth than the third part of their length, nor more than the half.

The Pillars were as high as the Isles or Wings were broad, and these Isles or Wings had a third part of the great Vault in the middle.

There was likewise a Second rank of Pillars upon the Wings, which made high Galleries, and these Second rank of Pillars were placed upon a _Pedestal_ in the form of a Partition, high enough to hinder those that were in the high Galleries from being seen by those that were below.

At the End of every _Basilica_, there was a high and great Hall called _Chalcidiques_, which were joyned one to another by high Galleries: they served the Spectators while Justice was distributed.

The _Theaters_ were composed of three parts, _viz._ The Steps or Degrees, which were instead of Seats for the Spectators: they were disposed in a Semi-circle, and they closed a void space in the middle and at the bottom of the whole _Theater_, which was called the _Orchestra_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 6._]

The _Orchestra_ was made in the _Graecian Theatre_, to Dance the Ballets. The Senators were placed in that of the _Romans_, because the Ballets were Danced upon the Scene.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 6._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 6._]

Above and quite round the Steps or Degrees was a _Portico_ of Pillars, the Steps being separated by divers _Palliers_ or Landing and Resting places which went round, and by streight passages which went ascending from one _Palliere_ or Landing place to another; so that the ways which led from the second _Palliere_ to the third, parted betwixt those of the first, and ended betwixt those of the third. The Steps or Degrees were 14 or 15 Inches high, and from 28 to 30 broad.

Under the Degrees, above every _Palliere_, there were in the great _Theaters_ 13 _Chambers_, in which were Vessels of Brass, set to several Tunes, or Tones; which by their Echo augmented the Voice of the Players. The Scene or Stage, was composed of the _Pulpit_, the _Proscenium_ and the _Parascenium_. The _Pulpit_ was the place where the Actors played: it was raised not above five Foot at the most above the _Orchestra_, or _Pit_.

The _Proscenium_ was the Front of the Stage, which was adorned with Pillars of several sorts one above another. These Orders were so proportioned, that the second was a fourth part lesser than the first. The third diminishing according to the same Proportion.

The Front had three Gates, that in the middle which was the greatest was called the _Royal Gate_, the two others were called the _Gates of Strangers_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5._]

These three Gates were closed with Machines, made in a Triangle, and composed of three Fronts or Faces well Painted, to represent Buildings in Perspective; they served for the changing of the Scenes, when these Machines were turned. And the Paintings represented three sorts of Buildings, which made three sorts of Scenes, _viz._ The _Tragick_ by _Magnificent Pallaces_, the _Comick_ by _Private Houses_, the _Satyrical_ (_i. e._ the _Pastoral_) by _Fields_ and _Groves_.

The _Parascenium_ or _Postscenium_ was the hinder part of the _Theater_, and the place whither the Actors retired and dressed themselves, and had their Rehearsals, and where the Machines were kept. Near the _Theaters_, were Publick Walks, in length a _Stadium_, which is about 90 _Perches_. There were Trees planted, and round about it were double _Porticos_, which were every one as broad as the Pillars on the out-side were high; for those within were higher by a fifth part, than those without, and they were likewise of a different _Order_; for those without were of the _Dorick Order_, and those within of the _Ionick_ or _Corinthian_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 13._]

The Ancients built their _Ports_ in two manners; at those which were _Natural_, they only made _Portico's_ round about with _Magazines_ and _Towers_ at the Ends, for to shut the _Port_ with a Chain.

Those which were _Artificial_, were built three several ways: The first was to make Partitions of Wood only, without emptying the Water which was within the Partitions, and they cast into the Partitions, Stone and Mortar made with _Pozzolana_, thrown in hand over head; for they were certain that this Mortar wou'd grow dry in the bottom of the Water. The second Way was by making Partitions with ordinary Clay, or fat Earth at the bottom of the Sea, after the Water had been emptied out by Pumps. The third Way was to build a Mole upon the Sea-Coast, and to cast it in when the _Mason's_ Work was sufficiently dry, which only required two Months time. That they might the better throw these Moles into the Sea, they built them half upon the Sea-Coast, and half upon an heap of Sand which they made close to the Sea-Coast; to the end, that this Sand which was stopped by nothing but by the Walls, built only to support it during the time that the Mole was a drying, might let it fall when the Sea came to carry away the Sand after that the Walls were beaten down.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 5. Chap. 10._]

The _Bathes_ of the Ancients consisted of many Chambers; some for Men, and some for Women.

Some of the Chambers had a moderate Heat, to warm their Bodies insensibly, and prepare them for a stronger Heat to make them Sweat.

The Chamber they were to Sweat in, was called _Laconicum_, and was round, and Vaulted like the ends of an Oven, pierced at the top with a round Opening, which was opened and shut with a Buckler of Brass, which hung at a Chain, by which means they augmented or diminished the Heat according to the Proportion that they pull'd up, or let down the Buckler.

One and the same Furnace heated both the Air and the Water, according to the Disposition of the places which were nearer or further from the Furnace, whose heat was communicated to the Chambers from under the Flooring, which was made full of little holes.

The Water was likewise diversly tempered by the different situation of three great Vessels of Brass, whose Water went from one into another, and there were Pipes that conveyed these three sorts of Water into the _Bath_.

The _Academies_ of the Ancients, which they called _Palaestra_, was a place where the Youth learned Letters and their Exercises. They were composed of three parts, _viz._ Of a _Peristyle_, a _Xyste_, and a _Stadium_; the _Peristyle_ was a Court surrounded with _Portico's_, which were of two sorts; three of them were Simple, and one Double.

The Simple stood in a row against three Bodies of Lodgings, composed of many great Halls, where the Philosophers had their Disputes and Conferences.

The Bodies of the Lodgings, which was the length of the double _Portico_, and one part of the Bodies of Lodgings which turned in, were distributed into several parts, for the Studies and Exercises of Youth; for there they had their _Classes_, their _Baths_, their _Stoves_, and their _Tenis-Court_.

The _Xyste_ was a place planted with Trees, and surrounded with _Portico's_ on every side: These _Portico's_ were of two sorts.

There was one double which was set against the Bodies of the Lodgings, to which the double _Portico_ of the _Peristyle_ was joyned.

The _Simple Portico's_ had two Wings, under these _Simple Portico's_ there were hollow Ways, where they performed their Exercises; the rest of the _Portico_ was raised to the right and the left, for those that had a mind to Walk while the rest performed their Exercises, in the hollow ways.

The Place which was compassed with these three _Portico's_, was planted with Trees, which made Allies, where the Wrestlers exercised in Winter, when it was fair Weather.

The _Stadium_ was on the Side of the _Peristyle_ and the _Xyste_. It was an Alley of 90 Perches; on each Side it had many Steps or Degrees, which made a sort of a long _Theater_ bending in at both ends; these Steps or Degrees were made for the convenience of seeing them that Run.

CHAP. II.

_Of Private Buildings._

ARTICLE I.

_Of the Courts of Houses._

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 3._]

The Houses of the Ancients had five sorts of Courts, of which the greatest part were covered round about by the Jettings which supported the Water-Channel or Gutter, in which all the Water that fell from the Roof met together.

These Courts made with Jettings, were of four sorts; The first was called the _Tuscan_, this Court was surrounded with a Jetting _en auvent_, which was laid upon four Beams, supported by other standing Beams placed in the Corners.

The second Sort was called _Corinthian_; it had likewise Beams, but they were further from the Walls than in the _Tuscan_ Court, and they were laid upon Pillars.

The third Sort was called _Tetrastyle_, because the Beams were supported with four Pillars which were in the place of the standing Beams that were made use of in the _Tuscan Court_.

The fourth Sort was called the _Vaulted_; because the Jetting that it had round about, was supported by Vaults.

The fifth Sort of _Court_ that had no Jetting, and which was called the _Uncovered_, had the _Water-Gutter_ directly upon the Wall, and was only covered with the Entablature.

ART. II.

_Of the_ Vestibulum _or_ Entry.

The Houses of the Ancients had _Great_ and _Magnificent Entries_, they were sometimes 15 Perches long and 9 broad, and they were supported upon two ranks of Pillars, which made a Wing on each Side, the Proportion of their breadth and length was taken three Ways. The first was, when having divided the length into 5, 3 were allowed for the breadth. The second was, when having divided it into 3, 2 were allowed for the breadth. The third was, when having made an Equilateral Square, the Diagonal of this Square was taken for the length, and the Side for the breadth.

The height was equal to the length, taken from the Pavement below, to the bottom of the _Plat-Fonds_ or _Flat-Roof_, which was hollowed on the other side the Beams, the seventh part of the whole height.

The Proportion that the _Alley_ which was in the middle between the Pillars, had with the Wings, was different according to the Magnitude of the _Vestibule_ or _Entry_, for the greater they were or the lesser, the Wings had a proportionable breadth with the _Alley_ in the middle; So that if the _Vestibule_ or _Entry_ was 100 Foot long, the Wings had only for their breadth the 50th. part of the length; and when it was but 30 Foot long, they had only the 3d. part.

ART. III.

_Of_ Halls.

The Ancients had three Sorts of _Halls_; _Viz._ The _Corinthian_, the _AEgyptian_, and the _Cyzican_.

The _Corinthian_ had Pillars round about against the Wall, and these Pillars supported the Floor made in form of a Vault. _Surbaissee_.

The _AEgyptian Halls_ had their Pillars distant from the Wall in the manner of the _Peristyle_, and they supported only an _Architrave_ without a _Frise_ and without a _Cornice_; upon this _Architrave_ there was another row of Pillars, between which were the Windows. The Floor which reached from the Pillars to the Wall, served for a _Terrasse_ without.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 6._]

The _Cyzican Halls_ had this in particular, that they were turned to the North, and had a Prospect of the Gardens; they were principally made use of by the _Greeks_; the Proportion of these _Halls_ was as follows, Their length was double their breadth, and as to their height, this Rule was observed to have the height of all Sorts of Apartments that are not so broad as long, they added their length to their breadth, and took half of the sum for their height. The Apartments which were no longer than broad, had in height their breadth, and half their breadth.

ART. IV.

_Of the Distribution of the Apartments among the Ancients._

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 10._]

[Sidenote: _Lib. 6. Chap. 3, 4._]

The _Romans_ and the _Greeks_ ordered and distributed differently their _Apartments_; for the _Romans_ had their _Courts_ and _Entries_ magnificent: but the _Greeks_ had only a narrow Entrance, through which they passed into a _Peristyle_; this _Entry_ had of one Side a Porter's Lodge, on the other Side the Stables.

The _Apartments_ of these two Nations differed in this, the _Apartments_ of the Women were separate from the _Apartments_ of the Men among the _Greeks_; insomuch that they Dined apart. They had likewise particular _Rooms_ reserved for Strangers apart, where they only gave them Lodging, and never treated them above one Day.

CHAP. III.

_Of things that equally appertain to Publick and Private Buildings._

ARTICLE I.

_Of_ Aqueducts.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 8. Chap. 6._]

In Order to the bringing of Waters to Towns and Cities, the Level must be exactly taken; to the end, it may be known whether the Waters can be brought thither or no. The Ancients to this end made use of an Instrument called _Corobates_, which was directed by a Lead, and by Water, when the Wind hindered them from making use of the Lead.

They brought their Water three several ways; _viz._ by _Aqueducts_, by Pipes of Lead, and Pipes baked in a _Potter's_ Furnace. They allowed for the _Channels_ or _Sewers_ of the _Aqueducts_, for every 100 Foot, half a Foot of Declination or Sloping; and if any Hills were in their way, they dug through them, making Vents to give Air at convenient Distances.

The Pipes of Lead were at least 9 Foot long; they made them of bended Sheets or Plates, and of different thicknesses, according to the Proportion of the greatness of the Pipes; these Pipes had likewise their necessary Declination or Sloping, and if any Valley was in the way, they made it equal to the Level with a Wall; they likewise made many Vents, to give the Water Air, and to know where to mend the Pipes.

The Pipes of _Potter's-Work_, were two Inches thick; they were joyned together with Mortar mixed with Oil, and when they had _Conde_ or _Joynt_ to make, they made use of a red Free Stone which they pierced through, to receive the two Ends of the Pipes.

ART. II.

_Of Wells and Cisterns._

It being remarkt oftentimes that the Water which is under the Earth hath many bad Qualities, and exhales vapours, which often stifles those which work in the _Wells_, after that they are dug, & the Water begins to gather together. The Ancients had this Precaution, to let a Lamp gently down into it, and if it extinguished it, they took it for an Infallible sign that the Water was bad.

The _Cisterns_ were made to receive Rain Water in great Conservatories under Ground, whose Walls on all Sides, and at the bottom were built with Mortar of strong Lime, and Sand, and Pebbles, all well beaten together. They made several Conservatories, and the Water passed from one to another, to the end it might leave all the Dirt in the first and second; They likewise put Salt in their _Cistern-Water_ to make it more subtile.

ART. III.

_Of_ Machines _for carrying and lifting up great Stones and Burthens._

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 6._]

_Ctesiphon_ and his Son _Metagenes_, Architects of the Temple of _Ephesus_, invented _Machines_ to carry _great Stones_, out of which _Pillars_ and _Architraves_ were to be made. That which was made to draw the _Pillars_, was but a sort of a Frame as long as the _Pillars_, in the end of which were fastned Pins of Iron, which entred into the ends of the Frame, and served instead of an Axle-tree, the _Pillar_ it self serving for a Wheel: And this had the desired Effect, because of the disposition of the place through which these _Stones_ were to be drawn, which was a flat and level Country.

The other _Machine_ for drawing of _Architraves_, was the same Frame which had two Wheels at each end, which supported the _Architrave_; which served instead of an Axle-tree.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 2._]

For the raising of great Weights, they had three sorts of _Machines_. The first was composed of three pieces of Wood, which were joyned together at top by a Pin which went through them all; so that there were two of these pieces which were on one side, a little distance one from the other, and the third was opposite to them; The two which were together on the one side, had a Hand-Mill which drew a Rope, which passed within a Truckle with three Pullies, of which that part which had the two Pullies was fastned to the top of the _Machine_, and that which had but one, was fastned to the Weight to be drawn up.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 2._]

The second _Machine_ was stronger than the first, because the _Moulin_ had more Pullies, and instead of a _Moulin_ or Hand-Mill, it had a great Wheel, whose Axle-tree drew a Rope which passed through these Pullies, and upon the Wheel there was another Rope twisted, which was drawn by a Wind-glass; sometimes the great Wheel was hollow, so that Men could walk within it, and so turn it.

The third had but one long and strong piece of Wood, which was kept up and stayed by Shrowds, as the Mast of a Ship is. By the help of these Shrowds, they bended and turned this piece of Wood where they pleased, drawing the Shrowds fast on the one side, and loosening them on the other. The _Moufl's_ Crane as well those which were fastned to this piece of Wood, as those which were fastned to the VVeight which was to be drawn up, had each of them three ranks of Pullies, which had three in every rank, that three Ropes might go through them, which were not drawn by Hand-Mills, nor by VVheels, but by Men who pulled several at one time at the same Rope: And that this might be done with the more ease, the three Ropes or Cables after having passed the last Pullies of that part of the _Moufle_ which was at the top of the _Machine_; they descended down below, each upon one Pully, which vvas but the height of the Men: this _Machine_ quickly povverfully lifted up the greatest VVeights.

ART. IV.

_Of_ Machines _for Elevating of Waters._

These _Machines_ were of four sorts.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10._]

The first was the _Tympan_, of which there were two sorts; The first elevated a great deal of Water, but not very high, for it only mounted to the Axle-tree of the _Tympan_, which was a great Wheel made of Planks which made two bottoms divided into eight from the Center to the Circumference, each Separation, having an opening half a Foot wide near the Circumference to draw the Water, which being elevated upon the Axle-tree, ran through the Cavities which were hollowed in each Separation.

The Second _Machine_, was a Wheel which elevated the Water as high as its Circumference, by the help of several Boxes which were fastned round about, and which poured out the Water into a Reeve as the Wheel, having mounted, began to descend.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 2._]

The Third _Machine_ was a Chain with Buckets, as the one mounted, the other descended, being drawn by the Axle-tree.

The Fourth _Machine_ was the Vice or _Skrew_, which is attributed to _Archimedes_, though _Vitruvius_ makes no mention of the Inventor. This Vice was made of a piece of VVood, long sixteen times its Diameter: about this piece of Wood was put Obliquely a Hoop of Willow VVood besmeared with Pitch, and it was Conducted by turning from one end of the piece of the Wood to the other: Upon this Hoop others were put so that they were like the Vaulting of a Stair-Case whose ascent goes turning. This being done, this Vice was fastned and strengthned with Planks, which were pitched within, and covered with Iron Rings and Plates without: At the two ends of the piece of Wood, were Pins, which entring into the Suckets, made the _Machine_ capable of Motion. This Vice or Skrew was placed according to the bent or sloping of the Triangle Rectangle of _Pythagoras_. This _Machine_ elevated easily a great quantity of Water, but it could not carry it high.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 2._]

The Fifth _Machine_, was the Pump of _Ctesibius_; it was composed of two Bodies of Pumps, in which the Suckets having drawn the VVater when they were pulled up, they both pressed it violently into a Pipe which was fastned at the bottom of the Body of the Pump when they went down. For the VVater by the Impulsion of the Sucket, was forced to enter into these Pipes, because it could not go out by the Openings by which it entred, because of the Suckets which stopped them, these two Pipes were joyned together in a _Tambour_, which had likewise its Suckets, which hindred the VVater from descending into the Bodies of the Pumps, after it had been pressed into the _Tambour_, or _Vase_, which had another Pipe, through which the VVater was forced as high as they pleased, by Impulsion of the Suckets.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 10._]

All these _Machines_ were either _moved_ by Strength of Men, or by VVater-Mills, according to the convenience of the place.

ART. V.

_Of Water-Mills for Grinding of Corn._

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 10._]

_Water-Mills_ were moved by the help of a great VVheel which had many VVings, which were forced by the Current. The Axle-tree of this great VVheel, traversed another VVheel which had Cogs, which made the _Lanterne_ or _Trundle-head_ go, which was placed Horizontally, which was traversed by a Beam of Iron, which entred through above, into an Iron in form of a VVedge, which helped to fasten the Beam in the Mill-stone, above which was the Mill-Hopper, in form of a Funnel.

ART. VI.

_Of other Hydraulick Machines._

There were many other _Machines_ which moved by the help of the VVater, as _Hour-Glasses_, _Organs_, _Machines_ for Measuring the VVays, and knowing the swiftness or slowness of Sailing.

The _Hour-Glasses_ marked the Hours by the help of VVater, which passing slowly, a little hole made at the bottom of a Vessel, and falling into another, in elevating it self insensibly in the Vessel which it filled, raised a piece of Cork, which hanging at one of the ends of a Chain wrapped about an Axle-tree, and which had at the other end a little Bag full of Sand, and a little lighter than the Cork: for this Chain turning, the Axle-tree likewise turned a Pin or Hand, which marked the Hours upon a Dial.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 12._]

The _Organs_ played by help of two Suckets, which were pulled up or let down in the Bodies of the Pump. The Suckets pushed the Air with violence into a Funnel reversed in a Copper Coffer half full of VVater, and pressed the Water, and constrained it to ascend round about within the Coffer, which made that its weight in making it re-enter into the Funnel, pushed the Air into the Pipes, and made them Play, producing the same Effects that the Bellows did.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 14._]

They measured the way that the Ships make by the help of a little Mill, which was fastned to the Ship, and which turned by the resistance that its VVings found in the VVater when the Ship went forward and the Axle-tree of this Mill had a little Rong or Tooth, which every round pushed forwards one of the Teeth of the great VVheel, which turned another, and that another which turned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of turnings, that the Mill made, by which means it was easie to take an account of the Perches, and Leagues that the Ship sailed.

They made use of the same _Machine_ on the Land, fixing to the Nave of the VVheel of a Coach, a Tooth which made many VVheels be turned as in the above-mentioned _Machine_, at the last of which, was fastned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of Perches and Leagues. This _Machine_ had likewise a sort of a Counting VVheel, which at every Mile that the Coach went, let a Pibble fall into a Vessel of Brass, to give notice that they had gone a Mile.

ART. VII.

_Of Machines of War_.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 15._]

The _Machines_ of VVar of the Ancients were of three Sorts, for they were made either to Lance, Arrows, such as were the _Scorpions_ or _Javelins_, such as were the _Catapulta's_, or Stones, such as were _Ballista's_ or fiery Darts, such as were the _Pyroboli_, or they were made to beat down the VValls, such as were the battering Rams, and the _Terebra_, or to come covered to the VValls, and so safely Mount the Ramparts, such as were the _Tortoises_ or _Testudo's_, and the Towers of VVood.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 18._]

The _Scorpions_ were a sort of great Crossbows, which were made use of to defend the VValls, and which likewise the Assailants made use of in the wooden Towers, to annoy those that defended the VValls.

The _Catapulta_, lanced Javelins or Javelots, from 12 to 15 Foot in length, they were made of two Trees, set one against another, like the Masts of a Ship, which were bended in drawing them with a Hand-Mill. These Trees being on a suddain unbent, furiously struck together, and forced violently the Javelin. They were bent the one after the other by the same Cord, which was made of Guts, to the end, that the Master who managed the Engine, might be assured, that the two Trees or Beams were equally bent. He knew it by sounding the Cord when both the Beams were bent, and when the End above was drawn even to the Capital of the _Machine_, where they were stayed by a Pin of Iron, which was driven out by a quick stroke of a Hammer when they unbent it. There was a Cylinder which traversed an excentrical piece, by the help of which they heightned, or let down the End of one of the Beams below, according as the Master of the _Machine_ judged it necessary, for the augmenting or diminishing their bent, which was known by the sound of the Cord, which was alike in both, when they were equally bent. See Table XI.

The _Ballista's_ were bended and strung as the _Catapulta's_, but instead of Javelins, they cast great Stones.

[Sidenote: _Lib._ 10. _Chap._ 22.]

The _Pyroboli_ were _Machines_, which lanced or cast Darts, to vvhich vvas fixed combustible Matter, vvhich vvas kindled vvhen they darted it against _Machines_ of VVar or Shipping.

The Ram vvas to beat dovvn Walls and make breaches. It vvas a great Beam headed with Iron; it vvas hung by the middle, and pushed by the Soldiery vvith great violence against the Walls.

The _Terebra_ vvas something like the Ram, being a strong Beam pointed vvith Iron, but it vvas sharp pointed, and it made vvay for the Ram, splitting the Stones.

[Sidenote: _Lib. 10. Chap. 20._]

The _Testudo_ or _Tortoise_, vvere great large and low Towers of Wood, which were rowled upon six or eight Wheels, they were covered with raw Hides to defend them from fire. Their use was to cover them that approached the Walls to undermine them, or beat them with the battering Ram.

The Towers of Wood were made to raise the Assailants as high as the Walls, to chace the Besieged away with Arrows and Scorpions, and to lay Bridges from the Towers to the Wall; they were sometimes Thirty Fathoms high, having Twenty Stages. They were covered, as the _Tortoises_ with raw Hides; they had each of them a Hundred Men, which were employed as well to move them, as to annoy the Besieged.

_FINIS._

ADVERTISEMENT.

_The Figures inserted here are those only which are chiefly necessary to the understanding of_ Vitruvius, _that is to say, those which serve for the comprehending the Rules that Architecture gives for Buildings, now in use. The Figures of other things, of which_ Vitruvius _treats, are omitted, it being enough to give One only, to serve as an Example of each kind_, viz. _one for all Temples, one for all Theatres, and one for all Machines._

THE EXPLICATION Of the FIRST TABLE.

This Table contains the seven several sorts of Masonry; A is the first, which was called _Reticulatum_, because it was like the Mashes of Nets; BB is the second, it's called _Insertum_, that is to say, _bound Masonry_, because the Stones are one bound within another, every one being bound with four, two below, and two above: CC is the third sort, which was particular to the _Greeks_; it may be called double binding, for it's not only of Stones of the same course, but of two courses III. D is the fourth, called _Isodomum_, because the Beds or Lays are equal in height. E is the fifth, called _Pseudisodomum_, because they are of an equal heighth. FF, GG, H is the sixth, called _Emplecton_, because it was filled up any way in the middle. FF are the Stones which make the Courses. K is the seventh, which may be called _Compound_, because its Courses are of hewn Stone, and the middle filled up with Rubbish; and these Courses are fasten'd together with Cramp-irons.

This Table refers to _pag._ 47.

THE EXPLICATION Of the SECOND TABLE.

This Table contains the five sorts of Edifices: AA is the _Pycnostyle_; that is to say, where the Pillars are very close, the Intercolumniation being but of one Diameter, and a half of the Column: BB is the _Systyle_, _viz._ where the Pillars have two Diameters of Intercolumniation: CC is the _Diastyle_, _viz._ where the Pillars are at that distance, that they have for the Intercolumniation three Diameters: DD is the _Areostyle_, where the Pillars are far asunder. There is no certain Proportion; we have given in this Figure four Diameters of Intercolumniation, it may have more: The fifth sort called _Eustyle_, is in the third Table.

This Table refers to _pag._ 80.

THE EXPLICATION Of the THIRD TABLE.

This Table contains the Plan and Elevation of the fifth sort of Edifices, called _Eustyle_, _viz._ where the Pillars are distant one from another by more convenient Proportion: Its Intercolumniations have all two Diameters and a quarter, except the Intercolumniations in the middle of the _Face_ before and behind, which have three Diameters.

This plan shews the different parts of the ancient Temples: AA, AA, are the Isles or Wings which are _Portico's_, having a rang of Pillars on the one side, and the Wall of the Temple on the other. B is the part called the _Pronaos_ or Porch. C is the part called _Posticum_, _viz._ the hinder part of the Temple. D is that Part called _Cella_, or the Nave or Body of the Temple.

This Table relates to _p._ 81, & 117.

THE EXPLICATION Of the FOURTH TABLE.

This Table contains the Plan and perspective Elevation of a Temple, called _Hexastyle_ and _Pseudodyptere_, _viz._ Which has six Columns in the _Faces_, before and behind, and which has simple _Portico's_, but which are as large as the two _Portico's_ of the Temples which have them double. This Plan and this Elevation may serve for other Temples, which as to what concerns the essential parts explained in the precedent Table, are like to this here, as are the _Periptere_, the _Diptere_, and the _Hypethre_, which only differ in the number of Columns, or such-like circumstances.

THE EXPLICATION Of the FIFTH TABLE.

This contains the Proportions of the _Tuscan_ Order. AA is the Base of the Column, which has for its height the first Semidiameter of the Column: It's divided into two equal parts; that below is for the Plinth, marked I; that above, marked K, is for the _Thorus_, and for the _Conge_ or _Apophygis_. BB is the Capital, which height is equal to its Base: It's divided into three; the first marked L, is for the Gorge, with the Conge and the Astragal; the second, marked M, is for the _Echinus_ or _quarter-round_; the third, marked N, is for the _Plinthus_ or _Abacus_, called by the French _Tallor_. C is one of the _Faces_ of the _Sabliers_ which serve instead of an Architrave. EE is the under part of the _Sabliers_, which answers to the Diameter on the top of the Column, marked D. F is a Tenon shaped like a Swallows Tayl, which joyns the two _Sabliers_ together. G is the little Wall which serves for a Frize. H is the Cornice.

This Table relates to _pag._ 93.

THE EXPLICATION Of the SIXTH TABLE.

This contains the Proportion of the _Dorick_ Order; AB is the top of the Shaft of the Column; this top shews the Plan of the two sorts of Channelling or Fluting, which are particular to the _Dorick_ Order. The one half has Channelling or Fluting that is not hollowed, and make only _Flat Faces_ or _Pans_. B is the other half, which has Channelings a little hollowed, _viz._ one quarter of the Circle: They are formed by the help of a Square C, whose sides are equal to every one of the Pans. D E F is the Capital divided into three equal parts. D is for the Gorge; E is for the Echinus, and for the Anulets or Rings; F is for the Abacus; G is the Architrave; H is the Triglyph; I is the Metop; K is the Demi-metop; L is the Cornice; M are the six pendant Drops which are under the Triglyph; N, O are the Pendant Drops which are in the Platfond of the Cornice.

This relates to _pag._ 96.

THE EXPLICATION Of the SEVENTH TABLE.

This contains the Proportions of the _Jonick_ Order and the _Attick_ Base: A is the Plinth of the _Attick_ Base, which is the third part of the whole Base, of which the upper part is the fourth part of what remains after the Plinth is taken; the inferiour part is half of what remains, and the other half is the _Scotia_. C D is the Plinth of the Jonick Base, which is the third part of the height of the whole Base. E is the Thorus which contains three parts of seven, into which is divided what remains, the other four being for the two _Scotia's_, and the two Astragals, which are betwixt the Thorns and the Plinth. F is the Capital, whose Proportion is explained in the eighth Table. G, H, I, K is the Architrave, which has four parts, _viz._ the Face marked G; the second marked H; the third marked I, and the _Cymatium_ or _Simaise_, marked K; L is the Frise. M, N, O, P, Q is the Cornice. M is the first _Cymatium_; N is the Dentil; O is the second _Cymatium_; P is the Crown with its little _Cymatium_ or _Simaise_.

This Table relates to _pag._ 101.

The EXPLICATION Of the EIGHTH TABLE.

This contains the Proportions of the Ionick Capital, of which only half is seen here: A B is the half of the breadth of the Abacus, which is regulated according to the breadth of the bottom of the Column, of which one half is marked B 18; for the bottom of the Column being divided into 18, 19 are allowed to the Abacus: A C is the _Retreat_ which must be made of the Corner A, of the Abacus inwardly, to draw the Line C D, which must regulate the _Eye_ of the _Volute_ over which it must cross as it passes. To make this _Retreat_ we must take one part and a half of twelve, into which is divided the height or thickness, E F, of the whole Capital, which height is equal to half the breadth of the Abacus. This height, marked C D, is divided into nine parts and a half, of which one and a half is given to the _Abacus_, and four and a half from the Abacus to the middle of the _Eye_, which is traversed by the line G H; the Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, mark the four Centers of the first four quarters of the Volute; the four second quarters, and the four third (for the Volutte has twelve) are taken in the Diagonal 1, 3, and 2, 4. H, I, is the Astragal at the top of the Pillar which answers the _Eye_ of the Volute. K K is the Egg or _Echinus_; L is the Axis of the Volutes; M M is the ceinture of the lateral part of the Volutes. This relates to _pag._ 103.

THE EXPLICATION Of the NINTH TABLE.

This contains the Proportions of the _Corinthian_ Capital, which makes all the distinction betwixt _Jonick_ and the _Corinthian Order_, all other Members, according to _Vitruvius_, being the same. A is the _Corinthian_ Capital, which has for its height only the Diameter of the bottom of the Column; B is the Capital of the Pantheon, which is higher by a seventh part, _viz._ the thickness of the Abacus; C D is the height of the Capital divided into seven, of which the Abacus has one, the Voluta's and Foliages and Stalks two, the Foliage in the Range above two, and that in the Range below two. To have the breadth of the Abacus, we must give to its Diagonal E F the double of its height C D. To have the greatness and just Proportion of its bending H, we must divide the breadth of the Abacus E G into nine parts, and give it one.

At the bottom of this Table is represented the Herb _Branbursine_, which grows round about the Basket, which is covered with a Tile, from which _Vitruvius_ says the Sculptor _Callimachus_ took the first Model of the _Corinthian_ Capital.

This Table relates to _p._ 108.

THE EXPLICATION OF THE TENTH TABLE.

This contains the Plan and Elevation of the Theatre of the _Romans_. AA is the Portico which went round the Theatre below. BB are the Entries through which they parted from the Portico's into the _Orchestra_ C. KDEDK the Pulpitum or Stage; MM the landing-place which separated the Degrees above from those below: LM the Stairs which are between the degrees. NN the Portico above in the Theatre. PP the Passage under the degrees. TT the Stairs by which they mount to the Portico's above. KIHIK the Scene. H the royal Gate. II the Gates of Strangers. KK the Gates in returning. OOO the Machines used in changing the Scenes. GG the part of the Theatre behind.

This Table relates to _p._ 125.

THE EXPLICATION Of the ELEVENTH TABLE.

This contains the Explication of the Catapulta, which was a Machine of War used by the Ancients to dart Javelins of an extraordinary bigness. A are the two Beams one against the other, and joyn'd, which after having been drawn, pushed the Javelin with great force when they were unbent. There is one of these Beams, which is represented as being joyned to the Capital of the Machine by an Iron Pin, the other ready to be joyned when the Master of the Machine sounds the Cord with his right Hand, shall have it heightned or let down, the end marked C, as much as is necessary, to give it an equal Bent to the other. This is done by the help of an excentrical piece, which is traversed by a Cylinder, which the Master turns with a Laver, which he holds in his left Hand. D, E E is the Capital of the Catapulta. EE are the holes through which the Rope passeth to draw the Beams. F is the end of one of the Beams represented in great. G is one of the Pins which travers'd a round Eye, by the help of which the Beam is joyned to the Capital. H is the Cylinder which traverses the excentrical piece I. This Plate relates to _pag._ 155.

_Explication of the Hardest Terms in_ Architecture.

A

_Abacus_, from [Greek: abax]; which signifies a square Trencher: In French it's called _Talloir_; it's that quadrangular Piece commonly accompanied with a _Cymatium_, and serves instead of a _Drip_ or _Corona_ to the Capital. It supports the nether _Face_ of the _Architrave_ and whole _Trabeation_. In the _Corinthian_ and the _Compound_ Orders, its Corners are called the _Horns_, the intermediate _Sweep_ and _Curvature_; the Arch, which has commonly a _Rose_ carved in the middle.

_Acroteria_ or _Acroter's_ from [Greek: akron], _Summa pars_; they may be properly called _Pinnacles_, for _Pins_ and _Battlements_ were made sometimes more towring; but when they stood in _Ranges_ with _Rails_ and _Balisters_: Upon flat Building they still retained their Name, with this only difference, that such as were placed between the _Angular_ Points, were stiled the _Median_, or middle _Acroteria_.

_Annulets_, are little square Parts turned round in the _Corinthian Capital_, under the _Quarter-Round_, called _Echinus_.

_Ante_, is a square Pillaster, which the Ancients placed at the corners of the Walls of the Temples.

_Amphiprostyle_ from [Greek: amphi], _Circa_, and [Greek: stylos]; _Columna_ was a sort of a Temple which had four Columns in the Front of the Temple, and four in the Face behind.

_Architrave_, from a Mungril Compound of two Languages, [Greek: arche] _Principalis_, and _Trabs_; it's the first Member of that which we call _Entablature_; in Chimnies the _Architrave_ is the _mantle_; over the _Jambs_ of the Doors and Lintels of Windows, it's called the _Hyperthron_, from the Greek [Greek: hyper], _super_ and [Greek: thyra], _Janua_ or _Ostium_.

_Astragal_, from the Greek word [Greek: astragalos] which signifies the _Vertebrae_, or little Joints in the Neck or Heel; hence the French call it _Talon_, or the Heel itself: It's a Member of _Architecture_ joyned to _Bases_, _Cornices_, _Architraves_, _&c._ it's round like a Ring, and therefore it's called by the Italians _Tondino_.

_Attiq;_ signifies after the manner of the City of _Athens_. In _Vitruvius_ it's the Name of the _Basis_ which the Moderns have given to the _Dorick_ Pillar. We call _Attiq;_ in our Buildings, a little Order placed upon another much greater; for instead of Pillars, this little Order has commonly nothing but Pillasters of a particular Fashion and Order, which we call _Attiq;_

_Apophyges_, vide _Conge_.

B

_Basilica_, from the Greek word [Greek: Basileus] _Rex_ or King among the Ancients. It was a great Hall which had two Ranges of Pillars, and had two Isles or Wings, upon which were Galleries: These Halls, which at first were made for the Palaces of Kings, were afterwards turned into Courts of Justice, and after that into Churches; which Form has always been observed.

_Ballustre_ is the lateral part of the _Jonick_ Capital. Our Workmen have given it that name, because it somewhat resembles a _Balluster_.

C

_Chanel_, in the _Ionick_ Capital, is that part which is under the _Abacus_, and lies upon _Echinus_ or Egg, and which has its _Contours_ or Turnings on every side to make the Voluta's.

_Cariatides_ are Statues of Women, which serve instead of Pillars.

_Cincture_ is that part which makes the middle of the _Ballustre_ of the _Ionick Voluta_.

_Conge_ in French, in Latin _Apophyges_, from the Greek word [Greek: apophyge] because that part of the Pillar taking as it were a rise, seems to emerge and fly from the _Basis_ like the _Proceltus_ of a Bone in a mans Leg, In short, it's no more than the _Rings_ or _Ferils_ heretofore used at the Extremities of wooden Pillars, to preserve them from splitting, afterwards imitated in Stone-work.

_Corona_ is properly that part of the Cornice which the French call _Larmer_ or _Drip_, because it defends the rest of the Work from Wind and Weather: It is often taken by _Vitruvius_ for all the Cornice.

_Corona_, called the _Plat_ or _flat Crown_, is a particular Member in the _Dorick_ Gate; it's made by so extraordinary enlargement of the _Face_ of the _Corona_ or _Drip_, that it has six times more Breadth than Projecture. This sort of _Corona_ is no where found among the Ancients, but only in the Writings of _Vitruvius_.

_Cymatium_, from [Greek: kymaton], which signifies a rouling _Wave_; is a Member of Architecture, of which the one half is _Convex_ and the other _Concave_, the one being hollow above, and the other below. There are two sorts of them, the one called the _Gola_ or _Throats_, or the _Doucine_, whose advanced part is _Concave_; and the other is called by the French the _Talon_ or Heel, whose advanced part is hollow below, as the first is above.

D

_Die_ is the middle of the Pedestals, _viz._ that which is between their _Basis_ and their _Cornice_. It's so called, because it's for the most part of a Cubit form, as _Die's_ are that are used in play.

_Dentils_, or Teeth, is a Member of the _Jonick_ Cornice, which is square, and cut out at convenient distances, which gives it the form of a Set or Gang of Teeth.

_Diastyle_, from [Greek: dia] and [Greek: stylos]: _Columna_ is a sort of Edifice where the Pillars are distanced one from another the breadth of 3 Diameters of the Pillar.

_Diptere_, from [Greek: dis] and [Greek: pteron]: _Ala_ signifies that which has a double Isle or Wing; the Ancients called so the Temples, which were surrounded with two Ranges of Pillars, for there two _Ranges_ made two _Portico's_, which they called _Wings_, we _Isles_, from the French word _Ailes_, which signifies _Wings_, because as Wings are on the sides of Birds, so these of Edifices.

E

_Echinus_, from [Greek: apo tou echinou] a _Hedg-hog_; it is a Member of Architecture, which we call a _Quarter-round_; it has its name from the roughness of its Carving, resembling the prickly Rhind of the Chesnut, and not unlike the Hedg-hog; it's commonly next to the _Abacus_, and carved with Ovals and Darts, sometimes called Eggs and Anchors, because these pretended Chesnuts are cut in an Oval form.

_Entablature_ signifies properly the Flooring or Lofting with Boards; it comes from the Latin word _Tabulatum_. In Architecture it's that part which is composed of the _Architrave_, _Frise_, and _Cornice_, for in effect this part is the extream part of the Flooring, which is supported by Pillars, or by a Wall if it have no Pillars.

_Eye_ is the middle of the _Jonick_ Volute, which is cut in the form of a little Rose.

_Eurythmie_, from [Greek: eu] _bene_, and [Greek: arithmos] _numera_: it signifies Proportion; it's taken in its general signification in _Architecture_; for in its particular signification it signifies the true measure that is observed in Dancing after Musick.

_Eustyle_, from [Greek: _eu_] _bene_, and [Greek: stylos] a _Pillar_; its the Order where Pillars are rightly placed, the Intercolumniations being two Diameters and a quarter.

F

_Face_ is a Member of Architecture, which has a great Breadth and a small Projecture; it's in _Architraves_.

_Filet_ is a little square streight Member.

_Fresco_, and to paint in _Fresco_ or _Freth_, is an Italian Phrase, and it signifies the Painting which is made upon the Plaistering before it be dry.

_Frise_ is that part which is between the _Architrave_ and the _Cornice_.

G

_Gnomonick_ is the Art of making Sun-dials; it's derived from the Greek [Greek: gnomon], which signifies that which shews a thing, as the Cock or Pin of the Dyal shews what a clock it is.

_Gorge_, or the _Gule_ or _Neck_, is the narrowest part of the _Dorick Capital_, which is between the _Astragal_, above the Shaft of the Pillar and the Annulets.

_Gutte_, or _Drops_, are little parts, which to the number of six are put below every _Triglyph_ in the _Architrave_ of the _Dorick Order_.

H

_Hydraulick_, from the Greek [Greek: hydor]; which signifies Water, is an Engine that plays by the help of Water, especially where there are Pipes and Flutes.

_Hypethre_, from [Greek: hyposuo], and [Greek: aither] aether; signifies a Building whose inside is exposed to the Rain and open Air. The Ancients called so all Temples that had no Roof.

_Hyperthyron_, for [Greek: hyper] _super_, and [Greek: thyra] _Janua_, a Gate or Door: It signifies that which is above the Gate; it's a large Table, which is upon the _Dorick_ Gates in the manner of a _Frise_.

I

_Ichnographie_, from [Greek: iknos] _vestigium_, and [Greek: grapha] _Scribo_, or _Insculpo_; which properly signifies the Figure that the Plane of the Foot impresses upon the Earth. By it in Architecture is understood that which is commonly called the _Plan_ of the _Edifice_.

L

_Lacuner_, or Platfond, is the _Flooring_ or _Planching_ above the _Portico's_.

_Laconicum_ was a dry Stove to sweat in: It was so called, because it was much used by the _Lacedemonians_.

_Larmier_ or _Drip_, vide _Corona_.

M

_Metope_, from [Greek: meti] and [Greek: hope], _foramen_, _intervallum_. Signifies the Front; it's the Name of the empty spaces in _Freeze_ of the _Dorick Order_, between the Triglyphs.

_Modillion_ signifies in _Italian_ a little Model, a little Measure: It's that part which is so often repeated in the _Corinthian_ and _Compound Cornice_, which supports the Projecture of the _Larmier_ or _Drip_. This part is called the little _Model_ in respect of the great Model, which is the Diameter of the Pillar; for as the Proportion of an Edifice depends on the _Diameter_ of the _Pillar_, so the greatness of the Modellians, their number, and their space or distances, must have a just Proportion or true Relation to the whole Fabrick.

_Module_ or _Model_ is a measure that is made use of to regulate all the Proportion of the _Fabrick_: In the _Dorick Order_ it's half the _Diameter_ of the Pillar; in other Orders the Module is the whole _Diameter_.

_Monoptere_, from [Greek: monos] _solus_, and [Greek: pteron] _ala_; is that which has but one Wing or Isle; it was a sort of a round Temple, whose Roof was supported by Pillars only.

_Mutuli_, from [Greek: mytilos], which signifies defect, as being made thinner, and more abated above than below. It's a sort of a Modellion in the Cornice of the _Dorick_ Order.

N

_Noyan_ is the middle part of the Flooring of the Ancients. They made it with Ciment, which they put betwixt a Lay or Bed of Pibbles, cimented with Mortar made of Lime and Sand.

O

_Orchestra_, from [Greek: orcheomai] _salto_; signified the place where they danced; it was the lowest place in the Theatre, which was between the _scene_, _viz._ the place where the Players acted, and the Seats where the Spectators sate. It was in this place where the Greek Comedians were wont to dance.

_Order_, those Fabricks are said to be of different Orders, when the Proportion which is between the thickness of the _Pillars_ and their height, with all other things which are required to this Proportion, are different.

_Ornaments_, _Vitruvius_ so calls the _Architrave_, _Frise_, and _Cornice_.

_Oval_, vide _Echinus_.

P

_Parascenium_, from [Greek: para] and [Greek: skene] _tentonum_, is the back part of the Theatre or Scene.

_Periptere_, from [Greek: peri] _circum_, and [Greek: pteron] _ala_, which has a Wing round about. This was a sort of a Temple, which had Pillars on all the four Parts, which was different from the _Prostyle_, which had only Pillars before, or In the _Front_, and from the _Amphiprostyle_, which had only Pillars before and behind, and none on the sides.

_Peristyle_, from [Greek: peri] _circum_, and [Greek: stylos] _columna_; signifies that which has Pillars round about: It differs from the _Periptere_ in this, that the Pillars of the _Peristyle_ are within, as it were round about a Court, and those of the _Periptere_ are without, as in the Temples of the Ancients.

_Pedestal_, is that part which supports the Pillar.

_Pied-droit_ is a square Pillar, which is in part within the Wall.

_Pillaster_ is the same, with this Difference; that the Pillaster has a _Base_ and a _Capital_, as a _Pillar_ hath, which the _Pied-droit_ has not.

_Platt-band_ is a square Member, which terminates the _Architrave_ of the _Dorick Order_, and passes immediately under the Triglyphs.

_Plinthus_ signifies a Brick or square Tile. It's in Architecture taken for that square Member which makes the Foundation of the Base of the Pillar.

_Posticum_ is the back Gate of a Fabrick.

_Portico_ is a long place covered with a Floor or Flatfond, supported by Pillars.

_Proscenium_, from [Greek: pro] and [Greek: skenine] _tentorium_; it signifies the forepart of the Scene; it was an Edifice as high as the last Portico of the Theatre, whose Face or Front was adorned with many Ranges of Pillars.

_Prostyle_ from [Greek: pro] and [Greek: stylos], signifies that which has Pillars before only. This was one sort of the Temples of the Ancients.

_Pseudodiptere_, [Greek: pseudes] _mendax_, [Greek: dis] _bis_, and [Greek: pteron] _ala_; signifies a _false Diptere_. This was a kind of a Temple among the Ancients, which had _Porticoes_ round about, which were every one as large as the double _Portico_ of the _Diptere_.

_Pseudoperiptere_, from [Greek: pseudes] _mendax_, and [Greek: peri], and [Greek: pteron] _ala_, was a sort of a Temple, where the Side-Pillars were part in the Wall of the inner side of the Temple, which was enlarged sufficiently to enclose within the space which was allowed the Porticoes of the Periptere.

_Pulpit_ was the place upon which the Comedians acted, which we now call the Stage.

_Picnostyle_, from [Greek: pyknos] _dentus_, and [Greek: stylos] _columna_; signifies a Building where the Pillars were very close one to another; so that the _Intercolumniation_ had but a _Diameter_ and a half of the Pillar.

R

_Rudus_ was a sort of gross Mortar, which was made use of for smoothing, and equally filling and levelling the Superfices of the Walls, before the fine Plaister was laid on: It was likewise made use of for the second _Bed_ or _Lay_ of the Flooring.

S

_Scene_ signifies a Tabernacle, Tent, or Pavillion, from the Greek [Greek: skene]. It was in the Theatre of the Ancients a great _Face_ or Front of Building, adjoyned with Pillars and Statues, which had three great Openings, in which were Pictures in Perspective, which represented the Lodgings where the Tragedians and Comedians dwelt.

_Sabliere_ is a piece of Wood as long as a Beam, but not so thick.

_Scotia_, from [Greek: skotos] _tenebrae_, _Darkness_, is a Member of Architecture, hollowed as a Demi-channel: It's particularly affected in the Bases where it's placed, between the Torus and the Astragals; it's sometimes put under the _Drip_, in the Cornice of the _Dorick_ Order.

_Statumen_ signifies generally whatsoever is made use of to support any thing in Architecture; it is Mortar mixt with Pibbles, which served for the first Lay or Bed in Flooring.

_Systyle_, from [Greek: syn] _con_, and [Greek: stylos] _columna_; signifies building where the Pillars seem to be joyned together, for the _Intercolumniation_ is but of two Diameters of the Pillars.

T

_Torus_ is a Member in the Base which is round, in the form of a great Ring; it comes from the Latin word _Torus_, which signifies a Bed.

_Tringle_ is a little square Member, which is directly upon every _Triglyph_, under the Platt-band of the _Architrave_, from whence hang down the _Guttae_, or pendant Drops in the _Dorick Order_.

_Triglyph_, from [Greek: tris] _ter_, and [Greek: glyphos] _sculptura_; because it's divided into three parts, and engraved, it is a Member in the Freeze of the Dorick Order, directly upon every Pillar, and in certain spaces in the _Intercolumniations_.

_Tympan_ signifies a Drum; it's that part of the bottom of the Frontons which answers the naked of the Freeze; it is triangular, and placed upon the Cornice of the Entablature, and covered over again with two other Cornices which slope a little.

V

_Volute_ signifies wreathed, and turned about from _Volvendo_; it's a part of the Capitals of the _Ionick_, _Corinthian_, and _Compound Orders_, which represents the bark of a Tree twisted and turned into a Spiral line.

X

_Xyste_, from the Greek [Greek: zytos], which signifies scraped; it was the place where the Wrestlers exercised; it was so called because they made their skins be scraped and rubbed smooth, to make the Sweat fall, and to make their Bodies more slippery, that their Adversaries might have the less hold of them when they closed.

To the Reader.

_Abridgments of_ Vitruvius _have been formerly printed, but none of them have followed the design which_ Philebert de l'Orme _has given in his Third Book: He desires that in abridging_ Vitruvius _the matters which this Author treats of confusedly should be put into order, and that the things belonging to the same Subject, which are found dispersed in divers places, should be collected together into one Chapter. This Method, which the most part of the eminent Writers have neglected, has been carefully observed in this Treatise, it serving very much to the better apprehending and retaining the things treated of. We have been exact to put in nothing that is not taken out of_ Vitruvius, _to which end the_ Book _and_ Chapter _of his Works_ are _all along quoted in the Margin; nothing being added, but some few lines here and there, to continue the Discourse, and render it more clear: Notwithstanding which precautions, some things may possibly still remain obscure, in which case the Reader must have Recourse to the whole Works of_ Vitruvius, _where he will find all necessary Explanation._

_This little Treatise is not only necessary for those who begin the study of Architecture, but will be also of great use to even Masters themselves; for it is not to be doubted, that_ Vitruvius _being so great a Master in this Art, his Authority, together with that of all the Ancients, which is included in his Works, must be capable of instructing the_ Apprentices, _and confirming the Masters, and thereby establish the good Maxims and certain Rules of Architecture._

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This Abridgment having been very well received in French, we have ventured to put it in English, and doubt not but it will be as acceptable to our Nation, who are allowed to be as competent Judges of this Art as any. The Translation is very exact; the Cutts altogether as well, if not better, than in the French; and in the Table of the Explication of the Terms used in Architecture, we have added the Etymology and Derivation of them, which is not in the French.